24365516 Oracle Database in 10 Minutes

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In the name of God, the most Gracious, the most Compassionate.

Oracle 9i Database Administration in 10 Minutes

Oracle 9i Database Administration in 10 Minutes

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Oracle 9i Database Administration In 10 Minutes

BY

ASIM ABBASI

.:|:. Takveen, Inc. 3

Oracle 9i Database Administration in 10 Minutes

Copyright © 2005 Takveen, Inc. P.O. Box 1, South River, NJ 08882. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be stored in a retrieval system, transmitted, or reproduced in any way, including but not limited to photocopy, photography, magnetic, or other record, without the prior agreement and written permission of the publisher and author. ISBN: 0-9770739-7-1 Takveen and the Takveen logo are either registered trademarks or trademarks of Takveen, Inc. in the United States and/or other countries. The author and publisher have made their best effort to prepare this book, and the content is based upon final release software whenever possible. Portion of the manuscript may be based upon pre-release versions supplied by the software manufacturer(s). The author and the publisher make no representation or warranties of any kind with regard to the completeness or accuracy of the contents herein and accept no liability of ANY KIND including but no limited to performance, merchantability, fitness for any particular purpose, or any losses or damages of ANY KIND caused or alleged to be caused directly or indirectly from this book.

Manufactured in the United States of America.

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Dedicated To the only One …

To the only One, Who sees through our eyes, Who listens through our ears, Who has no fear. To the only One, Who knows what’s inside our heart, Whether it’s pure or Jarvik heart, To the only One, Who guides, Who glides the ships to the side, Who finds the grooms for the brides. To the only One, Who let you have a droplet from His sea, Who let you drink honey from His bee. To the only One, Who was the beginning, Who will be the end, Who will decide whether I will be in Heaven or Hell, Whatever name you give Him, Asim! I know one thing for sure, He is the only One.

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Oracle 9i Database Administration in 10 Minutes

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About the Author

Mr. Abbasi is President and CEO of Takveen, Inc. NJ, which is firm providing information technology related ‘Optimal Solutions’ to industry. He is also attached with three top-notch computer schools of NJ teaching Oracle Database Administration in Unix/Windows Server environments. Before coming to NJ, he used to teach Oracle in heart of NC, Raleigh while working as Chief Technologist with a business solutions development firm. Mr. Abbasi has been attached intensely with the IT field for past 13 years and has written dozens of softwares and tons of code from programming microcontrollers using Assembly language to writing 3-tier multi-language web applications. He did B.Sc. Electrical Engineering from University of Engineering & Technology, Lahore, Pakistan (www.uet.edu.pk). He is Oracle Certified Professional Database Administrator (OCP), Microsoft Certified Professional (VB) and lots of other computer certifications. Besides certifications, he has lots of publications and has filed 1 patent with United States Patent & Trade Mark Office. When asked Mr. Abbasi, he said that it all erupted with a saying of my engineering professor, “Think yourself ….”

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Oracle 9i Database Administration in 10 Minutes

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Acknowledgements
First, I am really thankful to God: The Designer of this Universe, everything within and beyond. I always remember Him as “Supreme Progneer” (Programmer & Engineer). The only One who’s every release is a final release and no upgrades, version releases or service packs after words. I salute your sea of computational and engineering skills my Lord and your graciousness for letting me have a droplet from it. I really want to thank my father and mother for their wonderful support. Although my father is no more living but his exceptional sacrifices will never be forgotten … I like to thank Arshia, Mateen and Abdul-Wadud for their encouragement to let me work on this book even during the time which I should had spent with them. Finally, I am thankful to all the wonderful instructors, professors, scholars, students and friends I had for their support and encouragement.

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Oracle 9i Database Administration in 10 Minutes

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Table of Contents
Minute 1: ......................................................................... 17

Understanding the Oracle Environment
Minute 2: ......................................................................... 23

Understanding the Oracle Instance
Minute 3: ......................................................................... 33

Understanding the working of Oracle Instance
Minute 4: ......................................................................... 39

Understanding Oracle Database
Minute 5: ......................................................................... 51

Oracle 9i Software Installation
Minute 6: ......................................................................... 57

Oracle 9i Database Design using DBCA
Minute 7: ......................................................................... 85

Enabling Other Computers to Access Oracle Server
Minute 8: ....................................................................... 107

Oracle Enterprise Manger
Minute 9: ....................................................................... 121

Oracle Backup & Recovery -Simple Technique
Minute 10: ..................................................................... 129

Oracle Performance Tuning
INDEX .......................................................................... 135

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Oracle 9i Database Administration in 10 Minutes

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FIGURE 1: THE COMPLETE ORACLE SYSTEM: ORACLE INSTANCE & ORACLE DATABASE. ................................................................................................... 20 FIGURE 2: ORACLE INSTANCE CAN HEAR YOU FROM ANY CORNER OF GLOBE WHETHER ITS LAN OR INTERNET. .......................................................................... 21 FIGURE 3: BACKGROUND PROCESSES & MEMORY ARCHITECTURE INSIDE BRAIN. .. 26 FIGURE 4: PHYSICALLY ALL HUMAN BRAINS ARE SIMILAR. .................................. 26 FIGURE 5: ORACLE INSTANCE MEMORY ARCHITECTURE. ................................... 27 FIGURE 6: ORACLE INSTANCE BACKGROUND PROCESSES; SHARED SERVER MODE. .. 35 FIGURE 7: ORACLE INSTANCE BACKGROUND PROCESSES; DEDICATED SERVER MODE.36 FIGURE 8: RESTAURANT RUNNING UNDER SHARED WAITRESS MODE ................ 37 FIGURE 9: RESTAURANT RUNNING UNDER DEDICATED WAITER MODE ............... 38 FIGURE 10: PHYSICAL ARCHITECTURE: ORACLE DATABASE ............................... 42 FIGURE 11: ORACLE DATABASE LOGICAL ARCHITECTURE. .................................. 44 FIGURE 12: PHYSICAL & LOGICAL ARCHITECTURE RELATIONSHIP......................... 45 FIGURE 13: TABLESPACES RELATES TO DATA FILES ONLY. .................................. 46 FIGURE 14: ONE OBJECT (E.G. TABLE) CAN BE IN TWO OR MORE DATA FILES BUT ONLY IN ONE TABLESPACE. ............................................................................ 47 FIGURE 15: REDO LOG FILES IN ACTION. ........................................................ 48 FIGURE 16: THE FIRST TEXT BOX WILL ASK YOU THE LOCATION OF ORACLE SOFTWARE FILES THAT NEEDS TO BE INSTALLED. THE SECOND IS THE NAME TEXT BOX WHERE YOU WRITE THE ORACLE HOME NAME AND THE THIRD ONE IS THE DESTINATION LOCATION WHERE YOU WANT ORACLE SOFTWARE TO BE INSTALLED........... 53 FIGURE 17: SECOND OPTION IS FOR INSTALLING A CLIENT AND WOULD LACK THE ABILITY TO CREATE THE DATABASE. THE THIRD OPTIONAL IS BASICALLY AN ADD-ON FEATURE WHICH WILL INSTALL ORACLE MANAGEMENT SERVER AND OTHER RELATED MANAGEMENT AND INTEGRATION TOO. ............................................... 54 FIGURE 18: ORACLE ENTERPRISE EDITION IS FOR HIGH-VOLUME APPLICATIONS. STANDARD EDITION IS FOR DEPARTMENTAL APPLICATIONS WHEREAS PERSONAL EDITION OF ORACLE IS FOR SINGLE USER DEVELOPMENT ENVIRONMENT. .................... 55 FIGURE 19: IF WE SELECT “GENERAL PURPOSE” THEN ORACLE UNIVERSAL INSTALLER (OUI) WILL NOT ONLY INSTALL THE SOFTWARE BUT WILL CREATE A STANDARD GENERAL PURPOSE DATABASE TOO BY DEFAULT. BUT WE WANT TO INSTALL SOFTWARE ONLY USING OUI AND THEN LATER LEARN HOW TO DEVELOP THE DATABASE. ..................................................................................... 56 FIGURE 20: BEFORE USING DBCA WE HAVE TO SET CERTAIN OS ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES. .................................................................................... 59 FIGURE 21: IN WINDOWS OPERATING SYSTEM CLICK: <START>, <ALL PROGRAMS>, <ORACLE>, <CONFIGURATION & MIGRATION TOOLS> AND FINALLY <DATABASE CONFIGURATION ASSISTANCE>. ......................................................... 61 FIGURE 22: FIRST WINDOW OF DBCA IS BASICALLY A WELCOME MESSAGE WITH A BRIEF DESCRIPTION ON THE PURPOSE OF THIS TOOL. ....................................... 62

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Oracle 9i Database Administration in 10 Minutes

FIGURE 23: DBCA CAN ASSIST DBA WITH 3 OTHER TASKS BESIDES CREATING A NEW DATABASE I.E. CONFIGURING DATABASE OPTIONS IN A DATABASE, DELETE A DATABASE AND MANAGE TEMPLATES................................................... 63 FIGURE 24: EACH TEMPLATE HAS PREDEFINED SETTINGS E.G. DATA WAREHOUSE TEMPLATE HAS SETTINGS GOOD FOR ANALYTICAL PROCESSING PURPOSES. .. 64 FIGURE 25: YOU CAN ASSIGN ANY NAME TO GLOBAL DATABASE NAME............... 65 FIGURE 26: THIS WINDOW IS MEANT FOR MAKE A DECISION WHETHER WE WANT TO RUN OUR ORACLE SERVER IN ‘DEDICATED SERVER MODE’ OR THE ‘SHARED SERVER MODE’. ......................................................................................... 66 FIGURE 27: CUSTOM OPTION WILL ALLOW YOU TO SELECT THE SGA SIZE ACCORDING TO YOU NEEDS. ................................................................................... 67 FIGURE 28: THIS WINDOW WILL ALLOW YOU TO SET UP ORACLE SERVER FOR ARCHIVING OF REDO LOG FILES. ......................................................................... 68 FIGURE 29: THIS TAB WILL BE HAVING THE INFORMATION ABOUT LOCATION OF ALL ORACLE PHYSICAL FILES. ................................................................... 69 FIGURE 30: THESE FOUR PARAMETERS ARE PRESENT IN INIT(SID).ORA FILE. ......... 70 FIGURE 31: THIS WINDOW PROVIDES THE COMPLETE LIST OF INIT(SID).ORA FILE PARAMETERS. ORACLE INSTANCE READS THE FILE AT THE TIME OF STARTUP.71 FIGURE 32: A CLOSE-UP OF FIGURE 31. ........................................................ 72 FIGURE 33: EACH ORACLE DATABASE REQUIRES ONE CONTROL FILE AND THROUGH THIS WINDOW YOU CAN SET-UP YOUR CONTROL FILE LOCATION(S). MIRROR COPIES SHOULD BE ON DIFFERENT DRIVES FOR GREATER FAULT TOLERANCE. .......... 73 FIGURE 34: SET THE MAXIMUM NUMBER OF DATAFILES, REDO LOG GROUPS ETC. .. 74 FIGURE 35: CLICKING ‘DATAFILES’ WILL CHANGE THE RIGHT PANE VIEW TO SHOW ALL DATAFILES. ..................................................................................... 74 FIGURE 36: CLICKING ‘1’ UNDER REDO LOG GROUPS WILL CHANGE THE RIGHT PANE VIEW TO SHOW ALL THE MEMBER OF THAT PARTICULAR REDO LOG GROUP. EACH REDO LOG GROUP SHOULD HAVE AT LEAST ONE MEMBER. ................................ 75 FIGURE 37: EITHER YOU CAN CHANGE THE DEFAULT FILE SIZE FOR REDO LOG MEMBER OR GO WHAT IS DEFAULT USING THIS WINDOW. ......................................... 76 FIGURE 38: YOU CAN ALSO SAVE THE SETTINGS FOR YOUR DATABASE IN A TEMPLATE FOR CLONE DATABASE DEVELOPMENT. ....................................................... 77 FIGURE 39: IT’S BETTER TO CHANGE ALL THE DEFAULT PASSWORDS AT THIS POINT BY CLICKING THE <PASSWORD MANAGEMENT> BUTTON............................. 78 FIGURE 40: CHANGE THE PASSWORD AND MAKE SURE THE ACCOUNT IS NOT HAVE A CHECK MARK IN THE CORRESPONDING “LOCK ACCOUNT?” FIELD. ....................... 79 FIGURE 41: USE ORACLE ENTERPRISE MANAGER (OEM) TO TEST CONNECTION TO YOUR RECENTLY DEVELOPED DATABASE. OEM IS LOCATED UNDER <START>, <ALL PROGRAMS>, <ORACLE> FOLDER....................................................... 80 FIGURE 42: A CLOSE-UP OF THE FIGURE 41. .................................................. 80 FIGURE 43: SELECT THE ‘LAUNCH STANDALONE’ OPTION. ................................. 81

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FIGURE 44: THE ‘TEST’ DATABASE WILL BE VISIBLE IN THE TREE HIERARCHY OF OEM (ORACLE ENTERPRISE MANAGER). ..................................................... 82 FIGURE 45: CONNECTING AS SYSDBA TO TEST DATABASE .............................. 82 FIGURE 46: EXPAND THE “TABLESPACES” ITEM IN THE TREE TO SEE THE LIST OF TABLESPACES WITHIN TEST DATABASE. ............................................... 83 FIGURE 47: ORACLE NET NEEDS TO BE CONFIGURED ON SERVER AS WELL AS ON EACH CLIENT. ......................................................................................... 87 FIGURE 48: ORACLE INSTANCE KNOWS HOW TO SPEAK WITH ORACLE NET LAYER WHEREAS ORACLE NET DEALS WITH DIFFERENT NETWORK PROTOCOLS. ................... 88 FIGURE 49: ACCESSING ORACLE NET MANAGER (ONM): JAVA BASED PROGRAM, COMPLETELY INDEPENDENT OF OPERATING SYSTEM. .............................. 89 FIGURE 50: EXPANDING “LISTENERS” SHOWS NO LISTENER PROCESS. ................. 90 FIGURE 51: ORACLE NET MANAGER SHOWING NO SERVICE NAME. ................... 90 FIGURE 52: CLICK THE “LISTENER” AND THEN THE “+” ICON TO CREATE NEW LISTENER PROCESS. ....................................................................................... 91 FIGURE 53: ASSIGN THE NAME TO THE LISTENER PROCESS................................. 91 FIGURE 54: “ADD ADDRESS” OF NEWLY ADDED LISTENER PROCESS TO TREE. ........ 93 FIGURE 55: LISTENER’S LOCATION FOR LISTENING REQUESTS. ............................ 94 FIGURE 56: LISTENER PROCESS WILL BEQUEATH THE CONNECTION REQUEST FROM THE CLIENT TO THE DATABASE ADDED USING THE <ADD DATABASE> BUTTON. .. 95 FIGURE 57: ENTER GLOBAL DATABASE NAME, DATABASE HOME DIRECTORY LOCATION AND FINALLY SID (NAME OF ORACLE INSTANCE).................................... 96 FIGURE 58: SAVE NETWORK CONFIGURATION AND START THE LISTENER. ............. 97 FIGURE 59: IN WINDOWS SERVER 2003 ENVIRONMENT, THE LISTENER PROCESS CAN BE ACTIVATED UNDER THE “SERVICES” WINDOW. ...................................... 98 FIGURE 60: CLICK THE “SERVICE NAME” ITEM AND THEN CLICK THE “+” ICON TO ADD A NEW SERVICE NAME TO THE TREE........................................................ 99 FIGURE 61: NET SERVICE NAME WILL BE THE NICK NAME ON THIS MACHINE FOR THE ORACLE DATABASE WE WANT TO CONNECT TO. IT CAN BE ANY NAME. ..... 100 FIGURE 62: SELECT THE NETWORK PROTOCOL USED TO COMMUNICATE WITH ORACLE SERVER FROM THIS CLIENT. ............................................................. 101 FIGURE 63: NET SERVICE NAME IS AN ALIAS GIVEN TO DETAILED LIST OF CONNECTION PARAMETERS. HOST NAME WILL BE THE NAME OF THE MACHINE ON THE NETWORK RUNNING ORACLE DATABASE SERVER. .............................................. 102 FIGURE 64: SERVICE NAME WILL BE GLOBAL DATABASE NAME OF ORACLE DATABASE SERVER. LISTENER PROCESS WILL BE REQUESTED BY CLIENT TO BEQUEATH THE CONNECTION TO THIS ORACLE DATABASE SERVER. ............................... 103 FIGURE 65: SERVICE NAME & NET SERVICE NAME IS NOT SAME. SERVICE NAME IS THE GLOBAL DATABASE NAME. ............................................................. 104 FIGURE 66: SAVE NETWORK CONFIGURATION. ORACLE NET MANAGER WILL GENERATE TNSNAMES.ORA FILE CONTAINING NET SERVICE NAME (ALIAS) RESOLUTION TO MAKE A ORACLE SERVER CONNECTION. ............................................. 105

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Oracle 9i Database Administration in 10 Minutes

FIGURE 67: ORACLE ENTERPRISE MANAGER (OEM) IS A JAVA BASED APPLICATION, COMPLETELY OPERATING SYSTEM INDEPENDENT. ................................. 109 FIGURE 68: NO NEED TO REMEMBER SQL STATEMENTS. MOST OF THE TIME RIGHT-CLICK
SOLVES THE PROBLEM AND POPPED UP MENU PROVIDES YOU THE COMMAND YOU WERE LOOKING FOR. ...................................................................... 110 FIGURE 69: CREATE THE NEW TABLESPACE USING THIS WINDOW. .................... 111 FIGURE 70: STORAGE TAB WILL GIVES YOU THE OPTION TO SELECT LOCALLY MANAGED OR DICTIONARY MANAGED EXTENTS. YOU CAN ALSO SELECT TO MAKE THE TABLESPACE EXTEND AUTOMATICALLY IN CASE IT RUNS OUT OF SPACE BY SELECTING

“AUTOMATIC ALLOCATION”. ........................................................... 112 FIGURE 71: MANAGE DATA FILES USING ORACLE ENTERPRISE MANAGER (OEM).113 FIGURE 72: MANAGE REDO LOG FILES & GROUPS USING ORACLE ENTERPRISE MANAGER (OEM). ...................................................................................... 114 FIGURE 73: COMPLETE USERS MANAGEMENT USING ORACLE ENTERPRISE MANAGER (OEM). ...................................................................................... 115 FIGURE 74: “CREATE USER” USER WINDOW WILL POP UP ONCE YOU RIGHT CLICK ANY USER AND SELECT THE OPTION “CREATE …” AS SHOWN IN THE SLIDE ABOVE.COMPLETE ORACLE INSTANCE MANAGEMENT USING ORACLE ENTERPRISE MANGER (OEM). ................................................................................................. 116 FIGURE 75: MEMORY TAB GIVES YOU FULL CONTROL OVER ORACLE INSTANCE MEMORY ARCHITECTURE COMPONENTS. ......................................................... 117 FIGURE 76: DATABASE RECOVERY ISSUES CAN BE MANAGED EASILY USING ORACLE ENTERPRISE MANAGER (OEM). ...................................................... 118

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Minute 1:

Understanding the Oracle Environment

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Oracle 9i Database Administration in 10 Minutes

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Oracle is such a complex system that without analogies it’s very hard to comprehend and grasp the concept of Oracle architecture and it’s working. Also once you understand the concepts then there is nothing left for cramming. Oracle System is basically divided into two things namely Oracle Instance and Oracle Database. We have taken the analogy of a Genie (Ghost/Djin): just like the one you might have seen in the movie/story of “Aladdin & the Magic Lamp”. When Aladdin rubbed the lamp; Genie became available and fulfilled all his commands. Similarly when you double click “Oracle” icon in your system, Oracle Instance gets alive and waits for users information/data related commands to fulfill, as it is a magnificent “Data Management Genie”. Oracle Instance is something with which users interact in terms of storing and retrieving information. Anything that is going into the database or coming out of the database has to be through Oracle Instance and to communicate with Oracle Instance we need to learn Genie’s language: SQL. It stands for Structured Query Language and pronounced as See-Qual. The Oracle Database is basically Genie’s area to write information and to make the changes permanent on the hard disk. The communication between Oracle and user takes place in a fashion that first user has to establish a connection with Oracle server or more precisely oracle instance by providing his/her credentials (Username and password). Once verified, Oracle accepts the connection otherwise the connection request will get rejected.

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Oracle 9i Database Administration in 10 Minutes e

Figure 1: The Complete Oracle S System: Oracle Instance & Oracle D Database.

orld each con nnected user with oracle se w erver is In Oracle wo considered as session. If th s here are three connected use with ers oracle server we can say that there are three sessio with r, e ons oracle server If one pers r. son logs off then the num mber of sessions drop to two. SQ commands are very sim ps QL s mple and very easy to m master, as it is comprised of all full-length English words with n or very litt abbreviatio no tle ons. For exam mple lets have a look on following SQ command QL SELECT nam phone me, FROM address_book; Once Oracle Instance wi receive thi command, it will e ill is retrieve all t the “name” a and “phone” information fr i rom the

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k nd r ed address_book table and sen it to the user who had aske for it. If there are 1000 records or rows in that table; all of th hem get sent to user co omputer.

Figure 2: Oracle Instance can hea you from any corner of globe w e ar c whether its LA or internet. AN

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Oracle 9i Database Administration in 10 Minutes

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Minute 2: Understanding Oracle Instance

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Oracle 9i Database Administration in 10 Minutes

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The thing I want you to memorize if you haven’t memorized it yet, the definition of Oracle Instance i.e. the background processes and memory architecture constitute the Oracle Instance. To better understand these two things I want to give you the analogy of the way human brain works. Human brains works pretty much the same way Oracle Instance works. Oracle System Oracle Instance + Oracle Database Oracle Instance is composed of background processes & memory architecture. Sources of input to Oracle Instance are connected users. Background processes receives input from connected users and using the memory (RAM) architecture produce the output. Human System Human Brain + Note Books (Papers etc.) Human brain is composed of background processes & memory architecture. Sources of input to human brain are nose, eye, ear etc.

Background processes (decision, alerts, relationships etc.) receives input from five senses and using the brain memory produces the output (decision). Physically all Oracle Physically all human brains Systems are alike i.e. data are alike i.e. two files, control file, redo log hemispheres. files etc. It’s the logical architecture It’s the logical architecture which makes one Oracle which makes one brain system different from the different than other. other.

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Oracle 9i Database Administration in 10 Minutes e

Figure 3: Bac ckground Process & Memory Ar ses rchitecture inside Brain.

Fig gure 4: Physically all human brain are similar. y ns

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Understand ding Oracle Instance’s Memory e Architecture
By saying, m memory archite ecture of Orac Instance w mean cle we how RAM is utilized by Oracle Instance. The RAM or simply r memory, occ cupied by Oracle is divid ded into two major o categories. One is called Sh hared Memory and the othe one is y er called Non Sh hared Memory y.

Figure 5: Oracle In nstance memory architecture. a

Oracle allocat SGA (Syst Global Are whenever I tes tem ea) Instance starts and dea allocates it whe the Instance ends. SGA h three en e has mandatory ar reas and two op ptional areas as shown in the Figure a e 5. Optional a area means you can have it if the requ uirement arises. In ma andatory areas we have Sh s, hared Pool, D Database Buffer Cache and Redo Log Buffer Cach whereas in o e he optional areas we hav Large Poo and Java Pool. Shared Pool is ve ol P utilized for S SQL requests coming from the connected users, d PL/SQL obje execution, data dictionar views, locks and so ects ry s 27

Oracle 9i Database Administration in 10 Minutes

on. There is a special area inside Shared Pool that deals with SQL and PL/SQL, is called the Library Cache. If one user has executed the SQL statement that statement will get parsed and complied utilizing this area. The “Data Dictionary Cache” holds the most recently used database dictionary information. Data Dictionary is basically the information about the data inside the database or in other words metadata in the form of tables and view about the database. Database Buffer Cache holds the DB Blocks recently read from the data files. Database Buffer Cache has further three subcaches. One is called KEEP, second one is RECYCLE and the third one is DEFAULT. In KEEP, DB blocks will be retained in the RAM and will not get aged out. Oracle Instance will remove stuff placed in RECYCLE from the RAM as soon as they are not needed. DB Blocks without any assigned attribute (KEEP or RECYCLE) are placed in the DEFAULT buffer pool. Within whole Database Buffer Cache, there lie three different types of buffers or in other words three different states of buffers. These three states are, Dirty Buffers, Free Buffers and Pinned Buffers. Buffers that need to be written to the data files are marked dirty and hence got the name Dirty Buffers. Once written to the data files they are available to be over-written and those which never had any data, are called Free Buffers. Buffers that are currently being accessed or those that are explicitly marked for future use, are called Pinned Buffers e.g. KEEP buffer pool. Redo Log Buffer Cache holds the information about the changes that are being made to the database. Large Pool is optionally required for specific database operation like backup or restore to avoid contention with rest of the good stuff of SGA.

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Java Pool is another optional area and can be requested to provide memory for java objects within Oracle database. The Non-Shared part of memory is called PGA (Program Global Area) and contains the data and control information for a server process. Stack space in the PGA is utilized by server process to hold variables, arrays and other useful information pertaining to connected session.

Understanding Oracle Instance’s Background Processes
Oracle background processes have been assigned a specific job. Each process gets executed under certain circumstances. If those circumstances happen again, the process gets executed again. Lets look at each of these processes one by one. DBWn DBWn or Database Writer process writes the contents of dirty buffers of Database Buffer Cache to the data files. LGWR The Log Writer process writes the “Redo Log Buffers” from the Redo Log Cache to the Redo Log files. ARCn If we don’t want the Redo Log files to be overwritten by LGWR process then we have to run the database in ARCHIVELOG mode and we have to enable automatic archiving by setting LOG_ARCHIVE_START = True.

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Oracle 9i Database Administration in 10 Minutes

Under this mode Archiver process (ARCn) become alive. ARCn process makes sure that the Redo Log files gets archived to the archived location before it gets overwritten by LGWR process. In Oracle 9i, we can have as many as ten Archiver processes (ARC0 to ARC9). CKPT (Checkpoint) CKPT process updates the header of data files and control file. It’s a event that happens automatically and kicks the DBWR process to write the dirty buffers to data files. SMON, PMON SMON or System Monitor performs instance recovery, if necessary on system startup whereas PMON or Process Monitor frees up all the resources held by a user process whenever it fails. Dnnn or Dispatcher Process(es) Dnnn or Dispatcher process is only available if you run Oracle system in Shared Server mode. Its prime job is to take the request from the connected user and place it in the in the Request Queue. Server process when its free picks up the request form the request queue and put the response back in the “Response Queue” after processing the request. Dispatcher process when it’s free picks that response from the response queue and sends it back to the user who submitted that request. You can have multiple Dnnn processes for single Database Instance.

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Snnn or Shared Server Process(es) Shared Server processes (Snnn) utilizing the beauty of Dispatcher process and Request and Response Queue to serve more than one user. The number of Shared Server processes can be controlled using two init.ora parameters, SHARED_SERVERS and MAX_SHARED_SERVERS.

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Oracle 9i Database Administration in 10 Minutes

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Minute 3: Understanding the Working of Oracle Instance

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Oracle 9i Database Administration in 10 Minutes

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er figured to run under Shared Server d Oracle Serve can be conf mode or as D Dedicated Ser rver mode. Figure 6 shows Oracle s Instance wor rking under Shared Server configuratio The on. beauty of shared server co onfiguration is that a single server s e process hand dles multiple sessions and hence the idle time of h server process reduces. LGWR (Log Writer Process), PMON (Process M g N Monitor), SMON (Syste Monitor), A em ARCn (Archiv Process) etc are all ver c. Oracle backg ground processes and SGA in the center is the r memory arc chitecture of Oracle Instance. So all these l background p process utilize the memory architecture (shared e y area) to fulfill requests of al the connected users. l ll

Figure 6: Oracle Instance background processe shared server m es; mode.

Figure 7 show the same thi as the prev ws ing vious one but h you here might have noticed that we have less number of blocks, s especially the is no Disp ere patcher process and no Requ and s uest Response Qu ueue. This is be ecause; here we are showing Oracle w g working in Dedicated Serve mode. er 35

Oracle 9i Database Administration in 10 Minutes e

In dedicated s server mode, e each connected user is enterta d ained by a separate ser rver process. A Although this co onfiguration w would be having high idle server time as most of th time Server process e he would be doin nothing and waiting for next SQL state ng d n ement to arrive. This c configuration has high perfo formance facto but it or should only be utilized w when you hav plenty of system ve ailable. resources ava

Figure 7: Orac Instance backg cle ground processes; dedicated server mode. r

The Shared S Server mode ca be best visu an ualized if you i imagine a restaurant a shown in the Figure 8. The are two wa as e ere aitresses serving more people. In t e this case the “idle time” f each for waitress will be less compared to the sit tuation where we will be having one waitress per p e person.

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Figure 8 Restaurant Run 8: nning Under Shar Waitress Mod red de

erver mode th here is a dispa atcher process, which In Shared Se receives the u users request an places it in the “Request Q nd Queue”. Server proces “when it’s f ss free”’ picks up the request f p from the request queu processes it and put th response b ue, he back in response queu Dispatcher process “when it’s free” p ue. r picks up the response from the res sponse queue and sends it to the t specific user w submitted that request. who d response The point to be noted over here is that request and r queues are n processes. They are part of SGA or i other not t in words part of memory ( (RAM) utilize by proces ed sses. In Dedicated Se erver mode t there is neith Request/R her Response Queues nor a Dispatcher process. Whe any r enever a user c connects to Oracle Ins stance, one new Server pro ocess gets cre eated to serve him/her r.

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Oracle 9i Database Administration in 10 Minutes e

Figure 9: Restaurant Runn ning Under Dedic cated Waiter Mod de

you ow ork Let me give y an idea ho to find out which will wo best for you i.e. Sh hared Server o Dedicated Se or erver. Each De edicated Server takes approximatel of 20MB of memory. If your ly system runnin Oracle have 1 GB of RA available a your ng e AM and Oracle system needs to sup m pport 10 users and on the ave erage of 7 concurrent users. Unde this scena t er ario always g with go Dedicated Se erver Mode otherwise stick with Shared Server k d Mode.

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Minute 4: Understanding Oracle Database

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Oracle 9i Database Administration in 10 Minutes

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Oracle database has a logical architecture as well as physical architecture. When we talk about database objects e.g. tables we are actually talking about logical architecture and when are talking about physical files like control file, data files etc., we are actually talking about physical architecture of Oracle database.

Physical Architecture
Physical architecture of Oracle Database is comprised of five different types of files. Physical Architecture of Oracle Database
Purpose Main Oracle Database Files. Oracle Instance reads it at startup. Archiving of Redo Log Files File Names Control File Data Files Redo Log Files Parameter File (init.ora) Archived Redo Log Files

Control File: Every database has one control file and it basically contains the information regarding the structure of database. Oracle Instance reads control file at the time of startup to find out database name, location of data files and redo log files. Data Files: Data files are the files where the actual database’s data resides. Oracle database can have one or more data files. The size of each data file is limited to OS (operating system) maximum file size. But the size of the Oracle Database can be whatever you like. There is no limit on the maximum size of the database. If you are running out of space you can always add more data files to the database.

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Oracle 9i Database Administration in 10 Minutes e

Fig gure 10: Physical Architecture: Ora Database acle

d les: Redo Log Files & Archived Redo Log Fil Redo Log f files are the files that ma aintains the c changes happening in data. Every Oracle Databa has set of two or n ase f more redo log files. Each se is called redo log file grou Redo g et up. log files gets utilized in a circular fash s hion i.e. when Oracle n Instance finis shes writing t last redo log file then it starts the l overwriting th first one. he The way we c protect ove can erwriting of Re Log files i to run edo is the Oracle Instance in Arch hive Log Mode If Oracle is running e. in this mode then redo l e log files will get archived to the d

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destination you specify in the parameter file before getting overwritten. Parameter File (PFILE): Parameter file contains the name of the database, location of control file, memory structure of Oracle Instance and certain other necessary Oracle system configuration parameters. PFILE is read by Oracle Instance while starting up the database or even before that i.e. when the Instance creates itself.

Logical Architecture
Logically the data inside the database resides inside the tablespaces. Each tablespace is comprised of segments. Oracle Instance allocates a segment each time you create a object (table, view etc) inside the database. Each segment is composed of Extents and What are Extents? Each extent is a group of contiguous DB Blocks. Now what are DB Blocks? A DB Block is the smallest building block of the database and is usually the even multiple of OS Block e.g. DB Block can be (2 * OS Block) but not (1.37 * OS Block). The size of the DB Block can be specified using DB_BLOCK_SIZE init.ora parameter. You can assign values like 2KB (2 Kilo Byes) and if the OS permits you can have 4KB, 8KB etc.

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Oracle 9i Database Administration in 10 Minutes e

Lo ogical Architec cture of Oracle Database e
T Tablespace Segments Extents D Blocks DB

Figure 11: Oracle d database logical architecture. a

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Figur 12: Physical & logical architectu relationship. re ure

ows by nship between logical n Figure 12 sho the side b side relation and physical architecture o Oracle datab of base. The data abase is the same but you can look at it through two angles. Y can k You talk about its files (data file control file etc.) or you c talk es, e can about its table espaces, segme (objects) etc. ents e are es. Tablespaces a like small departmental level database Data inside these t tablespaces resides in the data a file. If there is only one dat file associa ta ated with the tablespace th e hen the maximum siz of the tab ze blespace canno be more th ot han the Operating System maximum files size. Bu you can alw m ut ways add another data file to the tab blespace. In th way the ma his aximum size of tablespace is not lim mited to the OS marked limit on file S t size.

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Oracle 9i Database Administration in 10 Minutes e

Fi igure 13: Tablespaces relates to da files only. ata

When we ta about the relationship between logical and alk physical arch hitecture of dat tabase, we mea that we are talking an e about how t tablespaces ar related to the data files Each re s. tablespace ca have one or more data fi associated with it an r iles d but each da file can never belong to more th ata han one tablespace. Segments (da atabase objects can lie in more than one d file s) m data within the tab blespace. This can be better visualized by looking at the Figure 14.

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Figure 14: One object (e.g. table can be in two or more data files but only e e) o in o tablespace. one

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Oracle 9i Database Administration in 10 Minutes e

How Oracl Instance U Redo Log Files? le Uses L
Every databas should have two or more redo log group Each se e ps. redo log grou should have at least two or more redo l files up e o log called membe ers.

Figure 15: R Redo log files in action. a

Within one R Redo log group all redo log files are mirror copies p, f of each other and its recom r mmend that the all should re ey eside on different phy ysical hard dri ives to increas the fault to se olerance factor. Havin mirror cop ng pies of the ori iginal Redo L Log file within a gro oup is called Multiplexing of Redo Lo files. og Whatever dat changes are happening in the database, all gets ta written to the Redo Log fil In other words you can say it’s e les. w 48

the “Undo” copy of the original database. As shown in Figure 15, Oracle Instance (or more precisely, the Log Writer process) will start writing these changes in data from Redo Log group 1, once it gets filled up, Oracle instance will move to group 2 and finally group 3. Once group 3 finishes up, Oracle instance will start all over gain from group 1. That’s the reason we say that Redo Log files get utilized in a circular fashion. To avoid overwriting of Redo Log files, you should run the Oracle Instance in Archive Log Mode. Whenever Oracle is running in this mode, redo log files gets archived well before they get overwritten.

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Oracle 9i Database Administration in 10 Minutes

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Minute 5:

Oracle 9i Software Installation

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Oracle 9i Database Administration in 10 Minutes

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te ware om You can download complet Oracle softw for free fro oracle website (www.oracle e.com) for lear rning purpose. Once d oftware then yo would need to ou d you download the Oracle so unzip those d download files most probably before runnin the y ng setup.exe file which will sta the Oracle Universal Insta art U aller (OUI). Step 1: Once you run the setup.ex file OUI wi start and th you n xe ill hen will see the f following win ndow with defa values. C fault Click the Next button o once done.

Figure 16: The first text box wi ask you the loc e ill cation of Oracle software files that needs to be installed. T second is the Name text box where you The N write the Orac Home name an the third one is the destination l cle nd s location where you want Or w racle software to be installed.

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Step 2: Select the fir option of O rst Oracle 9i Data abase. Once yo have ou selected Orac cle9i Database option then cli ‘Next’ butt ick ton.

Figure 17: Seco option is for in ond nstalling a client and would lack th ability he to create the d database. The thir optional is basically an add-on f rd feature which will insta Oracle Manage all ement Server and other related man nagement and i integration too.

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Step 3: In this window OUI will ask you rega arding the ed dition of Oracle you w would like to h have. Select Enterprise Edit E tion and then click the ‘Next’ button e n.

Figure 18: O Oracle Enterprise E Edition is for high h-volume applica ations. Standard Editio is for departme on ental applications whereas Persona Edition al of Or racle is for single user developmen environment. e nt

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Oracle 9i Database Administration in 10 Minutes e

Step 4: Select the op ption of ‘Soft ftware Only’. Once you select the ‘Software On option and click ‘Next’ button the inst nly’ d tallation process will start and upon successful co n ompletion it w say, will “Oracle Softw has been i ware installed succe essfully”.

Figure 19: If w select “Genera Purpose” then Oracle Universal I we al O Installer (OUI) will not only install the s t software but will create a standard general purpose databas too by default. But we want to install software on using se i nly OUI and then later lea how to develo the database. arn op

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Minute 6:

Oracle 9i Database Design Using DBCA

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Oracle 9i Database Administration in 10 Minutes

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n tabase Config guration Before even we start DBCA (Dat Assistant) w have to se some of the OS envir we et t ronment variables. OR RACLE_BASE describes th top most d E he directory where Oracl software will be inst le talled. In W Windows environment w can set it u we using the SET command. c Step 1: e mpt Let’s suppose the DOS prom is C:\>. C:\> SET OR RACLE_BASE C:\Oracle E

Figure 20: Be efore using DBCA we have to set certain OS enviro A c onment variables.

Whereas in U Unix we write t command as shown below the a w. % setenv ORA ACLE_BASE /Oracle ORACLE_HO OME specifie the directo that lies beneath es ory ORACLE_BA ASE and its h here where Or racle products reside. s According to OFA (Opt o timal Flexible Architecture this e e), environment variable should to set t to 59

Oracle 9i Database Administration in 10 Minutes

ORACLE_BASE/product/release#. Let’s suppose the DOS prompt is C:\>.
C:\> SET ORACLE_HOME C:\Oracle\database\9_2

Whereas in Unix we write the command as shown below.
% setenv ORACLE_HOME /Oracle/product/9_2

ORACLE_SID is the instance name or rather default instance name on the machine having Oracle installed. Let’s suppose the DOS prompt is C:\>.
C:\> SET ORACLE_SID test

Whereas in Unix we write the command as shown below. % setenv ORACLE_SID test PATH is the environment variable and its usually set to ORACLE_HOME/bin folder. The bin folder contains all the tools that shipped with Oracle.

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Step 2: After setting the above mentioned parameters the next step would be to run DBCA. DBCA can be invoked from the Windows operating system start menu as shown below or by entering the following Unix command. dbca

Figure 21: In windows operating system click: <Start>, <All Programs>, <Oracle>, <Configuration & Migration Tools> and finally <Database Configuration Assistance>.

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Step 3: Click the <Ne ext> button.

Figure 22: First window of DBC is basically a Welcome messag with a CA W ge brief description on the purpose of this tool.

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Step 4: Using DBCA you can creat a new database, configure already A te existing data abase, delete an already existing databa and ase manage templates. Make su that ‘Create a Database’ o ure e option is selected and t then click ‘Nex button. xt’

Figure 23: DBC can assist DBA with 3 other tas besides creatin a new CA A sks ng database i.e. co onfiguring databa options in a da ase atabase, delete a d database and m manage templates.

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Step 5: DBCA has c certain built-in templates. Over here we will be n O using “Gener Purpose” database templa option. Ma sure ral ate ake that ‘General Purpose’ opti is selected and then click ‘Next’ ion k button.

Figure 24: Ea template has p ach predefined setting e.g. Data Ware gs ehouse template has settings good for Analytical Processing purpose d es.

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Step 6: Decide on Global Datab base Name & Domain. System Identifier (SID will be the name of the Oracle Instance In our D) O e. case we hav entered tes ve st.takveen as the Global D Database Name and tes will come u automatically as SID. Once done st up then click the ‘Next’ button e n.

Figure 25: You can assign any name to Glob Database Nam bal me.

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Step 7: Decide on th mode of o he operation of in nstance. We c run can Oracle Instan either in D nce Dedicated Ser rver or Shared Server d Mode.

Figure 26: This window is mean for make a decision whether we want to s nt e run our Oracle Server in ‘dedi icated server mod or the ‘shared server de’ mode’.

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Step 8: Decide on SG sizing. Us either Typic or Custom option. GA se cal Here you ca either use the default values provid an ded for memory arch hitecture of Or racle or chang them accor ge rding to your needs. O Once done cli the ‘Archi ick ive’ tab to ma sure ake that the stuff in there is acco ording to your requirement.

Figure 27: Cus stom option will a allow you to selec the SGA size ac ct ccording to you needs. o

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Step 9: Archive Log Mode: if you s select this opti then the Re Log ion edo files will be a archived befor overwritten. Once done c re click the ‘DB Sizing’ t to make sur that the stuf in there is ac tab re ff ccording to your requ uirement. All these tabs wi already be having ill default values s.

Figure 28: This window will allo you to set up Oracle Server for archiving ow O of r redo log files.

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Step 10: Parameter Fil and Trace F le Files locations can be set us sing this tab. All the d default locatio and file na ons ames specified in this d screen are according to stan ndards. So you don’t have to worry u about it.

Figure 29: Th tab will be hav his ving the informati about location of all ion n Oracl physical files. le

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Step 11: Make sure t the OS enviro onment variab bles reflect th same he values you s before sta set arting DBCA. Click on th ‘File . he Location Var riables’ button to see and to make sure the values e of these four vari iables viz., ORACLE_ _BASE, ORALCE_HO OME, DB_NA AME and SID. Once done c . click the OK button an you will be b nd back to the pre evious window w.

Figure 30: These four param meters are present in init(SID).ora file. t

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Step 12: To see the complete list of i initialization parameters click on the k ‘All Initializa ation Paramete button. Th popped up w ers’ he window will be having complete list of all the init tialization para ameters, those you hav selected and those you ha ve d aven’t select. I would It be a comple etely editable window i.e. you can select and deselect any of the parameters and edit the values. Once done t click ‘Close’ button and it will take you back to the p u previous window and t then click the ‘ ‘Next’ button.

Figure 31: Th window provides the complete list of init(SID).o file his ora parameter Oracle Instance reads the file at the time of start rs. t tup.

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Figure 32: A close-up of figu 31. ure

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Step 13: If you click t Control file item on the left pane, on t right the e the pane you will see all the mu l multiplexed con ntrol files name along es with their location. Once do click the ‘O one Options’ tab.

Figure 33: Each Oracle database requires one Con h e ntrol file and thro ough this window you ca set-up your con an ntrol file location n(s). Mirror copies should s be on different driv for greater fau tolerance. e ves ult

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Step 14: The options t defines the maximum lim on data files, redo tab e mit log groups an log membe in each red log group t nd ers do that this database cou ever possi uld iblely has. Once done the click O en ‘Datafiles’ ite on the right pane. em t

Figure 34: Se the maximum n et number of datafiles, redo log group etc. ps

Figure 35: Clic cking ‘Datafiles’ w change the right pane view to show all will datafiles.

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Step 15: Once you clic the ‘Data f ck files’ in the rig pane, the le pane ght eft will show al the data file your datab ll es base is compri ised off along with the location in the system. eir

Figure 36: Clic cking ‘1’ under Re Log Groups will change the right pane edo w view to show a the member of that particular re log group. Ea redo all f edo ach log group should have at least one member. d e

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Oracle 9i Database Administration in 10 Minutes e

Step 16: Click the redo log group ‘1 and informa 1’ ation in the rig pane ght will change. W Within a Redo Log Group all members are image o a of each other You can ad more memb r. dd bers and speci their ify location whe you want to place the ere em. Click ‘2’ to see information a about redo log group 2 and similarly for 3 After g 3. viewing the information r regarding redo log group 3 click o 3, ‘Next’.

Figure 37: Eith you can chang the default file size for redo log member her ge or go what is d default using this window. w

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Step 17: Configuration values you e n entered in DB BCA can be sa aved for clone databa developme ase ent. You can create the D Database based on the configuration settings you provided or y can n you just save the configuration settings as a te emplate or you can do u ou both. Once d done click ‘Fi inish’ button and it take yo next window.

Figure 38: You can also save the settings for your database in a tem r mplate for clone database developme ent.

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Oracle 9i Database Administration in 10 Minutes e

Step 18: One should change the standard pass sword for SY and YS SYSTEM accounts. Make sure that SC COTT account is not t locked. After changing the password, click ‘Ok’ button and r e c you will be b back on the pr revious screen. Click ‘Exit’ and the database crea ation process w start. will

Figure 39: It’s better to change all the default pa s e asswords at this p point by clicking the <Pass c sword Manageme ent> button.

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Figure 40: Cha ange the passwor and make sure the account is not have a rd t check mark in the corre esponding “Lock Account?” field.

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Oracle 9i Database Administration in 10 Minutes

Step 19: Once you see the message, database has been created successfully. Open up OEM (Oracle Enterprise Manager) as shown in the figure below.

Figure 41: Use Oracle Enterprise Manager (OEM) to test connection to your recently developed database. OEM is located under <Start>, <All Programs>, <Oracle> folder.

Figure 42: A close-up of the figure 41.

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click ‘Enterpr rise Manager Console’, fo ollowing Once you c window will popup asking you whether you want to ru OEM y un standalone or you want to login to the Oracle Mana r o agement Server. Oracl Managemen Server is an add-on prod le nt n duct and we haven’t installed it s we will be running O so b OEM as ‘standalone’. Click Ok.

Fig gure 43: Select th ‘Launch standa he alone’ option.

pped up window will be the main control p panel of The next pop OEM. From here you can control all th databases you are n he running all o over the world Right now it’s showing y only d. you one database i.e. TEST.

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Oracle 9i Database Administration in 10 Minutes e

Figure 44: Th ‘TEST’ databa will be visible in the tree hierar he ase e rchy of OEM (Oracl Enterprise Man le nager).

database that w have devel we loped using DB BCA. If TEST is the d you click on TEST item in the tree, the following wind fo dow will appear asking you for credentials i.e. login and pa assword. There is no n need to specify the login and password jus select y d st SYSDBA fro ‘Connect a drop down option box an click om as’ nd OK button.

Figur 45: Connecting as SYSDBA to TEST database re g

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Now you would be able to expand the tree under TEST database. If you click ‘Tablespaces’ under ‘Storage’ item, you would be able to see the list of all the tablespaces and corresponding data files that DBCA has developed for you. Let me give you a closer look to this window in the following picture. We will learn in depth about OEM and other good stuff later in this book.

Figure 46: Expand the “Tablespaces” item in the tree to see the list of tablespaces within TEST database.

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Oracle 9i Database Administration in 10 Minutes

84

Minute 7: Enabling Other Computers to Access Oracle Database Server

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Oracle 9i Database Administration in 10 Minutes

86

e work is to h have an The purpose of making Oracle netw environment where users f from all over the city or cou t untry or even world c access the database as if it’s residing on their can f machine. Est tablishing an O Oracle networ is very simp All rk ple. you have to d is to config do gure Oracle Ne layer on both server et h and client sid de.

Figure 47: Ora Net needs to b configured on server as well as on each acle be client.

Oracle Net gets installed on the ser d rver at the t time of installation o Oracle Serv software bu for each cl of ver ut lient we have to sele the option of client in ect n nstallation in Oracle Universal Ins staller. The w it works is first we cre way i eate the listener.ora fi on the serv then we start the listen The file ver s ner. development of listener.ora file is actually the configur a ration of Oracle Net f the server. Once we hav started the listener for ve process, it lis stens to the users connection requests. The job of n e the listener process is to bequeath th connection to the o he

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acle server is running under shared r r dispatcher in case the Ora server mode o to the dedicated server pro or ocess in case O Oracle is running under dedicated mo r ode. On the client side, we have to create the tnsnames.o file. t ora names.ora file is actually the configura e ation of Creating tnsn Oracle Net o the client side. tnsname on es.ora is noth hing but contains the resolution of “ “service name that we will use to e” connect to Or racle server.

Figure 48: O Oracle Instance kn nows how to speak with Oracle Net layer k t whereas Oracle Net deal with different network protocols ls n s.

88

Figure 49: Accessing Oracle N Manager (ONM Java based pr Net M): rogram, completely indepe c endent of Operati System. ing

Creating L Listener
Step 1: p cle er. The next step would be to start the Orac Net Mange With this single tool we ca create bo an oth listener.ora and tnsnames.ora files. ONM ca be accessed under Unix u an d using the netmgr comm mand under O ORACLE_HOM ME/bin directo and ory the same sof ftware can be found in win ndow under Start>All Programs > O Oracle.

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Oracle 9i Database Administration in 10 Minutes e

Figure 5 Expanding “L 50: Listeners” shows no listener process. n

Figure 51: Oracle Net M Manager showing no Service Name n e.

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pand the <Serv Naming> and <Listeners items vice a s> Once you exp in the tree, y will see no you othing. There is no listener running moreover ther is no tnsnam re mes.ora file.

Figure 52: Click the “Listener” a then the “+” icon to create new listener k and i w process.

Fig gure 53: Assign th name to the list he tener process.

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Oracle 9i Database Administration in 10 Minutes

Select the Listener item from the tree in ONM and then click the ‘+’ sign shown in the slide to create the listener. In the popped up window write the Listener Name. If you use the default name of the listener than the Oracle Instance registers itself with the listener dynamically and it’s called dynamic service registration. That’s why we are sticking with the default name of the listener i.e. LISTENER. Not only listener name has to be default but we have to use default protocol i.e. TCP/IP and default port i.e. 1521 or 1520 if we want to go with dynamic service registration.

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Step 2: After selectin listener nam as LISTEN ng me NER you have to click the OK butto Once the Listener gets created then add the on. Addresses. Se elect the listen name and click “Add Add ner c dresses” button on the right pane of ONM. Once you click this button e f s Oracle adds the default v values for Ho (i.e. name of the ost ning Oracle S Server or its IP address in case no P machine runn name resoluti service lik DNS is ava ion ke ailable), Protocol (i.e. TCP/IP) and p (i.e. 1521) port ).

Figure 54: “Add Address” o newly added lis of stener process to t tree.

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Oracle 9i Database Administration in 10 Minutes e

Figu 55: Listener’s location for liste ure s ening requests.

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Step 3: After you ha finalized H ave Host, Protocol and port, se l elect the drop down m menu from the top as shown in the slide an select nd the option “D Database Servic ce”.

Figure 56: List tener process will bequeath the con l nnection request f from the client to t database adde using the <Add Database> butto the ed d on.

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Oracle 9i Database Administration in 10 Minutes e

ng Serives” from the drop dow menu wn After selectin “Database S click the “Ad Database” button on the right pane o ONM dd e of (Oracle Netw work Manger).

Figure 57: Enter Global Database Name, Database Home Directory location r e e y and finally SID (name of Oracle Instance). I

Now provide the Database n name i.e. Glob Database N bal Name. In our case it is test.takveen. Moreover pr s rovide the loca ation of Oracle Home directory and the name of SID i.e. test in our e t case. The inf formation you provide in th u hese three tex boxes xt should be ex xactly the sam when you created the database. me Once done do not forget to save the configuration as i only o o it’s when you sav ONM creates or updates the listener.ora file. ve, t a

96

Figure 5 Save network configuration and start the Listene 58: d er.

Step 4: Next thing is to start the li s istener. The listener process can be s started using lsnrctl utility both in Wind dows Server an Unix nd environment. You can also run in wind o dows environm ment by clicking Start>Settings>Control Pan nel>Services And then sel lecting the lis stener service for Oracle an then nd pressing the “ “play” on the to bar of serv ool vices console.

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Oracle 9i Database Administration in 10 Minutes

Figure 59: In Windows Server 2003 environment, the listener process can be activated under the “Services” window.

C:\>lsnrctl start This command will start the listener whereas if you replace “start” with “stop” you can stop the listener. To check the status of the listener use the following command. C:\>lsnrctl status

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Configurin Oracle Ne on clientng et -side
Step 1: d ora arted the Since now we have created the listener.o file and sta listener proce Next thin we will do is to create the Net ess. ng o Service Name on this mach e hine. Net Servic Name is bas ce sically a short & easy to remember name for a lo set of par ong rameters that helps cli ient applicatio to connect to server. Se ons t elect the “Service Nam ming” item in th tree on the left pane of ON and he NM click the “+” sign to add the Net Service Name. e N

Figure 60: Click the “Service Nam item and the click the “+” ic to add k me” en con a new serv name to the tree. vice t

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Figure 61: Net Service Name wi be the nick nam on this machin for the ill me ne Oracle database we want to connect to. It can be any name t e.

In the poppe up window write the Net Service N ed w N Name as “asim”. Now we are going to define what the word “asim” w w means on this machine by c s clicking “Next” button. ”

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Step 2: Select protocol as TCP/IP a click “Nex button. The write and xt” en down the host name of the m machine runnin Oracle Serv or in ng ver other words th listener’s m he machine name.

Figure 62: Select the network p protocol used to communicate with Oracle h Server from this client. r

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Figure 63: Net Service Name is an alias given to detailed list of co onnection parameters. H Name will be the name of the machine on the n Host e network running Or racle Database Ser rver.

Remember th client applic hat cations send a connection request to the listener and listener bequeath the connection to the e dispatcher in a shared serve mode or ded er dicated server process in a dedicate server mod After the connection ha been ed de. as bequeathed t the Oracle Instance then the commun to n nication takes place b between Oracle Instance and the connecte client e d ed without any l listener process involvement Write down the port t. on which list tener is listening for connection requests on the s Host and click “Next”. k

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Step 3: Service Name over here is t parameter where you spe e the w ecify the global databa name of Or ase racle database you what the listener to bequeath the connection in our case it is test.takveen Click t n. the “Next” bu utton.

Figure 64: Service name will be Global Database Name of Oracle D Database Server. List tener process will be requested by client to bequeath the l h connection to th Oracle Databas Server. his se

The next pop pped up windo will give you the opportu ow y unity to test the conn nection and see that your co e onfigured Net Service Name “asim” is resolving p ” properly using tnsname.ora. t

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Step 4: Once you cl lick the “Test” button ON (Oracle N NM Network Manger) wil use the “ ll “scott/tiger” account to t a test the connection. If you don’t ha this accoun in your data ave nt abase or if you would like to use so d ome other acc count you can do that too. Upon s successful con nnection don’t forget to sa t ave the Network Con nfiguration. Th tnsnames.or file will get created he ra or updated on when you save the conf nly figuration by c clicking “File” and the “Save Netw en work Configura ation”.

Figure 65: Servi Name & Net S ice Service Name is not same. Service Name is n e the Glob Database Nam bal me.

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Figure 66: Save Network Config e guration. Oracle Net Manager will generate N tnsnames.ora file containing Net Service Name (a t alias) resolution to make a o Oracle S Server connection n.

ult location of tnsnames.ora fi ile is The defau %ORACLE_ _HOME%\netw work\admin on Windows Server o and 2003/2000/NT T plateform m $ORACLE_H HOME/networ rk/admin unde Unix enviro er onment. Net Service N Name or tnsnames.ora file has to be crea ated for each of the m machines from where you want to launch any of m w h Oracle’s clien applications like SQL*Plu OEM etc. nt us, It’s very impo ortant point to note over her that the Net Service o re Name on one machine (e.g “asim”) need not to be sim e g. ds milar to the Net Servi Name on t other mach ice the hine (e.g. lets suppose

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Oracle 9i Database Administration in 10 Minutes

“cow”) although both Net Service Names will resolves to the same Oracle database (e.g. test.takveen). You can connect to or manage multiple databases using OEM remotely. All you need to do is to create the Net Service Name for each of the databases you want to manage.

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Minute 8: Oracle Enterprise Manager – A SQLLess Database Management Environment

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Oracle 9i Database Administration in 10 Minutes

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Figure 67: Ora Enterprise Ma acle anager (OEM) is a Java based application, completely oper rating system inde ependent.

rprise Manage (OEM) is a java based client er d Oracle Enter application. As its java b based that’s why it’s com mpletely independent o OS. The on difference is how you in of nly nvoke it through Unix and Windo x ows platform. In Windows Server 2003/XP envi ironment you c invoke in by clicking can b
Start > All Progra > Oracle > Ente ams erprise Manger Con nsole

nment it can be invoked us b sing the Where as in Unix environ following com mmand at the O command prompt. OS p $ oemapp con nsole As explained before, conn d nect to the database as SY d YSDBA when asked to provide lo ogin, password and privileg level. d ge There is no ne to specify the login and password as it would eed p ts be the extern nally authentica ated OSDBA or OSOPER a account.

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Oracle 9i Database Administration in 10 Minutes e

t o atabase you w would be Once you get connected to the Oracle da able to expand the tree o the left pan of OEM w on ne window. Expand the “Storage” item; you will see “Tablespaces” When ; ”. you select the Tablespaces item, on the ri e ight pane you will see the list of all the Tablespac along with associated da files l ces h ata and related in nformation.

Figure 68: No need to remembe SQL statements. Most of the tim righter me click solves the problem and po e opped up menu pr rovides you the co ommand you w looking for. were

We can creat new tablespa by right cl te ace licking any on of the ne tablespace mentioned in th list and then selecting the option he n e

110

d a he “Create …” in the popped up window as shown in th slide above. Once we click the “Create …” option then the Create o e window will pop up as shown in the next sli n ide. Tablespace w

Figure 69: Create the n tablespace usi this window. e new ing

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Oracle 9i Database Administration in 10 Minutes e

Figure 70: Stora tab will gives you the option to select locally ma age o anaged or lespace Dictionary ma anaged extents. Y can also selec to make the tabl You ct extend automa atically in case it r runs out of space by selecting “Au utomatic A Allocation”.

In this Create Tablespace w e window you can give your tab n blespace a name and y can have a many data files as you lik You you as f ke. can also make the tablespac ONLINE/OF e ce FFLINE. If you create the tablespace with OFFLI INE option the the tablespa will en ace

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ble ou ccess unless yo make ou not be availab to users yo will grant ac it ONLINE. Under the storage tab make sure it’s sele e ected as “Locally Man naged” otherw you would have to take care of wise d Extents mana agement. It’s a nice feature available in O Oracle 9i and 10g.

Figure 71: Manage data files u using Oracle Ente erprise Manager (O OEM).

Under the “D Datafiles” item you will see the list of all t data m the files associated to the data abase along with the corresp w ponding We tablespaces. W can create a new data file and assign i to the it tablespace.

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Oracle 9i Database Administration in 10 Minutes e

Figure 72: M Manage redo log files & groups us sing Oracle Enterp prise Man nager (OEM).

g m age” you If we expand the “Redo Log Groups” item under “Stora he roups and asso ociated members. We can see all th redo log gr can add new m members in all the redo log groups as well as their l g location after selecting the group number and then a new r e add member infor rmation on the right pane of OEM window. O

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Figure 73: Com mplete users mana agement using Or racle Enterprise M Manager (OEM).

Using OEM, management o database is not just limited to of n d Storage but you can do com mplete managem of users u ment utilizing the “Users” it under the “ tem “Security”.

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Oracle 9i Database Administration in 10 Minutes e

Figure 74: “Cre User” user wi eate indow will pop up once you right c p click any user and select t option “Create …” as shown in the slide above.C the e n Complete Oracle Instan management u nce using Oracle Ente erprise Manger (O OEM).

We can also manage the O Oracle Instance related stuff by first e selecting the “ “Configuration item on the left pane of OE and n” EM changing valu in the right pane. ues t

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Figure 75: Mem mory tab gives you full control over Oracle Instance memory u e architec cture components s.

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Oracle 9i Database Administration in 10 Minutes e

Figure 76: Dat tabase recovery is ssues can be man naged easily using Oracle g Enterpris Manager (OEM se M).

If you want to run the da atabase is ARC CHIVELOG m mode or NOARCHIVE ELOG mode you can control that using e t “Recovery” ta as shown in the slide. ab n The “Recove ery” tab can b accessed by first expand be y ding the “Instance” n node and then selection “Configuration item “ n”

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underneath it. If you check the box “Archive Log Mode” then the “Archiver” process will get alive and will start archiving your redo log files. You can also specify Archive Log Destination in the same “Recovery” tab at the bottom.

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Oracle 9i Database Administration in 10 Minutes

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Minute 9: Oracle Database Backup & Recovery –Simple Technique

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Oracle 9i Database Administration in 10 Minutes

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User-Managed Offline Backup
The other names given to this kind of backup are Closed/Cold/Consistent Database backup. No recovery is needed in this kind of backup during the restore process. Step 1: Shut down the database Connect to database as SYSDBA and then use the SHUTDOWN statement with NORMAL, IMMEDIATE or TRANSACTIONAL clause. C:\> sqlplus /nolog SQL>connect / as sysdba SQL> SHUTDOWN NORMAL; Remember that if there is any single user connected with the database and you have used the NORMAL clause with the SHUTDOWN statement then database will never shutdown unless the user closes the session. Step 2: Backup all the data files Once the database gets completely shutdown backup all the data files associated with the database at the operating system level or in other worlds using operating system commands e.g. copy in Windows and cp in case of Unix.

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Oracle 9i Database Administration in 10 Minutes

Step 3: Backup Parameter File, Redo Log Files and Archived Redo Log Files Backup all these files too using operating system command. It’s highly recommended and provides greater fault tolerance in case of database failures. Step 4: Startup Oracle Database with MOUNT option Start the oracle instance and mount the database but don’t open. C:\>sqlplus /nolog SQL>connect / as sysdba SQL>startup mount; Step 5: Backup the Control File Control file can be backed up using the following statement and at the desired location.
ALTER DATABASE BACKUP CONTROLFILE TO ‘c:\staging\ctl.bak’;

The backup created in this fashion will be the binary copy of the control file. We can also take the backup of control file, which will be in text format in the following manner.
ALTER DATABASE BACKUP CONTROLFILE TO TRACE;

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As a result of this statement the text version of control file will get copied to the location/folder specified in USER_DUMP_DEST init.ora parameter. Step 6: Open the database Now you have full database backup or in other words Whole Database Backup. It’s time to make the database available to the users you executing the following statement. ALTER DATABASE OPEN; This completes our User-Managed Offline/Cold Database Backup. Let’s see now how we can perform User-Managed Online/Hot Database Backup. User-Managed Complete Recovery is done in two different ways and it all depends on the mode in which you are running the Oracle server. You can run Oracle server either in ARCHIVELOG mode or NOARCHIVELOG mode. The way we do the recovery in NOARCHIVELOG mode is different from the way we do recovery in ARCHIVELOG mode. Let’s have a look on each procedure as follows.

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Oracle 9i Database Administration in 10 Minutes

User-Managed Complete Recovery in NOARCHIVELOG Mode
In NOARCHIVELOG mode the recovery is very simple. All you have to do is to restore the database files from your backup to the original location and start the database. Let’s suppose one of your data file got corrupted. The time try to start the Oracle Instance, it will give you an error. In this case shutdown the database. Restore all the data files; redo log files and control file back to their original location from your last whole/complete cold backup. Then start the Oracle database again by first running SQL and then connecting as SYSDBA. This time you will not get any error. User-Managed Complete Recovery in

ARCHIVELOG Mode
Let’s suppose one of your data file got corrupted/deleted. The time you try to start the Oracle Instance, it will give you an error with the name and location of the data files. If the Oracle server is up and running and you don’t want to shut it down then follow the following steps. Step 1: Take the corrupted data file offline Use the following SQL statement to take the corrupted/deleted data file offline.
ALTER DATABASE DATAFILE ‘c:\oracle\oradata\test\users01.dbf’ OFFLINE;

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Step 2: Restore the corrupted data file Restore the corrupted data file by copy it from the backed up location and pasting it to the original location at the operating system level or in other words using operating systems commands like ‘copy’ in windows or ‘cp’ in Unix/Linux. Step 3: Recover Data File Recover the restored data file using the RECOVER DATAFILE statement. Then apply all the available Redo Log files by pressing “Enter” button on the keyboard whenever asked. C:\> sqlplus /nolog SQL>connect / as sysdba SQL>recover datafile ‘c:\oracle\oradata\test\users01.dbf’ This will complete the recovery process and you will realize that no data will get lost i.e. everything that you entered or changed after the last whole database backup will get recovered by Oracle by applying all the redo log files.

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Oracle 9i Database Administration in 10 Minutes

Difference between Recovery in ARCHIVELOG mode & NOARCHIVELOG mode
In NOARCHIVELOG mode, the transactions that got processed after the last complete backup, will get lost where as in ARCHIVELOG mode no data will get lost i.e. everything that you entered or changed after the last whole database backup will get recovered by Oracle by applying all the redo log files including the ones got archived by the Archiver process.

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Minute 10: Oracle Performance Tuning

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Oracle 9i Database Administration in 10 Minutes

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Oracle Performance Tuning, the topic is not that scary as it sounds. Actually it’s very simple if you understand the performance tuning concept –the bigger picture or in other words bird’s eye view. Performance tuning is nothing but the collection of statistics regarding the current status of the system and then change system values based on the statistics to enhance the performance. In other words performance tuning is • • Collection of system statistics Changing system based on the statistics

Now we have to look into what are different sources that can provide us the information regarding the current health of the system. Although there are a lot of sources. The simple sources, which can provide us the Oracle system information, are alert log file, trace files, dynamic performance view, data dictionary views etc. Let’s start learning about each of these sources one by one.

Alert Log File
The location of Alert log file is described by BACKGROUND_DUMP_DEST initialization parameter. For Oracle systems that follow OFA (Oracle Flexible Architecture) or in other words standard directory architecture of Oracle files, the location of Alter Log file will be as follows. In Windows Server 2003/NT/XP, %ORACLE_BASE%\admin\SID\bdump whereas in Unix it would be $ORACLE_BASE/admin/SID/bdump. Where SID is the name of the Oracle Instance. You might have noticed that in Unix environment we use “forward slash” (/) whereas in Windows we user “backward slash” (\).

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Oracle 9i Database Administration in 10 Minutes

Oracle writes all the error messages and other alerts to this file whenever that message occurs during it normal operations.

Background Process, Event & User Trace Files
Oracle trace files contain information pertaining to certain event that happens in the regular operation of Oracle. The location of these trace files is described by BACKGROUND_DUMP_DEST initialization parameter. For Oracle systems that follow OFA (Oracle Flexible Architecture) or in other words standard directory architecture of Oracle files, the location of these trace files will be as follows. In Windows Server 2003/NT/XP, %ORACLE_BASE%\admin\SID\bdump whereas in Unix it would be $ORACLE_BASE/admin/SID/bdump. Where SID is the name of the Oracle Instance. All trace files have file extension of .trc no matter whether it is Background process, Event or User trace file. In Windows environment, the background processes will generate the following files. Process Monitor (PMON): sidPMON.trc System Monitor (SMON): sidSMON.trc Database Writer (DBW0): sidDBW0.trc Archive Process (ARC0): sidARC0.trc Log Writer (LGWR): sidLGWR.tc If we have two Database Writer processes (DBW0, DBW1) then you may see one more trace file sidDBW1.trc besides sidDBWR0.trc, this applies to Archiver Process too. Similarly for Checkpoint Process (CKPT) it is sidCKPT.trc whereas in Unix environment the trace files pertaining to each of these processes would include the name of that process in the file

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names e.g. for PMON the trace file name would be PMON_nnnn.trc etc. Remember that user trace file will get generated when there is an error in user’s server process which contains the details regarding that error. We can limit the size of User trace file by specifying the MAX_DUMP_FILE_SIZE init.ora parameter e.g. specifying the value of this parameter as follows in init.ora file will the user trace file size to 20MB. MAX_DUMP_FILE_SIZE=20M

Dynamic Performance Dictionary Views

Views

(V$)

&

Data

Dynamic Performance Views or in other words all the views that start with V$ and Data Dictionary View are views created on Oracle base tables. These tables are Oracle Internal tables and are utilized by Oracle. They reside in the SYSTEM tablespace and if you remember SYS is the owner of these tables as these tables get created when we logged in to Oracle as SYS and we ran two scripts which resulted in these Oracle base tables and views. Dynamic Performance Views as the name says are dynamic in nature i.e. data inside these tables keeps changing and it depends on the current state of Oracle system. Some of the very important Dynamic Performance Views along with the brief description of the stuff they contain are provided below. V$SGASTAT Contains information about the size of SGA (System Global Area) and each of its major components. V$SESSTAT 133

Oracle 9i Database Administration in 10 Minutes

Contains the statistics information regarding the each connected session or in other words connected user. V$SESSION Contains the current connection information of each session or in other words each connected user. Whereas Data Dictionary Views are static in nature and the values inside these tables change only when you change the structure of the database. Some of the very important Data Dictionary Views along with the brief description of the stuff they contain are provided below. DBA_TABLES Contains information about the tables within the database, their row and block information. DBA_DATA_FILES Contains the information about all the data files within the database, their names, size etc.

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INDEX
1
10g · 113 1521 · 93

D
Data Dictionary Cache · 28 data dictionary views · 131 Data Dictionary Views · 134 Data Files · 41 Data Management Genie · 19 Database Buffer Cache · 27, 28 Database Configuration Assistant · 59 Database Service · 95 Datafiles · 74 DB Blocks · 43 DB Sizing · 68 DB_BLOCK_SIZE · 43 DB_NAME · 70 DBA_DATA_FILES · 134 DBA_TABLES · 134 dbca · 61 DBCA · 59 DBW1 · 132 DBWn · 29 Dedicated Server · 66 dedicated server mode · 36 Dedicated Server mode · 35 DEFAULT · 28 Dirty Buffers · 28 Dispatcher · 37 dispatcher process · 37 Dispatcher process · 30, 35, 37 Dnnn · 30 dynamic service registration · 92

A
Alert log · 131 All Initialization Parameters · 71 ARC0 · 132 Archive Log Destination · 119 Archive Log Mode · 68 Archived Redo Log Files · 41, 44 Archived Redo Log Files: · 42 ARCHIVELOG · 118, 128 Archiver · 119 Archiver Process · 35 ARCn · 29, 35 asim · 100

B
background processes · 25 Background processes · 25 BACKGROUND_DUMP_DEST · 131, 132

C
CKPT · 30, 132 clone database development · 77 Configuration · 116 Control File · 41

E
Enterprise Edition · 55

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Oracle 9i Database Administration in 10 Minutes

Extents · 43

M
MAX_DUMP_FILE_SIZE · 133 MAX_SHARED_SERVERS · 31 memory architecture · 25 Multiplexing · 48

F
Free Buffers · 28

G
Genie · 19 Global Database Name · 65

N
NOARCHIVELOG · 118, 125, 126, 128 NORMAL · 123

H
Human brain · 25

O
OEM · 80, 115 OFFLINE · 112 ONLINE · 112 ONM · 93 Oracle background processes · 29 Oracle Enterprise Manager · 80 Oracle Net · 87 Oracle Universal Installer · 53 ORACLE_BASE · 59, 70 ORACLE_HOME · 59 ORACLE_HOME/bin · 89 ORACLE_SID · 60 ORALCE_HOME · 70 OS Block · 43 OS environment variables · 70 OSDBA · 109 OSOPER · 109 OUI · 53

I
idle time · 36 IMMEDIATE · 123 init.ora · 41 Instance · 19

J
Java Pool · 27, 29

K
KEEP · 28

L
Large Pool · 27 LGWR · 29, 35, 132 Library Cache · 28 listener.ora · 87 Locally Managed · 113 Log Writer · 49 logical and physical architecture · 46 lsnrctl · 97, 98

P
Parameter File · 43, 69 PATH · 60 PFILE · 43 PGA · 29 physical architecture · 41, 45 Pinned Buffers · 28 PMON · 35, 132 port · 92

136

R
RECOVER DATAFILE · 127 Recovery · 118 RECYCLE · 28 Redo Log Buffer Cache · 27 Redo Log Files · 41, 42 redo log group · 48, 76 Redo Log Groups · 114 Request Queue · 37 Response Queue · 35 Restaurant · 37

sidDBWR0 · 132 SMON · 30, 35 SQL · 19 Storage · 110 SYS · 78 SYSDBA · 82, 109, 126 SYSTEM · 78, 133 system statistics · 131

T
tablespace · 43 TCP/IP · 92 template · 77 test.takveen · 65, 96 tnsnames.ora · 88 trace files · 132 Trace Files · 69 TRANSACTIONAL · 123

S
SCOTT · 78 segments · 43 Segments · 46 Service Naming · 99 Services · 97 SESSTAT · 133 SET command · 59 SGA · 27 SGA sizing · 67 Shared Pool · 27 Shared Server · 35 Shared Server Mode. · 66 SHARED_SERVERS · 31 SHUTDOWN · 123 SID · 65, 70

U
USER_DUMP_DEST · 125

V
V$SESSION · 134 V$SGASTAT · 133

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Oracle 9i Database Administration in 10 Minutes

Title: Oracle Database Administration Concepts & Implementation Made Simple ISBN: 0-9770739-0-4 Author: Asim Abbasi Pages: 376
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