1986

1986: A LOOK BACK
Human rights in the USSR
In the human-rights arena, we witnessed some interesting deve­ lopments in all areas of civil, reli­ gious and national dissent. General Secretary Mikhail Gorbachev's new policy of encouraging "glasnost" or openness, seemed, at least for pro­ paganda purposes, to have spread to the area concerning prisoners of c o n s c i e n c e , mostly t h o s e w e l l known in the West. Western pres­ sure helped prompt the release this year of the better-known humanrights activists and leaders of the Helsinki movement in the U S S R , while several previously unknown dissidents fell subject to arrest and incarceration. Late 1986 ushered in a new de­ cade in the still struggling Helsinki movement in Ukraine. While mem­ bers of the External Representation of the U k r a i n i a n Helsinki G r o u p marked the group's 10th anniver­ sary on November 9, 17 of the group's n o w - k n o w n 40 members c o n t i n u e d to serve s e n t e n c e s in prisons, labor camps and internal exile. Mykola Horbal, Vitaliy Kalynyc h e n k o , Ivan K a n d y b a , Y a r o s l a v L e s i v , Lev L u k i a n e n k o , Myroslav tion marking the anniversary was also held in New York at the Ukrai­ nian Institute of America on Decem­ ber 16. The Weekly joined other Ukrai­ nian organizations in the West in c o m m e m o r a t i n g the U H G ' s 10th birthday by devoting its November9 issue to the group, its concerns as revealed in its memoranda, as well as its membership. T h e r e were s o m e e n c o u r a g i n g signs about the Helsinki movement. Samvydav recently obtained by the UHG's external representatives re­ vealed a new member, Vasyl Kornylo, a 66-year-oid physician from the Lviv oblast, who had joined the group before his arrest and impri­ sonment in February 1980 for cir­ culating Ukrainian nationalist litera­ ture. T h e revelation indicated that there may be more Helsinki moni­ tors unknown to the West.Mr. Kornylo is serving a 10-year sentence in a special-regimen labor camp to be followed by five years in internal exile. Olha Heyko Matusevych, one of the UHG's youngest members at age 33 and a philologist, was rethe limelight this year within the context of U.S.-Soviet relations. Anatoly S h c h a r a n s k y , the 38year-old human-rights activist and Helsinki monitor, was released from Chistopol prison on February 12 in an elaborately planned East-West prisoner swap. He joined his wife, Avital, in Jerusalem, and was joined there by the rest of his family from Moscow in August. Moscow Helsinki Group leader and founder Yuri Orlov, 62, was released from internal exile in Yaku­ tia and was forced to emigrate to the United States with his wife, Irina Valitova, in c o n n e c t i o n with the Nicholas Daniloff affair. Nobel laureate and Helsinki moni­ tor Andrei Sakharov and his wife, Elena Bonner, a founding member, arrived home in Moscow on Decem­ ber 23 after they received an official pardon from G e n e r a l S e c r e t a r y Gorbachev on December 16 and were permitted to leave their place of exile in the closed city of Gorky. Ms. Bonner had been allowed to travel earlier this year to the West, namely Italy and the United States, on a s i x - m o n t h visa for medical treatment for heart and eye ailments after Dr. Sakharov went on a hunger strike to demand the trip. According to Mr. Orlov, the re­ lease of the Nobel-prize-winning physicist and human-rights advo­ cate was probably due to Soviet embarrassment over the tragic death of another Moscow Helsinki Group founding member, Anatoly Mar­ chenko, on December 8 in a Chisto­ pol prison hospital. Mr. Marchenko, 48, had been on a hunger strike demanding the release of all Soviet p r i s o n e r s of c o n s c i e n c e , among other things, since August 4 when he penned a letter to the delegates at the Vienna Helsinki review confe­ rence, vowing to maintain his fast until the meeting's c o n c l u s i o n . There had been reports that Mr. M a r c h e n k o was on the verge of being released early from a 15-year sentence for anti-Soviet agitation and propaganda. Another well-known Soviet dissi­ dent, Anatoly Koryagin, an activist in the Helsinki-related Working C o m ­ mission to investigate the Abuse of Psychiatry for Political Purposes, was reportedly rearrested in Chisto­ pol prison in October 1985, accord­ ing to reports we received in March of this year. Mr. Koryagin, who is serving a 12-year s e n t e n c e , was nominated twice this year for the Nobel Peace Prize. T w o m e m b e r s of the renewed Georgian Helsinki Group, Tenghiz Gudava and Emmanuel Tvaladze, were tried and sentenced in early Ju ne for "anti-Soviet agit-prop." Both Mr. Gudava, who received a 10-year sentence, and Mr. Tvaladze, who was sentenced to eight years' incar­ c e r a t i o n , were m e m b e r s of the Phantom musical group. Iryna Ratushynska, the renowned Soviet poet and human-rights advo­ cate from Kiev, was prematurely released from prison in October on the eve of the Iceland summit and was permitted to travel for medical treatment to Great Britain, with her Ukrainian husband, Ihor Herashchenko. Ms. Ratushynska, who was serving the fourth year of a 12-year sentence, was transferred from a Mordovian labor camp for women to a K G B detention center in Kiev in August; where she was held' t>ntil her release. S h e and Mr. Herashchenko arrived in London on De­ c e m b e r 18 and a n n o u n c e d their intention to stay. Persecution of the leaders of the Ukrainian Catholic (Uniate) Church reportedly c o n t i n u e d . News of Y o s y p T e r e l i a ' s i n c a r c e r a t i o n in Camp No. 36 — which has come to be known as a "death camp" — n e a r Kuchino in the Perm region of Rus­ sia, reached The Weekly in January, six months after the leader of the Initiative Group for the Defense of the R i g h t s of B e l i e v e r s and the Church in Ukraine was given a 12year sentence for "anti-Soviet agit­ prop." We also obtained details in March from the trial of Ukrainian sculptor Petro Ruban, who was tried in Pryluky, Chernihiv region, in December 1985 and was sentenced to nine y e a r s ' s t r i c t - r e g i m e n labor c a m p and five years' exile. A new incident of religious perse­ cution was reported in July. Pavel Protsenko, a young Orthodox church activist and librarian from Kiev, was arrested on June 4 at the home of a nun, Sister Serafima. He was tried and sentenced in Kiev on November 18-19 to three years in a labor camp for writing a manuscript detailing the persecution of mem­ b e r s of t h e R u s s i a n O r t h o d o x Church, which was found on his person upon his arrest. Ukrainian peace activist and a founding member of the "unofficial" yet well-known Moscow Group for Establishment of Trust Between the East and the West, also called the Moscow Trust Group, Alexandr Shatravka, was released on June 23 from a Siberian labor camp where he spent the last five years for "antiSoviet activity" and was exiled to the United States. Ukrainian dissident, writer and author of a manuscript called "The Right to Live," Yuriy Badzio, began his five-year term of exile in Yakutia on May 18 after serving seven years of detention in Mordovian labor c a m p s . He was arrested in April 1979 for the book, a detailed analysis of the cultural, economic and politi­ cal situation in Ukraine. Kateryna Zarytska Soroka, a long­ time member of the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists (OUN) who spent some 30 years in Polish and Soviet prisons and camps, died on August 29 in western Ukraine after a p r o l o n g e d i l l n e s s . T h e wife of another veteran political prisoner and OUN activist Mykhailo Soroka, who had died in a labor camp in 1971, Ms. Zarytska headed the Ukrainian Red Cross in Lviv during World War II, providing aid to mem­ bers of the Ukrainian Insurgent Army (UPA). S h e died at age 72 and was buried in Lviv's Lychakivsky cemetery. Another veteran Ukrainian politi­ cal prisoner and UPA member, Vasyl Pidhorodetsky, was arrested and sentenced in late 1985 to one year of imprisonment, according to reports that reached T h e Weekly in March. Mr. Pidhorodetsky has served some 34 years in camps and prisons for his involvement in the security ser­ vice of the Ukrainian Insurgent Army and OUN. Three-year-old Estonian Kaisa Randpere was finally permitted in November to join her defectorparents in^Sweden after two years of

Ivan Kandyba, Vitaliy Kalynychenko and Lev Lukianenko were cited by newly released Soviet dissident Yuri Orlov as three Ukrainian Helsinki monitors whose plight was most terrible. Marynovych, Mykola Matusevych, Mart Nikius, Vasyl Ovsienko, Viktoras Petkus, Oksana Popovych, My­ kola Rudenko, Yuriy Shukhevych, Danylo Shumuk, Vasyl Striltsiv and Yosyf Zisels continued their strug­ gle. Thanks to the efforts of Ameri­ cans for Human Rights in Ukraine (AHRU), the UHG's 10th anniver­ sary served as the occasion for the U.S. Senate and House of Represen­ tatives to pass companion resolu­ tions in O c t o b e r c a l l i n g on the president and secretary of state to pressure the Soviets into releasing the Ukrainian and other Helsinki monitors from i n c a r c e r a t i o n and allowing those who desire to emi­ grate to do so. A H R U also organized what turned out to be a very suc­ c e s s f u l reception for the U H G ' s external reps as well as for members of the House and Senate, and other d i g n i t a r i e s on S e p t e m b e r 23 in Washington. On October 15, five members of the Moscow and Ukrainian Helsinki groups were reunited in Washington at a luncheon and press conference at the Capitol. Yuri Orlov, Ludmilla Alexeyeva, Alexander Ginzburg, Nina Strokata and Nadia Svitlychna u r g e d l e g i s l a t o r s a n d the n e w s media to remember those Helsinki monitors and other rights activists still suffering in the U S S R for their beliefs. An informative p a n e l a h d recef^ leased from a Mordovian labor camp on March 12 after she completed her latest term of three years, which she served immediately following her first term, also of three years. She was granted permission to live in Kiev with her seriously ill mother for one year. News also reached the West that another U H G member, VasylSichko, who was released from prison in the summer of 1985 was suffering from t u b e r c u l o s i s and w a s reportedly being treated in a special sanato­ rium in western Ukraine. Perhaps the saddest news regarding relatives of U H G members reached the West early in the year, that is, news of the untimely death of Olena Antoniv Krasivska on Feb­ ruary 2 in the collision of a taxi cab, truck and streetcar in Lviv. The 48year-old physician was the wife of U H G member and longtime political prisoner Zinoviy Krasivsky, who had completed his latest term of impri­ sonment only a few months before her death. There were also reports in Octo­ ber that the Soviets may allow 72year-old veteran Ukrainian political prisoner and UHG member Danylo Shumuk to emigrate to Canada to join his nephew in British Columbia after his scheduled release in J a ­ nuary 1987. The leaders of the officially de­ funct Moscow Helsinki Monitoring Group found themselves thrust into

1986: A LOOK BACK
Soviet refusals to grant her an exit visa. Finally, Mr. Gorbachev's "glasnost" affected the field of literature and it was learned that Oles Honchar's controversial novel "Sobor" (Cathedra!), which deals with the destruction of Ukrainian culture, was to be reissued in the Soviet Union in the Russian and Ukrainian languages. 135,000, including some from out­ side the 18-mile danger zone, in socalled "hot spots" of radiation. In other a r e a s only children were moved out temporarily — 64,000 from Byelorussia and 250,000 from Kiev, 70 miles south. Most of these children were sent to Pioneer sum­ mer camps throughout the Soviet Union, while some moved in with relatives who lived far from the accident area. All of the children returned in September to start the new school year, including some of the children of Prypiat who were accepted into schools in Kiev. The evacuees, who were kept in temporary housing until some were allowed to settle into new commu­ nities built for them such as Zeleny Mys in the Kiev region, were re­ portedly compensated financially by the Soviets, who also opened up a special Chornobyl aid fund for do­ nations from Soviet citizens for the victims and evacuees. Probably the most serious conse­ quence is the effect on the health of the population. Some Western phy­ s i c i a n s , including Dr. G a l e , pre­ dicted that, b a s e d on the Soviet report in Vienna.up to 40,000 excess deaths, that is outside the normal death rate, would occur as a result of the a c c i d e n t . T h e S o v i e t s them­ s e l v e s s a i d they e x p e c t e d s o m e 6,500 excess deaths over 70 years resulting from direct radiation expo­ sure, in addition to some 30,000 to 40,000 additional deaths from in­ direct exposure to radioactive contamination of the food supply and such. The Ukrainian community in the West, particularly in the United States and Canada, was quick to respond to news of the tragic disas­ ter that struck the land of their a n c e s t o r s and most immediately offered a s s i s t a n c e , medical and monetary, to the victims, but their offers were categorically refused by the Soviets, who continued to label it an internal matter and insisted they could manage on their own. In response to this, as well as the frustration felt by many who were unable to contact relatives in Kiev and other parts of Ukraine, as well as the lack of detailed information, Ukrainians angrily took to the streets in organized protest and demon­ strations in front of the United Nations and the Soviet Mission in New York, in Chicago, Washington, O t t a w a , P h i l a d e l p h i a and other cities. Ukrainian groups held news con­ ferences and prayer vigils to attract news media to publicize the Soviet mishandling of the disaster and pray for the victims and their families. Ukrainians in Washington held a protest in front of the offices of U.S. News and World Report magazine for its callously inaccurate May 12 cover headline, "Nightmarfe in Rus­ sia," which the journal later retract­ ed after meeting with local commu­ nity representatives. T h e S o v i e t s have restarted re­ a c t o r s No. 1 and 2 after having entombed the damaged reactor No. 4 in concrete. The clean-up work at the plant has also aroused much hostility, with reports of executions of c o n s c r i p t s , mostly E s t o n i a n s , refusing to do the dangerous work. Several thousand Estonians were apparently singled out for c o n ­ scription for Chornobyl clean-up work and extention of their duty from the usual two months to six months, which has caused discon­ tent to grow among the workers, as well as Estonians in general. A book on the causes and effects of the Chornobyi disaster by Dr. David Marples, a research associate at the Canadian Institute of Ukrai­ nian Studies at the University of Alberta, titled, "Chornobyl and Nu­ clear Power in the U S S R , " was published by St. Martin's Press in New York this fall and was launched at a reception at the Ukrainian Institute of America on December 9. Dr. Marples is currently on a tour of several U.S. cities to publicize his book.

Chornobyl nuclear accident
What was by far the biggest news of 1986 was the tragic nuclear disas­ ter at the Chornobyl power station in Ukraine in late April, which sent shock waves throughout the entire world. At 1 a.m. on April 25, the staff at the Chornobyl nuclear power plant started to reduce power on the No. 4 reactor as part of a reportedly rou­ tine maintenance procedure, which later was revealed by Soviet authori­ ties to have been part of a series of reportedly unauthorized e x p e r i ­ ments by plant personnel on the reactor's turbine-generators. By all accounts, the mood at the sprawling complex was relaxed. Spring had already come to Ukraine, and the nearby town of Prypiat, where the plant workers lived in uniform rows of high-rise apartment blocks, was reportedly getting ready for the traditional May 1 holiday, which this year coincided with the Orthodox Easter. About 24 hours later, an explo­ sion blew the roof off Chornobyl's No. 4 reactor, heaving a 1,000-ton concrete slab that covered the core into the reactor well. In less than *,thK$e<sQ6bndSi av&ocondJekplosion took place, which ignited a rash of fires and shot a gigantic burst of radioactive gases a half-mile into the sky that drifted north across the Soviet Union and Europe. Shifting winds and continuing radiation emissions from the plant eventually spread over the rest of the Soviet Union and as far away as the wes­ tern United States. Eight months ago, what has been labelled the world's worst nuclear power a c c i d e n t struck at C h o r ­ nobyl, contaminating hundreds of square miles in Ukraine, Byelorus­ sia and even parts of northern Po­ land and Scandinavia, discharging radioactivity across the continent and inflicting medical and environ­ mental damage that may continue for generations. From the start, the Soviet authori­ ties confronted an unprecedented crisis: handling a major fire inside one nuclear reactor while enormous amounts of radiation were escap­ ing into the a t m o s p h e r e , with a second reactor standing only yards away and two more nearby. T h e d i s a s t e r at C h o r n o b y l not only revealed an epic human drama of striving to cope with invisible nuclear hazards, but also disclosed much about the nature of the rela­ tionship between the Soviet govern­ ment and the population. The Soviet government reported­ ly knew enough about the disaster within 12 hours to treat it as a major crisis and set up a high-level govern­ ment commission to ascertain the damage and direct recovery opera­ tions. But Moscow did not acknow­ ledge to its own citizens and the world that the a c c i d e n t had o c ­ curred for another 48 hours and remained silent about the full extent of the disaster for nearly two weeks. For part of the time, Soviet scientists were uncertain that the measures they were taking to bring the reactor under control would actually work. In the aftermath of Chornobyl, Moscow has sought to rebuild its credibility by reporting more fully on the disaster at a special confe­ rence of the International Atomic Energy Agency on the Chornobyl accident in Vienna in August, where the Soviets submitted a 382-page detailed report on the causes, clean­ up efforts, medical, environmental and energy effects of the disaster. In this report, the Soviets laid the blame for the accident essentially on human error — safety violations by workers conducting an unautho­ rized experiment — but later ad­ mitted that part of blame was also due to design flaws in the reactor, which was essentially built for com­ mercial use. But it was the human toll that c a u s e d the most c o n c e r n . T h e Soviets have stuck to their official report of 31 dead, with two reported­ ly dying in the explosion and the rest passing away in a Moscow hospital after efforts to treat them for heavy radiation exposure and burns. , The Weekly had heard reports from sources in Ukraine of thou­ sands, maybe up to 15,000, dead at the time of the disaster, and there has remained s c e p t i c i s m among Ukrainians in the West about the official death toll of 31, because of the Soviet track record of covering up disasters and their conse­ quences. Dr. Robert Gale, a bonemarrow specialist from U C L A , en­ tered into the picture soon after the accident when the Soviets request­ ed his, and only his, aid in treating the C h o r n o b y l victims that were shipped off to Moscow. More than half of these official dead, who were buried in a cemetery just outside of Moscow and hun­ d r e d s of m i l e s a w a y from their homes and family in Ukraine, were firemen who braved the flames and radiation after the explosions. Offi­ cial reports also said that six months after the accident 30 remained hos­ pitalized and that a total of 300 persons were exposed to radiation levels far above those considered to be safe and many thousands may have been exposed to doses whose long-term effects are uncertain. The Soviets have been subject to much criticism for their handling of the Chornobyl aftermath. They re­ portedly began evacuating the 49,000 residents of nearby Prypiat 36 hours after the accident, a period in w h i c h the people were probably exposed to high doses of radiation. Confusion and panic spread among the e v a c u e e s and many families became separated, some for weeks. T h e authorities set up an artificial 18-mile evacuation zone around the stricken plant and all the evacuees were reportedly given medical checks and iodine pills. By the end of the summer, the official figure of the number of people evacuated from Ukraine and neighboring Byelorussia was

The Helsinki process
The Helsinki Accords review process, or the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe, continued in 1986 with two majorevents: the six-week Experts Meeting on Human Contacts, which took place in April and May in Bern, Switzerland, and the more significant fullscale Helsinki review conference, which was officially opened in early November in Vienna. The six-week Bern meeting on

A press conference in Vienna commemorated the 10th anniversaries of the Ukrainian and Lithuanian Helsinki Groups. Among those in attendance were former Soviet dissidents Leonid Plyushch, Yuri Orlov and Nadia Svitlychna, Sens. Claiborne Pell, Paul Sarbanes and Dennis Deconcini and Rep. Steny Hoyer.

1986: A LOOK BACK
human contacts ended on May 27 without agreement on a final docu­ ment as the United States, whose delegation was headed by Ambas­ sador Michael Novak, stood alone in its opposition to the " c o n s e n s u s statement." The U.S. refused to approve the document, saying it would weaken rather than strengthen the pledges made at Helsinki in 1975 by 35 states from the East and West. The Bern meeting was the last in a s e r i e s of experts meetings man­ dated by the most recent Helsinki Accords review conference held in Madrid in 1980-1983. In B e r n , representatives of 35 states covered such topics as family reunification, exchange of informa­ tion, travel for personal or profes­ sional reasons, and postal and tele­ phone communications. During the Bern conference, the United States raised many specific cases of family reunification and emigration. A m o n g the c a s e s of persons wishing to emigrate were those of t w o . U k r a i n i a n s : Yuriy Shukhevych, a human-rights activist and Helsinki monitor who has been imprisoned for over 33 years and who has relatives in Australia; and A l e k s a n d e r Maksymov, who re­ nounced his Soviet citizenship and subsequently served two terms of imprisonment for his emigration efforts. During a May 13 discussion on mail and postal interference, the U.S. delegation brought up the issue of contacts in the aftermath of the C h o r n o b y l n u c l e a r power plant accident in Ukraine. The Vienna follow-up conference convened officially on November 4 in the Hofburg. The U.S. delegation is headed by Ambassador Warren Z i m m e r m a n n , and i n c l u d e s two Ukrainians as members: Helsinki Commission staffer Orest Deychakiwsky and Julian Kulas, a public member. The U.S. continued to underscore the plight of Ukrainian political prisoners in its statements concern­ ing human-rights provisions during plenary sessions. Ambassador Zim­ mermann mentioned the deaths of four Ukrainian dissidents in camps in 1985, including three Helsinki monitors: Oleksiy Tykhy, Vasyl Stus, Yuriy Lytvyn and Valeriy Mar­ chenko, in his November 14 state­ ment on national minorities in the U S S R He added that three other Ukrainian dissidents, Mykola Horbai, Ivan K a n d y b a and Mykhailo Horyn, were very ill and were ser­ ving lengthy s e n t e n c e s for their political activity. He also stated that he knew of some 400 religious acti­ vists who were imprisoned in the Soviet Union, including Ukrainian Uniates. Ukrainian organizations from E u ­ rope, Canada and the United States sent representatives to Vienna to lobby for human and national rights and participate in both the official part of the conference as well as the parallel and simultaneous "Helsinki Mirror," series of unofficial seminars and press conferences sponsored by Resistance International. The Ukrainians in Vienna included representatives of the Ukrainian Helsinki Monitoring Group's Exter­ nal R e p r e s e n t a t i o n , g r a s s - r o o t s human-rights groups, youth organi­ z a t i o n s , news s e r v i c e s , political groups and national representative bodies, all under the leadership and guidance of the Human Rights Com­ mission of the World Congress of Free Ukrainians. Before the conference had even begun, three of the UHG's external representatives, Gen. Petro Grigorenko, Leonid Plyushch and Nadia Svitlychna, issued an appeal to the C S C E d e l e g a t e s c a l l i n g for a thorough review of Soviet humanrights abuses and demanding that Ukraine be included as a full and equal participant in the Helsinki process. They also demanded that Ukraine be represented as an inde­ pendent party in all international bodies c o n c e r n e d with d i s a r m a ­ ment and nuclear energy, and that embassies and consulates of the Helsinki A c c o r d s ' s i g n a t o r i e s be opened in Ukraine and foreign jour­ nalists be accredited to Ukraine. It was these very demands that the Ukrainian representatives in Vienna sought to publicize through a series of news conferences, meetings with d e l e g a t e s , d e m o n s t r a t i o n s and other activities during the first two weeks of the C S C E . The Ukrainian delegation held a news conference to commemorate the 10th anniver­ sary of the Ukrainian and Lithuanian Helsinki Groups on November 10 in the Vienna Marriott Hotel, which served as the group's headquarters. The press conference, which was held together with the Lithuanian World Community and the Lithua­ nian Information Center, was des­ c r i b e d as " a historic reunion of founders and exiled members of the Helsinki monitoring groups." It was presided over by Rep. Steny Hoyer (D-Md.), co-chairman of the C o n ­ gressional delegation to the C S C E and i n c l u d e d s p e e c h e s by G i n t e Damusis, director of the Lithuanian Information Center, who spoke of the fate of the Lithuanian Helsinki Group, Yuri Orlov, Ms. Svitlychna, Mr. Plyushch, a n d T o m a s Venclova, one of the founders of the Lithuanian Helsinki Group. Ambassador Sam Wise, deputy head of the U.S. delegation, also spoke on the plight of all the Helsinki monitors in the Soviet U n i o n . A m b a s s a d o r W i s e stated during the press conference that Ambassador Zimmermann, head of the U.S. delegation, had mentioned the 10th anniversary of the U H G in his remarks during the opening plenary session earlier that day, and had c a l l e d it the most severely persecuted of all the Hel­ sinki G r o u p s in the U S S R . A l s o present were Sens. Claiborne Pell, Dennis Deconcini and Paul Sarbanes. Perhaps the biggest news to come out of the conference so far has been the Soviet -delegation's pro­ posal to hold a c o n f e r e n c e on human rights in Moscow. U.S. Am­ bassador Zimmermann told mem­ bers of the Ukrainian delegation in Vienna that the U.S. was interested in such a conference under certain conditions, including the right for non-governmental organizations and Western press organizations to participate without restrictions. As it s t a n d s , the delegates in Vienna were in the midst of the first review phase, that is the review of implementation, when they broke up for the holidays on December 19. What will come of this review confe­ rence for Ukrainians remains to be seen.

Documentation of the famine
Several important developments having to do with the Ukrainian Famine of 1932-33 occurred this year. Perhaps the most important was the long-awaited publication of ' T h e Harvest of Sorrow: Soviet C o l l e c t i v i z a t i o n and the T e r r o r F a m i n e " written by Robert C o n ­ quest, a senior research fellow at the Hoover Institution at Stanford Uni­ versity. T h i s 412-page study has won worldwide acclaim since its publication October 7 by Oxford University Press. Dr. Conquest has completed a carefully researched and finely written study, according to many distinguished scholars, who reviewed the book for various newspapers and magazines. Dr. C o n q u e s t , who is a l s o the author of several other books having to do with the Stalinist era, including the renowned "The Great Terror," traveled nationwide on a publicity tour throughout the month of Octo­ ber. He was interviewed by some of the nation's most prominent news­ papers as well. The book, sponsored by the Har­ vard Ukrainian Research Institute and the Ukrainian National Associa­ tion, has gone into its second print­ ing, which will bring total copies in print to 12,000. During his New York appearance, the author stated the main impetus for writing a book on the famine was "to educate myself." Dr. Conquest's book was also cited as one of the 200 most noteable books of 1986 by The New York Book Review. In other events related to the famine, the award-winning docu­ mentary "Harvest of Despair" was finally shown on American televi­ sion. Aired September 24 on a spe­ cial edition of William F. Buckley's "Firing Line," which appears weekly on P B S , the showing of the film proved to be controversial because P B S authorities made the decision to air it only if its s h o w i n g w a s coupled with a panel discussion on its a c c u r a c y . T h u s , three g u e s t s were invited to participate in the discussion: Dr. Robert Conquest, Harrison Salisbury, longtime cor­ respondent of The New York Times and "renowned Sovietologist," and Christopher Hitchens, Washington columnist for the London Spectator and also for The Nation magazine. On balance, the broadcast of the film plus the discussion preceding and following the film did much to enlighten the general public about the famine. At the end of its show­ ing, Mr. Buckley, who saw the film for the first time, told the audience: "Well, that's about as harrowing an hour this side of Dachau that I can imagine" and the three guests stated that the film was accurate. Mr. Salisbury managed to further alienate himself from the Ukrainian community this year when, during the dicussion, he went into a lengthy d i s c o u r s e about the history of Ukraine in response to a question posed by Mr. Buckley about the relationship between Ukraine and Russia in 1932. As Dr. Conquest started replying, Mr. Salisbury inter­ jected and began equating Ukraine with Russia. He stated: "The Ukraine, of course, is really the cradle of Russian civili­ zation and the Church. Kiev was the place where Russia as an entity first c a m e into b e i n g , a n d the e a r l y emperors and the early Church were all centered there..." "The Ukraine, anyway, was really the cradle of Russia. I think there is no question about that. And —- we can't go over the whole history -—but the first Christian part of Russia was the Ukraine." " S o w h e n we talk a b o u t the U k r a i n e and R u s s i a , we are not really talking about separate coun­ tries. We are talking about two parts of a country or a civilization that moved on different waves." This statement prompted an an­ gry response from many members of the Ukrainian community. After receiving numerous complaints, Mr. Salisbury sent out a form letter to those individuals who wrote him, which stated, in part: "Some of you seem to think I confuse Russia and the Ukraine. Rest assured, I under­ stand and deeply respect the diffe­ rence. A s many of you well known I have traveled the length and breadth of the Ukraine. A wonderful land. Kiev is one of my favorite cities in the whole world. "Some of you seem to object to my d e s c r i p t i o n of Kiev, a s 'the mother city of all the R u s s i a n s . ' Were I of Ukrainian origin I would proudly acclaim Kiev's role in Slavic civilization, culture, religion, the arts. If Kiev is not first — then who is?" There is still no indication from any of the networks that they are interested in airing "Harvest of Despair," which was produced for the Ukrainian F a m i n e R e s e a r c h Committee of Canada by Slavko Nowytski and Yurij Luhovy in 1983. The film has won several awards in the United States and Canada in the past two years, and garnered an Academy Award nomination. Yet another important first o c ­ curred in regard to the famine. An educators' institute which focused on the famine was held on Novem­ ber 8. One hundred and eighty-six teachers, 154 of them non-Ukrai­ nians, attended the one-day semi­ nar held in C h i c a g o . T w e n t y - s i x participants took the seminar for graduate credit through Northern Illinois University. The seminar, which was organiz­ ed by Dr. Myron B. Kuropas, vicepresident of the Ukrainian National Association, was officially called "The Ukrainian Forced Famine: An

The long-awaited book by Robert Conquest, "The Harvest of Sorrow."

1986: A LOOK BACK
Institute for Educators." It was designed to provide teachers and administrators with information to teach about the famine that killed some 7 million people in Ukraine. The seminar attracted teachers mostly from northern Illinois, as well as teachers of Ukrainian origin from as far away as Los Angeles, Miami, Toronto and Rochester, N.Y. The U.S. government's Commis­ sion on the Ukraine Famine had a busy year, gathering testimony throughout the country from survi­ vors iOf tft© famine. D$. J&m$& >6. Mace of Harvard University's Ukrai­ nian Research Institute was named staff director on January 29. Then, the week of March 10, six Ukrainian public members of the commission were also named, thus completing the composition of the U.S. govern­ ment-funded body. T h e six are: B o h d a n F e d o r a k , 52, of Warren, Mich.; Myron B. K u r o p a s , 53, of DeKalb, III.; Daniel Marchishin, 51, of Bound Brook, N.J.; Ulana Mazurkevich,41, of Elkins Park, Pa.; Anastasia Volker of Royal Oak, Mich.; and Qleb VVeres, 35, of San Fran­ c i s c o , GaliL Ms. Volker replaced Lubow A. Margolena, 83, of Wash­ ington, who declined the appoint­ ment The commission's members have met several times this year, includ­ ing regional meetings in Chicago, Detroit and Glen Spey, N.Y. A major flap occurred this year in relation to the famine which pitted the Boston Ukrainian community against the Massachusetts gover­ nor's wife, Kitty Dukakis, and even­ tually resulted in an apology from Gov. Michael S. Dukakis and the inauguration of a famine conomea n i m o u s vote in the H o u s e the previous day. Gov. Dukakis then welcomed the Ukrainians and apologized. "Both Kitty and I want to apologize for any misunderstanding that may have taken p l a c e , " he s a i d . While the Ukrainian famine was not honored as part of the ceremony, a proclama­ tion was read which declared May 11 Ukrainian Famine Commemoration Day in the state of Massachusetts. In other news The New York State Education department issued, as part of its Human Rights Series, a 166-page book titled " C a s e Studies: Persecution/Genocide:" One hun­ dred forty-two pages are devoted to the Ukrainian famine. T h e guide outlines the history of the famine and human-rights violations in Ukraine. This year also saw the vandalization of the famine monument in E d m o n t o n , w h i c h w a s twice d e ­ f a c e d by v a n d a l s , first with the words "Lies" and then "Nazi Lies" sprayed on it. The Ukrainian C a n a ­ dian C o m m i t t e e and the J e w i s h Federation of Edmonton issued a joint statement after the s e c o n d incident, which occurred on April 6, in which they condemned the act as "an outrageous act of political van­ dalism" that brings back memories of an era when Jewish synagogues and cemeteries were defaced. Additionally, a famine monument was dedicated this year at the Los Angeles County Government C e n ­ ter on May 16. A greeting from President Ronald Reagan was read there by actor Jack Palance. And finally this year, the question was posed to New York Times pub­ lisher Arthur Ochs Sulzberger if the newspaper would return the Pulitzer prize awarded in the 1930s to its M o s c o w c o r r e s p o n d e n t , William Duranty, in the light of evidence that he covered up the famine in his reporting while privately telling British intelligence he believed over 10 million people had died in the man-made famine. In a letter sent to Times shareholder and radio talk s h o w host L e s K i n s o l v i n g , who originally raised the question, Mr. Sulzberger replied that despite the allegations, "what we report has to stand, for better or worse, as our best contemporary effort." "What then, do I think of Mr. Duranty's reporting from the Soviet Union?... Perhaps he was too trust­ ing of Soviet s o u r c e s he s h o u l d never have trusted. P e r h a p s his private political views impermissibly clouded his judgment or distorted his dispatches. The Times itself ran reports c o n t r a d i c t i n g his at the time..." " T h a t c o n t e m p o r a r y Pulitzer jurors thought him worthy of a prize for the things he did write from Moscow is a judgement I am neither equipped nor entitled tp secondguess at this date. In any event, it is not a prize T h e T i m e s c a n take back."' The saga continues, > ? * >t -t
%

Soviet Union on November 9 with Mr. Medvid on board. The most important was the crea­ tion of an investigative body, under the aegis of the Helsinki Commis­ sion, to look into the government's handling of the Medvid case and its application of asylum procedures generally. Also discussed in some length in the press was the theory of two Medvids: it has been alleged that the Medvid who said he wanted to return to the Soviet Union was really an imposter and the real Medvid returned to the U S S R against his will. To dispel s u c h rumors, T A S S reported on J a n u a r y 22 that Mr. Medvid was alive and well, and living with his family in Silets, Ukraine, a town just outside Lviv. The reports stated that the seaman was planning to register for school and repeated the story w h i c h w a s d i s p a t c h e d from the Soviet Union soon after he returned there that he had fallen overboard while working on the Soviet freighter. F u r t h e r m o r e , the F e b r u a r y 11 issue of Molod Ukrainy ran an al­ leged interview with Mr. Medvid in w h i c h he reiterated that he had fallen overboard into the Mississippi and blamed Ukrainian emigres and "former OUN members," "reaction­ aries," who continue to fight for his release from "Bolshevik imprison­ ment." Accompanying the article was a large photograph of the sailor and his family. Experts later ascer­ tained the photo w a s a forgery which was touched up by airbrushing. The article added to further uncertainty as to Mr. Medvid's whereabouts. Rep. Fred J . Eckert (R-N.Y.) be­ gan a letter-writing campaign to Mr. Medvid, and for the past year, at least one member of the Congress has penned a letter to the young seaman each month. On April 3, T A S S reported that Mr. Medvid wished that the congressman and

rrroraftioft <$ay, > - ,
The episode started in July 1985 when Gloria y'Edynak, then infor­ mation officer of the Ukrainian Studies Fund at Harvard, wrote to t b e - h d § t s of & plannfed state cere­ mony .— which commemorated the victims of the Holocaust, the Arme­ nian massacre and the Cambodian g e n o c i d e — Mrs. D u k a k i s a n d speaker of the House of Representa­ tives George Keverian. She asked that the Ukrainian famine be com­ memorated alongside the other major genocides of the 20th century. Mrs. y'Edynak received a reply from the governor's wife w h i c h stated that it was "necessary to limit participation" and thus the Ukrai­ nian famine would not be marked. Letters from other individuals yield­ ed the same response. Angered that the 1932-33 famine would not be commemorated at the ceremonies, the Ukrainian community decided it would attend the ceremony on May 9 in protest. T h e press began to pick up on the story, and blasted the governor's decision to bypass theUkrainian famine in the ceremonies. The pressure paid off. On May 9, S p e a k e r of the H o u i e Keverian welcomed the 30 Ukrainians who attended the ceremony and read a resolution about the Ukrainian fa­ mine that had been passed by un-

others would halt the letter-writing c a m p a i g n . He challenged Rep. E c k e r t to c o m e to Silets and he would show him his birth certificate and other pertinent documents to prove his identity. The congress­ man accepted the invitation, but has not yet been able to make the trip. This year, an investigation was a l s o l a u n c h e d to find out what really happened after Mr. Medvid jumped ship. Sen. Gordon J . Hum­ phrey (R-N.H.) pushed hard for a separate panel to investigate the incident in the beginning months of the year but was blocked in doing so by Sens. Alan J . Simpson (RWyo.) and Robert Dole (R-Kansas) on the grounds that the Immigration and Refugee Policy Subcommittee, chaired by Sen. Simpson, was look­ ing into the matter. But, Sen.,Hum­ phrey would not give up, and after intensive negotiating, the Medvid investigation was turned over to the Helsinki Commission on March 13 and $200,000 was allocated for it from the Senate Contingency Fund, There was deliberation, however, on whether it w a s legal to take the money from this fund. After seven weeks of discussions the Senate decided to release the funds, and the investigation into the matter finally started. Two investigators have been hired and they must present their findings in May 1987. On October 24, 1986, The New York City Tribune ran a full-page advertisement, with the signatures of 144 individuals and organizations commemorating the anniversary of Mr. Medvid's failed attempt for free­ dom. And finally this year attorneys Andrew F y l y p o v y c h , O r e s t J e j n a and Julian E. Kulas filed suit on behalf of the Ukrainian American Bar Association in which they al­ leged that legal representatives for Mr. Medvid were denied due pro­ cess by not being allowed to meet with and represent the sailor at the time of his defection.

The Millennium and the Church
During 1986 it seemed all atten­ tion was already being focused on the u p c o m i n g Millennium of the Christianization of Kievan R u s \ And there was controversy also as va­ rious parties debated who had the right to celebrate this historic act of Prince and St. Volodymyr the Great in 988. While most in the Ukrainian community seemed to agree that the Millennium could rightly be cele­ brated by all Ukrainian Christians, the U k r a i n i a n Orthodox C h u r c h began proclaiming the anniversary a s the M i l l e n n i u m of U k r a i n i a n Orthodoxy. There was concern also that the Moscow Patriarchate and, yes, even the Soviet government would each use the Millennium for their own political purposes despite the fact •that both the Ukrainian Catholic and Ukrainian Orthodox Churches are not allowed to exist in the U S S R . That is why Ukrainians breathed a collective sigh of relief when in late November Pope John Paul II flatly ruled out visiting the Soviet Union unless General Secretary Mikhail Gorbachev first invited him to visit C&tholic communities in Ukraine and Lithuania. The pope was ex­ pected to visit the U S S R in 1988, reciprocating for Mr. Gorbachev's visit to the Vatican in January 1987. A senior official said the pope was wary of overtures from Moscow because he did not want to be used by the Soviet authorities in a "pro­ paganda move." Metropolitan Ste­ phen S u l y k c o m m e n t e d that he doubts the Soviets will permit the pontiff to visit Ukraine. Meanwhile, the National Commit­ tee to Commemorate the Millen­ nium of C h r i s t i a n i t y in Ukraine issued an appeal in January to the Ukrainian A m e r i c a n community, requesting its cooperation in orga­ nizing Millennium observances and asking that local committees be set up to work with the national body headed by Dr. Yuriy Starosolsky. T h e honorary p r e s o d i u m of the Millennium C o m m i t t e e i n c l u d e s Archbishop-Metropolitan Sulyk of the Ukrainian C a t h o l i c C h u r c h , Archbishop-Metropolitan Mstyslav of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church and the Rev. Vladimir Borowsky of the Ukrainian Evangelical Alliance. Among the committee's plans are an exhibit of Ukrainian religious i c o n s at the S m i t h s o n i a n arid a concert at the Kennedy Center in Washington, and Support for a resolution introduced by R e p . J a c k Kemp calling for the erection of a monument to St. Volodymyr the Great in the nation's capital.

The Medvid

follow-up
political asylum. As he was being returned to his ship by U.S. authori­ ties he again jumped into the river. Later, he was interrogated by U.S. authorities who determined he did not wish to stay in the United States and w a s again returned to his ship. The ^/tefshai Koniev set sail for the

Several important developments occurred in relation to the Medvid case this year. Myroslav Medvid is the Ukrainian sailor who jumped from his Soviet freighter, the Marshal Koniev into the Mississippi River on October 24, 1985, hear New Orleans in search of
f

1986: A LOOK BACK
L o c a l committees were indeed established throughout the country, as were local committees working toward the realization of the mam­ moth Harvard Project on the Millen­ nium. The Harvard Project has four main objectives: organizing an in­ ternational conference on Ukrainian Christianity; endowing a chair in the h i s t o r y of U k r a i n i a n r e l i g i o u s thought at Harvard University; pub­ lishing an encyclopedia of Ukrai­ nian Christianity; and publishing a corpus of works documenting the growth and development of Kievan Rus' Christianity and its influence on the spiritual, cultural and politi­ cal life of the Ukrainian nation. Throughout the U.S. and Canada, various groups began observances of the Millennium with religious s e r v i c e s , c o n f e r e n c e s and other events. Among them were the follow­ ing: a conference on the Millennium was organized in June by the Ukrai­ nian Academy of Arts and Sciences as part of the Learned Societies c o n f e r e n c e at the University of Manitoba; a Millennium shrine was dedicated in Ottawa as the cross was hoisted to the top of St. John's Ukrainian Catholic Church on Sep­ tember 14; the Ukraine Millennium Foundation based in Toronto com­ pleted the first half of the recording of 35 sacred choral concertos by Dmytro Bortniansky. In August, Metropolitan Mstyslav officiated at solemnities in Philadel­ phia inaugurating the Ukrainian Orthodox Church's celebration of the Millennium, while Bishop Inno­ cent Lotocky of the Ukrainian C a ­ tholic Church led over 1,000 Detroitarea Ukrainians in a Rite for the Renewal of Baptismal Grace in the Ukrainian Church in preparation for the Millennium. In other news relating to Church affairs, the Ukrainian C a t h o l i c Church observed the anniversary of the 1946 liquidation of the Church in U k r a i n e by m e a n s of an illegal "synod" that united the Ukrainian Catholic Church with the Russian Orthodox C h u r c h . A s y m p o s i u m held on May 15 in Washington by the St. Sophia Religious Association of Ukrainian Catholics focused on this tragic 40th anniversary. The liquidation of the Church was noted also in a U.S. State Depart­ ment paper on "Soviet Repression of the Ukrainian Catholic Church" that was presented on September 28 in conjunction with the 25th anni­ versary celebrations of the Ukrai­ nian Catholic Eparchy of Chicago. The paper detailed religious perse­ cution in Ukraine and the under­ ground activity of the Ukrainian Catholic Church which continues to exist despite Soviet repression. Archbishop-Metropolitan Suiyk made an impassioned plea for "our silenced brothers and sisters in the Underground Church in Ukraine" to Cardinal D. Simon Lourdusamy, the new prefect of the Congregation for the oriental Churches in the Vatican when the cardinal visited the Ukrai­ nian Catholic Archeparchy of Phila­ delphia in September. Metropolitan Sulyk also addressed the issue of the Millennium and asked that a Ukrainian Catholic bishop be named to the See of Peremyshl, now in Poland, to serve Ukrainian Catho­ lics in that country. In other Church news, Bishop Neil Savaryn of the Edmonton Ukrainian Catholic Eparchy died on January 8 at the age of 81. Bishop Demetrius Greschuk, apostolic administrator of the eparchy was nominated the new Edmonton eparchy by Pope John Paul II on April 28. And, finally, another shrine was dedicated this year. St. Andrew's Ukrainian Orthodox Church in Silver Spring, Md., was dedicated to the victims of the Chornobyl nuclear accident when Bishop Antony bless­ ed the c h u r c h ' s c o r n e r s t o n e on December 14. lator do not appear on the Molod Ukrainy version. So, which "authentic original" was forwarded by the Soviets to Israel? In o t h e r d e v e l o p m e n t s in the D e m j a n j u k c a s e , in J u l y family members and in October Bishop Antony of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church traveled to Israel to meet with Mr. Demjanjuk. A fact-finding visit to Israel was also undertaken in July by a delegation from Ameri­ cans for Human Rights in Ukraine, a group that had been active in raising funds for the Demjanjuk defense. U p o n his return to the United S t a t e s , B i s h o p Antony began a whirlwind tour of Ukrainian Ortho­ dox parishes in an effort to inform the public about the status of the Demjanjuk case and raise funds for his defense. His partner on the tour was Edward Nishnic, son-in-law of Mr. Demjanjuk and president/admi­ nistrator of the family-controlled J o h n Demjanjuk Defense Fund. Bishop Antony will be the Ukrainian Orthodox Church's official observer probably be argued before the S u ­ preme Court in the spring of next year. The Supreme Court declined, however, to hear the case of another East European suspected of Nazi complicity. O n D e c e m b e r 1 the court voted not to hear the case of Estonian Karl Linnas (the vote was 6 to 3, o n e vote s h o r t of w h a t is needed to grant review). Two days later, J u s t i c e Thurgood Marshall granted a 25-day stay of deportation in order to allow Mr. Linnas' attor­ ney, former U.S. Attorney General Ramsey Clark to file a petition for a rehearing before the Supreme C o u r t . Mr. L i n n a s is a c c u s e d of concealing his background as com­ mandant of a Nazi death camp in Tartu, Estonia. A lower court had ordered him deported to the U S S R where in 1962, in absentia, he was found guilty and sentenced to death. The verdict of the Soviet trial was announced in the press even before the proceedings had begun. Back in the U S S R , Feodor Fedorenko, the first person to be extra-

The hunt for Nazis
The biggest news of 1986 as con­ cerns what we have conveniently labelled "the Nazi hunt" w a s no doubt the extradition to Israel of John Demjanjuk, a former Cleve­ land autoworker accused of being "Ivan the Terrible," a brutal guard at the Treblinka dsath camp. Mr. Demjanjuk w a s extradited from the United States on February 27. He was finally charged seven months later, on September 29, with crimes against the Jewish people, primes a g a i n s t humanity, war crimes and murder. The indictment was 17 pages long in Hebrew (26 pages in English translation). Mr. Demjanjuk faces the death penalty if found guilty; his is the second war crimes trial to be held in Israel. The trial began on November 26, not January 19 as first scheduled, when it became evident that under Israeli law a trial must begin no later than 60 days after a defendant is c h a r g e d . T h u s the trial officially opened and after less than an hour was recessed until January 19. On December 17 it was learned that the Soviets had agreed to co­ operate with the Israelis in the p r o s e c u t i o n of Mr. Demjanjuk. Through the personal intervention of American industrialist Armand Hammer, the U S S R r e l e a s e d to Israeli authorities the original Trawniki ID card purportedly issued by the Nazis to Mr. Demjanjuk at the Trawniki training camp for guards. The authenticity of this card had been c h a l l e n g e d in the United States, however, when it was used against Mr. Demjanjuk by the Office of Special Investigations. In addi­ tion, many in the United States and Israel have questioned the propriety of using evidence provided by the S o v i e t s who are known for their disinformation apparatus. Mr Demjanjuk and his attorney continue to maintain that the 66year-old Ukrainian is a victim of mistaken identity. This claim has been bolstered by reports from various sources that the real "Ivan" was killed by Treblinka inmates. In addition, a reproduction of the ID card allegedly issued to Mr, Dem­ janjuk that appeared along with an article titled "The Vampire Lived in Cleveland" in the April 30 issue of Molod Ukrainy, a newspaper pub­ lished in Ukraine, was different from the ID card seen earlier in the U.S. and reproduced in "Quiet Neigh­ bors," the book by former OSI direc­ tor Allan A. Ryan Jr. Among the discrepancies: the photographs of the person alleged to be Ivan Dem­ janjuk and their positions on the ID cards differ. Also some of the hand­ written notations by a Soviet trans­

Two versions of the "authentic" Trawniki ID card purportedly issued to John Demjanjuk. at the Demjanjuk trial once it re­ dited from the United States to the sumes in January. Soviet Union as a suspected war A Jewish businessman from the criminal, was found guilty on June Cleveland area, Martin Lax, in No­ 19 of treason and mass murder by a vember established the Adequate court in Simferopil, Crimea, in the Representation Fund, whose goal is Ukrainian S S R . He was sentenced to to raise funds for the Demjanjuk death, but the execution date was defense. Mr. Lax reasoned that Mr. not announced. Demjanjuk is entitled to a fair trial The defamation campaign against and adequate legal representation, Ukrainians and other East Europeans and he said he hopes to receive continued as Mr. Ryan continued to $600,000 in donations from Jews insist that the U . S . is harboring across the United States. 10,000 war criminals — and he said In the United States, the Office of this is a conservative estimate. Special Investigations continued its One of the targets of attack was hunt for Nazis. Among the most Mykola Lebed, a prominent leader important developments in various of the Organization of Ukrainian cases were the following. Nationalists, who was branded a T h e Supreme Court on November Nazi collaborator by T h e Village 10 agreed to hear the case of Juozas V o i c e in F e b r u a r y . His longtime Kungys, a Lithuanian emigre who associate, Roman Kupchinsky of misrepresented the date and place Prolog Research, called the Voice's of his birth when entering this coun­ article replete with "total distor­ try and when applying for citizen­ tions" and "deliberate manipulation ship. At issue is whether such misre­ of facts." A statement by the Ukrai­ presentations are material and are nian Supreme Liberation Council's reason enough to strip the defen­ External Representation protested dant of his citizenship. The Kungys this defamation of the Ukrainian defense was supported in its appeal liberation movement arid one of its to the highest court by an amicus leaders. ; ^ )••• curiae brief initiated by the Ukrainian Though the defamation of East National A s s o c i a t i o n ' s Heritage E u r o p e a n s as Nazi c o l l a b o r a t o r s Defense Committee and signed by continued, awareness of their con­ several other Ukrainian and East cerns was on the upswing. European organizations. In April, the Los Angeles Times The OSI alleges that Mr. Kungys published a two-part series on the participated in the extermination of questionable use of Soviet^supplied more than 2,000 Jews in Lithuania evidence by the Office of Special during World War II. The case will investigations in its prosecution of

1986: A LOOK BACK
denaturalization and deportation cases. The series by Robert Gillette was the first in a major newspaper to focus on the concerns of East Euro­ pean Americans as regards the OSI issue. On July 13 T h e Washington Post reported that the O S I was now becoming sensitive to charges that it was using fraudulent Soviet evi­ dence in its work, and on August 29, Post correspondent Jay Matthews wrote that Karl Linnas should be tried for war c r i m e s in the U . S . instead of being shipped off to the Soviet Union where he faces the death sentence handed down in 1962. On September 28, The Washing­ ton Post printed an article by Patrick Buchanan, White House communi­ cations director, which argued that John Demjanjuk is a victim of mis­ taken identity and that the infamous Trawniki ID card was in fact a for­ gery crafted by the Soviets. Other news media, too, began to see things in a different light. In Canada, Prime Minister Brian Mulroney decided in early 1985 to e s t a b l i s h a royal c o m m i s s i o n to investigate the possible presence of war c r i m i n a l s in C a n a d a , he re­ portedly did so against the advice of senior advisers in his own office and the Justice Department. Almost two years later, Quebec Superior Court Justice Jules Deschenes, the head of the one man commission, has submitted his twopart report to the government, which has until the end of the first half of January to decide what to do with the explosive document. Throughout his 22-month investi­ gation, Judge Deschenes has s h ­ rouded the work of the commission in a tight blanket of secrecy. No one, not even the minister of justice, was to have h a d k n o w l e d g e of the judge's key recommendations be­ fore the report was handed over to the government. On December 12, however, The Globe and Mail Canada's national n e w s p a p e r , c a r r i e d a front-page report by Michael Bociurkiw that outlined the judge's findings. Quot­ ing unidentified government sour­ ces, the report said the government would be advised of the following legal options to deal with the pre­ sence of war criminals in Canada: • creating a permanent war cri­ minals investigative unit similar to the U.S. Office of Special Investiga­ tions; • amending the Criminal Code to allow war criminals to be tried in C a n a d a a c c o r d i n g to C a n a d i a n rules of evidence; • negotiating extradition treaties with Israel and the Soviet Union so that war criminals can be deported to those countries for trial. The judge was also said to have recommended judicial action against more than 12 C a n a d i a n residents. It was also reported that the commission will refer more than 50 cases to the federal government for further investigation. T h e G l o b e a n d Mail report prompted Jewish leaders to applaud the work of the Deschenes Commis­ sion. "We are, of course, well pleased with J u s t i c e D e s c h e n e s ' r e c o m ­ mendations and findings and con­ gratulate him for a job well done," said a December 12 statement by the T o r o n t o office of the S i m o n Wiesenthal Center. E a s t e r n E u r o p e a n community leaders, however, said most of the options listed are u n a c c e p t a b l e , particularly the proposal to set up an OSI-type body on Canadian soil. Several Eastern European leaders s a i d privately that the reported recommendations handed down by Judge Deschenes appear to have come from submissions submitted by Jewish groups during the com­ mission's public hearings. In interviews with J e w i s h and Eastern European leaders, however, there w a s u n a n i m o u s agreement that Judge Deschenes' recommen­ dation to amend the Criminal Code would most likely arouse the least controversy. The government is expected to release the public section of the report — which includes descrip­ tions of some 800 cases investigated by the commission — early in the New Year. But few people expect the government to r e s p o n d quickly to the report — despite the Wiesenthal Center's plea that the government must move quickly because it does "not have unlimited time to bring World War II war criminals to jus­ tice." In Australia, the government set up a Deschenes-type probe to de­ termine what course of action to take on the war criminals issue. The investigation was launched on June 5, and Andrew Menzies, a re­ tired bureaucrat from the attorney g e n e r a l ' s office, w a s named its head. The Executive Council of Austra­ lian Jewry had requested the inquiry after it obtained information on some 150 suspected war criminals in the country, including B a i t s , Ukrainians and Germans. The S i ­ mon Wiesenthal Center gave the Australian government the names and addresses of 40 suspected war criminals in Australia — all of them Latvians and Lithuanians — it was reported in October. Then, on December 5, the Men­ zies probe recommended the esta­ blishment of an OSI-type unit in Australia to seek out Nazi war cri­ minals. Whether such a unit should be established and how it should operate are left to a decision of the government that is expected in early 1987. In other developments, the Wie­ senthal Center also provided lists of N a z i s u s p e c t s to S w e d e n (12 names), Canada, (26), Britain (17), Venezuela (3) and Brazil (1). of mutual respect. Also in August, the ABA at its It provides for annual visits by a n n u a l meeting in New York re­ five-person delegations, and joint j e c t e d a resolution by Attorneys symposia, electronic information Jejna and Huntwork, and their Task exchanges and a variety of other Force on ABA-Soviet Relations, that cooperative ventures to be decided would have abrogated A B A - A S L on in the future. formal ties. Supporters of the pact, Opposition to the agreement on while agreeing there were disagree­ the basis of Soviet human-rights ments with the policies of the ASL, violations started this year and is argued that it provides an opportu­ being led by attorneys Patience T. nity for dialogue. Huntwork and Orest A. Jejna, both In September 12-13 at the first of Phoenix, Ariz. Both attorneys A B A - A S L joint seminar, held at Darthave stated that the A S L is not a bar mouth C o l l e g e , a flap occurred association but an elite group of between the dissident ABA group individuals chosen by the U S S R ' s and Soviet lawyers. The Task Force Central Committee for the role of charged that human rights did not disinforming public opinion in the receive sufficient treatment at the U.S. concerning the Soviet legal meeting. When the question of hu­ system. man rights was raised, the Soviet In light of this, a major topic of lawyers simply denied there were discussion within the A B A this year any human-rights problems in their was whether the ABA should honor country and instead tried to shift the focus to alleged flaws in the Ameri­ its agreement with the A S L . I n an effort to dismantle the agree­ can justice system. A list of questions submitted by ment the Huntwork-Jejna team as­ certained in August that the A S L is Myron Boluch, a lawyer acting on openly anii-Semitic. The accusation behalf of the Task Force, the Ukrai­ was termed "irrelevant" to the agree­ nian American Coordinating Coun­ ment by the A B A and was not seen as cil and the Ukrainian C o n g r e s s grounds to abrogate the agreement. Committee of America, was never The answer came in response to addressed at the seminar. The ques­ questions posed by Ms. Huntwork tions focused on the cases of Ukraiwhich stemmed from a June state­ nian d i s s i d e n t s Lev L u k i a n e n k o , ment that said A B A officials were Yuriy Shukhevych and the late Vasyl a w a r e of the A S L ' s a n t i - S e m i t i c Stus, the famine of 1932-33 and the Chornobyl nuclear disaster. stance.

Ukrainian community in U.S.
The year began on a hopeful note with the first annual meeting of the Ukrainian American Coordinating C o u n c i l ' s National C o u n c i l , the body that sets policy for the um­ brella organization. Delegates to the February 1 meeting approved a plan of action and a budget for the U A C C and elected Dr. Bohdan Shebunchak. to chair the National Council's presidium. The plan of action reflected the myriad concerns that had been raised at the U A C C ' s first national convention held in October of 1985. During the course of the year, the U A C C and the other umbrella body of Ukrainian Americans recognized by the World C o n g r e s s of F r e e Ukrainians, that is, the Ukrainian Congress Committee of America, worked as separate entities. Meanwhile, negotiations conti­ nued between representatives of the two bodies on the re-establishment of one central organization for Ukrainian Americans. In October, the ad hoc committee established to work toward this goal — among whose members were representa­ tives of both the U A C C and U C C A , as well as the neutral organizations that belong to neither umbrella organization — issued its report. It stated that following 10 meetings and 112 hours of office work con­ d u c t e d during the c o u r s e of 18 months, the committee had con­ cluded its work. All the articles of new by-laws for a new central or­ ganization were approved by all three parties — except for the article concerning the name of the new body. The ad hoc committee asked that the U A C C and U C C A resolve this matter with the cooperation of the neutral organizations. The U A C C ' s position on this pro­ posal was that it agreed to the by­ laws and to the proposed name for the new organization, Ukrainian American Congress, and that it was ready to take the next step, that is, to prepare for an extraordinary con­ gress of Ukrainian Americans to take place in mid-1987. T h e U C C A , meanwhile, stated that it did not agree to the proposal to draft new b y - l a w s for a new central organization, but merely to a revision of the existing U C C A by­ laws. Nor did the U C C A approve of the proposal to change the name of the central body of Ukrainian Ame­ ricans to the Ukrainian American Congress because this would mean that the U C C A was being liquidated — a proposal that was simply un­ acceptable. In addition, the U C C A said it opposed convening an extra­ ordinary congress; instead, a U C C A c o n g r e s s s h o u l d be held w h i c h could then consider changing the name of the central organization of Ukrainian Americans. One step forward, two steps back?

Ukrainian community in Canada
Ukrainian Canadian leaders evi­ dently decided in October that it's finally time to give their umbrella organization a new look. The election of Dmytro Cipywnyk, 59, to president of the Ukrainian C a n a d i a n C o m m i t t e e , brings to helm of that organization a man who is said to have what it takes to attract the growing number of Ukrainians that were born in Canada. That's a responsibility which has left other U C C presidents scratch­ ing their h e a d s . C a n a d i a n - b o r n Ukrainians make up 90 percent of the community in the prairie pro­ vinces, and all attempts to make the U C C responsive to their needs have yielded little. The more than 500 delegates that came to Winnipeg for the 15th U C C congress took part in a parley that

U.S.-Soviet lawyers pact
This year saw a major contro­ versy erupt within the ranks of the American Bar Association (ABA) because of that organization's ties with the Association of Soviet Law­ yers (ASL). T h e flap s t a r t e d in May 1985 when, under a document signed by A B A ' s e x e c u t i v e d i r e c t o r , the 300,000-member internationally known organization was formally linked to the Soviets by a coopera­ tive agreement of indefinite dura­ tion. T h e agreement, which re­ portedly was proposed and drafted by the Soviets, contains expressions

1986: A LOOK BACK
will probably go down in history as one of the most quiet and orderly Ukrainian community gatherings: there was little dissention between rival g r o u p s ; student and youth groups kept a safe distance from the controversial policies presented at other congresses by their predeces­ sors; and the usually critical Ukrai­ nian Canadian right-wing organiza­ tions even found room in their publi­ cations for up-beat reports of the congress. The newly elected U C C president is expected to have few problems adapting to his national r e s p o n ­ sibilities. A former president of the Saskatchewan Branch of the U C C , Dr. C i p y w n y k leaves an o r g a n i ­ zation which maintains an annual budget of upwards of $700,000, and uses state-of-the-art computers to prepare funding proposals to go­ vernment agencies. At year's end, the newly elected president had already met with senior government officials on Par­ liament Hill, and he is looking for­ ward to cutting the ribbon soon on a new Ukrainian community lobbying office in Ottawa. Dr. C i p y w n y k ' s plans include ridding the organization of its obso­ lete Winnipeg office, and streamlin­ ing U C C operations with new com­ puters and communications equip­ ment. Other than choosing a new presi­ dent and executive, the U C C dele­ gates quietly endorsed the findings of a major study conducted by the Ukrainian Community Development C o m m i t t e e - - a U C C subcommittee charged with the arduous task of finding ways to increase the involve­ ment of Ukrainians born in Canada. The report —- which was expected to stir a considerable amount of controversy but sailed through with just a tad of huffing and puffing from emigre community leaders — was touted by its architects as a docu­ ment that spells out policies which the Ukrainian community needs to guarantee its survival into the next decade. , ; According to the report, the com­ munity requires such government initiatives as: dramatic increases in funding for bilingual e d u c a t i o n programs and cultural endeavors; a major restructuring of the federal multiculturalism program; and pro­ vincial legislation that will entrench existing bilingual education pro­ grams in western Canada. It didn't take long fonthe report to make w a v e s in w e s t e r n C a n a d a . Wilson Parasiuk, a Ukrainian in the Manitoba c a b i n e t , promised the group he would "popularize" the report's findings among his Cabinet colleagues. Other western provinces are ex­ pected to take a serious look at the report, which was described by one pundit as a blueprint for currying favor among U k r a i n i a n s on the prairies. But the report is not expected to attract many supporters on Parlia­ ment Hill, where a C o n s e r v a t i v e government is desperately struggl­ ing to find ways to reduce a huge federal deficit before the next elec-

Ukrainian National Association
During 1986, the Ukrainian Na­ tional Association turned 92 and held its 31st Regular~Convention on May 26 through 30 in Dearborn, a suburb of Detroit. UNA assets sur­ passed $55 million. At the convention, John Flis was re-elected supreme president over former supreme president Joseph Lesawyer. T h e only newcomers to the Supreme Assembly were Leonid Fil and Alex Chudolij, who were elected supreme advisors. Two a s ­ sembly members, Supreme Advisor Anna Haras, who ran for supreme v i c e - p r e s i d e n t e s s , and s u p r e m e auditor Dr. Bohdan Hnatiuk, who ran for re-election to that position, lost bids for office. Stefan Hawrysz, whose position as supreme orga­ nizer was eliminated as an elective office, was voted in as a supreme auditor. The convention was addressed by Deputy Secretary of Defense Wil­ liam Howard Taft IV, and a message from President Ronald Reagan was read at the convention banquet. E s p e c i a l l y noteworthy w a s the convention's approval of an amend­ ment to the UNA By-Laws that gives the UNA Supreme Assembly autho­ rity to establish a UNA board of directors for C a n a d a w h i c h will conduct UNA activities in that coun­ try under the jurisdiction of the Supreme Executive Committee. The amendment also provided for an office and a separate budget for the UNA's Canadian operations, ; Sen. Paul Yuzyk, the UNA'S s u ­ preme director for Canada, died on July 9 following a brief battle with cancer (see "Deaths in the commu­ nity"). At an extraordinary session of the Supreme Assembly convened on O c t o b e r 4, that body e l e c t e d Supreme Auditor John Hewryk as the new C a n a d i a n director. His position on the Auditing Commit­ tee, in turn, was filled by Leonid Fil, a newly e l e c t e d s u p r e m e advisor. Myron Spolsky, a young Winnipegger, was elected to fill the resultant vacancy among the supreme ad­ visors. The long-talked-about merger of the UNA and the Ukrainian Fraternal Association was nixed by the latter's convention delegates in June, when they adopted a resolution stating that the time was not ripe for merger, but that talks should be renewed on this matter when the need arises. Back at the home office in Jersey City, the Supreme Executive C o m ­ mittee on July 1 named Henry Floyd the association's first national sales director. Last time we checked, Mr. Floyd was busy hiring and training a professional sales force for Batko Soyuz. Also during 1986, the UNA on June 15, Father's Day, dedicated a new s e n i o r c i t i z e n s r e s i d e n c e at Soyuzivka. The 10-room building is seen as the first phase of seniors housing at and near the upstate New York resort.. Another highlight of year was the Op Sail party at the UNA headquar­ ters overlooking the Hudson River. UNA'ers from far and near — 400 of them — marvelled at the bird's eye view of the parade of ships marking Lady Liberty's centennial that they saw from atop the UN^buHrJjnrj., I^hif A^as^the year that the ($ik sponsored the U.S. tour of a Ukrai­ nian men's c h o r u s from P o l a n d , Zhuravli; published a book about the massacre of 10,000 Ukrainians at Vinnytsia by the NKVD (Soviet secret police) in both the Ukrainian and English languages by the late Svoboda editor-in-chief emeritus Anthony Dragan (see "Deaths in the €orr^ury^;;^ provided the funding for a teachers' s e m i n a r on the G r e a t F a m i n e of 1932-33 organized by S u p r e m e Vice-President Myron B. Kuropas (see " D o c u m e n t a t i o n of the fa­ mine"); and initiated an a m i c u s curiae brief supporting theSupreme Court appeal of a Lithuanian emigre whose case will have direct impact on thousands of East Europe^ns who emigrated to this country after World War II (see " t h e hunt for Nazis"). As usual, the UNA remembered its student members, allocating a new record amount of scholarship aid for 1986-87 — $110,000 — to 217 stu­ dents throughout the United States and Canada.

;

Ukrainians in politics
Ukrainians became involved in politics this year in a way that they just haven't in the past. The change w a s most evident in the United States. For the first time in several years, a Ukrainian made a bid for the H o u s e of R e p r e s e n t a t i v e s . Mike Kostiw, a newcomer on the Florida political scene, decided to run for the 16th Congressional District near Miami. Although he lost in the pri­ maries, he did win the support of the Miami Herald, one of the most pre­ stigious newspapers in the United States; he has now also established himself as a serious contender for 1988. ©ra the state and local levels, political n e w c o m e r s Mark Murowany and Christine Zarycky, while losing their bids for public office, a l s o g a r n e r e d name r e c o g n i t i o n , which will help them in future elec­ tions. Mr. Murowany, 30, ran in one of the most important races for the state legislature in Delaware. Ms. Zarycky, 21, is possibly the youn­ gest person in the Ukrainian com­ munity to run for political office. A political science major at Wayne State University, s h e sought the office of county commissioner in the 1st District, near Detroit. In other news, a Ukrainian, Theo­ dore Romankow, was sworn in on January 1 as the mayor of Berkeley Heights, N.J. Ukrainian Canadians have been much more involved in the political mainstream. This year proved to be no different. Edmonton Mayor Lau­ r e n c e D e c o r e won a r e s o u n d i n g victory in O c t o b e r by a 2.3 to 1 majority. . . . . . . . Also, earlier in the year, Ramon (Ray) Hnatyshyn became a justice minister after a major pre-election Cabinet shuffle by Canadian Prime Minister Brian Mulroney on June 30. The mid-term overhaul was a result of an opinion poll which showed the Mulroney government was trailing by three percentage points behind, the Liberals. Ukrainians were also very active in the Prairie Provinces this year as well. In Saskatchewan's general e l e c ­ tion on October 20, Roy Romanow, 44, of the pro-labor New Democratic Party (NDP) regained the seat he had lost by 19 votes in 1982 to J o Ann Zazelenchuk, 28, the candidate from the ruling Progressive Conser­ vative (PC) party. Alberta U k r a i n i a n s suffered a major upset on May 10. The most stunning upset was the defeat of one-time Progressive Conservative Party leadership hopeful and Muni­ cipal Affairs Minister Julian Koziak, who lost his Edmonton seat by more than 2,000 vote's to the NDP candi­ date. Bill Diachuk, a Ukrainian in Pre­ mier Don Getty's Cabinet missed being re-elected by a wide margin due to a surprising breakthrough by his major opponent, NDP candidate Ed Ewasiuk. Another disappointment was the appointment of a non-Ukrainian to the Senate seat which was vacated by the untimely death of Sen. Paul Yuzyk in July. Ukrainians had hoped that Sen. Yuzyk's seat would be filled by another Ukrainian, but this did not prove to be the case. MiraSpivak, 52, of Winnipeg, an employee oithe Winnipeg Social Planning Council was appointed to that post

Soviet defectors in Afghanistan
Most Canadians were startled that their government had risked d a ­ maging relations with the Soviet Union by secretly spiriting five Red Army defectors out of Afghanistan in November. To many, the extraordinary fo­ reign policy decision was remini­ scent of the role Canada played in surreptitiouslygetting a group of A m e r i c a n diplomats out of Iran during the hostage crisis. The group defected to Afghan guerrilla f o r c e s in 1983, and for more than three y e a r s , External Affairs officials refused to bend immigration rules to allow them to enter Canada. But after a series of embarrassing reports on the defectors written by Globe and Mail reporter Victor Mrlarek, the government, in what it called a "humanitarian act," brought five of the six soldiers to Canada. The sixth was left behind because he was too far inside Afghanistan. After a series of medical examina­ tions and debriefing sessions, the five a p p e a r e d November 25 at a Toronto news conference orga­ nized by their sponsors, the Cana­ dian Ukrainian Immigrant Aid So­ ciety. Earlier, the defectors met with Soviet Embassy officials and told them that they have no desire to return to their homeland. One of the five, Ihor Kovalchuk — a 25-year-old factory worker frdrri Kharkiv — was said to be of Ukrai­ nian and B y e l o r u s s i a n origin. C U I A S has offered to pay his ex­ penses while he lives with a Ukrai­ nian family. C a n a d i a n officials will not say whether additional rescue efforts are planned. But Ludmiila Thorne, director of Freedom House's Center for Appeals for Freedom, a New York-based human-rights organiza­ tion that helped publicize the defec­ tors' plight, said additional rescue missions will be difficult because of publicity surrounding the escape

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1986: A LOOK BACK
Student life
The first bit of student news in 1986 was that S U S K , the Ukrainian C a n a d i a n S t u d e n t s ' U n i o n , had decided, at its three-day national winter conference, not to join the newly revitalized worldwide Central U n i o n of U k r a i n i a n S t u d e n t s ( C e S U S ) , S U S K delegates who at­ tended an international student conference in December of 1985 had withheld their endorsement of a document calling for C e S U S ' s re­ vival pending approval from the S U S K membership at large. S U S K ' s winter c o n f e r e n c e , an annual event held in western C a ­ nada, attracted more than 50 stu­ dents to Winnipeg on February 1416. Meanwhile, down under (from the Canadian perspective, that is) in the United States, Ukrainian Student O u t r e a c h c o n t i n u e d its activity. Meeting on F e b r u a r y 16 in New B r u n s w i c k , N.J., student leaders voted to replace the three-member U S O coordinating body with a council of student club presidents. The students also decided to partici­ pate in the announced congress of the then-defunct Federation of Ukrainian Student Organizations of America ( S U S T A ) . Once S U S T A was re-established at a conference held April 11-13 in Chicago, Ukrainian Student Cutreach quietly withered away, having provided an impetus to the revival of the Ukrainian student movement in the U.S. T h e 50 or s o delegates at the S U S T A congress elected Andrew Futey, 20, a student at George Wash­ ington University, as president. Two months later, S U S T A mem­ bers came to Washington to learn how to deal with the government and the bureaucracy, as well as with the news media, during a weekend seminar on lobbying, campaigning and media relations organized for the students, as well as other in­ terested community activists, by the Ukrainian National Information Ser­ vice. T h e c o n f e r e n c e w a s c a l l e d Washington Horizons II. S U S K members gathered in their nation's capital in May to learn the techniques of successful lobbying and then put them into practice by informing their federal legislators of the Ukrainian c o m m u n i t y ' s c o n ­ cerns about the Deschenes C o m ­ mission of Inquiry on war criminals in Canada. T U S M , the Ukrainian S t u d e n t s Association of Mykola Michnowsky, continued to be active in the United States this year as always with its own particular agenda of demon­ strations, human-rights campaigns and ideological seminars. C e S U S representatives, meeting in Washington in August, discussed by-laws changes and decided to c o n v e n e the organization's next congress in March of 1967. association of Ukrainian American professionals, on October 18-19. The conference succeeded in at­ tracting Zbigniew Brzezinski, na­ tional security adviser in the Carter administration, to serve as the lun­ cheon speaker. Among the topics covered in the conference's ambi­ tious program were: s u c c e s s f u l lobbying, the future of the Ukrainian diaspora and media relations. • The centennial of the birth of world-renowned Cubist artist Aleksander Archipenko (1887-1964) was commemorated at the National Gal­ lery of Art in Washington with an exhibition containing 42 of his sculp­ tures, paintings and drawings. The majority of the w o r k s had never been seen in the United States. The exhibit is co-organized with the TelAviv Museum, which has the finest c o l l e c t i o n of the U k r a i n i a n - b o r n artist's early w o r k s . T h e exhibit, which opened on November 16, will run through February 16, 1987, and will then travel to Tel-Aviv. The following were among the notable people of 1986. • Mike Ditka, coach of the Chi­ cago Bears, in January became the first Ukrainian to lead a football team to a Superbowl victory. As a result, he a l s o b e c a m e the only Ukrainian ever to make an American Express commerical. (Chy znayete khto ya?) • L i s a S a w k a , 16, a Winnipeg Ukrainian, was chosen Miss Teen Canada in March. The student of Garden City Collegiate hopes to become a veterinarian. • Dr. Bohdan Krawchenko took over as director of the Edmontonbased Canadian Institute of Ukrai­ nian Studies on July 1. • Sister Mary Cecilia Jurasinski, dean of students at Manor Junior College, was installed as the col­ lege's new president in April. • Brig. Gen. Nicholas S . H. Krawciw, executive to the supreme allied commander in Europe, was among the 86 outstanding immigrants ho­ nored with New Y o r k ' s Liberty Awards in July 1 ceremonies led by Mayor Edward I. Koch. • Concert pianist Daria Telizyn, 26, held four concerts to call atten­ tion to the plight of victims of the Chornobyl nuclear accident. The c o n c e r t s , with the first held on September 14, benefitted the Ame­ rican Cancer Society. Ms. Telizyn said she was testing the waters for 1987 when she planned to do 365 c o n c e r t s in 365 d a y s —- a l s o as benefits for the American Cancer Society in the name of Chornobyl's unfortunate. • Dr. Lev E . D o b r i a n s k y , U . S . ambassador to the Bahamas and former president of the Ukrainian Congress Committee of America, was one of 83 American ethnics to receive the Ellis Island Medal of Honor on October 27. • Globe and Mail reporter Victor Malarek received the 1985 Michener Award for "meritorious and distin­ guished public service in journa­ lism" on November 7 for a series of stories on the problems of unseen immigrants in Canada. • Canadian recording artist Luba K o w a l c h u k w a s named the best female vocalist of the year by the Canadian Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences on November 10. This was the second consecutive year that she had received the Juno award in this category. Her band, Luba, received Juno nominations in the categories of best composer and best album graphics.

Notable events, people
Some of the most notable events and persons of 1986 defy categori­ zation, hence, this section. Among the notable events of the year were the following. • At the weeklong International PEN Congress held in New York in February, thesix-memberUkrainian delegation of the Ukrainian Writers' Association Slovo raised the cases of their persecuted colleagues in Ukraine. They handed out leaflets, took part in discussions and spoke person-to-person with renowned literary figures from around the world. Resolutions calling for the release of Mykola Rudenko, Yuriy Badzio and other persecuted writers in the Soviet Union were passed. •Stamps issued last year by the Solidarity underground made their way to the West during 1986. The three stamps asked for the indepen­ dence of Poland, Ukraine and L i ­ thuania. The Ukrainian stamp fea­ tured the legendary St. George on horseback slaying a dragon and the prayer: "St. George, our patron, we ask for an independent Ukraine." • Recalling their success in 1983 in having a memorial park dedicated to victims of the Babyn Yar mas­ sacre recall not only the Jewish, but the Ukrainian victims of this Nazi act, Denver's Ukrainians tried this year to have a monument to Holo­ caust victims cite the non-Jewish victims as well. The Ukrainians were joined in this effort by other ethnic communities of the area and, thus, the Colorado Ethnic Committee was formed. The committee proposed that the inscription on the monu­ ment, to be located on the grounds of the State Capitol, include the names of the nations who perished at the hands of the Nazis and the number of casualties. However, the Holocaust A w a r e n e s s Institute d e c i d e d to scrap the proposal for a Holocaust monument rather than recall nonJewish victims. Some Jewish Holo­ c a u s t survivors felt it would be "indecent to place on one monu­ ment, side by side, nations who have to assume some responsibility for the crimes, and the victims," stated a memo from an institute leader. • The Symon Petliura Ukrainian Library in P a r i s was vandalized twice during 1986. T h e incidents took place on March 29 and J u n e 4 . Vandals ransacked the library, stole several historic artifacts, and des­ troyed pysanky, display cases and cabinets. Also on June 4, the St. S y m o n Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church, which is located in the same building as the library, w a s d e s e c r a t e d and several reli­ gious items were stolen. • The unveiling and dedication of B r a z i l ' s monument to Ukrainian poet laureate T a r a s S h e v c h e n k o took place in August at the Ukraina Plaza in Prudentopolis. The statue is the creation of sculptor Leo Mol. • In Connecticut, a connecting highway off Route 72 was named for Taras Shevchenko. Taras Shev­ chenko Expressway runs between New Britain and Newington. More than 600 persons including Gov. William O'Neill and various state and local officials attended the opening ceremonies on July 17. The day was e s p e c i a l l y rewarding to Michael Mowchan,who worked for two years to make the Shevchenko highway a reality. • Most notable among the many worthwhile conferences and semi­ nars held this year was the Washing­ ton Leadership Conference spon­ sored by The Washington Group, an

Deaths in the community
During 1986, Ukrainians learned of the passing of several prominent community leaders and cultural activists. A m o n g them were the following. • Yuriy Deba, 72, Ukrainian C a ­ nadian businessman who donated $100,000 for the construction of a monument in Jerusalem in memory of victims of Communist and Nazi terror in Ukraine — January 2. • Bishop Neil N. Savaryn O S B M , 81, of the Edmonton Eparchy of the Ukrainian Catholic Church — J a ­ nuary 8. • Anthony Dragan, 73, longtime e d i t o r - i n - c h i e f of the U k r a i n i a n language daily newspaper Svoboda, author, member of Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists — February 2. • The Rev. John Barchuk, 82, Ukrainian Baptist pastor, preacher and writer, executive officer of the Ukrainian Evangelical Baptist C o n ­ vention of Churches in the United States — March 13. • Stefan Rosocha, 78, editor of Vilne Slovo, a Ukrainian-language weekly n e w s p a p e r published in Toronto and cabinet minister in the short-lived Carpatho-Ukrainian go­ vernment — April 20. • Ihor Olshaniwsky, 56, president and founding member of Americans for Human Rights in Ukraine, chair­ man of the Committee for the De­ fense of Valentyn Moroz — May 8. • Natalia Kotowych, renowned pianist and president of the Ukrai­ nian Music Institute — June 11. • Yaroslav Stetzko, 74, head of the Organization of Ukrainian Na­ tionalists (revolutionary faction) and prime minister of Ukraine during World War II — July 5. • Paul Yuzyk, 73, Canadian sena­ tor for 23 years, "Father of Multiculturalism," chairman of the Human Rights Commission of the World Congress of Free Ukrainians, the Ukrainian National Association's supreme director for Canada, histo­ rian — July 9. • Maria Levytsky, 68, actress and director of Ukrainian theater in Canada — August 7. • John Oryniak, 70, national trea­ surer of A m e r i c a n s for Human Rights in Ukraine — August 25. • Augustine Stefan, 93, speaker of the Diet (parliament) of CarpathoUkraine, and minister of education during that state's brief existence —September 4. • Anthony J . Kutcber, 66, former national commander of Ukrainian American Veterans — October 2. • Vitaliy Sazonov, artist who emi­ grated from Ukraine in 1981, was found dead in his apartment in Munich sometime in mid-October. A farewell note was found next to the body and police quickly ruled the death a suicide. An autopsy reveal­ ed that the cause of death was most likely a heart attack. • Metropolitan Andrei Kuschak, 85, titular metropolitan of Eukarpia, primate of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church in America — November 17.