1.Fuel Cells for Electrical Vehicle Propulsion
Content
A P A P E R O N
FUEL CELLS FOR ELECTRIC VEHICLE PROPULSION RACE TO A NEW AUTOMOTIVE AUTOMOTIVE FUTURE
Presented By Prashanth Subrahmanyam Preetsh Prabhua!"a#n$ar Se%#nd &ear &ear En"neern" 'Me%han%a()
Pra*ara Rura( En"neern" C#((e"e+L#n,'M,S)
T ab ab l e O f C o n t e n t s
1. Fuel Cells For E Electr lectric ic V Veh ehicle icle P Propu ropulsion lsion -, -,-
PRAC PRACTIC TICAL AL RE RE.U .UIR IREM EMEN ENTS TS
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PEM PEM FUEL FUEL CELL CELL STA STAC0S C0S
-,1
FUE FUEL PR PROCE OCESSOR SSORS S
-,2
BAL BALANC ANCE OF OF PLA PLAN NT
-,3
INTE4RA INTE4RATE5 FUEL CELL CELL POWER POWER PLANT PLANT 'ELECTRIC 'ELECTRIC EN4INE) EN4INE)
2. Syst System em Effic Efficiency iency And Emiss Emissions ions C Consi onsidera derations tions /, /,-
FUEL FUEL CEL CELL L S&S S&STEM TEM EFF EFFIC ICIE IENC NC& &
/,/
EMISSI EMISSIONS ONS FROM FROM FUE FUEL L CELL CELL EN4IN EN4INES ES
. Ve Vehicle hicle !nte" !nte"ratio ration n Cons Considera ideration tions s 1,-
FUELS FUELS FOR AUTOM AUTOMOTIV OTIVE E FUEL FUEL CELL CELL EN4INE EN4INES S
1,/
H&BR &BRI5 I5I6 I6A ATION ION
#. Con oncl clu usio sions $iblio"raphy
Fuel Cells for Electric Vehicle Propulsion Abstract
In t#day7s 8#r(d+ there s an en#rm#us %run%h #9 %#n*ent#na( 9#ss( 9ue(s+ 8h%h s the dr dr*n *n" " :# :#8e 8err 9#r m#st m#st au aut#m t#m#b #b( (es+ es+ 8h(e 8h(e de deter ter# #rat ratn n" " the a(rea a(ready dy d dstu sturbe rbed d e%#; e%#; ba(an%e ba( an%e,, In ths sear%h 9#r a rene8ab rene8ab(e+ (e+ re( re(ab(e ab(e++ %hea:+ %hea:+ abundant abundant and en*r#nment; en*r#nment; 9rend(y 9ue(+ 9ue( %e((s %#me #ut n trum:, Ths :a:er ds%usses ab#ut the 5ynam%s #9 Fue( Ce((s 9#r E(e%tr% Veh%(e :r#:u(s#n+ the :ra%t%a(tes ($e Fue( Pr#%ess#rs+ Ba(an%e #9 P(ant %#m:#nents+ E99%en%y+ E99%en%y+ Emss#n and *ar#us #ther :arameters t# assess t7s 9easb(ty,
“I believe
Fuel Cell vehicles will finally end the hundred year reign of the internal combustion engine as the dominant source of power for personal transportation. It’s going to be a winning situation all the way around – consumers consumer s will will get an efficient efficient power source, communitie communities s will get zero emissions and automakers will get another business opportunity – a growth opportunity ..” ” W((am C, F#rd+ <r,+ F#rd M#t#r Charman
1.
F %E & C E& &S F O' E& EC T' !C V E( !C &E P'OP%&S!O) 1.1. P'ACT!CA P'ACT!CA& & 'E*%!'E+E)T 'E*%!'E+E)TS S Nether hydr#"en n#r :ure #=y"en are 9easb(e %h#%es 9#r "enera( *eh%(e :r#:u(s#n n *e8 #9 ther h"h %#st and be%ause #9 the te%hn%a( d99%u(tes and h"h %#sts t# st#re :ra%t%a( :ra% t%a( >uantte >uanttes s #9 thes these e "ases "ases #n *eh%(es *eh%(es,, L$e %#mbust# %#mbust#n;ba n;based sed aut#m#b( aut#m#b(e e en"n en" nes+ es+ au aut#m t#m#t #t*e *e 9ue 9ue(( %e((s %e((s there there9#r 9#re e must must use ambe ambent nt ar ar as the s#ur%e s#ur%e #9 the re>ured #=y"en+ and they must be ab(e t# #:erate #n 8de(y a*a(ab(e hydr#%arb#n 9ue(s su%h as "as#(ne and #ther :etr#(eum :r#du%ts 8h%h are eas(y st#red #nb#ard *eh%(es, I9 these 9ue(s are t# be used n 9ue( %e((s+ they must 9rst be %#n*erted t# a hydr#"en;r%h "as n %ata(yt%;%hem%a( rea%t#rs, Su%h ?9ue( :r#%ess#rs@ add t# the 8e"ht+ *#(ume and %#st #9 the 9ue( %e(( :#8er :(ant, They a(s# redu%e 9ue( %e(( system e99%en%y+ and ther #:erat#n %an resu(t n s#me a(bet "enera((y *ery (#8 emss#ns, The de*e(#:ment #9 %#m:a%t+ %(ean and ne=:ens*e :r#%ess#rs 9#r the d99erent 9ue(s under %#nsderat#n+ and the e99%ent #:erat#n #9 su%h :r#%ess#rs n %#mbnat#n 8th the 9ue( %e(( are am#n" the m#st d99%u(t tas$s n the de*e(#:ment #9 aut#m#t*e 9ue( %e(( :#8er :(ants, Fna((y+ 9ue( %e(( sta%$s+ 9ue( :r#%ess#rs+ au=(ary e>u:ment 'e,",+ 9#r :ressurat#n and humd9%at#n #9 "ases) and the re>ured sens#rs need be nte"rated me%han% me%h an%a((y a((y++ therma(( ther ma((y y+ %hem%a( %hem %a((y (y and e(e%tr%a e(e% tr%a((y ((yand nt#%#ntr#(s %#m:a%t+ %#m:a%t+ 9u((yt#9un%t#n 9un% t#na( a( and :#tenta((y (#8 %#st 9ue( %e(( :#8er :(ants, A%he*n" ths nte"rat#n 8h(e :reser*n" the :#tenta( #9 9ue( %e((s 9#r h"h e99%en%y and near;er# emss#ns s the u(tmate %ha((en"e n the de*e(#:ment #9 9ue( %e(( e(e%tr% en"nes 9#r aut#m#b(es,
1.2. PE+ F%E& CE&& STA STAC,S C,S F#r aut#m#t*e a::(%at#ns+ su%h %e(( sta%$s need t# be *ery %#m:a%t+ 8th a *#(ume #9 n# m#re than ab#ut 3 (ters+ #r ab#ut /3;13 %m1 :er %e((, F#r a %e(( #9 3 %m/ area+ ths re>urement trans(ates nt# a %e(( th%$ness #9 ,3;, %m, Ths sma(( dmens#n must a%%#mm#date membrane+ an#de and %ath#de+ a((#8 un9#rm "as dstrbut#n t# b#th sur9a%es #9 ea%h e(e%tr#de as sh#8n n F"ure+ and (ea*e s:a%e 9#r "as;m:er*#us %#ndu%t#rs bet8een ad!a%ent %e((s, One $ey t# meetn" these strn"ent re>urements s the de*e(#:ment #9 the ?membrane; e(e%tr#de assemb(y@ #r MEA, An MEA s an an#de;PEM e(e%tr#(yte;%ath#de %#m:#ste stru%ture n 8h%h ea%h (ayer s made as thn as :#ssb(e 8th#ut (#sn" the me%han%a( nte"rty #9 the %#m:#ste stru%ture #r the e(e%tr#%hem%a( a%t*ty #9 the t8# e(e%tr#des, An#de and %ath#de %#nsst #9 a %#ndu%tn" %ata(yst su::#rt matera( 'm#st #9ten a :#r#us 9#rm #9 %arb#n) 8h%h s m=ed #r m:re"nated 8th a :(atnum #r :(atnum a((#y %ata(yst and a::(ed t# #::#ste sdes #9 the membrane, The 9un%t#na( ad*anta"es #9 su%h a stru%ture n%(ude sh#rt d99us#n :aths #9 ar and 9ue( "as t# the e(e%tr#%hem%a( rea%t#n stes+ ntmate %#nta%t #9 e(e%tr#des 8th the :#(ymer e(e%tr#(yte+ and (#8 #n% resstan%e #9 the membrane Dthe :r#:ertes needed t# sustan h"h %urrent and :#8er denstes, The #ther $ey de*e(#:ment 9#r a%he*n" h"h :#8er denstes s the se:arat#r :(ate, Se:ara Se: arat#r t#r :( :(ate ates s %#n %#nta tan n %hanne %hanne(s (s #n b# b#th th sdes sdes #9 a "as;m "as;m:er :er*# *#us us (ayer (ayer++ 8h%h 8h%h dstrbute hydr#"en;%#ntann" 9ue( "as and ar t# the an#de and %ath#de sdes #9 the membrane+ res:e%t*e(y, res:e%t*e(y, Se:arat#r :(ates must be %#ndu%tn" and n e(e%tr% %#nta%t 8th the e(e%tr#des t# %#((e%t the %urrent and transmt t bet8een ad!a%ent %e((s+ and they must
be m:er*#us t# %#ntan the rea%tant "ases 8thn ea%h ha(9;%e((, The %a:ab(tes t# rem#*e rem #*e 8ater an and d he heat at 'the 'the :r#du :r#du%ts %ts #9 the %e(( %e(( rea%t rea%t#n) #n)++ an and d t#(era t#(erate te nert nert "ases "ases 'ntr#"en 9r#m ar+ %arb#n d#=de 9r#m the n:ut 9ue( "as+ see 9ue( :r#%ess#r se%t#n be(#8) be(# 8) must be des"ne des"ned d nt# the %e(( and sta%$ stru%tures, stru%tures, A (>ud (>ud %##(ant %##(ant stream stream 9(#8n" thr#u"h %##(n" :(ates nserted n the sta%$ at re"u(ar nter*a(s rem#*es heat,
1.. F%E& P'OCESSO'S As n#ted :re*#us(y+ :re*#us(y+ "as#(ne and #ther %arb#na%e#us %arb#na%e#us 9ue(s d# n#t ha*e ade>uate e(e%tr#%h e(e% tr#%hem% em%a( a( rea%t*ty rea%t*ty t# be used dre%t(y dre%t(y n PEM #r #ther #ther 9ue( %e((s, A %ata(yt%; %ata(yt%; %hem%a( 9ue( :r#%ess#r s re>ured t# %#n*ert these 9ue(s t# hydr#"en;r%h hydr#"en;r%h 9ue( "ases that :r#*de hydr#"en 9ue( 9#r #:erat#n #9 the PEM 9ue( %e(( sta%$ des%rbed ab#*e, Be%ause the sta%$7s hydr#"en demand *ares 8th the e(e%tr% (#ad :(a%ed #n t by the FCEV7s :#8er demand+ 9ue( :r#%ess#rs 9#r aut#m#t*e 9ue( %e(( en"nes must be ab(e t# start u: >u%$(y+ 9#((#8 demand ra:d(y+ and #:erate e99%ent(y #*er a 8de ran"e #9 %#n*ers#n rates, A(s#+ 9ue( %#n*ers#n needs t# be essenta((y %#m:(ete #*er the entre (#ad ran"e+ the %arb#n m#n#=de (e*e( n the :r#%essed 9ue( entern" the sta%$ must be *ery (#8 t# a*#d :#s#nn" the an#de e(e%tr#%ata(ysts+ and emss#ns #9 :#((utants need t# be er# #r e=treme(y (#8 9 9ue( %e(( e(e%tr% en"nes are t# de(*er #n ther en*r#nmenta( :r#mse, Aut#m#t*e 9ue( :r#%ess#rs need t# :r#*de n#t #n(y a(( these %a:ab(tes+ %a:ab(tes+ but they must be *ery %#m:a%t and (#8 n %#st, N#ne #9 the *ar#us 9ue( :r#%essn" rea%t#rs %urrent(y #r :re*#us(y used n the :etr#%hem%a(+ :etr#%hem%a(+ %hem%a( and re(ated ndustres are des"ned 9#r+ #r are %a:ab(e #9+ meetn" ths %#mbnat#n %#mbnat#n #9 re>uremen re>urements, ts, The %hem%a( :rn%:(es and :ra%t%a( re>urements "#*ernn" aut#m#t*e 9ue( :r#%ess#r des"n and :er9#rman%e are ds%ussed here+ be"nnn" 8th t8# a(ternat*e rea%t#ns used n the :rmary ste:s t# %#n*ert methan#( #r "as#(ne
'a) Steam Re9#rmn" / H1COH H/O 'steam) heat ;G 3 H/ CO CO/ '9#r methan#() /- H/ 2 CO 2 CO/ '9#r "as#(ne ) H1C 'CH/) CH1 -/ H/O 'steam) heat ;G / 'b) Parta( O=dat#n / H1COH O/ 'ar) ;G 1 H/ CO CO/ H/O heat '9#r methan#() H1C 'CH/) CH1 -J/ O/ 'ar) ;G H/ 2 CO 2 CO/ 1 H/ heat '9#r "as#(ne) '%) ?Aut#therma( Re9#rmn"@+ that s+ %#mbnat#ns #9 rea%t#ns 'a) and 'b) n :r#:#rt#ns su%h that the heat re(eased n the :arta( #=dat#n a::r#=mate(y ba(an%es and :r#*des the heat re>ured 9#r steam re9#rmn" #9 methan#( #r "as#(ne+ res:e%t*e(y res:e%t*e(y,,
S#me #9 the heat re(eased n :arta( #=dat#n %an be used t# "enerate steam+ 8h%h s then the n added added t# the 9ue( n:ut+ n:ut+ t# m#* m#*e e the rea%t#r rea%t#r t#8 t#8ard ard the au aut#t t#ther herma( ma( %hem %hem%a( %a( %#m:#st#n and heat ba(an%e %#ndt#ns #9 rea%t#n '%) ab#*e, The ntmate %#mbnat#n #9 e=#t e=#therm herm% % and end#therm end#therm% % :r#%esse :r#%esses s n%rease n%reases s rea%t#r rea%t#r therma( therma( e99%en e99%en%y %y and redu%es #r e(mnates s#me #9 the heat trans9er that 8#u(d be needed #ther8se t# a*#d e=%ess*e heat and e99%en%y (#sses, Ar;9ue( and steam;9ue( rat#s %an be %#ntr#((ed read rea d(y (y an and d ra:d( ra:d(y y #*er #*er a 8de 8de ran"e+ ran"e+ 8h%h 8h%h "*es "*es "##d "##d %#ntr# %#ntr#(( #*er #*er the rea%t# rea%t#r r %hemstry and hydr#"en #ut:ut, The resu(t s a re(at*e(y sm:(e and e99%ent :rmary :r#%essn" unt,
A(( :rmary 9ue( :r#%essn" rea%t#ns :r#du%e substanta( am#unts #9 %arb#n m#n#=de 'CO)+ see 'a) and 'b) ab#*e, CO+ un9#rtunate(y+ un9#rtunate(y+ s n%#m:atb(e 8th PEM 9ue( %e(( sta%$s s#me #9 t be%#mes str#n"(y ads#rbed and dea%t*ates '?:#s#ns@) the :(atnum meta( #r a((#y e(e%tr#des+ and the rest :asses un%han"ed thr#u"h the sta%$+ 8th the attendant (#ss #9 heatn" *a(ue, T# re%#*er the heatn" *a(ue #9 CO n the 9#rm #9 hydr#"en+ the :rmary :r#%ess#r #ut:ut stream s :r#%essed 8th addt#na( steam n a se%#ndary unt+ the 8ater "as sh9t rea%t#r+ rea%t#r+ a%%#rdn" t# / CO H/O 'steam) H / -K CO'-+ Ths rea%t#n redu%es the CO #9 the hydr#"en; r%h "as stream t# ;G ab#ut ::m)+ st(( 9ar ab#*e the%#ntent a::r#=mate(y - ::m t#(eran%e (mt #9 a ty:%a( an#de %ata(yst,
T# a%he*e the re>ured -;9#(d redu%t#n n CO %#ntent+ the "as stream s treated n a thrd :r#%ess unt, Ths unt %an be a :re9erenta( #=dat#n '?PRO@) rea%t#r n 8h%h CO s #= #=d ded ed 8th 8th ad added ded a arr n :re9e :re9eren ren%e %e t# the hy hydr# dr#"e "en n :rese :resent nt n mu%h mu%h h"her h"her %#n%entrat#n a%%#rdn" t# CO -J/ O/ ;G CO/, A(ternat*e(y+ CO %an be redu%ed by :assn" the :r#%essed 9ue( stream thr#u"h a ?methanat#n@ rea%t#r a%%#rdn" t# CO 1 H / ;G CH2 H /O, Be%ause s#me hydr#"en s (#st n b#th a(ternat*es+ t s *ery m:#rtant t# a%he*e the (#8est :ra%t%a( %#n%entrat#n #9 CO n the 8ater "as sh9t rea%t#n and the h"hest :#ssb(e CO t#(eran%e #9 the 9ue( %e(( sta%$, 1.#. $A&A)C $A&A)CE E OF P&A)T P&A)T F#r the :ur:#ses #9 ths re:#rt+ Ba(an%e #9 P(ant 'B#P) %#m:rses a(( PEM 9ue( %e(( e(e%tr% en"ne ':#8er :(ant) %#m:#nents bey#nd the 9ue( %e(( sta%$+ the t he 9ue( :r#%ess#r+ and the :#8er %#ndt#ner, The Ar Mana"ement System s the m#st m:#rtant B#P %#m:#nent #9 a 9ue( %e(( :#8er :(ant, :(a nt, The ar mana" mana"eme ementJ ntJhan hand( d(n" n" e>u:m e>u:ment ent 9#r :ressu :ressur red ed sy syste stems ms %#nss %#nssts ts :rmar(y #9 a %#m:ress#r and e=:ander and the e(e%tr% dr*e m#t#r 9#r the %#m:ress#r, O:erat#n at e(e*ated :ressure 'e,",+ /;1 atm#s:heres) s 9a*#red by m#st de*e(#:ers #9 9ue(( %e(( 9ue %e(( sy syste stems, ms, F#r (ar (ar"e "err 9ue( 9ue( %e(( %e(( sy syste stems ms #: #:era erated ted at #r near near 9u(( 9u(( :# :#8e 8er+ r+ the addt#na( %a:ta( %#st and ener"y re>ured 9#r :ressurat#n tends t# be m#re than #99set by the %#st %#st redu%t redu%t# #n n an andJ# dJ#rr e99% e99%en% en%y y "a "an n made made :#ssb :#ssb(e (e by the h"her h"her s:e% s:e%9% 9% :er9#rman :er9# rman%e %e '%urrent '%urrent and :#8er :#8er densty) densty) #9 :ressur :ressured ed sta%$s, sta%$s, At near;atm# near;atm#s:he s:her% r% :ressure #:erat#n+ #:erat#n+ #n(y a b(#8er and ts dr*e m#t#r s re>ured, The heat e=%han"ers #9 the ar hand(n" system ser*e t# %#ndense and re%#*er :r#du%t 8ater 9#r reuse n the 9ue( :r#%ess#r, Water and Therma( Mana"ement a(s# are $ey ba(an%e;#9;:(ant 9un%t#ns, In a 9ue( %e(( :#8er :(ant+ the tem:eratures #9 a number #9 %rt%a( %#m:#nents ':art%u(ar(y the sta%$ and the d99erent rea%t#rs #9 the 9ue( :r#%ess#r) ha*e t# be %are9u((y %#ntr#((ed+ and the 9(#8 and ut(at#n #9 heat 9r#m se*era( s#ur%es 8thn the system has t# be mana"ed e99% e99%en ent(y t(y t# a%he a%he*e *e h"h h"h #*era( #*era((( e99% e99%e en%y n%y,, A nu numbe mberr #9 h"h; h"h;:e :er9# r9#rma rman%e n%e heat heat e=%han"ers are re>ured t# meet these #b!e%t*es, The deta(s #9 therma( mana"ement are d%tated by the s:e%9% subsystem and system des"ns, Water :(ays a *ery m:#rtant r#(e n the #:erat#ns #9 PEM 9ue( %e(( sta%$s and 9ue( :r#%ess#rs, The :ure 8ater :r#du%ed n %e((s 9r#m the e(e%tr#%hem%a( %#mbnat#n #9 hydr hydr#" #"en en and and #=y" #=y"en en mu must st be re rem# m#*e *ed d %# %#nt ntn nu# u#us us(y (y 9r#m 9r#m th the e st sta% a%$, $, Th Ths s a%%#m:(shed a%%#m:(sh ed ether by %#ndensn" %#ndensn" 8ater n the %ath#de e=haust "as 'n a%d e(e%tr#(ytes ($e PEMs+ 8ater s 9#rmed at the %ath#de)+ #r by usn" a %#mbnat#n #9 %a:((ary a%t#n and :ressure t# ?8%$@ 8ater 9r#m the sta%$ t# a reser*#r, B#th a::r#a%hes are n#8 n use, At the same tme+ the "ases entern" the sta%$ must be humd9ed t# :re*ent PE
membranes 9r#m dryn" #ut 8h%h %#u(d resu(t n %r#ss#*er #9 hydr#"en andJ#r #=y"en and rre*ersb(e sta%$ dama"e due t# the heat "enerated by ths ?%hem%a( sh#rt %r%ut,@ Pure 8ater 8ater a(s# s used as %##(ant %##(ant t# trans9er trans9er 8aste heat 9r#m the sta%$ sta%$ t# the 9ue( :r#%essn" system andJ#r t# a radat#r, Water s b#th %#nsumed and :r#du%ed n the *ar#us 9ue( :r#%essn" rea%t#ns+ 8th the >uantte >uan ttes s and 9(#8s de:enden de:endentt #n the s:e%9% s:e%9% %hem%a( %hem%a( a::r#a%h a::r#a%hes es em:(#yed em:(#yed 'see :re%edn" se%t#n), Water s a $ey rea%tant n the steam #r aut#therma( re9#rmn" and 8ater sh9t rea%t#ns+ added t# rea%t#r n:ut, n the e=haust 9#rm #9 steam that s "as "enerated 8th heatty:%a((y a*a(ab(e+ 9#r e=am:(e+ 9r#m the Streams 9ue( :r#%ess#r 8ater s :r#du%ed n :arta( #=dat#n, E=%ess 8ater must be rem#*ed 9r#m the hydr#"en;r%h an#de n:ut "as be9#re t enters the sta%$, It %an be re%y%(ed 9#r 99ue( ue( :r#%essn" a(th#u"h a(th#u"h s#me :ur9%at#n may be re>ured, C#ntr#(s are %rt%a((y m:#rtant n"redents #9 ea%h ma!#r 9ue( %e(( :#8er :(ant subsystem and the nte"rated system, Parameters needn" t# be %#ntr#((ed n%(ude *ar#us mass 9(#8s+ many tem:eratures and :ressures+ turbne sha9t s:eed and by:ass+ and a number #9 e(e%tr%a( :arameters, These %#ntr#( 9un%t#ns need t# be :r#*ded n#t #n(y #*er a 8de ran"e ran "e #9 sy syste stem m :# :#8e 8err (e*e( (e*e(s+ s+ but 9#r substa substant nta(( a((y y d d99e 99eren rentt system system %#nd %#ndt# t#ns ns that that n%(ude n%( ude %#(d start+ ra:d ra:d (#ad transents+ transents+ and system system shutd#8 shutd#8n, n, The 9ue( %e(( en"ne en"ne %#ntr#( subsystem needs t# n%(ude a substanta( number #9 sens#rs+ *a(*es 9#r ar and :um:s 9#r 9ue( 9(#8+ m%r#:r#%ess#rs 9#r the numer#us %#ntr#( 9un%t#ns+ a %#m:uter; based master %#ntr#(+ and the me%han%a( and e(e%tr% hard8are re>ured 9#r %#nne%tn" a(( these these %#m:#n %#m:#nent ents s 8th 8th the a: a::r# :r#:r :rate ate sub subsys system tems, s, N#t sur:r sur:rs sn"( n"(y y+ %#ntr# %#ntr#(s (s %#ntrbute s"n9%ant(y s"n9%ant(y t# 9ue( %e(( :#8er :(ant %#st, 1.-. !)TE'ATE/ !)TE'ATE/ F%E& CE&& PO0E' PO0E' P&A)T E&ECT'!C E) E)!)E !)E One m:#rtant as:e%t #9 ener"y nte"rat#n 8thn the :#8er :(ant %#n%erns ut(at#n #9 the hydr#"en, A %ertan am#unt #9 unrea%ted hydr#"en must be a((#8ed t# :ass thr#u"h the an#de %#m:artments #9 the sta%$ as :art #9 the ?ta( "as@ 'm#st(y %arb#n d#=de) sn%e :#rt#ns #9 the sta%$ 8#u(d ?star*e@ e(e%tr#%hem%a((y 9 a(( the hydr#"en 8ere used u: 8thn %e((s, L#ss #9 unrea%ted hydr#"en 8#u(d %#nsttute an una%%e:tab(y (ar"e (#ss #9 en ener er"y "y an and d syst system em e99 e99% %en en%y %y,, As ( ((u (ust stra rate ted d n F F"u "ure re++ 9# 9#rr a ty ty: :%a %a(( syst system em %#n9" %#n 9"ura urat# t#n+ n+ the ta( ta( "as s+ there there9#r 9#re+ e+ :assed :assed thr#u thr#u"h "h a %ata( %ata(yt yt% % de*%e de*%e n 8h%h 8h%h resdua( hydr#"en s burned at re(at*e(y (#8 tem:erature 'n :art t# a*#d 9#rmat#n #9 NO=)+ and the resu(tn" heat s trans9erred by means #9 the burner e=haust "as t# the steam re9#rmer, There There the h#t "as :r#*des s#me #9 the heat needed t# dr*e the :rmary re9#rmn" rea%t#n n 8h%h the 9ue(;steam m=ture s %#n*erted t# hydr#"en;r%h hydr#"en;r%h "as, F#r an#ther e=am:(e #9 ne%essary therma( nte"rat#n+ re9er t# F"ure, The hydr#"en; r%h 9ue( "as '?re9#rmate@) (ea*n" the re9#rmer %#ntans a::re%ab(e heat ener"y, T# a*#d a s"n9%ant (#ss #9 system e99%en%y+ the e=%ess heat n ths "as s 9rst e=%han"ed 8th the 9ue( and 8ater *a:#rers and subse>uent(y 8th the %ath#de n:ut ar, A9ter e=tn" the sta%$+ the resdua( ar st(( has su99%ent therma( ener"y '9r#m ths heat e=%han"e+ :(us the heat 9r#m the (#sses ass#%ated 8th the rea%t#ns n the 9ue( %e(( sta%$) t# he(: the e=:ander dr*e the %#m:ress#r+ sa*n" addt#na( ener"y n the :r#%ess, In :ra%t%a( 9ue( %e(( :#8er :(ants+ substanta( mass and e=tens*e heat 9(#8s bet8een the ma!#r subsystems must be a%%#mm#dated as e99%ent(y as :#ssb(e 8h(e nsurn" that the system s #:erab(e and re(ab(e #*er the 8de ran"e #9 %#ndt#ns m:#sed by the tme;* tm e;*ar arab ab(e (e :#8er :#8er de deman mand d #9 the *eh%( *eh%(e, e, Ra: Ra:d d %#(d %#(d start; start;u: u: and (#ad (#ad %han"e %han"es s re:resent :art%u(ar(y d99%u(t d99%u(t re>urements 9#r system #:erat#n, O*er the entre ran"e #9 system and subsystem :#8er (e*e(s and %hem%a( %#ndt#ns+ emss#ns #9 :#((utants must be a*#ded, In addt#n t# mass 9(#8 and therma( nte"rat#n+ %#m:a%t :hys%a(
nte"rat#n must a(s# be a%%#m:(shed be%ause 9ue( %e(( :#8er :(ants 8(( need t# 9t nt# the *ery (mted s:a%es s:a%es ty:%a((y ty:%a((y a*a(ab(e a*a(ab(e 9#r aut#m#b( aut#m#b(e e en"nes, en"nes, Fna((y Fna((y++ a(( these these re re>u >ur rem emen ents ts must must be met met 8 8th th 9und 9undam amen enta ta(( ((y y ne= ne=:e :ens ns* *e e mate mater ra( a(s s and and 8 8th th %#m:#nents and subsystems des"ned 9#r (#8;%#st mass manu9a%turn",
2.
S 3S TE + EF F ! C! E) C3 A) / E +! SS !O )S CO)S!/E'AT!O)S 2.1. F%E& CE&& CE&& S3STE+ EFF!C!E)C3 EFF!C!E)C3 E99%en%y %an be %#nsdered as an nstantane#us *a(ue that 8(( %han"e 8th %#ndt#ns '(#ad status #9 :r#%ess unts ambent %#ndt#ns) under 8h%h the 9ue( %e(( en"ne s #:erated, 4enera((y+ e99%en%y 8(( be h"hest at steady;state n the :rmary des"n ran"e+ (#8er near the des"n (mts 'e,",+ ma=mum #r *ery (#8 :#8er)+ and (#8est at start u: 8hen ener"y s needed t# heat the 9ue( :r#%ess#r and sta%$s, Fue( :r#%ess#rs :r#%ess#rs a(s# %#ntrbu %#ntrbute te t# 9ue( %e(( system system e99%en e99%en%y %y (#sses (#sses 9#r 9undamen 9undamenta( ta( re reas as#n #ns s an and d n :ra% :ra%t t%e %e be%a be%aus use e n#t n#t a(( a(( heat heat (#st (#st 9r 9r#m #m th the e :r#% :r#%es ess s unt unts s %an %an be re%#*ered, H#8e*er+ #n a heatn" *a(ue bass therma((y 8e((;nte"rated 9ue( :r#%ess#rs %an de(*er u: t# ab#ut 3K #9 the 9ue( n:ut as hydr#"en #ut:ut, Fue( %e(( system e99%en%y usua((y de%(nes 8th (#ad+ a(th#u"h n#t as :re%:t#us(y as s#me %#mbust#n en"nes, 2.2. E+!SS!O)S F'O+ F'O+ F%E& CE&& E)!)ES E)!)ES Hydr#"en;ar '#=y"en) systems are the #n(y 9ue( %e((s that ha*e er# emss#ns 9r#m the *eh%(e 8ater s the #n(y :r#du%t+ and n# %#mbust#n :r#%ess s n*#(*ed n 9ue( %e(( #:erat#n, The#ret%a((y+ the :r#%essn" #9 "as#(ne+ methan#( and #ther %arb#na%e#us 9ue(s nt# hydr#"en;r%h "ases sutab(e 9#r use n 9ue( %e((s a(s# %#u(d be d#ne 8th#ut 9#rmat#n #9 :#((utants+ 8th 8ater and CO/ as the #n(y rea%t#n :r#du%ts, In :ra%t%e+ 9ue( :r#%ess#r and 9ue( %e(( system #:erat#n n*#(*e au=(ary %#mbust#n :r#%esses+ and thus the :#tenta :#tenta(( e=sts e=sts 9#r 9#rmat#n 9#rmat#n #9 NO= and :r#du%ts :r#du%ts #9 n%#m:(e n%#m:(ete te %#mbust %#mbust#n #n n%(udn n%( udn" " CO andJ#r andJ#r %arb#na %arb#na%e#u %e#us s "ases "ases #r *a:#rs, *a:#rs, H#8e*er H#8e*er++ under under the %hem%a( %hem%a( %#ndt %#n dt#n #ns s an and d %#nstr %#nstran ants ts :re :re*a *a( (n" n" n :r#: :r#:er( er(y y #: #:era eratn tn" " metha methan#( n#( an and d "as#( "as#(ne ne :#8ered 9ue( %e((s+ these emss#ns sh#u(d be %(#se t# er# 9#r NO= and e=treme(y (#8 9#r %arb# %arb#na% na%e# e#us us :# :#((u ((utan tants ts n%(ud n%(udn n" " CO, The man man reas#n reas#n s that that the au au= =(a (ary ry %#mbust#n re(at*e(y am#unts #9 9ue( and+ ($e ) the burnn" #9 un%#n*er un%# n*erted ted :r#%esses hydr#"en+ hydr#"en+ n*#(*e are %arred #ut atsma(( rathe rather r (#8 tem:erature tem:era ture 'NO= and under unde r %(#se %#ntr#( n %ata(yt% burners,
.
V E ( ! C & E ! ) T E ' AT ! O ) C O ) S ! / E ' AT ! O ) S .1. F%E&S FO' A%TO+OT!VE F%E& CE&& E)!)ES When nte"ratn" nte"ratn" a PEM 9ue( %e(( :#8er :(ant 'en"ne) 'en"ne) 8th a *eh%(e+ *eh%(e+ %#nsderat# %#nsderat#n n needs t# be "*en t# the #n;b#ard 9ue( su::(y subsystem, F#r "as#(ne and re(ated (>ud hydr#%arb#n 9ue(s+ n# s:e%a( :r#*s#ns bey#nd %urrent 9ue( st#ra"e :ra%t%e a::ear ne%essary, S#me #9 the tan$ *#(ume sa*ed due t# the h"her e99%en%y #9 9ue( %e((s %#m:ared 8th IC en"nes 8(( be a*a(ab(e 9#r the re>ured st#ra"e #9 :r#du%t 8ater, The d99%u(ty t# st#re a su99%ent >uantty #9 hydr#"en #nb#ard aut#m#b(es s #ne #9 the re reas as#n #ns s 'the 'the #the #therr ben ben" " the the h"h h"h %#st %#st #9 th the e re>u re>ur red ed hydr hydr#" #"en en :r#d :r#du% u%t t#n #n and and dstrbut#n n9rastru%tures) 8hy hydr#"en s n#t n#8 ben" %#nsdered as a :rmary 9ue(
9#r 9ue( %e((;:#8 %e((;:#8ered ered aut#m#b aut#m#b(es, (es, Resear%h Resear%h #n ad*an%ed ad*an%ed %#n%e:ts %#n%e:ts 9#r h"h;de h"h;densty nsty st#ra"e #9 hydr#"en b#und t# t # #ther e(ements 'meta(sJa((#ys :#ssb(y :#ssb(y++ 9#rms #9 %arb#n) s under8ay but as yet has n#t resu(ted n the brea$thr#u"hs needed t# s#(*e the #n;b#ard hydr#"en st#ra"e :r#b(em,
.2. (3$'!/!4A (3$'!/!4AT!O) T!O) F#r *eh%(es 8th methan#( #r "as#(ne;:#8ered 9ue( %e(( en"nes+ the m#st m:#rtant ad*anta"e #9 hybrdat#n 8(( be the nstantane#us a*a(ab(ty #9 *eh%(e m#t*e :#8er 9r#m the st#ra"e de*%e, Usn" the st#ra"e de*%e t# :r#*de s#me #r a(( #9 the *eh%(e :#8er durn" %#(d start e(mnates e(mnates the need 9#r near;nstant start;u: #9 the 9ue( :r#%ess#r+ :#ssb(y the te%hn%a((y m#st d99%u(t re>urement 9#r a 9ue( %e(( e(e%tr% en"ne, A(s#+ 8th the st#ra"e de*%e res:#ndn" nstant(y t# (#ad transents+ 9ue( :r#%ess#r and sta%$ %an reman n ther m#st e99%ent #:eratn" ran"e durn" %han"es n :#8er demand, On the #ther hand+ hybrdat#n 8(( n%rease %#m:(e=ty and ($e(y a(s# %#st+ a(ready a ma!#r ssue 9#r 9ue( %e(( e(e%tr% en"nes and *eh%(es, Inasmu%h as 9ue( %e(( en"nes and *eh%(es 8(( ha*e a :#8er %#ndt#ner and an e(e%tr% dr*e tran+ #n(y the %#st #9 the st#ra"e de*%e 'e,",+ the battery tse(9) s addt#na(, Hybrd systems 8th a su99%ent(y (ar (ar"e "e ba batte ttery ry ener"y ener"y st#ra" st#ra"e e and :#8er :#8er de de(* (*ery ery %a:a% %a:a%ty ty 8(( 8(( :e :erm rmtt a sma(( sma((er er and there9#re there 9#re (ess e=:ens*e e=:ens*e 9ue( %e(( e(e%tr% e(e%tr% en"ne en"ne t# be em:(#yed em:(#yed 8h%h 8h%h %#u(d %#u(d #99set #99set battery %#sts entre(y #r n :art,
#.
CO)C&%S!O)S •
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Hydr#"en Hydr# "en;a ;arr PEM PEM 9ue 9ue(( %e(( %e(( sta%$ sta%$ te%hn# te%hn#(# (#"y "y has ad*an% ad*an%ed ed t# the :#nt :#nt 8here 8here :er9#rman :er9# rman%e %e and #:eratn #:eratn" " %hara%ter %hara%terst st%s %s meet the re>urem re>urements ents 9#r aut#m#b aut#m#b(e (e :r#:u(s#n, Hydr#"en s n#t a 9easb(e 9ue( 9#r :r*ate aut#m#b(es n#8 n#r n the 9#reseeab(e 9uture be%ause #9 the d99%u(tes and %#sts #9 st#rn" hydr#"en #n b#ard and the *ery (ar"e n*estments that 8#u(d re>ured t# ma$e hydr#"en "enera((y a*a(ab(e, a*a(ab(e, The ma!#rty #9 de*e(#:ers has se(e%ted methan#( as the :re9erred 9ue( but "as#(ne s ben" %#nsdered n%reasn"(y, The nte"rat nte"rat#n #n #9 sta%$ sta%$s+ s+ 9ue( :r#%ess#r :r#%ess#rs s and ba(an%e;# ba(an%e;#9;:(a 9;:(ant nt %#m:#ne %#m:#nents nts nt# %#m: %#m:(e (ete te 9ue( 9ue( %e(( %e(( e(e% e(e%tr tr% % en" en"ne nes s :#se :#ses s a numb number er #9 *ery *ery d99 d99% %u( u(tt te te%h %hn n%a %a(( %ha((en"es, Ne*erthe(ess+ systems nte"rat#n has rea%hed the breadb#ard sta"e n the (eadn" resear%h :r#"rams, The :er9#rman%e+ systems nte"rat#n and manu9a%tured %#st "#a(s 9#r %#m:ett*e PEM 9ue( %e(( e(e%tr% en"nes are n#8 ben" :ursued by a remar$ab(e number and %#mbnat#n #9 8#r(d;%(ass #r"anat#ns that ha*e the d*erse %a:ab(tes and are n*estn" the (ar"e res#ur%es re>ured t# a%he*e these "#a(s,
$!$&!O'AP(3 5r, Frt 0a(hammer Fuel Cell eport Ca(9#rna Ar Res#ur%es B#ard <u(y + //
Hydr#"en+ Fue( Ce((s and In9rastru%ture Hydr#"en+ Te%hn#(#"es Pr#"ram U,S 5e:artment O9 Ener"y Ener"y E99%en%y Rene8ab(e E99%en%y
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Schematic Of Fuel Cell Electric En"ine Fi". 1 Fuel
Steam 'eformin"
Partial O6idation
Methan#( 'CH1OH) Ethan#( 'C/H3OH) LN4 'CH2) LP4 'C1HJC2H-) 4as#(ne 'CH-3,2) 5ese( Fue( 'C-2H/3,3)
,-Q ',3 $"J"a() ,/1 ',Q- $"J"a() ,31 ', $"J"a() ,23 ',1 $"J"a() ,21 '-,-2 $"J"a() ,2/2 '-,13 $"J"a()
,-/ ',1 $"J"a() ,/-Q ',1 $"J"a() ,1 ',31 $"J"a() ,1- ',Q $"J"a() ,/2 ',33 $"J"a() ,/Q ',1 $"J"a()
Table Ta ble Of (ydro"en Content Of Common Fuels Via Fuel Processin"
!nside A Polymer Electrolyte +embrane PE+ Fuel Cell Stac5 Fi".
Fi". #
Fi". -
Fi". 7
Efficiency V8S Po9er Output Fi". 2
