A Visual Dictionary of Architecture

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A VISUA l DICTIO N ARY OF
ARCHITECTURE
fIlAN( U O. K. ( H INC;
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A
VISUAL DICTIONARY
OF
ARCH ITECTU RE
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FRANCIS D.K. CHING
A VNR BOOK
JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC
NEW YORK CHICHESTER WEINHEIM BRISBANE SINGAPORE TORONTO
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A VISUAL DICT-IONARY OF
ARCH·ITECTURE
r
I.

FRANCIS D.K. CHING

(
This book is printed on acid·free paper. 8
CopYright @ 1995 'ry John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Published in Canada.
No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in arry
form or by arTy means, electronic, mechanical, photocop-yinq, recording, scanning or otherwise,
except as under Sectionsl(J7 or 108 of the 1976 United States CoPJlight Act, without
either the prior written pemission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the
per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Cenw, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvere, MA
01923, (978) 750-8400, fax (978) 750-4744. RequesUi to the Publisha for pennisslon should
be to the f'enni55loos Department, John & Sons, Inc .. 605 Third Avenue, New
York, NY 1015U012, (212) 850-6011, fax (212) 850-6008, E-Mail: [email protected].
This publication is designed to proMe accurate and authoritative information in regard to the
subject matter covered. It is sold with the underetanding that the publisher is not enqaged In
rende:ing professiot131 servius. If professional adviCt or other expert assist...anu is required, the
services of a competent professional person should be oought.
of Congre% Cataloging-irH'uuncatlon Data:
ISBN 0-471-28451-3
Printed in United of America.
20191817 16 15 1413 12
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(ONTENTS
PREFACE 7
ARCHITECTURE 9
FORCE 96 PLASTIC 192
ARCH 12 FORTIFICATION 98 PLATE 194
BEAM 15 FOUNDATION 100 PLUMBING 196
BRICI< 18 FRAME 104 REINFORCED CONCRETE 202
BUILDING 21 GEOMETRY 108 ROOF 208
CABLE STRUcnJRE 28 GLASS 112 ROOM 216
CEILING 30 HARDWARE 114 SHEll 219
CERAMIC 32 HEAT 117 . SITEWORK 221
CHURCH 35 HISTORY 128 SOIL 224
COLOR 38 HOUSE 136 SOLAR ENERGY 226
COLUMN 40 JOINERY 140 SOUND 228
CONCRETE 42 LIGHT 142 STAIR 233
CONSTRUCTION 48 LOAD 151 STONE 236
DESIGN 52 MASONRY 155 - 'STRUCTURE 238
~
DOME 60 MATERIAL 161 SURVEY 246
DOOR 62 MEASURE 166 TEMPLE 248
DRAWING 66 MEMBRANE 168 THEATER 256
ELECTRICITY 74 METAL 16? TRUSS 259
ELEVATOR 80 MOISTURE CONTROL 176 VAULT 262.
FASTENING 82 ORDER 179 VISION 264
FIREPLACE 87 ORNAMENT 182 WAll 266
FIRE SAFETY 88 PAINT 187 WINDOW 271
flOOR 92 PLASTER 188 WOOD 276
INDEX 285
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One picture is
worth a thousand
words
PREFACE
Just as a single image can be worth a
thousand words, a single word can
conjure up in the mind's eye a
thousand images. Regardless of t.he
power of a solitary word or image,
however, each communicates meaning
more effectively when brought
together into a sfngle preserrtatlon,
The symbiotic relationship between
graphic and verbal communication is
the basis for this visual dictionary of
architecture.
Instead of an alphabeticallistil19 of
entries as found in most dictionaries,
the information is clustered around
basic aspects of architecture as
outlined in the table of contents.
Within each section, words are placed
in a visual context which further
explains, clarifies, and completes
their meaning.
' .. ' -', . "'" f--'
ill
','

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=1.= 0_. ___ _


,
; ... >+-,- "
"'. : . :...-
- .. -;r- . . -4- .
The reader may use this dctionary in a
number ofw3'js.lf one trows the exact
term and wants to find CiJt rts
meaning, then one can 1001: it up in the
index. up one term will always
present related terms arTa:1ged
around one or more illust<ations.
If one does not Know the precise teim,
then one can lOOK up the
subject either in the table of contents
or the Index, One can then refer to the
appropriate section, brOn-5e the
illustrations. and scan fer the terms,
While browsing, if one encounters an
entry or a word used in a definrtion
that is unfamiliar. one C3', look rt up in
the index.
Included are fundamental terms
relating to architectural deSign,
history, and technology. Since
architectcre is a visual art, most of
the entries naturally lend .themselves
to graphic representation. Some are
more abstract but are included to
help clarify related terms or to
complete the treatment of a subject.
Others are inserted simply because
they are of historical Interest,
This is a book for the curious to
browse as well as a desktop reference
for the student of a rchltectuJe. The'
compilation of words and definitions
is not intended to be exhaustive.
RAther, the selection is designed to
be comprehensive enough to reflect
the rich, complex. and
multidimensional nature of
architecture,
7
Archftut.ure Is an 1rt for aU to !earn because an are concerned with It. -John Ruskin· Archltect1Jre depends on
Order. Eur:;thmy, Sym metry, Propriety, a nd Economy. All of these must Pc built with reference to
dUl'3billty, convtn1enu, and beauty. will lie assured when foundations are carrleJdown to the solId ground
and and liberally selected; convenience, when the amngement of the apartments Is faultless and
presents no hindrance to use, and when each class of building Is assigned to Its sultal1le ana approprlateexposure; and
when the appeal'3nce of the work Is pleasing and In good taste. and when Its members are In due proportion
accordtng to correct principles of symmetry. -Vltruvlus • Architecture Is the masterly. correct and magn iflcent play
of maS6eSproughttDgetherln light. -leCorpusler· Anyone entering on the studyofarchitecture must understand
that even though a plan may have abstract peauty on paper. the four facades may seem weU,palanced and the total
I'Olume the pulldlng Itseff may turn out to Pe poor architecture. Internal space, thAt Sp3ce which
cannot completefy rtpresent:ed In any fonn, which can De grasped and felt only through direct expmence.ls the
p"*,gonlstof .archttecture. Tograsp space, to know how to see It. Is the understandingoflnJikllng. -Bruno
levi- sculpture are callecl the flnearts. They appeal to the eye as music does to thet3r.
Butarchitut-ure Is not judged Pyvlsual appeal alone. BUildings affect all of the human senses- sound, smell, touch,
taste. and vision. -Forrest Wilson· It became apparent to us that architecture Is generally assumed to be a
specialized system with a set of prescribed technical goals rather than a sensual soci31 art responsive to real human
desires and feel1ngs. This nmltatlon Is mostfrlghtenlngly manifested In the renanceontwo-dimenslonaldi34rams that
lay more stress on the 'luanttfla ble features ofbuJldlng organ1z3tion than on the polychromatlc and
I\ualJtlesofthewholearchltectural experience. -Kent Btoomer&Ch3r!es Moore • The only I'4'Jj'OU C3n 1nJ1ld. the only
ny you can get the Into being. Is through the You must follow tr.e laws of nature and use
I\uantltles of methods of construction, and engineering. B ut In the end. when the lnJildlng Pecomes p3rt of living.
It evokes unmea5'Jral11e qualities, and the spirit of Its existence takes (J·m. -l.ools Kahn • Built environments have
varioltS purposes: to shdter people and their activities ana possessions from the elements. from human and anImal
enemies, and from supernatural powers; to place: to create a hum.in!z.ed, safe area In a profane and
poten tsally dangerous !York.:; to stress social identity and Indicate status; .indsoon. Thus the origins of
are understood If one a wider view ana considers sociocultural factors, In the broadest sense. to Pc more
than chrnate, materials. and economy. In any sltuatlon,lt Is the Interplay of all factors
th4t Pcstexpblns thefonn of No single explanation wfllsufflu. InJlldlngs - even appart11tly humPle
dwcUl"4S- are I'IOrCthan or structures. They arelnstlMlons, baslccultlJ;.i I phcnomen .. Pecplethlnk
environments Veforc they them. Thought orders space. time, actlvIty: status, roles, and But gr.-Jng
physlcalexpreS$lon to kleas Is valuable. Encoding laeas makes them useful mnemonics; Ideas help Penavior Dy remInding
people of how to how to !leh3ve. ana what Isexpec1'...ed of them. It Is Important to stress UutalllnJlJtenvlronments
and landscapes - are one W<rJ of orJerlng the world by making ordering systems vlsMe. The
esstntIal step. therefore, Is the ordering or organizing of the environment. -Amos Rapaport • Ruskin said: 'Great
natlonswrlte their In thrumanuscrlpts, the rookofthelrt!eeds, the book of their words and the
of art. Not one of these can I1e understood unless we rt3d the two others, but of the three the only
Is the last.' On the whole I think this Is true.lfl had to say which W3S telling the truth arout society.
a spll('JCh bya ministerof' housing orthe actual put up In his time. I shoukl "elievethe InJlldfngs. -Kenneth
• We requ/reofarry rulldlng. that It act well. anddo the things It was Intended to do In the Pest way; that well,
and S3y the things It was Intenaed to S3y In the Pest words; that It look well. and please us by Its presence. whatever
It has to do or -John Ruskin • Archltuture also exists without necessary assistance from an architect; and
architects sometlmescreate buildings which are not architecture. -Noryal White· Archfttcture Is proJuud \;y
ordinary people. for ordinary people; therefore It should pe easily to all. -Steen Eiler R3slT'ussen
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ARCHITEC
The ART
architecture The product or result of archit tural work: collectively.
and SCIENCE
architecture
of DESIGNING
architecture The profession of designing Duildlngs and other environments.
and CONSTRUCTING
arch itectu re
BUILDINGS
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ARCHITECTURE
art
The consclenu use of skill craft. and
creative lm.1glnatk>n In the production of
what Is beautiful appeallng. or of more than
ordil'l3l)' slgnlflcanu.
environmental design
The ordering of the physical environment by
me3ns of archlt.xture.
construction. landscape architecture.
urban design. and city planning.
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aesthetics
The branch of philosophy that deals with
the nature of art. beauty. ana tJste. with a
view to estabhshlng the meaning and
valiatty of clitlcalJudgments conceming
wori::s of art. Also. esthetics.
beauty
The aggregate of qualities In a person or
thing that gives Intense pleasure to the
senses or deep satlsfactlon to mind or
spirit. whether arising from harmony of
fonn or color. excellence of craft.
trutirfulness. originality. or other. often
unspeGlfIal7!e property.
taste
CriticalJudgment. discernment. or
appreciatlon of what Is fitting. harmonious.
or beautiful prevailing in a culture or
personal to an Il1<.Ilvldual
url1an design
The 3spectof architecture and city
planning that de3ls with the design of
urban structures and spaces.
city planning
The actMtyor profession of determining the future
physical arrangement and condition of 3 community.
involving an appraisal of the current conditions. 3
forecast of future requirements. a plan for the
fulflllment of these reqUirements, and proposals for
legal. financial. and constructional programs to
Implement the plan. Also called town planning.
urean planning.
inUrior design
The art.l7tJslness. or profession of
p13nnlng the design and supervising tr.e
of archttecturallntulors.
includlng their color schemes.
fittings. finishes. and
sometimes architectural features.
delight
A high degree of pleasure or
enjoyment.
space pIa nnjng
The 3Spect of archItecture and Interior
desIgn that deals with the planning. layout.
design. and furnishing of spaces within a
proposed Of' exIstIng building.
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firmness
The state or quality of Delng solidly
can s tructed.
technology
Applied science: the branch of knowledge
that deals with the creation and use of
technIcal methods and materials. and their
Interrelation with life. society. and the
envIronment.
technics
The science of an art or of the arts In
general.
tectonics
The science or art of shapIng. omamentlng.
or assembling materials In construction.
architectonics
The unifying structure or concept of an
artlstlc work.
engineering
The art and science of applying scientific
principles to practical ends in the design
and construction of structures. equIpment.
and systems.
l1ehavioral science
ARCHITECTURE
science
A branch of knowledge dealing with a body
of facts or truths olrtalnea!1y direct
observation. experimental Investigation.
and methodical study. systemat1cally
arranged and showIng the operatIon of
generallal'ls.
Any of the Sciences. as salology and
a n thro po logy. that sed: to discover genera I
truths from theoDservation of hum .. n
behavior In society.

The science of hUlT13n social Institutions
and relationships: sped. the study of the
development. structure. fu neticnlng.
and collective behavior of organized groups
of human befngs.
anthropology
The scIence of human beings: speclf. the
study of the origins. physlc3l and cultural
development. and environmental and $OCtal
relations of hUlt13nklnd.
__ L-________________
0.-,; __ -....-......
.---
landsc;ape architecture
The art. business. or profession of
deSigning. arranging. or modifying the .
features of a lanJscape for aesthetic
or practical reasons. _ ,J)i1fr "';'; ..
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tARCHf
A cUrYed structure for spanning
an opening. to support a
vertlcal103d \:7y axial
compression.
N50nty M-ch
An arch constructea of Individual stone or
prick VOlJ ssolrs.
__________ ---..
Any of wedge-sh2ped u nits In a
ITI3sonl)' arch or vault. side cuts
converging ,,' one of the arch centers.
keystone -
The wedge-shaped. often embellished
voussolr at the crown of an arch. serving to
lock the other voussolrs In place.

• extrados
The exterior curve. surface. or ;;.:'..: 11d31')' of
the visible face of an arch. Alsv :3i!ed barr
archivolt
Adecorat1ve molding or ba nd ,;;", "he fau cf
an arch follOWing the curve of ;ntraclos_
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5pn'ftM!f!--------- _J 11 •
. the sprlMIMtI line to the . .., VII ncave uUClersouc_
The first v'oussoir resting on the Impost . .., . ..,
______ . _____ __
-"--------------------,
-The-highest J'"Ir1 or point of a
cormx ccnst:ructlon. as a n a rcn.


of an arch curving down
from the crown to the Impost.

Tr.e uppermost part of an
4IPutrnent. often In the form of a
!7Iock. capfbl. or molding. from
which OIn arch springs.
I
5pring
The point at which an arch. or dome
rises from Its support. Also CJi!ed
1
.----------.------..:..' spandrel

A rrJ several concentric ring s of
forming an arch. esp. when e3ch ',-U-l.J"'-
pCjond the o:'.e pelcw.
The triangular-shaped. sometin-.es
ornamented area 17etween the of
two adjoining arches. or left
or right extrados of an arch .rJ t.:...t
rect3 ng ular fra mewon: su rroundi rI.,1 It.
i
r.g
A crosspleu connectlng the I".l>s in 3
centering. Also called folster. f
-.···r lJUVUrt;h I
- An archway having sides or not at
.. - right angles with the face of Its abutments_

A temForal)' fl7lmework for a
ma son I)' arch or vault during construction
until the work can Itself.
camber piece
A roard used as centulng for a flat arch. \ \ \ \ \ ( I I ffilllI{
slightly crowned allow for settling of j/
the arch. Also calle4C.1l)1per 51ip. _ _
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.1rc_h I
An .rch shapeJ to develop only axial
compression a given loading. This
sh3p<: may found by Inverting the
funicular sh.:;pe for a c.:;ble carrying a similar
Ioadlng pattern. As with any funlcu13r
structure. a funicular arch Is subject to
Pendlng the loading pattern changes.
An tr.oerW is funlcul.r 5hape for
;In arch C3tTjlng a vtrtlC3lload uniformly
JI5triMd i1hng the lenqth of the arch axis.
TIle p2r3rol1l$ the funicular for an arch
C2rT)fng a o;r:rticz{ load uniformly di5trW.d
C'ltritS horlzw...af projection
i
. 4-
tigid arch--·i
An ;m::hed structure of timber. steel. or
relrrforc;ul concrete. constructed as a rigid
body capable of carrying bending stresses.
fu:ed arch
A fhed structure having an arched
form.
arch
A two-hlngeJ frame structure havir.gan
archeJ form.
thru-hinged arch
A frame structure h3vlng an
arched form.
Su 5trvcture
ARCH
,...--------------+-'arch action I
The manner In whlcn an arch transforms the
vertlca I forces of a su pported load Into
Inclined components aria transmits them to
abutments on either side of the archway.

the median line of an arched structure.
line of thrust; .
, The setof·resultantsbf thrust and weight
each part of an arch Imposes 0'1 the next
lower one. For bending to be eliminated
throughout an arch. the line of thrust must -
coincide with the arch axis.
Ithru5t. !
The outward force or pressure rertea I7y
one part of a structure against another.
I
. i The thrust of an arched structure on Its
abutments. proportional to the total load
ana span, and Inversely proportional tcthe
rise .

The part of a structure receiving and
supporting the thrust of an arch. vault. or
strut.
tie rOd
An Iron or steel rod serving as a structural
tie. esp. one keeping the lower ends of an
arch or frame from spreading.
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ARCH
<::<: ....\. \
..... .' .

fUt.nch;
An arch having a horizontal
Intrados with voussolrs r.:Idiating
from center often puilt
with a slight camPer to allow for
settnng. Also ai-aI:', I
round arch'
An arch having a continuously
cuc;'ed Intrados. esp. a
semicircular one.
polll'ted arch'
An arch a pointed crown.
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French arch .
A flat arch having voussolrs inclined to the
same angle on each side of the center.
• RolTL1n arch
An arch having a semicircular

An arch strock from one or more
centers the springing line.
• skewPact _' --,-_____ -.l
A stone or course of masonry having a
sloping f.Jceagainst which the: end of a
segmental arch rests.
• Z r ='
A pointed arch havIng two centers and r.:Idll
equal to the span.
I r..
A poInted arch, esp. one havIng two centers
and equal r.:Idn.
triangular arch'
A primiUve form of arch consisting of t .... o
stones laid diagonally to support each
other over an opening .
corbel arch
A false by corbeling
courses from each slde of an opening until
they meet at 3 midpoint where a ca pstone
Is laid to comp!eU the won:. The stepped
reveals may be smoothed, but no arch
action Is effe.c:.ed.
i rampant.1rch .
An arch having onc Impost higher than the
1 other .
........ stilted arch

An arch on imposts treated as
: . downward of the arctr0lt.
. .-t-.. !PeUarch
. 'A round arch rest'lng 011 two large corbels
with cUrYed taus. fi)
'"
'to>
. ______ _
hor$eSMe arch

". ..J/ .....

\ .... /.\"'.... /
'---' _l

A pointed having two unters and
radII greater than the span.
An.rch having an Intracios that Mdens
aPove the Pefore 1I3rrowing to;jJ
rounded crown. Also cal1e£fMoorIsh arch.!
,'trefol1 arch
An .1rch having 3 cusped Intrados with three
round or pointed foils.
; basket-handle .1rch
A three-centered 3rch having a crown with a
radlus mUGh gre3ter than that of the outer
pairofcurYes. de panic!
, drop al'C"
A pointed a rcll haying two centers a rid
r.:IdJl tess than the spar!.
: 'lU'pased arch
An arcn havIng a of tess than half the
span .
. -3.. o¥earch
A pointed arch, e3Cn hJunch of which Is a
double curve with c.cncave side
uppermost
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BEAM
A rigid structural member
designed W C3rry and transfer
space to
____ supporting elements.
M--"-'_h __ 1span '
The extent of space l7etween two supports of a structure.
L,.----L.L.....---.-l- - Also. the strocture so supported.
;
The dIstance b-etween the inner faces of the supports of a
span.
-r.= distance l7etween the supports of a
! span.
f
=+ t f ±[f -+ -t +

[
\ -<,--'_______
An exta1tl1 to C3'J5e fi3rt
of a structJJ re to rotJte or ea 031 to
the al¢'r31c sum of the moments amt
the neutnl axIs of the section

CO ns k:lerJtIo n.
1 moment
• An fnt:er.ul mOmerrt'ec{U31 and opposr-..e to a
roment_ generated by a fcru
couple to Nlntaln equilibrium of
------- --------- a;mpresslon
''--------- ---- Un5lon
sectbn Deing considered.
\
1 a
from ;1 true
under ?4nsverse loadlng.lncre3sing
with Ioad;lM span. and aecre3Slrlq ·...-f';h
3fl1ncre:ase In the morr.ent of Inertl3 of
the sectloo or tM modulus of
of the ruteri3 L

convex curvature Intentlot1311y
Into al>tam. gIrder. or truss to
compellS.1te for an anticipated


..
---__ _ ;neut-i-alaxis ,
An ImagInary line passing through the
I cel!troid of the cross section of a beam or
, otMr rneml7er to !lendIng. alonq
y which no stresses occur.
C bending- 5tre55 ,
... A coml7inatlon of compressive and tension
stresses developed at. cross section of a
r structural to resist a
force. having a maximum yalue at the
surface furthest from the neutral axIs.
, ____________ ----1
-An extern.alshearforu at a cross section
of a beam or other member to
fl1U31 to tM sum of
tnnsverse forces on Ofle side of the
section.
I
.---:\ vertical shearing stress;
: The shearing stress developed along a

: cross section of a to resist
___ ---- _: transverse shear. havIng a ma"xtmum value
___ ---:------ -: at the neutral axIs and decreasIng
--- nonlinearly toward the outer faces.
:
The snearlng stressdevetOped t.J prevent 1 :
slippage alang Iong!tudlnal planes of a :
ur.oer transverse loading. at any point '-"-. -- - -:- - -------- -- -- - ----:-
to the *e:;;;at that point
A I so ca lIec90ngftudinaf
15
BEAM
Whk 3 span reduces bending
ry 3 tJacre{ z. JouPling depth
reduces t;!!e bending 5tres5eS by 3 factor of 4.
16
fp = MC{!) _______ mamentoflnertia
The sumOfthe products of each element of
2n 2rea 2nd the square of Its dlstance from
a coplanar axis of rotation. Moment of
Inertia Is a geometric property that
Indicates how the cross-sectional area of a
structural Is and does
not reflect the Intrinsic physical properties
ofa material.
where
f. = firer stress In
M = bending n10mttTt
C = from neutnl/axis to
outermost in
If
Yc = section modulu,
of a cross secuon.
deflned as the moment of Inertia of the
section divided l1y the dlsta nee from the
neutral axis to the most remote surface.
then
fp = MIS
The tfflcfetlcy cf 3 Pe3m 15 lnCT'e3seJ by
CQnflgurlng the CT'OS5 section to provfde the
requireJ moment cf Inmb or section modulus
with the 5maOe$t 3rea. usua!1y by
mating the section kep with most of the
m3teri;( at the where
maximum bending occur.
_1-
J
- 5hear ceo'Ur

-,- ,
transverselOad';r'-ust pa'55 In to
prevent torsion or twlstlng.of the
Iongltudlnal axis.
33.25 inz = Area of section
25OIn4 = I aPoutx-xaxis
52.61n' "" S
,tress trajectories
lines depictIng the direction put not the
magnitude of the principal stresses In a

I
I
I:
11.20 in 2 = Area of 5Xtion
3861n
4
= iaboutx-xaxis
54.7in
3
= 5
principal stresses
The tensile and stresses '
resulting from the Interaction of
and shea r stresses at a cross section of a
beam.
At the txtreme surfaces of a bam. only
!>ending &:xl5t and the prlnclp;1l
stres:.e-s 3rt equivalent to the tensiJe and
a;mpr-c5slvc resulting from l>alJ1nq.
At nelltra/axls of the section. only shar
stresses exist and these can InW
;mil compre55l¥e at 45"
mgfe.s to the neutnl1Xl5,
For 217 lrrU:rrnedim element sut;ect to botb
be:nJlng x.J she3r 5tre55eS. the prlnctp.al
stresses h3re 3n InclinztJcn ktemI/neJ by the
magnitudes 5tre55e5.
tension
I =
"
I
1 i
L
L
L
J
L
r
I
L
r
l
f
t
r
i
r
r
fF
i
-.-t. " f L tlU 1 + J.1J.Lt
. I .: ;
: t :
BEAM
5imple beam
A restlC\3 0.1i at
ends, which are free tc and have no
moment reslst4nce. As with any st.otlwfly
aetennlnate structure, the v-alues of an
reactions, shears. and moments for a
simple beam are Independent of Its Crc5S'
sectional shape and
,heard.g .. m 111.11111111' ). .•. !:; I, ii'l:1
A graphic representation of the variation In III r ( III I! ,'I!
magnitude of the external shears present In ... ! ! . . . . I
a structure for a given set of transverse -' - cantilever beam
loads a nel support con.:fitlons. Concentrated loads produce Uniformly distribtJud loads produce (ine3ri) :.": veat:ns,u pPPfted. only.one
momentdi.1gram ______ :.,,'''''. r , ""',' ' ,
. :: :
. :; I :
Concentr.lted loads produce bending
which vary hne;;rfy between loads.
cantilever
Uniformly distribrMd loads produce
panbciJc311y moments.
louis and support conditions. The overall
tkf1ected shape of a structure subject to
Pendlng can often lie Inferred from the
shape of its moment diagram.


positive shear - . .
. ...t ... of.shearforceSth3tacts
r the left part of the
J structure !:>errig consldered.
'r negativeshear

.. nt. of.5 .. hearforcesthatact5
. "ertIC3l!:t the left part of the
I structUrl:
positive moment ·.c.,.... _____________ -"-__ -'
A !:>ending m<Jrrtent proaUcesa concave
ClHYaturl: at a section of a structure.
overhanging peam
A slmple Deam extending beyond one its
supports. The overhang reduces the
posltlve moment at mldspan while
developing a moment at the Inse
of the cantliever over the support.
Assuming 3 lJI1/formly dTstrWvW (03d, tJ;e
projection for wltfch the the
5I.:pport Is eqwf ind opposlU ta the morr.t:rt
3t midspan is approxlmMy% of the Sf!41
1 J. 1 $ J, J, J. J, J. J. J. 1 J. i .L4t-
I As5l.ifT1ir., 3 uniformly distriWW l:::;;J.
; . the projections for .,.,nlch the mommts
5u'pended-span
A sImple supporW by the
cantlievers of two spans with
pInneJ constructlonJolnts at polnts of·
zero moment. Also calW
: ' :
: 'oppos,'u to the momer.t 3t midsp71
h3unch ----------

" J J J 1
shaping Itslertgth In
to the moment and shear values whk;h
typically vary along Its Iongttudlnalaxls.
[Y 1J_
effective length
The Det .....een Inflection points In
the a flxed'end or continuous
quiIl3ie.-: in nature to the
3 simp!] 'eam.
;;re approximately '/, IJf the sp:m.
"

tr..nsfer !:>ending the
rlgldlty of the and Its
maxlmum defIect1on.
ccrttinuou5 pe4m _
be3m ..
ordu to aevelOp greater
rlgfdttyaiid smaller moments than a
of simple lleams having similar spans and
loading. Both fIXed-end and contJnuous
!:>eams are Inktamlnate structures for
which the values of all reactions. shears.
and are dependent not only or.
span and Ioaalng but also on cross-
sectlonal 3'1d material.
17
,lJJ.Sl.(W
A m3SOf1f)'unitofclay, formed into
• rectar.gwr prism while plastic
and lurdenea Py drying in the sun or


Brict made for general Pulkllng purposes
and :let treated for color and
Also C311ea building brick; _ .. ' -- ....... - .. - -
mingl1rict'
!3rlcl: clays for facing a wall.
often treate4 to produce the
and 5\Jrfau text.ure. Also calrea fa ciIn-Ick. :.--. --:
! scft-mud process
. The process of forming prick l:>y molding
relatively wet clay C$!:Vwt- Jt
.....
j5.1ndstruck brick
Bricl: formed In the soft·mud process 3
mold lined with sand to prevent stlckln9.
producing 3 matte-textured
1 prick_type!
A Indicating the pennlssll7le
In size. color. ch Ippage. a"d
dJst.ortk)n albwed In a facing I7rick unit.
rex
F.ang I1ricl:: suitable for use where a
!ninlmum In size. narrow color
fA and high degree of l.T1ech3nlc31
pafectlon are rea.ulred.

r waterstruckhick
Bricl: formed In the soft-mud process with 3
mold lulnicated with water to prevent
producing 3 smooth. dense surface.
"trrt-mud !
The process of fonnlng prick and structur.il tile
extruding stiff Put plastic clay having a
moisture content ofl2t to 151 through 3
ana cuttlng the extrusion to length with w'res
FB5
kick sultaple for use where a wider
color greater variation In size 3re
than for type FBX.
FDA
I1ricl:: sulta\7te for use where
p,rtlcubr effects are desired resultlng
from lIOIIurJformlty In size. color. and
texture of the Individual units.
,
A indicating the dura!7i11ty of a
m:t unit wfIen exposea to weathering. The
u.s. Is drtW three weathering
- serer!. moderate. and negllgll7le -
to,nnual winter rainfall and the
number of freezing-cycle days. Brick
is pJd for use In each I'C9lon according to
strength. maximum water
,
coefl'.clent.
t
. A ImCk grade suitable for exposure to--
,moder'3te as when used
grade on surfaces unlikely to l7e penneated
liiltn Wlltel Iii subfreezing temperatures.
j5W
, II !nick grade for exposure to
\severe when In contact with
the ground or uSMon surfar.es Ukely to ve-
permeated with water In
temperatures. .
l:>efore firing.
1drrpress process i
The process of fanning prick motdlng
relatively dry clay having a moisture •. e:q; of
51 W under high pressure. resulting in sbrp-
edged. smooth-surfaced pricks.
1 b1n)
f.. fumau or oven for Pumll1g. I:1aklng. or
esp. one for firing pottery.17a\:ir-3
, m=ks. or tlml:>er.

,------__ --.: Plfing luiCk with too much or
too httle air to vary their face COlOr.
!cull "
. 1
A !nicI: or rejected as being Infer':£r
quality .

The Py. claL
I"'.lSOlllj' unit when Immersed In either cold
or boIIIn4 I'I7ter for a st3 ted length of time.
a percent3ge of the weight of



NW ...... - ..... -.... -... ,.. ...... .... ........ J fi!e·l7ridcr·-···:
A brick grade for to A GT{£mUle of fire clay ana used for
coefficient
The weight of water absorbed
Dille hi!mtlrsta In cotr
IIt7ter to the weight when
In water. Indicating the
resistance of the brick to the
#etlan of and thawing.

3 weight of water absorbed
iTl3S011f'y unit when partially Immersed for
croe minute. expressed grams or ounces
p minute. AlsocalleJ mlt/al rau of

18
when usea as a amaGtts and flreplaces.
113Gb,,. orin Itfterlor ma son ry.-
-.; . ,- ;;>:'!f' ,-!J . ; _ - - i
:' .:!{ ::
"'- -.;.;" .- ... -- ......
I . ,,;:;.
. .., ;( .." ,-i·
"V.' S

A white. powdery deposit that fonns on an
exposed masonry or concrete' surface.
caused Vy the leaching and crystallization
of 50luple salts from within the material.

A Wct¢ry clay usea In the making of
aria otHer objects exposed
to high tempentlJres.

A material having the avlllty to Its
physical shape ana cliemlCal WnE§'
suPjected to high temperatures.
l.
u
u
I
l.i
I
U
r
r
r
r
f
r
i
r
r
r noml,,' dim ",.Ion
I
A Lvgerthan the l
actual to account for the
. thicl:ness rf 3 :nortar Joint.
-·r---· ·'h
jumbo urick .
Any of "'3 r100J 5 C'1erslzed 17ricks h3vlng
nomlnJl establJshed Dy the

seal' I -'i
A brd or tl.e i-.3Ying normal face "
dlmensloos 2 nominal thickness of

ht-J
A !mel:: cut t. .. rsversely so as to leave


TaChipar rJC> stones or 1nicks to a
certain c-r sl1ape.
.3 courses = 8 in. (20.3 mm)
5 COU."'5ts = 16 In. (406 mm)
4 coursts = 8 In. (20.3 mm)
• See mJSOnry for types of mortJr pr.:s
BRICK
moduL-lr brick
A 17rld: h.wing nominal dimensions of
4 x 21,.'3 x 3 in. (102 x 68 x 203 111m).
NormJn brick
A Pricl: h.wing nominal dimensions at
4 x 21,'3 x 12 in. (102 x 68 x 305 mm) ...
SCRurick
Briel:: h3';119 nominal dimensions of
6 x 2113 x 12 In. (102 x 68 x 305 mm).
engineered brick
A Inicl: h.wlng nominal dimensions of
(I02x81x203mm).
Norwegian I1rick
A 17M nominal dimensions of
4 x 3'/s x 12 in. (102 x81 x 305 mm).
Roman brick
Brick ha'ling nominal dimensions of
4x2x 12 in. (102x5! x 305 mm).
ecanomy Prick
A vrick having nominal dimensIons
of 4x 4 x 5 in. (102 x 102 x 203 mm).
stret:.cMr
A l?rlcl: or other m3sonry untt laid
hortzoot..fIy In a wall with the
or parallel to tne$lJri:ou.
'·'·' ..
A 17rld: or other m3sonry u,nlt /;lid
horlzonta ily 1(1 a wall with the shorter
end or parallel to the surface.
-., ..
A I7rld: lakl horizontally on the longer
edge with the shorter end exposed.


A I7rld: laid vertically with the longer
face edge .
. itorl
lakl vertically with the I1read

, ... '.' 7shineri
'A brIck i3J h<:Jrizontally on the longer
wge with the broad face exposed A!S]
called pull
'! 1
19
BRI(K
fbrickwcrij
esp. tM art of bondin9
Prld:s eff ealvely,

Anyofmblsamngements of masonry
units regular, recognluble, usually
pattern to Increase the
strength and enhance the a ppea r3 nce of
the conskuctlon.
j .......... -.--··-·· .. ..
A lni:iwort or masonry bond composed of
stretchers. Also called

pa.otllond
1
A lni:iwort bond having a course of headers
P-f
stretchers.AlsocalW f
clesa' .......... -.......... .
A NSOnry unit specially formed or cut
to fDsh " or complete the bond
at co,cner of a wall. Also, closure.

A lni:illlOrk laond having altemate courses
of hakrs lid stretchers In wh leh the
untered on stretcMrs and the
joints stretchers nne up vertically
lnaiCOlll'StS.
00.- -
course or for spacIng
reglbr !nicks. Also;C\uun closure.

A bon(i having alternatIng
headtrs and StretcMrs In e3Ch
centered arore and Pelow

---------- ....... --- ..
A Imci: fodlnlShlng a
cor..e or for spacing reg ilia r lmcks,t
Also. ki". cfO$Ure.

'A In which the
c.ourst:S n offset to form a dta mona
pattera.
20
.... soldlerccur5e,
A continuous ecurse of soldiers In
brickwork.
.
'). br1ckwori: or masonry bond havin9
=::>==:;;::- successive courses of stretchers with all
head Joints al1g ned vert lea Ily. Also.
I1ond.!
:Englishcros5 Pond-
ODD DCJDDD . A rnodJfJed EnglJsh bond In which the heaa
Jolnts!n the stretching courses are offSP,t
.by half the length of a stretcher. Also called
ODDDDDDDDC
Dc::=Jt=Jt=JDT
ODDDDDDDDC
c=J c:::Ic::Jc:=Jf
ODDDDDDDDC
Dc=Jr==Jr==:JO(
ODDDDDDDDC
c=Jr::=:JDDc==J[
Flemish Pond
A mod1f1ed flemish bona having courses of
altel'Tl3te headers aM stretchers
with stretching .
-.. - flare header
A brick h3vlng a damr end exposed as
a heac.ier In pattemed brlcl:won:.
larden-wall Ponel
F for lightly loaded
rounaary walls, having a of a
po header and thru stretchers In each course,
with each heac.ier ilelng centered over a
t= header In alternate courses.
I i
I j
J
J
I i
6
L
L
L
L
J
f
L
A Is A sheltb' from r3in, SUn, and wind.
This mpIks a and Waifs w support It. If
the emtmy m;Jose 5pau WIthin,
xt for access. 3I1d WlndCW$
for ¥t- Ro:7fs and waDs, door5 and WIndows
fe3tures (J( buffdl"95.
Roof5 T/U'j b.: f!.it:. sloping. or curved. A roo f
with slope Is C3iW a Lan-to. When two
roofs upa! p3r.l1ld w;Jn5 and le.in
they meet In a hor/zorrt.31
rlJge.lt form a G3t>1e at
If two rQ/Js a projecting their
rwfs 1n3n It1cIiMJ lint called a fip.
If the rr;;aIl:; me&t;, a reentulng the
ItIcfJr,d ile of IrrtersectSon Is calfed a Valley.
Orcul.r JlQIJs C3rrf ca1Id or dcmlc31 roofs..
If thae Is m«e dwI tX7e 5tcry, the fL1t; roof
qf the stcry b.:comes the Floor (J( the
stQry fYX!f extenJs b.:yond the
wall tJrzt suppa-ts It, the projection 15 called
the &;es. If the W31al5o to suppon
the (J(the roof. the projection is
calJtJ ;/ ComJce. The principal member (J( a
ccmice. JIIhJch a 5heJ f and crO'Nr15
the IQI, is c;tIIeJ ;/ Corona.
Wans 3rC ger.er;Hiy I1I3de }U5ta t the
bottom 5<);15 to get a better b.:.arlng on the
ground T1r5 projectItXr Is the Ba5e. A similar
at the tq7 Is calJed;/ CiIp or. If It
project6 nJCh. a Ccrrke, ;15 h35 been said. A
low"., Is akJ A A short piece rJf
"an .iIboIrt.25 bng.25/t Is thIct 15 calida

It6
thaT the Ole. A tal pest Is caned a PIer, If It Is
a Cdumn If It Is round. Wp5 (J(
pierS xtI cdumns xt c.alled wpftals. and the
p-t the C3p and the the 5h3ft.
The M marIber(J( 3 C3pitaJ Is c.al/ed

A bam tit3t 5p311'5 the spxe Pmrun two
pIerS or ccJumns or b.:twetn;l pier or c.dumn
MJJ a tIr.1ils aJIJed Jill or EpiStyk.
fC. the architrave and the
CCJmIa. tha'e Is generalfy a strip of wall
the ArchItr;ve, frieze, and

cf columns Is C4i1eJ a CcIontude. The 5p3US
pierS or coVnns sometimes
5p3m.e4 Py .Jvcks, A (J( which Is c.alled

The spx:e paralfd wansl5
sa-trJf c.?r1Unuou5
3rdI c.;fIeJ ;/ In5tt.3d rJf by a floor or
reef.
The Wa( the PIer, and the Cdumn, WIth or
irlt:hovt the pede5t.aI. COr7'StItu te chief
the Frle:zt and Cornice,
fIrltIr the roof tit.7t rests upon them,
the chidptofthe load they
urry, The the keres, and
Spandrds fcmI part cf the 1caJ to
Wt Is tMrJ. SUpporting
members to wh.1t Is them.
f3e5kks valu.1b1e 35;1 a building
ff!3y be In It6df;/ noble md delightful
:Jnd architects bvilder5 who, by gMnq a
Pvd&ng p:J proportJcns and flroe details. and
by It
rafU3&1e onl'tSl7Wnacccl(Int..ln«pendentJy of

-William Robert Ware
(he American Vignol;
The vertical extension of a l7ulldlng or other
construction aDove the foundation.
BUILDING
A relatively permanent enclosed
structure constructed over a plot
of land for habitable use.


!
l
• munJation
,
The underlying the
foundation of a Duildlng or other.,
construction. . .
system
A group of Interacting. Interrelated, or
Interdependent things or parts forming a
complex or unlfted whole, esp. to serve a
common purpose.
)1
BUILDING
(
I
!
I
\.
\
i

high-rise
Descrll1lng a Irolldlng having a
comparatively large numl1er of stories
and equipped with elevators. r->..
-' __ . .i ____ fFTI::.--___ L--f- ...
story f 1 yF\? i /\
A arvision of a I ! ".
a contlnuous or nearly :
continuous floor ana comprising the . :
l>et;.leen two 1acent levels. ··i
:l
1111 1111111 !Ill I!
( ..... 7'
-----'-
II
[HI-! IHH
n :iTt ,m ni iii nf nr nr nr rtf' m nr nr Mn
; )J lh. I I I + f+ rt- II' f f J I I' I 1/ TI i 1
low-rise:
DescrlUiog ,;a I1ullding having one. two. or
three stones and usually 110 elevator.
One of the upper floors of a warehouse or
unpartltloned ana
sometJmes converted or adapted to other
uses. asl!vlng a.uarters, artists' studios. or
exh i!:>felon ga l!eries.
loft
A \?tJ:!dlng haVing several floors with large
areas of unobstructed space. originally
rerrtea out for Industrial purposes and
r.aw fre'.uently converted to residential
OCCt;p3r.cy.
o 1
-
-
-
-
f---c.
f---c.
f---c.
f---c.
I---
-
I j
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j
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I
k
·crawl space ,...,.,."
An area In a build In!! hJvl"9 a clearance
less than human height. M accessible
I1y crawhng. esp. such a space below the
flrst floor tha t Is enclosed by
foundation walls.
cellar __ J
A room or set of rooms. for the storage
of food. fuel. or the like. wholly or partly
underground and usually be'neath a
bulk/ing.
cyclone cellar
A cellar or other underground place for
shelter during violent storms. as
cyclones. torna.ms. or hurricanes. Alsa
called stann cell.1r.
l1ulkhe3d -. __ ...... __ •.•........ -... _-'/
/
.rttic
A room or space directly under the roof of a
Pullding. tsp. a house.
luffeltory _._ .. _ ... _ ..... -._ ......... ' ..
A usal7le living space within a sloping roof. ",
usually dormer windows for lighting.
:" floor
BUILDING
A contlnuous supportl"9 surface [ f A horizontal or InclIned door over a
__________ ____ __ __ a_ce_"a_r_. ____ =-__________________
. extending horizontally throughout a
: bulkllng. havl"9 a number of rooms and
; one level In the strocture.
-$--
l
;-.- mezzanine
! A low or partial story Wtween two main
: stories of a bUllalng. one that projects
i as a blcony and forms a composltion with
, the story beneath It.
-B---
r-
! The gl"O'Jnd floor of a bu!k:flng. In 8rltaln and
: elsewhere. the first floor IS tile floor
I Immediately above the ground floor.
--;-.. ground floor
: The floor of a bu/ldlng at or nearestto
ground level
;'" pasement
: A story of a building that Is wholly or
A below ground level. ..;.+:--l-_________ ________ .... ___ -v-
areaway
A sunken area affording access.
air. and light to a !1asement door
or window.
I
subbasement
Arry story or floor below the maIn basement
of a buifding
BUILDING
.. -....... - .... --.------.----
J="
I
The front of a or any of Its skies
a wtrj or space. esp. one
dlsUngulshui by Its architectural
"',:reatment.
""
", """""
==
I

:
I
""""""",.,
""'"

r- pavilion
A cerrtr31 or fIar.l:i:-..g
: of a f:3C3de. by more
elabor3t.e decon<;:cn or gre3W hel9ht
distinction of
stcr"f
tf I ! A major ho"';.zontal archlt.ectur31
fenestration
The design.
proportioning. and
alsposltlon of
windows ana other
exterior openings
of a
. dlvlslon .• 5 of 3 fac3de or the w.ii
ofa n.ve..

pay
Ar'rJ of. of prlr.clpal
alvls\o(l5 of • wall roof. or other
part of;; off by
vertical or supports.

A ft'Ia]or horizontal dMslon of a w;; il
no m.erlor windows.
I7lind
recess In a wall
the a ppe4 r3 nee of a wlndow
wlMcw) or Joer (Plln4 door).
Inserted to a serles of
wlnOows or r.o provide symme-try of

nnnn
24
,Ii
fro nUspiece
A princ!p31 fac3de. or a part or feature of a
facade. often as a separate
elerTl!rTt of tl-.e 3nd highlighted by

nlsefront
A the size
or lmp:lrtance of a

An eb7ted platfonn
from the wall of a
and enclosea by a
Of p3rapet.
!
1
1 j
d
u
U
I

i
l..w
I
L
L
r-
I
l
,-
\#lfJ
A appro;;;;heJ by steps
having a nxrf. at the

\ usualti roof;J
pt1y enclosed. 25 by a raUir:g. often
across the front and sldes of
a A!so.;erandab. i
esp. a fully fuml:shd 0 e
used 4IS a

An open. unrociea porch or
fl"Ol1 a or
BUILDING
l


. f== I- r=
r-

I::::

An appendage to a i1ulldlng.
forml"4 Ii covered approach or
vestlpule to a doorway.

A porch having a roof supported by
. columns. often leading ta the entrance of a

IcnrWer/
r series Of spaced columns
supportIng an er:tJNture and usually one
sIde of a roof structure.

-A prfvateorside entrance. as 011(: for
.'.< peaestrians next ta a porte-cochere.
r--- ---. - ----- -.- ,-_._._ ... _ .......... •
: '"A porch roof proJdtlng over a driveway
at the entrance ta a lnJlldlng and
!-" I gettlng In or out of
ve.
b
Icles·;A1So calleatarrt.ue porch.
fJ \L") f· .. . . .
1 I
I :
i ;


portal, .
A doorway. ga):e. or entrance. esp. an
ImposIng one emphasIzed by size and
stately archltp;tural treatment.
25
BUILDING
••• 1. : •
rotunda
A rC1Jnd. domed pullding. or a large and
clrcularspau In such a puJldlng. esp.
or..! surmounted l'Ya dome.

A P-.lltalng or structure hIgh In
proportlon to Its lateral dImensions. .
standing alone orformir.g part of
a lo rgtr I7ulldlng.
Ploc1:
II buildIng divided Into a numberof
offices. or shops.
- ....................... .
A cOOnnakd or arcaded space within the
body of a !lut open to the air on one
at'an upper story overlooking an

rUM no17i1e _ ... -................ 00 •• _···_·· ••••• J
The prir.clpaf story of a large as a
pal3ce or villa. wtth formal reception and
rooms. one fltqht a!love the

corU!e •. ---- ...... -- .. -- -- ... - -----. --.
A or principal courtyard of an Italian
palma.
26
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piloti _:._ .. i
---- Any of a serIes of
columns supportIng a
arove an open
ground level
ell
A wIng at right angles to the length of a
pUllding. Also. ef.
wing
A part of a buildIng from a"4
sul10rdlnate to or main part.
A h3V!r-qlittle width
... , respect to its length 3na hetqht.
patuza
A large. Imposing puplic priV3':.e
residence. esp. In It31y'
[., . :, :. . court
., An area open to the sky a nd mostly or
surrounclea by walls or I7ulldlngs.
atrium
A skiit. central court In a
esp. a farge Interior one
a glass roof and
-Jed by sevml Stories of
galb'es.
atrium
"
L.fi
An open. skylit court around
which a house or bultdlng Is
D
courtyard
A court adjacent to or wlthfn a building. esp.
one enclosed on all four sIdes.
patio
A courtyard, esp. of a house. enclosed by
low I1Ulldlngs. arcades. or walls.
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To assert Of' dema nd or
possesstcn.
merge
To comlnr.e. !knd. or unite by
stages so 3S to I1lur identity or
distinctions.
pL1Z3
A pul7llc 5qUJre or open space In a
city or town.
'luadrangfe .• - ........ -.... -............. .
A or 'tU3aranguiar space or court
surrounded ;,y 3 bui!dll19 Or I1ulldlngs. as on
a college CJmpus. Also called quad.
941
llem
A spaclo!JS promenade. CCIIrt. or Indoor
maR. usuar1y navl"9 a V3ulted roof and lined
with comrr.erci;;ll establishments.

An aro;I use.dfora stroH 3 .•'
pul7Hc p!xe.lS for or dlsp!ay. .
Jllee
French tern for a broad
walk planteJ ",itn trees.. /" I i
.' p
front
To face In a specific direction or look out
upon.
Jri?or _ .... - ............ _-- ...... -..... _ .... -..
A shelta c.f shruPs ana 17r.lllches or of
bWcewor1: Irrtmwlned with cl1mlnl19 .
d flowers. . .
uellis
A fume supportlng open iattlcewon:. used
as a screen Of' 3 support for vines
or plants
I.3ttice
A Structure of crossulstrlps arranged to
form a rt:.3JiJ r p3 ttem of open spaces.
pergola .
A structure of parallel colonnades
supporting an open roof of Peams and
CrOSSl119 raftus or treillswon:. over wHich
cllml1lng plants are trained to grow.
orientation
The position of a Duilding on 3 site In
relation to true north. to pOints on the
compass. to a speclfiG place or feature. or
to local conditions of sunlight.
BUILDING
folly
A whimsical or extravagant structure built
to serve as a conversation piece. lend
Interest to a view, or com memoratea
person or event.
pavilion
A small, often ont3mental bUilding In a
garden.
gazebo
A freestanding roofed structure, usually
open on the sides, affordll19 shade and rest
In a garden or pari:.
r
I[J[ If aS0Rf-H ....... A l7ulldln!J, or architectural feature of a
11ullJlng. des19ned and situated to look aut
upon 3 pleasln!J scene.
topi3ry
Clipped or trimmed Into ornamental arlO
fantastic shapes. or the won: or art of such
clipping.
27
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CABLE STRUCTURE
structure
A structure of cal7ies suspended and
prestressed !letween compression
meml7ers to directly support applied loads.
suspension 17ridge
A Imdge having a d,e.c.I: suspended from
cables raised on towers and securely
anchored to abutments at the ends.

single-curvature structure
A suspension structure a parallel
... ' . ' .' series of ca17les to support surface-forming
.. _ l7eams or pl3tes. A
structure Is susuptlule to flutter Induced
. by the aerodynamic effects of wind. This
lia17i1ity can l7e reduced by Increasing the
dead load on the structure or anchoring the
primary ca17les to the ground with

...
.. .
..
r ·

component of thrust In a suspension or
cal:>le-stayed structure and..n. v
transferring the force to a ground
foundation.
A vertical or inclined compression
rneml7er In a suspenslon or cable-
stayed structure. supportlng the sum
of vert.ical force components In the
primary aM gfl'J caPles. Incnning the
mast enal:ks It to pIcl: up some of the
hortzootal cal:>le thrust and reduces
the foru In guyca!rles.
double-cable structure - .--.- - -..
A suspension having upper
and lower sets of cables of different
curvattlres, pm.ensloned by tles or
compresslon struts to make the
system more rlgk:l2nd reslst3nt to
flutter.
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primary cable
One of the pretenslooed
cables directly supportlng
the load on 3 suspension
structure.
i------------ -- .-.- ... - secondary cable
L .. bound2rycable
011e of the pretensloned
cables used for stal:rillzln
a 5uspenslof'l5tructlire
against flutter, uS1J311y
having a cumture
oppo$fte to tha t of the
primary cables.
A cable for a set of secondJr)'
cables In a suspenslon S"" .... JCture.
C3ule-stayed structure
A structure vertical or Inclined
masts from which cables extend to suppcrt
horizontally spannIng members arranged irI
a parallel or radial pattern.'
---------
douule-curvature
structure
A suspension structure
composed of a field of
crossed C41l>leS of different
and often reverse
curvatureS. Each set of
caufes h3s a different
natu:"31 ofvlur3tlon,
thus form log a self-
system that Is
more resistant to flutter.
29
., (ElLING
The overhead interior surface or
Iini"4 of.1 room. often concealing the
underside of the floor or roof above.
CQVe ; -
Ace!ling hMng;l cove. Also. caved 71"-'1
ullifli· /,/ ;
C()Ve _ •........•.•...•.••.•.•.................
A surfue fonnln!! part of •
celh"i at Its so as to eI1mlnat.e the
usuallnt:enor angle the wall and
the celnng.
30
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plafona ,
!?eam ceiling
The unac:rslde of a ftoor showIng
supporting I1eams arid finished to form a
ceiling.
jcoffer 1
One of a number of recessed. USu.iily square
or octagonal panels in ;I ceiling. or
vault. Also called c.alsscn.i.1curur.
'; bcunar/
. A ceiling. soffit. or vault adorred Mt-h a
pattern of recessed p:onel5.
A flat or v3ulW ceiling of decorative
character.
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(ABLE STRUCTURE
A structural system utilizing the caHe
as the principal means of support ..

A flexIple structural meml1er. as wire rope
or having high tensile strength /
IxIt offering no reslsta nee to com presslon

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funicularslupe ... j
The shape assumed Vi a fruly cleformlng
C3P\e In direct response to the magnitude , •• ".".".".,
and location of external forces. A caple
alw-ays adapts Its sh3pe so that It 15 In pure
tension under the action of an a pplled load.
funicular polygon· .,._ ...................... /
The wpe assumed Vi a freely cleformlng 0-----------,-,0
In direct I'tSf'On5e to a set of ........, ,-'
concentrated loads. \\' .......... ",'
l\ \ '" -,' '"
-+-.' , '------,,' /'
····-···1<'",.... .
C3u\elndlrectresponsetoa uniformly "" ,".,' / 11-
J"tStrIbuteaload. \. \",,- ,---" ,./ Ii
----.-._-- iLl
uniform cal7lesuspendeafreely from two
polnt6 not In the same vertlcall1ne. For a
load that Is uniformly distrluutea In a
prqectlon. the cUrr'e approaches .
of a p3r.1rola - .• - .-•. - ..... --.- •.•.•.. --- .,- .•. -.---. - •..• - .•• ---.......... - ....... -.... "._" ..•... _ .... .,;
8uttresses. -.-......•... -... --...
-- .. -.• --•.•• -.--.-.- ..• '"
orsnbrelements rtflufret/ contJfn ".;
"'"
thrusts. """
...
28
A lens·shaped structure having the
outward thrusts of an arch ualanced by the
Inward pulls of a caple. resulting In no net
lateral forces at the supports.
.' sag
distance from the supports to
the lowest point of 3 cable structure.
As the 5Jg of 3 CJb{e incre35t:S. the Inte.maJ
forces dtvtloped in the uble dXre3se.
funicuL1r structure
,.. structure sha pea to ca rry or
support a given Ioadlng Vi either axial
tension or compression. For arry
!liven loading condit;1on. there Is only
general funicular shape. If the
L:ndlng pattern ella nges. Is
iruJuud In the structure.
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A formed to provlde space
fer plpln.g or duC1Jl!ori. or to the
proportions of room. Also.
uili"i- --------_.
, CEILING
suspended ceiling
A suspended from an overhead floor
or roof structu re to provide space for
pipes. ductwork. lighting fixtures. or other
service eqUipment.
. '. :' ........' •. ; .... :.; :,;, .. , . ":.' .7,: ': =;::;,\',,1 :<;.) . .' .• ',:) ..: .. :':. ..·.2.: ..
plenum /
accu5wltik
made In v.rlous sius anJ textiJres from
a soft. matertll. 35 corl
mlnenf f1w. or
metal pan --------------------.-----------\
\
aluminum p3n having a perfonted fau and
cont3lning a 5epante l3yer of sound-
al1sortl119 material
---- cross tee
A secand3 ry mem ber of the grid su
a suspended ceiling system. usu.ally a
sheet-lretal tee carried by main
runn.ers.
-----.- m3in rtJnnu
A prlllClp31 rnemDer of grid supportlng a
suspended ceinng system. usually a sheet-
metal char.nel or tee suspended by hall9er
wires from the O'>'erhead structure.
. -.- spline
A thin metal str:p Inserted InCO the edges
of two t;ile= to a lrottJolnt
between them.
11I1i!!i;IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIWrr- ------.--.- kerf /
"
lumina us ceiling
A ceiling of PJr.els
for diffUSing the light frc-r, !umlnaires
mount.ed above it.
A groo.-e cut In c.o the edges of an acoustlcal
tlle to rteelve a spline or T -shaped

mebl uiling
A suspended system of narrow
metal strips. usually rnodul3r
I19htl/l4 .nd alr-nanJnll9 components.
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.;)

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4.
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A

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louvered ceiling
A susperJed ceiling of multlceUular louvers
for shle!d11l9 the nght sources mounted
above ft.
1 The space petween a suspenaed celilng ana
_! the floor structure a pave. esp. one that
serves as a recelvlll9 cham!1erfor
conaltloned air to pe dlstrl!1uted to
Inhaplted spaces odor return air to pe
conveyed pack to a central pl3nt for

acoustical ceiling
A ceilln!! of acoustical tile or other sou nd-
absorbing material.
t exposed grid 1
A metal grid of Inverted tees
the acoustical tiles of a suspenaed ceiling.
, recmtigrui' -.1
A metal grid for supporting a suspenaed
celhng of acoustical tiles haVing rapl:>eted
-----
.
pconccal&:J grid
A metal grid suppOrting the tiles
of suspended ceiling. hldcfen within kerfs
cut Into the edges of the tiles.
Integrated ceiling
A suspended system Incorporating
•.. alr-l13ndling_
£QmponentsJnto.a .unlf1ed whole ...
linear diffunr
A long. narrow dlffuserdeslgned to
disperse air through slots l>etween the
panels of an Integrated ceiling system. Also
called slot diffuser.
31
(EMMIC
Any of VArious hard.lnittle. noncorrosive.
and II'I4ttrbls formed by the
k?nlc rondng of a metal and 3 nonmetaf. as
and rl4tul'3lstone.
cu .. micware
Arty ofnrlous products made by firing clay
or similar NttrI3ls In a kiln. as !nick. tile.
andpc«cy.
flri"i
The process of hardening or glazing ceramic
W;i re by hating In • kiln to a speclfled
temperWJ reo
earthenware
low·flred. opaque. nonvitreous ceramic
ware.
stoneware
Hlgh.flred. opaque. vitrified cel'3mlc ware.
vitrify
To make a clay body vitreous Pyflrlng ata
specifled temperature.
D
b
lurd·hrnea _........... ...... ............
Ared high temperature to near Reseml1llng glass. as In tl'3nsparency.
Yltrtflr..atlon and having relatively low hardness. l1rlttleness. luster. or having low
apsorptlon and high compressive strength. or no porosity. b

5Oft·l7umed _ ................ _ .......... -: semlvftreous
Fired • low ttmperature and having Having a rnodel'3te wattr al1sorptlon of
relatively 3Vsorptlon and low shghtly under 61.
compressNe strength.
nonvitreous
Having a water al1sorptlon greater than 71..
32
porcelain
A hard. vitreous. translucent cel'3mlc
material consisting essentially of Kaolln.
fek:lspar. and quartz. fired at a very high
temperature.
china
A translucent ceramic material, I1lsque·
fired at a high temperature and glaze·flred
atalowertemperature.
kaolin
A fine white clay used In the manufacture of
porcelain and white portland cement. Also
called china clay.
enamel
A vitreous. usually opaque. decoratlve or
protective coating appl1ea Py fusk)n to the
surface of metal. glass, or pottery.
porcelain enamel
An opaque. grassy coating ponded to .... I
by fusing at a high temperature. Also wiled
vitreous enamel.
ceramic bond
------ - -------....
,/ "A thermochemical rond I1etwun I!13w ... ls
/ '" resulting from exposure to
/ , .' "',, '-. \'" \. approaching the fusion point of the mtx-'"...I,;re.
" .: .. ': \

-... ... - body
'. <- , ) The structural portion of a ceramic ar--..<t:
, .....•. ,,_... / it
"'''''I!I!II--••
/
Fired to harden a clay Poay.
bi,,\ue
Earthenware or porcelain that h;;s
flred once put not glazed. Also called
W&allt.
glaze-fired
A fused or partially fused material that ts
ground to Introduce a solulile or
Ingredients Intc\glazes or enamels.
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trimmer
Any of various specially shaped ceramic
tiles foe "'5hi" '" "",,' ""'"1 9

.... ; ... , ............... I ...... ·····
.... .... ...-
--," -N-O /"
..
A co.'ed tk set at the meeting of a floor Any of tM ceramic or nonceramlc articles
and wall to prevent 3CCumuf4tlon of dlrt designed to Pe affixed to or Insmed In
and to facll1t3te cleaning. tllewar+;. as tower I7ars. saap holders. and
the like.

process
A tllese'ttlng proussln which ceramic tile
Is apphed OVer' a portland cement mortar
Pea ¥ .. to 1 Vzln. (19 to:3a mm) thlel:. which
allows for murate slopes aruf planes In the
finished war+;.
portland ument mortar
A field mix of portland cement. sand. water.
and sometimes hydrated lime. used for
leveling or setting ceramic tlle In the
set process.
U
A thin coat of mortarfor rondlng ceramic
tile to a I7ading.
t- ,..-
I-- -
I-- ,..-
.-_.
1
1-----;

_ ........
c--;
I-- -'
:
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thln-l7ed
A tllesettlng process In which ceramic tile
Is bonded to a continuous. stable I7acklng
with a thin coat of dlj'-set mortar. latex·
portland cement mortar. tp<JY:i mortar. or
an arg3nlc adhesive. '132 to '/aln. (008 to
32 mm) thlel:.
tile grout
A cementltlous or resinous mix for filling
CERAMIC
/ uramic tile
Any of varlcus fired clay tiles used for
surfacing walls. floors. ana cauntertops.
/ glazed wall tHe
Ceramic tHe h3ving 3 rfonvltreous Pody and
a I1rlght. matte. or ceystailine glaze. used
for Interior walls and IIght·duty
floors.
/ ceramic mosaic tile
Small ceramic tile haVing a porcelain or
natural clay Dody. glazed far surfacIng walls
or unglaztd for use on roth floors and walls.
and usually face- or Pack'mounted on
sheets to handling and speed
Installation.
qU3rrytile
Unglazed ceramic floor tile having a I13tural
c14y body. Alsa called promenade tile.
paver tile
Unglazed ceramic floor Ule slmlf4r In
composition to ceramic mosaic tlkl M
thicker and In surface area.
JOints In ceramic tllework. ---------r
33
(ERAMIC
,t.Mlctur.a1 clay tile
A I-clIow of ftreJ clay having parallel
cells or ceres. used In lnJitdlng walls ana

,(.B
structural clay tile sult3l1le
for m.a sonry walls not exposed to frost
xtbn. or In exposecJ masonry where
protected by a facing of 31n_ (76.2 mm) or
of stone. prick. terra cotta. or other
mJsonry.
" LeX
structural cf3y tile sultal1le
for IT13sonry waMs exposed to weathering or
frost

A n.ra. fired cby. reddlsh-prown In color
whell unglaztJ. used for architectural
and ornaments. units. and
potttry.
cotta·,
glneJ or unglazed terra
ccu.. hand-molded or machine-extruded to
as.a cer2m1c veneer-for wans or for


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,adck'"'J
Sun-dried urick made of clay and straw.
ustd In countrieS with little
,.Infan. .
structura I facing tile
Structural clay tile having a glazed surface.
used for facing walls ana partitions. esp.ln
areas subject to heavy wear. moisture
problems. and strict sanitation
req ulremen ts.
frS
Structural facing tile suitable for e:xposecl
exterior and InterIor masonry walls ana
partitions where moderate absorption.
slight mlnor_
3efects In surface flnlsh . .3 nd medlum color·

FTX
Smooth structural facing tile suitable for
exposed exterior and Interior masonry W3l1s
and partitions where low aJ??9.rp1Io.n ana
stain resistance are required. and where a
high degree of mechanical perfection.
minimum variation In fau dimensions. and
narrow color range are desired.

A stiff mixture of cf3y. sand or other
and water compressed ana dried
within forms as II wall construction. Also
calleJ plse. plsay. plse de terre.
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rounded on the teachings
of Jesa:sChrist,lncluding the Catholic.
3nJ Orthodox

P3SiJka ---: ...... - .................. ..
An church.
ch.arackrtzea by a long. rectangular
ptan. J nave lit I1y a
cferestofy and coverea I1y a timbered
gable n:lOf. tMJ or four lower side aisles.
a semlci"cul3r at the end. a
often other fea tu res. as
an atrtlln,,, and small
semlca'cutar 3pse5 terminating the
aIsles.
.. .. - ... -......... -- ...... --.----- .. --... -- .. ---.--
Tliefmurtof an early Christian church.
flanked or SumllJ nde& by .ffrtiCOes:f
.. -·-.-·---.... --........ ----- ......
The of an 3trlum or cloister.
........... -.-.-.--.-- ..... --.-.-----
/.. rttU31 cleansing wIth water In
the atrltJm of 3n early Christian basilica.
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baptl5ttry
A partof a church or 3 sepa rate
In which I7aptlsm Is
administered. Also.
i13,rJ:5m
A Inta
Christianity. symronc of splritua I
by a ceremonial
immersion or "Ppl1c4t1on of water.
,
... --.---.-.............. .
The partied \.1efore the nave of an early
Chrlstl3n or f\yz3rrt1ne church.
appropriated ta
eson.arthex .,' .. \' t. "
An InMr narthex when two are present.
exonarthex /' C
A coverea walk or outer narthex
situated before an Inner narthex.
font H
A Pasin. usu.ally of 5WIe. holding the I
water IISed In Va ptlSm. .
Iccn
A representation of 3 sacred Christian
Person.l¥. as Christ or a saint or
angel. palntea on a wood
$(J rf.a ce 31Id Itself vener3 ted a s De 1 ng
sacred. esp. In the tradition of the
Eas tern Church.
iconostas(, --
A SCrutl or partr.lon on which Icons are
placed. separating the bema from
1
the nave
of an E.astern church. Also, Iconostas.
I-CHURCH·
A l?uiUling for public
Christian worship.

I' A se-ll1lclrcutar or polygonal projection of a
uSU311y vaulted and used esp. at
the sanctuary or east end of a church. Alsa.
apSis.
.,t.- ... /
..... •. trivUMY
.' -' • -The throne. occuPYing a recess or
apse In an e3r1y Christian church.
· ..... ·-.. 1I7emJ'
A transverse open space separating. the
nave and U!e3pseofan e.rlyChrlsti3n
church. develcpi"4ln1;() the transept of
later cruciform churches.
t;jnct@
place, as that part of a
church In which the princlp31 altarls placed.
\_.,\
aChristlan church upon which
the Eucharist, the sacrament celeUr.itlr,!!
Chrl5t's Last Supper. Is ce!eUr.itea. Also


The princlp31 or central part of a
church. extending from the
narthex to the choIr or chancel
and uSU3llyflanl:ed by aIsles.
t
isfe
=-4
longitudinal divisions
of a church. from the
nave by 3 rowofcolumns or
piers.
baldachin / .
An omamet!1:41 caner.; of stene or marbl,e
permanently placed (Ntr the altar In a
church. Also. baldachino. Also
called ciporium. _ ....... :
i
l-............................
Elther Of two raised mnds
from i'rhlchthe Gospels or
Epistles read or ch3nted 1n
3n early Chrlstl3l1 church.
Also. am1?on.
euara - .. :
..... -
•• ,/ The sanctuary sp3ce surroondlng the altJr
,/ of an churcn.
dbco n Icon
A sacristy In an e;Jrfy Chrlstlan or E..aste:m
church. usuafrj on the solIth side of the
!Jenu.
5Uristy
A room In a church where the sacrea
vessels ana vestments are kept. Also C3 lied
vestry.
prothesis .'
A chapel In an E..astem Church where the
Eucharistic are prepared. u5l.:a!1y
on the north side of the bema.
A large apslaal extension of the Interior
volume of a church. Also. exhedra.
35
A anop\ed for a
IIn3¥ or ICon.
arcak ..... __ ..... i
A serles of arches supporte« Oil plus or
cofumns.
arcU.1U
Curved or arched hke a Pow: a used In
the arched orv3u
1i
;,;cJ st·l1.lcture
of 41 Romanesque church or Cothlc
C3tnear3l:lis distlngulsht<;,om the
tr"aPe3ted "" Egyptian
hall or Greek Doric /:emple. Also.
arcuauo.
36
--- .....
maJortklnSVer5e p3rtcf a cruciform
church, the main axis at a ht
:lingle lletweenthe n3Ve and choir.
___ ._ ...••••. _ •.••.• __••. __ •.••......... .1
A pier or pilaster projtctl"9 from a wan as a
support for an arch or lintel. esp. at the
tenTIlnatlon of an arcade or

A Pel! tower, usually one near put not
attached to rody of a
onTondOlffil
A PuI17ous, cbrr.elike roof
sharp point. used esp.ln OrtbAM'J{
church to
tower.
: ..
. II roofea promenade. esp.
one Inslae or
outside ;;Iong the exterior
wall of a Pulldlng.
IIoft·t
, A g2'11e1)' or upper
level In a church or
han.

A tall. acutely
tapering pY1'3mldal
structure
SUnTlountlng a
steeple or tower.
lneepltj
II tan oma menta I structure. usually
enalng In a spire and surmounting the
tower of a church or other pupllc
uulldlng.
t churchl
An church of
the 12th ana 13th Unturies, havl"i a
tlmllerfrarne, pf4lnk walls. a
stupty pitched roof, ana few windows.
Interlacing arcade
An arcade, esp. a I1Iind one. composed of
arches resting on supports ana
overlapping In series where they CI"05S. Also
called InUrsecth!g arcade.
I7lindarcade
A series of superimposed on 3 waH
for decoration. AI50 ailed arc3UIl'e.
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chancel
lHURCH
cathedral f
The principal church of a contalnlny
the l1ishop's throne called thl catf1eJra> :
chapel
\ A sepa rately dedica ted pa rt of a chu rch for
\ private prayer, meditation, or small
",religious services.
The space al10ut the altar of a church
for the clergy and choir, often elevated
aDove the nave and separated from It _____ · __ ··_4 chevet
t hurrun or
anlrrul esp. OM wtth lin open mouth that
serves 3S A spout 3M projects from a
gutter to throw rainwater clear of a

- .. -------.. -.---.-- .. -.....
A cfrcub;-Wfr,Jow. usu311y of stained glass "
and dae.cor.ltecl trn;ery sym met rica I
• taoot t}.e center.

by h:avlng
!r.lW ontolts surface or by
Iuvlr.g V;1rious oxldes fused Into It 'I !:.-
whik: lt1 J Il'1Often statL
;--.. -.... -----:·-·-.. -.. ----1' j
the
nHe arches anJ and
correspondlng to the 5f3U between the ,
V3U ttir.,pr.a the roof of an aisle. I
by a ralhng orscrt:en . •
chantry
A chapel enclowed for the saying of
Masses and prayers for the souls of
the founders or of persons named by
them . • ..
lapyrinth ------
A pattern
the pavtmentofa
church.
p""h
lnJrl.;! pbce. esp. one beneath the main floor chapel for penitents at the
of. cntJrCh. west end of sorne medieval
E.n9l1sh churches. Also.
o g3l1lee porch.
rood - .. ---- ....... -.- .. ---- --" -- .. -·------------·-,"--------7 .
A crucrfb: symbolizing the cross on whlcn i
Christ .,...3S cruclflea. esp. a large one set . +
Oirove entrance to the choir or chancel
of ;) church.
.... -... - .. - .... - .. ---
A SCru::1. etlborllteiy adorned and
S-Urn1ounted by Ii rood. separating
the c ha or choir from the nave of a
meaie-;31 church.
The rounded east end of a Gothic cathedral.
Including the apse and ambulatory .
.
An aisle enCircling the end of the choir or
chancel of a church. Also called
deambul3tory.
-.. -....... choir
The part of a church occupied by the slnqers
of a choir. usually part of the chancel
retrochoir
A separate alvlslon behlna the cholror high
altar of a large church.
:--. lady chapel
; A chapel dedicated to the Virgin Mary.
: usually located behind the high altar of 3
. cathedral at the extremity of the apse .
high atbr
The main altar of a church.
.... --
The part of a church reserved for the
clergy.

An enclose& place. esp. the laM
or beside a
.-------- 51ype
A covered passage. esp. onektween
the transept and ctIJpter house X a
cathedral. Also. slip.
ch4p'Ur hou5e
The place where the ch.1pter of OJ
cathedral or !Monastery meets, usually
a attached to or a hall forming
part of the cathedra! or rnon2stery.
ch4pter
An assembly of the !I1On(s In a
!I1Ol13ste1y. or the rnemDers of a
"-,,_ religious house or order.
"--paradise
garth _
A courtya rd or quadrangle
enclosed by a cloister. Also
called cloister garth.
alure
A walk or passage. as along a
cloister or behind the parapets
of a castle. Also. allure.
An atrium or cloister Dc:skJe a church.
...• cloi,ter
A covered walk having ;;n arcade or
colonnade on one side opening onto a
courtyard.
37
COLOR ..
,
A phenomenon of light and visu.al
perctptlon that m.ay described in
turns of an indivldU.arS perctption of
hue, satur;ation, and for
objects, and hut, s.aturation, and
In-ightness for light sources.



spectrum
The distribution of energy emitted by 3
r3dlant source, In order of
wavelengths, esp. the pand of colors
produced when sunlight Is refracted and
dispersed Py a prism, comprising red,
orange, yellow, green,plue,lndlga, and
violet.
,"---.
pale
Deslgnatir..g a color
having
and low sa';;Jratlon.
I
d.ark .J
• color
h.ivfng low i<qhtlless a rJ
law and
a smafl
fr3ctlon of i.-.ciknt
tIght.
.. :. The perceived color of an oPJect, k ...mnlrled
I1y the wavelengths of the light
from Its surface after selective
of otMr wavelengths of the light.
-:.
wavelengths of
t..'e 5ght \tIc1dent on a coIore<I surbce. the
retr..alnlng portion pelng or
transmitted..
color
A cclor produced by mixing cyan. yeflow. 2nd
rnagent.a pigments. each of which
cer'bln wavelengths. A Pa fa need mlxtu re of
these or primaries
theomlcally yields I1IacI:
2n !Jg.1!:t.<-

A color produced Py combining lights of
green, and Irlue wavelengths. These light or
addltlve primaries contain all the
wavelengths necessary to produce a
light:
38

Designating a color
having high lightness
and strong saturation.
.:IeepJ
a color
having low lightness and
strong saturation.

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Munsell System
A system for specifying colors a rr.l nged Inf
three orderly scales of uniform vlsual steps
according to hue, chroma, and value,
developed In 189817:7 Alpert H. MunselL Hue
extends In a rotary dlrectlon about a
central axis through a spectrum of flve
major and five secondary hues. Value
extends vertically direction from black at
the through a series of gr?ys to
white at the top. Chroma extends r3dla fly
from the central axis at which saturatIon Is
zero, out to the strongest saturation
attalnaple for edcn color's hue andV3lue.
hue
One of the three dimensions of color. the
property of light Pywhlch the color of an
apJect Is classlfled as pelng rea, yellow,
":.: green, or blue, or an Intermedl3te /;>etween
any contlg uous pa Ir of these colors.
j s.aturation
One of the three dimensions of color. tne
I purity or vividness of a hue. Also called
Inunsity.
chroma
The degree Py which a color differs from a
gray of the same or lnightness,
corresponding to saturation of the
perceived color.

The dimension of color Py which an ol:>,Jut
appears to rt&ct more or less of the
Inck:!tnt light. V3rylng from Vlack to white
f' . "j for surface colors and from plack to
'. 1 colorless for transpa rent volume colors.
value
l ... The degree l1y which a color appears to
gray SQle {'?1 reflect more or less of the Incident
.... sc.1e of achrornatk; C'j.'y.;·'i,' :" ':j corresponding to lightness of the perulved
colors h.ivfng several. ra-. color.
ten, equal: brightness
graa..'"tlons ranging The dimenSion of a color which Is correia ted
from ..mite to pl.1ck. with luminance ana by which visual stimuli
yellow
are ordered continuously from 'Iery dim to
very plight. Pure white has the maxlmu m
Prlghtness. and pure I1!acl: the mlnlmu m
Lnightness.
optIcal mixing
The merging of Juxt3posed dots or strokes
of pure colors when sun from a dlst.ince to
produce a hue cften more luminous than
that avallaple from a premixed
II
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COLOR
color wheel
w.rm
a calor Inclined toward or
dominated by red. orange. or yello::,?'
, \ .. r:Jlow /
yellow-green . ___
A circular scale of the colors of the
spectrum. showing complementary colors
opposite each other, Also called color
circle.
---/------------------ red. yellow. and
cool •. _._j f _
3 GOOrlnclined toward or
dominated by green.l7lue. or violet.
advancing color • _______ . __ •. __
A warm color that appears to move
toward an obserter. giving an illusion
of space.
rece.dingcplor .--_. __ . __ . ___ •• _.
A cool color that appears to move
3WTj from an gMng an
ftluslan of space.
coler scheme
An or pattem of
colors conceived of as forming an
Integrated whole.
cowr triJngle
tint .-.- - ---. -- -.--.". --- .. -•• - .- -
A relatively value ofa colqr,
produced by adding white to It.
A triangular developed by Faber
to describe the relationship between
a pure white. and PUck, which combine
to y1etd second31) tints, tones, shades, and
9 rays. All colors IUY be su\:1jectlvely
ccnulved as a mixture of the PSJ'Chologlcal
prirrurles - red. yellow. green. and plue-
plus the achronutic pair of white and blacK.
shade
A rela tlvely dark va lue of a color.
produud by adding black to it.
plue. as generating all other
colors.
--- - -- ••. secondary color
----- A color. as Ol"ange. green, or violet. produced
by mixing two primary colors.
.- •• _'1 tertiary color
A color. as prown. produced by mlx!ng two
secondary colors. or a secondary color with
one of Its constituent primaries.
comptementarycolor
/ One of a pair of opposing colors on a color
wheel, perceived as completl"9 or enha nclng
each other.
r .analogous color
; One of two or three closely related colors
.... _. _. __ .,_._. ___ .-'-___ . __________________ 1 on a color whee!.
,-------.... triad
A combination of three colors forming an
equilateral trol19le on a color wheeL
r 'plit
: J. combination of onecolor ana the pair of
i colors adJolnlng Its complementary color on
\ ... __ • ______ • _________________________ ...J a color wheel.
doul7lecompiementary
A coml7lnatloo of two analogous colors and
their com p\ementary cokJrs on a color
wheel.
r
: Having only one coler or exhll7ltlng varying
: Intensities and values of a single hue. ___ • __ .... __ ...... ____ .. _____ ...... ____ • __________ .J
r polychromrt.lc
i Having or exhlpltlng a variety of colors.
tone
An IntermedIate value of a color
between a tint ana a shade.
• gray
An achromatic color between
white and black.
achromatic
Having no saturation ana
therefore no hue. as white. placl:.
or gray.
39
COLUMN
A rigid. reL1tNely slender structural
memper designed primarily to
support axial compressive loads
applied at the memper ends.
-1
_____________ L __
pillar
An upright. relatively slender sh3ft
or structure. uS1J311y of prick or
stone, used as a l7ulldlng support Or
standing alone as a monument.
post -----------------.-----------
A stiff vertical support, esp. a
wooden column In tlml7erframlng.
I
r- -. J, ifu rc.rt.lo n
,/ The critical point at which a column.
, carrying Its critical load. may
either !?uckle or rema In undeflected. The
column Is therefore In a state of neutral
equffi!?rlum.
\7uckling
The sudden lateral ortorslon3llnstJbillty
of a slender structl.Jral metnPer induced;y
the action of a compressive load. Bucknng
can occur well pefore the yield stress of U1e
material Is reached_
l7uckling load
The axial load at which a column to
deflect laterally ana becomes un5t4ble.
Under a buct/ing 103d. a cdumn C31lIICt
gentriiU the Int:enu{ forces to
Its orlgln3llJr.ar contIJtIon. My
addltJonaJ loading f+'O!Jid C3U5e the c.?lvmn to
kflect further untJ cdapse oca;rs In kntifll
Most columns In p7ctJa to both
and be:nJir'1 due to rnt;tIon in
materlaI propcrtJe5.lnitbI Cl'OIXtJr.,zs In
or sense eccentricity if 10M
;ppllatJorL ThIs benJln§ qfterr tile
3Ctu41 bucl:Ilng ItnJ to slightly bwa- tIt.ln
tire critical budJlng 104d.
r-:-·----·------·--·--- critic.al \7uckllng load
. The maxImum 3xlalloul th"t cart
@IA column without
causIng It to puck Ie. The critical b-.rlllng
Io3d for a column Is Jrwerse/y proportk?nal
to the 5qU3 re of Its effective length. ana
dIrectly proportIOruIl to the modulus of
elasticity of the anJ to the
moment of Inertia of the cro:ss sectlon.
Also C3ltea Euler &cW.
ratSo
40
i 5fIort",lumn
A thlcl: column to failure P-y
j rather than l!y
: F;illure occurs when the direct stress
• from an axial load exceeds the
compressive strength of the material
ml!;it,.!e In the cross sectk?n. An
ecc-entnc load. however. can produce
and result In an uneven stress
distrlWtlon In the section.
!-.. _ ...... _._._--_._._ .. _._._ ... _--_._ ....
intermedlau ",Iumn
A column having a mode of failure
between that of a short column and a
lOng column. often partly Inelastic by
crushIng and partly ei3stlc by
buckling.
The mlo of the effective length of a column
to Its te.st radius of gyration. .• --•. ---... -
The higher the sJenJemess mto. the lower Is
the crltJcilf 5tres5 that 1+111 cause INckllng. A
prlTTl3fj' objective In-the design of i cdurnn 15 to
redua Its slenderness mto by minimizing Its
effectJve length or TTl3ximlzing the radius of
gyration of Its cross 5tCtIon.
long column
f. slender column sul7ject to failure Vy
buckHng rather than P-y crushing.
L radiu5cfgyrmon
, I The radlal dlst<lnce from any axls to a point
• {f;; at which the mass of a cculd
r =-.; 1/ A concentrated without altering the moment
of Inertia of the body abcM that axis. For a
structural section, the radius of gyratlon Is
equal to the SoqU3re I'OO't of the of
the moment oflnertb and the are4_
The higher the radius of of 3
stnJctural section, the resJst.;nt the
15 to buckling. ;, Jeta-mlnlng tk
(rO$s-sectlon41sil;pe of 3 column, the
objective 15 to provide the radius gf
gyr;tIon about the dfffermt iIXes. For ;n
-- ... ----. J5}mmetrlC31 cross sectIOn, buclJln§ w:11 Cend
to occur about the 31/5 or In the
dlrutlon gf the dimension.
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fixed

eccentricity
=
=
.mount t>y which an axis
deviates from pml!el
axis-
p·delta effect __ ...• _ ..... ___ ... __ .. _ ....... _
An aJdltlol13l moment In a
stroctural as Its axis !
dev13tes from nne of actlon of a
equal to the product of i
the load and rr.emPer dtfl.ectlon at any .
point.
___ MJle ______ . ____ ......
The proposition th3t a load '.
COLUMN
. .

..
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: :
I !
'--t-


moment = load (P) x eccentricity (e)

A set of tensile ana compressive stresses
resulting from the superpos1t!on ofaxlal
and benalng stresses at a cross section of
a structural metT1uer, acting In the same
direction and equal it arry point to their
3lgel7ralc sum.
shc1Jta locaW wlthln middle third of
a horizontal sec':1o!1 of a cofumn or wall to
prevent tensile from developing In
t,1e section.
··"'·ir= ------- -T - of '"Y ho",,,,,,I,octlo,
.! i' / of a calumn or wall within which the
----- .. ... -(:' of all compressive loads must
; : ,/ P3SS If only compressive stresses are to be
[email protected] effectlye
: The dlstance Irtflectlon points In.
, column su17ject to l?uci:Ill14- The effective
kmgth of a column detennir.es Its crttlc31
load. this port!oo of a column

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fixed fixtJ
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: t / present In the section. A compressive load
I / applied beyond this area will cause tensile

/ stresses to develop In the section. Also
d /
.: called kern area.
lamaet' 4 i . 1/
... - .... - kern point
A point on either side of the untroldal axis
-- -.. t !..- of a horizontal column or wall section
1 • i defining the limits of the kern area.
J
k=O.5
..... k = 0.7 - .... ;
pinned
k=I.0 l=2.0
4-
i
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effective length DcU:lr
A cufflclent modifying actual
of a column acccrdlr.g to Its end
ccMtlons In order to determine Its
effxtive Iengt!1. Fixing rot., enas of a
column reduces Its length t>y h.;:f
J.,d increases rts load-carT)ing capacity by
3 8ctor of 4.
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laurall7racing __ . __ .. ___ I'·
The uraclng of a column or other
compression rr.emPer to reduce Its
effective Iength.13teral uraclng Is most
effective when the braCing pattern occurs
In more than plane.
unl1racea length
The distance uetween the points at which 3
structural memper Is!n-aud against
uudling In a direction normal to Its length
41
CONCRETE
Art 2rtffici2lstcnelike building material
nude l7y cement ana various
mineral with sufficient
water tc cause the cement to set ana
pinel the entire ITI3SS.
·
rutural cement
A naturally occurring clayey nmesUlne
which. when calclnea and ftnely pulverized.
produces a hydraulic cement.
pczzoL-in
A sll1ceous material. as fly ash. that reacts
chemically with slaked lime In the presence
of moisture to form a slow-hardening
cement. named after a natural cement frcm
Pozzuoll. an ancient Roman tawn near
Vesuvius. Also. pozzoIona. pcnuol3 na.
siliceous
Containing sillc. or oil silicate..
fly ash
Flne particles of ash recovered from the
waste gases of.3 sollcHuel furnace.
t.a-----...... ........... .... .•.• ___ ........... ......... e ......... -« ..... , t._._ .. eo. e.1 ... Le- •• ..a... • • J._ .... , It A.AiL ..... II 0 A. IlLm \II G it.9 Q It 0 ..
M
A calcJne.d II'1lxtu re of clay ana i
filely pulverized a nd used as i
an In concrete and mortar. 1
The term Is rnquently used Incorrectly !
.
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tnc.lcium sirute ---.-.--... -----1
half j
the voilr.e of pa1tind c:eme1Tt and ;
h.rdenlng or early
pin ill of the cemelTt.
I
J"glcwnuOic& •............. -. ·······t
A WlStltutlng aDoift one- l
quarter of volume of nd :
cement ana rtSpOMSl\7Ie for the aging .
or long.tM\ g3ln in of the
U'II1erIt.
tricJlcium ,lumffUt.e.-.--.... -...l
A constituting arout one-
tenth of t¥ volume of ;x>rtland
ana responslUle for the Initial
r:J die cement.
portland cement
A hydraulic cement /I13de f;ly a
mixture of clay and limestone In a
rotary kiln and pulverizing the resulting
clinker Into a very fine powdef. named
for Its to a limestone
quarried on the Isle of Portland.
England.
hydraulic cement
Cement of settlng and
hardening f;ly a reac'tlon with water.

" :,.," . ..
..
R.3w m2terla/s of coml1inations of
clay. 5hz/e. oyster-sheDs. sHlca
... S3IIJ. ¥JJlronore.
," I?3wmzUrl;/s""IfWI'JtopowJ"""
:/ blended. .
1
r 8urnlng In ki1n chAnges r;lW mixture
jlnto cemerrt dlnket-.
clinker
Qlcine
To SGPstance to a high
temperatare M without melting or
fusl/14 r.o «ive off volatile matter or to
reduction.
4l
A fused mass of Incomlnlstll7le /I13tttr
resultIng from heating In a kiln or the
InImlng of coal.
Gypsum Is added to to
---?
,
C/lnkerlsgroundlnto ."" .;i'
port/3nd cement . •. -- ". ,.f.: '
L<_ ...
TyPe I: narm.1
A portland cemelTt used for general
construction. none of the
distinguishing qualJt.les of the other types. _ ...
TyPe II: moQerrt.e
A portland cement having a reduced
contelTtof trlc3lcium aluminate. It
more resistant to and causing It
to less of hydl4itlon: usea In
geMer.il1 constructlon where reslstanr...e to
sulfite action Is or
where heat l?ulk:lup can damaging. as In
the constroctlon of brge piers ana ht4"7i
retaining walls.
hlghe.atiystrength ..... ".
A very-flnely ground portland cement n..vIng
an Incl"e35eJ content of trlc3lclum
causing It to cure mter and gain strength
earlier than nonnal portland cement: uS&i
when the early reI!1O'r'3/ of fonnworl: Is
tksIrtd, or In construction to
redL'Ce the time rea.uired for protection
from low t.empmtiJres.
TyPe IV: low ht3t
A portland cement having. reduced
content of triGalclum sltlc::ate.nd an
Increased content of d1calclum Silicate.
catl$lll! it to genmte less ht-.at of
hydmlon than normal portbnd cement:
used In;he construction of massive
structures. as gl?ilty dams.
where a large lnIildup In heat can
damaging.
TyPe V: 5ulfate
A portland cement having a reduced
content of trlcalclum alumInate. lessening
the need for gypsum. a sulfate normally
addea to cement to retard its setting
used where reslst4nce to severe sulfate
action Is
air-entraining pcrtl.1nd cement
A Type l Type It or Type III portland ceme.rrt
to which a sman qU3ntlty of an air-
entr.llnlng agent has Intergrouna
during manufacture: deslgnat.ed Py the
suffix A. as Type IA. Type IIA.or Type lilA.
white portland cement
A portbnd cement produced from raw
.ma t.eria 15 low In Iron oxJae and
oxide. the that give concrete
Its gl4iy color: uS&i In precast concrete
work and In the of temzzo. stur..co.
a nd tile grout.
5uIbU actlon
An expanslve rt3CtIon occurri/14 when the
cement IItJtrIx of concrete or CO!T1eS
In contact wtth dissolved In grouna
water or In soli.
... & .......
entrained air
Microscopic. Spherlc31 air lnI!1V!es. tYF11y
0.0Q.4 to 0.04 In. (0.1 to 1.0 mrrT) In
Intentionally In a concrete or .. '
mortar mix : :'
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mixing W4ter
The used In a concrete or
rnortJr mix. exclusive of any
Dy the aggregate and
free of such h3rmfulsubstances
as materol cl3y. and
salts. W3Wfrt for drinking Is
genenHy
cemertt
A mlxtlJre of cement and water
setting. and

a concrete or mortar
fix.
htweiglrt CO ncrete
m.ade wt?I
of low $p'X!& gr.Mty and
less th3n nonTIJl
which !us a unit weight
of about t:o pcf (2.400 Ko/ m3).
A_. , • « •.• .• .1 , ....... , ,

Any of various hard. Inert. minerai
materials, as sand and gravel. added to
a cement paste to make concrete or
mortar. Since represents
from 601 to 50% of the concrete
volume. its properties are Important to
the strength. weight. and fire·
reslsta nee of the hardened cone rete.
shoukI hard.
dimensionally stable. and fru of clay,
srlt. ana organic matter which can
prevent the cementlng matrix from
binding the particles together. --
structur41lllghtweigltt concrete
Concrete II13de with strong lightweight
aggrt43te. as expanded shale or slate,
having a unit weight from 85 to 115 pcf
(1.362 to 1,840 m3) and compressive
strength comparable to that of normal
concrete.
insu13tin9 concrete
lightweight concrete h3vlng a unit
weight of less than 60 pef (960 kg! m
3
)
and low thermal conductivity, made
with lightweight aggregate. as perlite,
or with a foaming agent or gas·formlng
chemical that Infuses the mix with a
homogeneous cellular structure.
fine aggregate
Aggregate consisting of sand haVing a
particle size smaller than 1f41n. (6.4
mm): sptclf. the portion of aggregate
that 1'1111 pass through a 3/& In. (9.5 mm)
sieve, almost entirely through a No.4
(4.8 mm) sieve, and be predominantly
retained on a No. 200 sieve.
coarse aggregate
Aggregate consisting of crushed
stone. gravel. or I1last-fumace slag
having a particle size larger than 1f4In.
(6.4 mm): speclf. the portion of
aggregate th3t Is retained on a No. 4
(4.8 mm) sieve. The maximum size of
coarse aggrl:9ate In reinforced
concrete Is limited by the size of the
section ana the spacing of the
reinforcing .
graded aggregate .
Aggrl:93te having a partlcle-slze
distribution ch3raGterized by uniform
grading. Graded aggregate requires the
least amount of cement paste to fill
the voids and surround the particles.
particle-size distribution
The range of particle sizes In a granular
material. expressed either as the
cumulative percentage by weight of
particles smaller or larger than a
speGlfled sieve opening. or as the
percentage by weight of the partlcles
that range between speclfled sieve
openings.
uniform grading
,.. particle-size distribution In which
aggregate particles vary uniformly
from fine to coarse wtthout a
preponkrance of anyone size or group
of sizes.
expankd shale
A lightweight aggregate
oUtalned by the exfoliation of clay or
shale. Also called expanded clay.
expanded
A strong lightweight aggregate
oUtalned by the exfoliation of slate.
exfolLrtion
The sphttlng or swel/lng of certain
minerals into a scaly aggregate wnen
heated.
perlite
A volcanic glass expanded by heat to
form lightweight, spherical particles.
used as nonstructural lightweight
aggregate and as loose-flll thermal
Insulation. Also, pearlite.
vermiculite
Mica expanded by heat Into very light,
wormlike threads, used as
non structural lightweight aggregate
and as loose·ftll thermal Insulation.
(ONCRETE
o air-entraining agent
An admixture that dlsperses entrained
air In a concrete or mortar mix to
Increase workability, Improve
resistance of the cured proa'_ct to the
cracking Induced by free-tha 1'1 c)ldes or
the scaling caused by deicing
chemicals. and In larger tc
produce lightweight Insulatln9
concrete.
acceleratcr
An admixture that h3stens the sectlng
ana strength development of •
concrete. mortar, or plaste:' r.-rx.
o retarder
An admixture that slows the setting of
a concrete, mortar. or plasttr In
order to allow more time for p
l
3c:ng and
working the mix. -
o surface-active agent
An admixture for reducing the surface
tension of the mixing water m
concrete mix. thereby facilitating the
wetting and penetratlng actlc" of the
wate. or aiding-In the emulsifying and
dispersion of other additives in the mix.
Also called surfactant.
o water-reducing
An admixture for reducing the amount
of mixing water required for the de sired
workabmty of a concrete or r mix.
lowering the water-cement In
this manner generally results In
Increased strength. Also called
superpla stlclur.
o coloring agent
A pig ment or dye added to a cone re te
mix to alter or control its color.
43
tCONCRETi!

The n10St economlcalselecUon and
proportIOning of cement. water. and
to or mortar
NviI1g the required properties of
worbl7lllty. strength. durability. and

Aham'5law
r[ cement
: water
_ .. _ ..•. _ ...
The ratio of mlxl"!! water to cement In a unit
volume of concrete or mort3r mix. air
preferal7ly expressed ITy weight as a decimal
fraction l7ut often stated In gallons of
water per 94-117. sack of cement. The water-
cement railieantrots the strength.
7% -15%·· .- cement cefTtent
The quantity of cement per unit volume cf
concrete or mortar mix. preferably
expressed In pounds per cubic yard put
often st3ted In saus of cement per cubic
yard of mix.
16% - 21%"-' water content
The quantity of water per unit volume of
concrete or mortar mix. preferably
1% -.3% expressed In pounds per cubic yard but
often stated In gallons per cubic ya rd of
mix.
A that, with given concrete
/n4teri3ts. curing. and testlng conditions.
W compressive strength of concrete Is
UTrerseIy propot1lo1ul to the ratio of water
to ument: developeJ (,y DA Al7rams In 1919
from experiments at lewis Institute In

dura l7illty, and watertightness of hardened fine aggregate .' . :' . .' 25% -.30%
concrete.
i
o
4 5 6 7 IJ
gallons of W3ter per 53ck of cement
.. - ."
.: ....... .
:: ... "." ..... : : :
sack
A measure of portland
cement: 94 117. In the - -- " ........... A
87.5 1!7. In Canada. 112 117.
8ritaln. and 50 kg In
countres using the metric
system . .... Iso \139.
.31%-5/%

The relative a!7ltlty of freshly mixed
concrete or mortar to flow. usually
measureJ
and ITy the .te:st .fpr
Consisttncy deperulsla rgely on the
proportion In
a mix.
------------------------------------1
A mc-..hod for determining the consistency slump
workability
and wortability of freshly mixed concrete A measure of the conslstency and
tke slump of. test speclmell. of freshly mixed concrete.
35 the vertical setthng.ln Inches.
of a specimen after It has I7een placed In a
slur!1p cone. tamped In a prescrl!7ed manner,
and the cone Is lifted. --------
slump cone - ........... -- .. -.- -- ..... - ---- .•.. -----
An cone of
mm}hlgh. with
.lr.i5"tiameter In 203 mm) and
• top diameter 41n. mm}. used
to maY a speclrnenor freshly mlxeJ
concrtte for the slump test.
mpreS510n test
A test for the compressIve
of a "atch. using a
hyd,..ut1c press to mc:asurethe maximum
load 3 test cylinder can support In axial
compression
u5tcyUnder •... -""-""-" _ ............ -
A cynnder of concrete
6 In_ (152 mm) In diameter and
12 In. high. cast from a
representative I7atch and cured In
a laPof'atoryor In the field under
controlled cond.1tlons.

The relatlve e35e with which freshly mixed
concrete or mortar can !7e handle4. placed
In fOr1T1W9rk. and finished.
depends partly on the water·
cement ratio and partly on the grading of
the aggregate In a mix.
/plastJc mix
A concrete or mortar mix that flows
sluggishly without segregating and Is
re a dlly mokle.d.
v dry mix
A concrete or mortar mix containing little
water or too moch In relation to
the other components and having little or
no slump. Also C411ed stHf mix.
wet mix
A concrete or mort3r mix having a relatlvely
high water content and runny consisten0'.
a product that Is low In strength.
duralnlity. and watertightness.
.. :::.: '.':.::( .:.
cere test
A compression test of a cylinder cut from a
hardened concrete structure. usually
means of a core drlii.
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CONCRETE
form Uner --.-.- .... -......... -............. ---"'-
. -- . ,- spreader form work
Mata-bl for the Inside face of a
form. sped;;1!y selecttd to Impa rt a
slTlOOth or p«erned finish to the
concrete sur-fJu.

Arty of Y.IrIous lI1.3.terlJls. as ollar
sillcoot. fa- the bonding of
concretetc a surf3ce. Also called
p a rtlni awnpound.
bulkhead ------.... -.-.... - ... -.--...... - .
A partltbl closJng the end of a form or
the passage of newly place
concrete rt a constructloo Joint.
'K.eyw"3'f ------.-----.. _. -.---,
A \o11g ltucin.11 or c han nel ....
fonnea Ia a coocrete fOOUng or ather ';
metT1rer proMlng a \
key for newly placed

yoke
A device for keeping column
fDm1s or the tops of wall forms from
Ilf1kr the fluid pressure of
newly pbce& concrete. .:
Sonawbe ...:
T raJernart for a of cyllndrlc3l column form
ITt3M paper.
cfuir
A device fur supporting and holding steel
reinfOfUllleTTt In proper posrtion before and
the: pladng of concrete.
high ciuir >------
A cgrorsupportlng top In a

bolsur --------------
A chairforsupportlng and spacing
rottom!r.rs in a concrete beam or slab.

A form that can r31-sed vertically for
lifts of concrete during the
constructlon of a multistory bulk/lng.
lift -. -.... -... -.-... -. -.-- -'" -.
The a qU3ntlty of concrete
placed In a form .t one tlme.
slipform •.................. -'- ...
A form th4t can be moved slowly and
contlnuously as concrete Is being placed
during the construction of a concrete
pavement Of" DuJtdlng.
strip
A strip of wood or other material attached
to the Inside face of a form to produce a
groove In the surface of a concrete member.
. A brau. usually of wooJ. for spacing
and wall or footing forms
apart. Also called spacer.
.-'.- wale
A horizontal timber or steel beam for
relnfon:;ing various vertical members.
as In formwori: or she--<>t piling. or for
retaining earth at the edge of an
emlr.lr.l::nent. Also called In-east
timper. ran9er. waler.
/"
"';trongmk
A vertlc31 support for aligning and
relnfon:;lng wales. Also called
I stlffitack.
The kmpor.ilry structure to
support newly pl4ced concrete. Including
forms and an necessary
members. \7raclng. and hardware.
form
Boarding or sheeting of wood, meta I.
pi3st1c. or ftberglass for ccntalning and
giving a desired shape to newly placed
concrete until it sets and gains sufficient
strength to be self·supportlng.
form tie
A metal t!e for I:eep:ng wall forms from
spreading underthefluicl pressure of newly
pi3ced concrete.
:'--": -.-.- ..... snaptie
i: i A form tie having notches or crimps which
II allow its end5 to snapped off below the
concrete surface after stripping of the
: ii forms.
: i' -
L __ . 'I .... ! .. -.--- COI'.ePott
II I' A form tie ha,1ng cones at each end Insicle
ii the forms which allow it to also serve as a
I:, II spreader.
to
r:: .. ' -" -'-.' . -' !. i ''--T-' trul1C3tea cone of wood, steel. or
form to Indicate the top of a ccncrete lift. .' • ". ..•. :. plastlG attached to a form tie to sp2ce and
-.uo,./A • • _______ • _____ •• __ ._ • _____ ._.' .. • Ii spread w.1I forms. leaving a neatly finished
depressloo In tM concrete surface to
Any of. varety of slotted d...ovlces for filled or!rlt exposed.
tightening formwori: ana transferring the : ;! I
:....-. "--r""" of waler rods which
.... '. "'_" are ir.serted through the form and threaded
i ontotheendsofan inner rod. After
. .:."?.: II Ji stripping. the water rods are remcved while
. __ the Inner rod remains In the concrete.
flying form
A lar¥ form that can be moved by 3 Cr3ne.
used In constructing the floors
and roofs of multiStcry Duildings.
45
C:ONCRETE
concrete
Ccncrete &eposItcd, fonr.ed. cured. and
flnlshed In Its flnal position as part of a
structure. Also called
concr'eU.
. " ...... . . ... -
!
piau me nt :
The process of and consolidatIng •
fi-eshly mixed concrete In a form or In the •
final position where It Is to harden.
i
./ time of haul
The period from first contact Petwun
mixing water and cement to completlon of
discharge of the freshly mixed concrete
from a. truck mixer.
agitator iruclc
A truck eqUipped with a rotating drum to
prevent 5egrt9t1on or loss of plasticity of
the ready·mlxed concrete !icIng delivered to
a construction site.
tn.Jclcmiur
A truck eqUipped with a rotating drum and
a separate water tank for mlxl"!! concrete
en route to a construction site .
.
concrete mixer
direct pl3cement
The a'rsch3rglng-of freshly mixed concrete
dIrectly Into a fann from a concrete mixer.
or crane l1ucl:et.
free fait
The descent of freshly mixed concrete Into
a for:n the aid of a drop chute.
drop chuu: ....... -.. --.. -........ -.... -.-
A chute for and a
falling stream of freshly mixed concrete SO
3S not to cause
chute
An IncSned trough or tube for conveying
free·fIowing materials to a lower level !1y

consolwt1on
The process of voids other than
entralne.d air within newfy placed concrete
and ensurinf close conbct of the concrete
with fonn surfaces and eml1edded

A machine havl"!! a revolving drum.
often motor-drIven. for mixIng cement.
aggregate. and water to produce
concrete.
... buggy
.... A cart. often motor-driven. for
• transportlng heavy materials. 415
freshly mixed concrete. for snort
distances at a construction site.
.
... • A· 0
t • -4'.1 I
• ..; .. ', •. 'V'"Q • 0 ill I! . •
••• 0.
4
0 1'1 ..... ••
-,., • ::'''''.:: •• 0, ••
- "4 ilL 1:1
: .... 0t1 ,:r 1" ••
::. '0 • "'l.
.. • -, 4
.. ---.------.------.. ---.. --- ',,\.-'!r'" ..... 4 : 0 ... .
"--:J '-II .. qf·: ....... ..
Consorldatlon of newly placed concrete!1y ;4.·:/1"..
d I ..... , .• 0. 0" :/1;.°.1>':110._
the repeated Insertions and with rawa s of '.... 4' .. 4.: . <l :.
tool. :: ... .. !. . '.
Consolidation of newly placed concrete!1y vibration ----.-.j
the repe3ted Insertion's and Withdrawals of Consolidation of newly placed concrete by
a rod. the moderately hIgh·frequency oscillations
of a vlprator.
46

An electric or pneumatic oscillating tool for
agitating and consolidating newly placed
concrete.
ready-mixed concrete
Concrete mixed at alr.ltch plant for delivery
by an to a construction site.
shrink-mixed concrete
Concrete partially mfxea at a lr.lteh plant
and then mixed more completely In a truck
mixer en rouu to a construction
transit-mixed concrete
Concrete dry !latched at .Pateh plant and
mIxed In a trud mIxer en route to a
constructlon site.
pneunutic placement
The ddlvery of concrete. slurry. or plaster
by a pIpeline or hose to the point of
placernerrt on 3 COMstnJct1on site. etther In
a plastic state for depositing In place or for
spraying. or I n a dry state wtth wak< aaaed
at the nozzle from which It 15 sprayed.
GuniU:
A concrete construction
consIsting of a mixture of cement. sa nd or
crushed slag. and water. pumped 3
nose and sprayed at high velocIty
reinforcement until the desired thIdness Is
reached. Also called shotcrete.
stl9regation
The separation of coarse aggregate from
the mortar or of water from the other
I"!! red1ents of freshly mixed cone re-te .
resuftlrlg from excessive horlzont31
movement or free fall of the mix. orfrcm
evervlmtlon after placement.
5tr.ttlfication
The separation of an excessively wet or
evervl!lrated concrete mix Into horizontal
layers with Incre3slngly lighter material
migrating toward the top. 9
Illuding
The emergence of excess mixing water on
the surface of newly placed concrete.
caused Dy settlement of solids within the
mass. Also calleJ waUr' g.1ln.
laitance
A milky depOSit containing cement ;lrd
aggregate flnes on the surface of new
concrete. ca used?j the !lleedlng of exuss
mIxing water. oVenYon:lng of the mix. or
Improper flnishln1.
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finl,hlng dar+J
The process of leveling. smoothing.
compacting. and tre3tlng a newly placed
concrete surface to produce the desired
texture and appe3r3nce.
.:' A long wooden or metalstraightedqe
for smoothing .a fresh concrete surface
.lmmedlately after screealng.
screed ----------------------------- --
A wooaen or metalstr3lghtedge drawn a
over <I newly placed concrete sl3 b to bring it
to proper level.
5GreeJ .----.. ------------ ----------------
A firmly esta!7lished grade strip or edge
form serving as a guide for making 3 true
\eve/surface on a newly placed concrete
slab.
flc.at -"" -------- ---- ---- ----- --- ----- --v:.-"/"""'- • .%"",,-,
A tool for spreadlng and smoothing a
fresh concrete. stucco. or plaster surface.
l7ullflo.at
A float havll1{1 a large. flat blade attached
to a long handle. L_. _____ ----\
trowel -----.--- .. --------.--------------,
Arry of v.arlous fut-bWed hand tools for \.
appJ:t!ng. Spreadl"9. won:lng. or smoothing ....
plaStlc material. as concrete. mortar. and '
pl3ster.
powertrowd
A port.aPle machine having steel trowels
float finish . --- -- -- ---- ---
A flnlsh obtained by
smoothir.q 3 fresh CO!1crete. p13s:er.
or stucco surfau with a wood fl..,"'3".
on radlalarm5 that rot.1te about a ,
vert1c41 shaft to smooth. compact. and •
_
trowdfinlsh· ---------
3Slt to set. A dense. smooth finish obtained 7j
• fresh concrete or plaster
p7f'ement ,.aw surface /lith 3 steel trowel.
A whe.el-mounted, rotary power saw
eqUipped with.a slllc.on-carbiJe or diamond
!n.1Je for cutting a control JOint In a
hardened concrete SIaD. .-- -- -- -- -- -- .. ---
&et .. ------------ ---------------------,
The assumption of or hard state by i
concrete, mortar. p\asw. or glue due to a !
phys1c41 or chemical I
£JDDDDCJO-
cure ---------- ---- - ---. --- ---- -- -0 .. ---.-- .. --............ ---- .... -- .... "-' .... »
To maintain ntwly plaua concrete or
rnortJr at the required temperature and
humidity fur the first seven days following
placement. castlng. or finishing to ensure
satisfactory hyaratlon of the cementltious
materials ana proper hardening.
hut of hydr.atlon
The heat by the process of
hydr3tlon. as during the setting and curing
of a concrete ml)(.
hydration
The process In whk;h a substance combines
chemlGally with water. as that occurring
when cement Is mixtd rllth water.
dry-shake finish
A colored finish produced by sprinkling a
dry mixture of cement. sand. and a
pyment on a fresh concrete surface
follcwir.g screedlng and after any free
water has evaporated, and then won:lng
the mixture Into the surface with a float.
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,Pf.W.':':T::I.:':.
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I,ll:" ill.i;j"\"'I.j'I.'"
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til "':;' :11. 1 1 ..
"I r'i:· ill!: ".'1 ; .. ,:'.:
. 1:lid:il!d!i1il/. :.,
II:i:j! jl,'kl\ii)
c ,1I':'I':I.:l:dl'"I ... ",
proom finish --.-------.. !
A striated flnlsh obtained by stroking a
or strff ttrJsh over a freshly troweled
surface.
......
. .
finish
A textured fini$-' given to a fresh plaster
or surface by troweling with a
matlon.
- -

CONCRETE
architectural concrete
concrete won: requiring special
care In the selection of materials. forming.
placing. and flnlshlng to acquire the desired
appearance.
peten brut
Concrete left In Its natural state after
formwork Is removed. esp. when the
concrete surface refleGts the texture.
joints. ana fasteners of a !?oard form.
exposed finish
A deccr3tlve finish produced ry
sand!:T!astlng. etching with an acid. or
scrul7t:>lng a COllGrete surface after the
Inrtl:al set In order to remove the outer
layer of cement paste ana expose the
aggregate.
finish
A coarse·textured finish o17talned by
fr3cturlng a concrete or stone surface
wtth a power·drlven hammer having a
rectangular head with a colTIJgated.
serrated. or toothed face.
honeycom17
Vvlas on a formed concrete surface,
caused ry segregaUon during placement
Of' Dy Insufflclerrt consolidation.

The chlppl"9 or scaling of a hardened
CC11crete or masonry surface caused ry
freeze·thaw cycles or the applk;atlon of
de'.cI"9 salts. Also called 5(;3l/ng.
crazing
Numerous hairline cracks occurring In the
surface of a newly ha rdened COllcrete -
slab as a result of rapid drying shrinkage.
drying shrinkage
A reduction In volume of concrete.
mortar, or plaster caused by a loss of
moisture.
shrink3ge
A reduction In volume of concrete prior to
Its final set. caused by hydration of the
cement paste.
47
CONSTRUCTION
The art. science. or l1usiness
-
ownu
A person ororg:anlutlon twlr.g
the right or title to a piece of fL-
f'/ .. -
c!lent and to the owner-
agrmnent.
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1
1 Apersooor0f9nlz2t1onM I
In and develops the I
t pot.enttalltles of real esp. :
I by Wtlatlng ana I
I projectsforoWMership, :
I or res.J1e. I
L- _________________ ..! '--t
Iendil19 institution
institution, usually a
ccmll"erclal !1.ni:, providing the
for a
constroctlon project.
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I speculnwe I
A ororganlz3tlon that :
I and constructs :
I for suPsequent S31e or lease. I
L ____________________ J
48
.. -- ----- -- ---- -- --- ----- --. --. -- --.------ Iicen5ea
r-------l:------t I bya governmental
architect or other constItuted authority to
A person who engages In the A person traIned. skilled, or engage In a !rosIness or professIon.
profession of architecture, usually l-L...J professlo!1311y In any of Also, registered.
trained and experienced in the rr-- various of engineering. as ! Ii
desIgn and construction of structural mechanIcal. or
vulldlngs. e!e.ctrlcal engineerIng.
T
I ,--------------------1
I I consultant I
: I A person or organlutlon hIred to :
r----------1 glveprofesslonalorexpertadvlce l
I I rtgJrdlng a speclflc aspect of a :
I I as acoustics or IIghtlng. I
I ______________________ ..J
. .J,.
contractor ! lib co ntracto r
A person or orga nlz2tlon that A person ororganlutlon that
contracts wfth a general
contractor to provide a portion of
the won: on a constructIon
project.
contracts to provlde the materials
and perform the wort for a
construction project at a speclfled
time and rate.
general contraGtor
Insurance
The of property. life, or one's
person against loss or harm arising In
speclf\ed contlngencles In consIderation of
a payment proportionate to the rlsI::
Involved.
contracts directly with an owner H3v1ng a monetary commitment set
A person or organization that I" , .. -- .. :.-. .. --.-. bonded
to manage and supervIse a aside to ensure that ail
construction project. Including the 1 set forth In a contract are fulfllled.
won: performed I7y
su l>contractors.
construction manager
A person ororganlutlon that
contracts with a n owner to advise
on and coordinate all of a
prqect, from evaluatIng
the constructlon cost and
of design decisions to
managing the award, and
construction phases of the
project.
design-l1uiIJ
Of or pertaInIng to an amngement
under which a person or
organlutlon contracts dIrectly
with an owner to design and
constnJGt a or project.
turn-leey
Of or pertaining to an amngement
under which a person or
organlz3tlon designs and
constructs a lnJlldlng for sale or
lease when ready for occupancy.
Architect
Subcontractor
Subcontractor
Subcontractor
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fe.1swility study
A detalfeJ InvestIgAtion and analysis
conalJCf'.ed todetermlnt thefil13nclal.
technical or other advIs3Dlilty of a
proposed constructk)n project .
top out
To Install the highest structural member In
. a construction or complete the uppermost
course In a masonry wall.
falsework
The tempora ry fra mewon: for
supporting a structure under
construction that Is nat yet capable
of supporting ttseff.
scaffold
A temporary structure or platform for
supporting workers and materials at a
height aDove the floor or ground during the
construction or repair of a building. Also
called staging.

CONSTRUCTION
The process of puilding,
from site preparation through
erection, assembly,
and finishing operations.
......... . i> .. .................... ...................... ......... .
i1iddin9
1'he compt:Utlve process of offering tv
perform the wan: described In ;;1 contract
fOf' a specH'ied sum.
award
A formal auevtance of a Did or a
negotla ted prof1QS.ll
ccntnct
A enforceable agtUment. usually In
written form. between or more partIes
to do or not to do something specified.
notice to procee;l
A written communication Issued by an
owner authorizing 3 contractor to proceed
with the won: and establishing the date of
commencement of the work.
puilding permit
A written author!zatlan to p.-oceeJ wtth
construction of 2 project In
accordance with 2pproved dr.lwlngs and
speclflcawns.lssued by the local.
government agency havlngJurisdiGtlon after
p!;:ns have been flied and reviewed.
buildi"9 offICial
A person des4lnatea by a governmental
a uthorlty to adm Inlster and enforce the
provisions of a building code.
erect
To construct boy the raising, positioning.
fittlng together, and fastening of materials
or parts.
----- ----_._------,
certificate ofoccupanq
A document Issued by a official
certffylng that all or 2 designated portion
of a building compiles wtth the provisions of
the bUilding code. and permttung occupancy
for Its designated
p05U1ccupancy tnluation
The process of the technical.
functional and l1eh2v1onl2spects of a
completed building In to accumulate
Informatlon for future programming and
design activities.
Q Design .
fast-track ......................................................... ; .................... j .............. -.+ ..... -.. -.. -.. -- .. .. ---...... Occupancy ..... ·)
Of or pertaining to project scheduling In ::::
which the des4ln ana constructk)n phases I I I Ar-----------,
ob proJectoverl3ptocompress ': Constructlonphase 4- Ull....-_______ --'
the total time required for completion. I:
I phase 3 OC--======== _________ ..J
CPM
Critical Path Method; a method for
punning. scheduling. ana managing a
project, comblnlng all relevant Information
Into a flow chart, Including the optimum
sequence and duration of activities, the
relative significance of each event, and the
coordination required for timely completion
cf the prOject
I I
I I
Construction phase 2 6c=-----------t
I
I
Construction phase 1 0 II....________ --l
49
(ONSTRUcnON
The manner in whIch IUterials are
ordered. assemlkd. 3M united into
J whole. 3S construction.
,ysttm,
A constnsctlon prcuss U5ln9 a high
of pref.l!nic4tlon In t1Ie nunufacture of
standardlztd units or components to speed
and /:rectlon of alnJlldlng. Also
called Industrialized Puitding.
panel
A pref.ll7riciW sectlon a floor. wall.
cein"40 or roof. h4nkJ as a single unit In
the and erectlon of a pullding.
prefal1ricm
r 0 fabricate or manufacture 17eforehand.
esp.ln standardized units or components
for qUid assem171y and erection.
fabricate
r 0 construct l7y assembling diverse and
usually standardized parts.
,.,n.:iwich ----------'
A stnsctural p3nel CQ1S!stlng of a core of
rebUvei)' mterial ent;\osed Petween
two sheru a material.
re5lIltlng In a high stlffness'to-
weight ratio.
we,5ed-5kin pand __
A structural p3nel cooslstlng of
facings to lum!ler stringers. used as
roof. or WAil memw $\.IbJect to
Dendlng. The plywood bclngs and stringers
act as a of I· beams with the plywood
resisting all of the M1dlng stresses.
Cross rruy support the
edges of the skin and to Idp distribute
ccnc.entrne.d loads.
.......
···-1
'.
",
"

f'lwr.mng al'lJ design at! prefa lnic3teJ
Il"()(lyles or rroaubrcoordlnatlon for
of flexJbleam"¥f11ent. orvarie

module _.- ..•.. - ........ - .. - ... "".'.-
Arty In a of standard1zea, frequently
components used In
untts size.
orfunalon.
modular coordiutfyn -....... - .--.-
the dimensions of a structure
and PIe unit sizes Its cocnponents,
with alJ of a planning grid l7ased
on a +Jnch module.
lift·,Llb
A of multiStory
!7ulldings In ...mich aA horizontal stabs are
C3St ,t ground b-ef and. wnen cured. are
raised Into position Vy hydraullc Jacks.
50
tilt-up construction
A method ofcastlng relnforua concrete
-wall panels on site In a horizontal position.
then tilting them up Into their final position.
... < ..
".
--"-:.
.---
..-=:-..r:; ............. .
",
-',
contract documents
The Ieq;I documents comprising a
construction contr;lct.lncludlng the owner'
contractor agreement. conditions of the
contr3ct. and the construction drawings
and for the proJect. Including
all addenda. modifications, and any ather
Items stipulated as being specifically
Included.
construction documents
The ccnstructlon drawings and
speciflcatlons setting forth in detail the
I't<\uirements for the constroctlonof a
project.
'peciflCaticn,
The partof the contract documents
consisting of a description of the
technical nature of the materl4ls.
standards, ana quality of execution of the
. work to pbced ul'lJer contract.
uniform
A fo/'lT13t developed Py the Constructlon
Specifications Institute for coordinating
spectficatlons. flllng of technical data and
product literature. and const<uction cost
accounting. organized Into 16 divisions
l7ased on an Interrelationship of materiJl,
trade. or function. Also called
Masterionnat.
Oivision 1 Gene,./ Req,uirement5
Otl'f51on2
OIrlslon 3
OIrlsJon4
OirlsJotl5 Met...1s
Oirlslon G Wooa' & P135tJcs
Olvlslon 7 ThmTLl/ & Moisture ProUctJ:;n
Doors & Windows
Otl'f51on9 Finishes
Oirls/on 10 Speci3/tJes
D/rI5lon 11 EqUipment
Oil'f5ion 12 Furnishings
D/risJon 13 5ped31 ConstroctJon
{)(YisJon 14
Ccrweyfn,
{)(rlsJon 15 1kcJunJaf
Otrlslon 16 Bectnc41
perlormanu 'pecification
A speclflcatlon that Stipulates how a
particular component or system must
perform without gMng the means to be
employed to achieve the results.
'pecification
A spectftcatlon that Stipulates the ex3ct
C\U3nt/tles and C\uahttes of rroterlals to be
fumlshed ana how they are to De asseml">led
In a construction.
reference
A specification that refers to a standard
spectfic.atlon to Indicate the properties
desired In <I or component and the
methods of testing required to
substantl3te the performance of products.
proprietary 'pecification
A specification that stlpul3tes the use of
specific products. systems. or processes
without prOVision for substitution.
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code
A code the design.
constructlon.alteratlon •• nd repair of
and enforced by a local
protect the pu17llc
mety. .nd welfare.
A UJJe generally
mfrrirrtUlf stmbrds for materials and
methcJs ofCMStroction. specifications for
and other
Wstd on the trpe 0 f
const:ructJon ad the occupancy 0 f a
rsIng st3nJards
by the klerbI Socletyfqr and
(AS1M). American Ni1tIonal
St3nJzJs (ANSI). and various
tecJrnJca/ societies and trade 3550cbtlons.
nwdefcc&e
A cod!: developeJ I1y an
organlutlon of states. professlona I
socletSes. and tr.lae associations for
adoytlCC'll1y local communities.
BOCA N.rtiottal Building Code
A l7uI\dlng coJedeveloped .nd published
by the and Code
Administrators Intematlon31.lnc.
(BOCAl and prlm3 rily In the

Unifonn Buiidi"9 Code
A coJedeveloped and published
by the Conference of
OffIcbIs and use.d
prlmrt,- In t&ecentr.rl and western us.
Standard 5ut1ding Code
A!ruMng caJe developeJ and published
bytheSouthem Building Code
Corrfereru (s6cc). and used primarily In
the u.s.

A lrull.:Ang coJethat sets minimum
sbndards for energy conservation and
the ercgy-efficlent design of Dulldlngs.
'With Act
AIl of Con¥ess that Decame 13w In
1992., design stand3rds and
reqt.'ltel1ent.sforalll7ulidlngs except
residences to ensure their
by the physlC311y J1s.ab!ed.
zoning ordinance
An orcllgnce the dMslon of
13 nd llTto zones. 2S to restrict the height.
J:Id use of Dulkllng s. and
the prorisIcn of.ny 2nc ilia ry faeilities. as
prlncip2llnstrument In the
of a master plan. Also
called zonln§ co,U.

A CO'r'eItInt IriUI a cl3use that restricts
the of Wi party to It. as an
agreement.lIOflg property owners
the use to which a property
can l7e put: raGbl and religious
restrictions are legally unenforceable.

Of or to a material. type of
co nstrllCt 100. or occupancy or use no t
with the requirements set
forth il'l a l7uKdlnq code.
V41rUllCe
An offlctll pemt to do somethlnq
by rt:9ulatlons. esp.by
In a 'InY or for a purpose normally
forbidden by a building code or zoning
ordinance.
no nccmbustiUle construction
Construction haVing a structure of
steel concrete or masonrj'. and walls.
floors and a roof of noncom17ustl17!e
materials.
.. ; •.
) .... '.:
;. ' .... :
comuustible construction
Any construction th3t does not fuffill
the requirements for noncombustible
constrJctlan.
protected noncombustIble
construction
)
Noncombustible construction having a
structure ana major components with fire·
resistance ratings at ieastequal to those
speclfled by the appropriate authorities.
unprotected noncomuustiule
construction
Nancombusti17le construction no
f1re·reslstance requirements except far
f1re walls and enclosures offtre exits and
ordinary construction
A CO!1structlon type having noncombustible
roenor walls and an Interior structure
wholly or partly of light wood
protected ordinary construction -'"
Ordln2rj' construction h;wlng a structure
and major components with ftre-reslstance
ratings at !east e<tual to those specified by
tM appropriate authorities.
unpl'Otected ordinary construction
Ordlnarj' construction h;wlng no fire-
resistance requirements for the Interior
structure except for fire wa lls and
er.closures offlre exits ana vertIcal shafts.
V)'-ti m lrer co nstructio n
A CO!1structlon type noncombustible
e-..:terior walls and an Interior structure of
tlmPers.nd decking of specified minimum
sizes. Also called mill construction.
I
light wood frame construction
A construction type having a framework
of wood rnert1!1ers not meeting the
requirements for he3vy-timi:>er
constructlon.
CONSTRUCT. ON
construction type
A classtflcatlon of a construction
to the ftre resistance of Its major
components: structural frame. exterior
Pearlng and nonrearlng walls. Interior
Pearlng walls. floors and roofs. and
enclosures of ftre exits and vertical shafts.
While each of the model codes differs In the
detailed requirements for each
construction type. they all limit the area
and height of a according to
construction. type and Intended occupancy.
Also called construction cl3ss.

protected light wood frame \
construction ........ 00- ._ ..... -.-
light wood frame construction having a
structure and m3Jorcomponents with flre-
resistance at least equal to those
speclfted I1y the appropriate
unprotected 1i9ht wood frame
construction
LIght wood frame construction having no
flre'reslstance requirements except for fire
walls and enclosures of fire exits and
vertical shafts.
51
DESIGN
The cre3tWn and organization of
formal elements in a won: of art .
.I fOriit-i
The and structure of something as
dlstlngulsWfrom Its Silbstaru or
materl3l .
:,
Of orpertalnlrlg to shapes and forms having
contcurs wflic;h appear to
plants or animals.

Of or pertaining to shapes and forms not
natural or actual oujects.

,shape'
The outline or surface conflgurauon of •
partlcularform or figure. While form wsU311y
refers to the principle that gives to 3
whole. and often Inclllks a sense of :rt355
or volume, shape suggests an outnne w.h
some emphasis onttle ellclased are3
mass.
. : ' ..
". -:-".::: .

!textiirt " .' .
. The visual and esp. tactile '\uality of a
surface, a part from its. color or form.
@
.#Iine
The edge or wntdllr of a shape.
\ /' \
\, L_' --¥-_-->-
'7 visual ttXture
The;;pparent texture of;; surface resulting
from the comuinatloo and interrelation of
colors and tonal values.
i tactile texture .
The phY$lc3l dlmenslonal structure of 3
surface, a part from Its color or form..
cc-.--:;;>

........... -.............. -.... -......... .
.....
-+ [!]

Of or perblnlng to shapes and forms which
resem!?le oremplcythe simple rectilinear or
dements of geometry.

Of or perblnlng to shapes and forms having
an Intellectual and affective content
solely on their Intrinsic lines.
cofors. and relatlonshlp to one another.
\
A unified compostlon of two-dimensional
shapes or Rtru-dlrnenslonal volumes. esp.
one 1:hat ftls or sffi the Impression of
dcnsfty. and Pul.
52

syntPot----',
t 7 .... ·· .... ·_ .. ·· ........ .
Characterized or produced by addtUOn.
accumulation. or uniting, often resuftinq in
a new Identity.
5ulrtractive .. - ................ .
Characterized or produced by remmi cf.
part or portion without destroying ;;
of the whole.

--+X


Something th3t st;a nds for or represents
sornethlr.g Dy 3ssoclatlon.
resemPbnce. or Its
I
meaning chiefly from the structure In which
ltappe3rs.
I' flgu:-t h3v!r.g ..
I . meaning and used In puce of a word or
_____ ______ ---.JI _ to exprtss 3 complex notion.
.J
artJcubtio n
I A metf1CJOflhanr.er of jointing that mJtes
the united parts cIQr, distinct. and
In relation to e3Ch other, ...
"'---.' .. -. --, '-'.'CIJ-'>, ;,
/
.. , ...
"
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An InaiV1dual. minute, or subordinate
p3rt of whole.
.11

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j tature
The structure given to
;a surfJCe or the stze,
and prcportlons
a' the parts.
. f4l>Mc .
pattern '
An or decorative design, esp.
cne h<lYing ;I cruracterlstlc
and considered as a unit,
of whkh an Ide3 can be given by a
fragrr.ent.
'L_____ _ ___________ _
!

form:
The manner of and coorana tlng
the parts of a composition so 3S as kJ
produce a coherent
II ;
, 1l1i system3tlc arranqing of
I Interdependent or coordinated parts Into a
coherent unity or functioning
structure <
of or p3-;S In a
complex system as dominated tee
general eha raeter of the whole,
01
:parti: :j
The lias1c scheme Or ccncept for a n
architectural design, represented b] a
dlagram.
diagr.wm :
A nat neceS5.'lrlly
representational, that outlines. eXf-'ins, or
clartftes the arrangement and relatlci1s of
the pa rts of a whole.
, COrn' Ie
e Jlrrang VI parts Or e me'lts fr.:.o
proper proportion or relation SO as t.J form
a unified whole.
53
prfncfvle:
A fundarrental and CDtnprehenslve concept
of visual for structuring an
aesthetic CDmposltlon.
unity'
The state or quanty of Peing combined into
In an
arUstle lI'OIi: tIut coostItutes a
harmonious whole or promotes a singleness
of effect..
DOD
DDD
DDD
'j
The state Orquanty of being Identical.
hOlT'lOgtl1tlOUS. or regular.
';. homogeneeu '
Unlfonn In strtJcRlre throughout or
composed of parts that are all of the
sa me or kIM.

Uniformly or evenly formed or arranged.
motOtony
The state or of lacKing variety.

The stJte or 'l.U41nty of having varied or
forms. types. or eha rae terlsties.

Stress or prominence given to an
elcma1t of a CO«1posltlon by means of
contrast. anomaly. or coonterpolnt.

opposttIon or Juxtapos{tlon of
dlssinlbr In a won: of art to
intensify each eb1ent's properties and
proGuce a more dynamic
expres5iveness.
brder turmony
A CDnditlon of harmonious. or
comprehensible In which each
element of a group Is properly disposed with
reference to other elements and to Its
purpose.
The orderly. pleasing. or CO!1gruent
arrangement of the elements or ill an
a rUstle w no Ie.
1'epCS6 :
In the arrangement of parts IX'
colors that Is restful to the t:ye.
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'caherent
lc.:3ic311y or ordered or
lnU.grated to afford comprehension cr
recognition.

. .: proximity
:.' I place. order. or relatIOn
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campJexity
The state or quality of reing a whole
composed ofcomp'bted,lntricate,
or Interconnected prts.
,., caJlage
canUnuity ;
The state or quality of belnq contlnuoi.!S. as
a nne. or dlrectlon.

Amngement In or adjustment to
a stialqht nne.
An artistic ccmpositlon of often
dlverse ele:na1ts In ti1:tly or
unexpected Juxta positbn.
r-------..;-=-::..;;.= ... = .. ;.;.;. .. ""' .. .... .!. kmrchy l
I ! . A syst.e'mof eiements r.lnKea. elasslf.e.d.
I I and organfud one 3DOYt: another.
to importance or ··m II

r corresponJlng posltlons from an
......
[>f
I! -/.--' \ntervenlngspaceor<*ject.
.
_ ....... - ... 11[, '<t>' " '. ' ..
II.
I
The state or poSm,n of Delng placed close

I,

· ... 0 comparlsonorcontnst.
L. __ -------. t
A tenuous Valance malntalneJ In an artistic
m retween forces
often causing anxiety or excttement.
A from the normal or
1
0 ODD
inoNIy' §DDODD
expected form, order. or arrangement. -.. 0 DOD
54
'nt DDITTIDD
I!14Jor idea, essential pa rt. or DDDDDDO
satlent feature ofa narrative or D_ i OUOD
concept.
,.alient
Prominent or conspicuous.
.: ........ -................. :
A parallel M contrasting element
or theme in a narT3tlve or concept.
, wo,
A Of utw disorder or CDnfUSlon. •
, cantndlctlon
The state orcoodltlon of opposed.
Inconsistent. or lc.:Jically Inwngruous.
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Pa ..... contr.lstlng
cr opposing forces.
i., equipoise ;
An e<lUJI distribution of
weig;:. rdJUonshlp. or
fcxus.

A weIght
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The au which


It ts di recu.d.:;"

A prOcessor change place by
kgm:s orthroogh <I series of gradual
successive stJges.
o
)PESIGN-'
liabnce'1
. the-pleaSing or harmonious arrangement or
proportion of parts or elements In a desIgn
or composItIon_
,r .. -----.-.-.---------
U Symmetry resultIng from the
arrangemen of similar.
radiatIng parts a center
I point or central axis.
..
A straIght hne to WhIch I' An 1'"391I13ry hne al>Out which a
elements In <I compositlon body. or composltlon Is
are referred for symmetrical.
measurement or symmetry.
·_-----_·_--t
The act or prOcess of repeating formal
elements or motifs In a desIgn_
concmnatioll
A series of linked or Interconnected things
or events.
55
. :
;

The COlny.,._e. proper, or h3rmonlous
rel3tlon of DI" part to another or to the
whole ",1Ut respea to In'gnltuae. quantity.
oraegree.
%=9
,proportlca. : \
The equality retwun two ratios In '
which the first of the four terms
divldea Py second equals the third
divideJ Py tile fOIl rth.
,
A the two dimensions
of a pl3ne figure or the two divisions of a
nne, In which the ratio of the smaller to the
I.lrger Is the same as the ratio of the la rger
to the wholc:J ratio of approximately 0.618
to 1.000. Also c.lbf gpklerJ
.,;.. .;. '
A B
B
'.L ...................................... .
II certain prof'OftIonate size, extent. or
degree, uSlQly In relation to some
St3ndard or point of reference.
1tutIu"
The size or proportion of a I7ullding
e\c:r.c:ntor space, or an article of
flnlture. rel.ltlve to the structural or
fllllCtlonal dimensions of the human

...................
. eurythml ;
Ha rmony of proportlOif or mOvement.
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-- -- --- - .... -._\'t_-;\"--_>"<::- •• -
'"
56
1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13. 21...
VI, V2, 2;" 3/5, 5/8, 8113 ...
Fibonacci .
The unending sequence of numbers where
the first two terms are 1 and 1. and each
succeeding term Is the sum of the. two
preceding. Also called
I

A series In which the terms are In harmonic
progression.
1,
harmonic 'p rog res 5 !on
A sequence of numbers the reciprocals of
",hich form an arithmetic progression.

mechanical scale
The size or proportion of something relative
to an accepted standard of measurement.
visUJI scale
The size or proportton a element
appears to have relative to other elements
or components of or assumed sIze,
,
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ArTy Ofthe-dimenslO;,softhe tiuman body
a nd It 5 p-art5.
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Arry of the dlrnenslonsdetermlnea by bodily l
posltlon ana movement, 35 reach, stride, or !I:'-
clea ranu.. f :

The correspondence petween the size and
posture of 3 human body aM a lnJi!dlng
e!emcnt artlcle of

Of or to spaces. and
facntt:es fully access I pIe and usap!e by ali
the physically
h:mdlc3ppd
,i, J
11 .... )

territoriality

'The frudom. or
permission to approach.
enter. or use.
fl········· .............. .
The pat tern of associated with
defining and defer1ding a territory or
domain
"""

fDESJGN

Art a pplledsclei1ce concerned with the
clla ruterlstlcs of people that netd to Pc:
consIdered In the design of devices 3 nJ
systems In order that people an.:! things will
Interact effectlvely and safely. Also called
engCnurin4.·
"'-"""1"
. The measur'embTt and study of size and
proportions of the human rody.
. f
To asc'rlbil humin furm orchmcterlstlcs
to nonhuman things or I1elngs.

t The senSoYy of Podlly position,
presence, or mo."etrent k.-Ived chiefly from
stlmu/.atlon of nerve In muscles,
tendons, aM Jolnts.Also, i

i .
Relatrng to or lr3sed on the sense of touch.
t olfutory'
ReI.a Clng to or &3sed on the sense of smelL


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The Sfuay-bf the symtJol1c and
communicatlve role of the spatlal
separation Individuals malntJJn In varlous
soc 13 I and Interpersonal sltuat.,ns, ana
how the n3ture ana kgru of this spattal
arrangement re!Jtes toenvlronrnental ana
cultural factors.
I
r
] r;-' .
>
-,
The Vlr!a!7le and dl5t.ance at
which ooe person feels comfortable tal1:lng
to Also distance. :
r, --,-
57
1 DESIGN
.
f 0 conulve, coof.rio.'e, or devise form and
structure of a bulldlng or other

, Jesfgn
A purposefll actlvtty aimed at devising a
plan for chafl!lng an exlstlng situation Into
a future preferrea state, esp. cycncal.
process comprising the following
contrive-
foform In an artistic or Ingenious manner.

Tofonn'ln themlna newcomplnatlons or
applications of existing Ideas or principles.
phases ................................ lr-
in
-n;-J3-' -tlO-' n--'=""="",---.,
. ; problem ;nJ Its. socia/'
II systemailc seres of actions or economic. and physical
operatlons le;ading or directed to a

iph.i$e;· .
• A partlcubrsta¥ In a process of change or

so.'Ilng a prol7lem, as a /
forth the context,
conditions, requirements, and .) €
for a project. The pattern of change, growth, or

_'\
r project wtthln a speclfJea
•.. ,,_.._ ,/ tlme.Also.tharttte.

30 solution
In use tk5p«ifieJ gozls and
CI'iterU.

To fulflnmentof means
of a definite pbn or

g
o
n
! feeduack
, EVaIu3tlve Information an action or
process promptIng a return to;1
precealng phase for alteration or
correction.

. analysis
of a whole Into its constl:uent
parts or elements. esp. a s a method of
studying the of the whole ana
determining Its essentl3l features ana their
relations.
J
" Comulnirig of separate, often pa rts

develop;:
To wolt but, expand. or realIZe the
capaPilittes or posslpl!itles of so 3S to pring
gradually to a fuller or adva ncea or
effective state.
,tnodifyl
fochange the form, character. or
quant1es of In oraer to glve a new
orientation to or to serve a new end.
J refine;
, f 0 or elaborate In order
make more or precise.
inflectio n '
. the
shape ofa configuration. meons of
which a changeofrelatlor.sI1lp to some
context or condItion Is Indlc:ate.:i
traMformatlcn·'
Slmulztlng. testing, mod;{y(ng
:lternnlves
specIffeJ goals criteria.
I ; .. ·-.. .. ----;
process In form or
structure through a series of
permutatlons and manlpubtlons In
to a specific context or set of
condltlons without a loss of identity or
concept.
@@
To expre5S.canvey. or Interchange Ideas, fo chooSe from a numl?er of alternatives fo asceruln or a55eSS the slgnlflcance.
Infonnatloll. or lli:e by writing. speaking. fitness or worth. or qu.lltyof, usuarly by careful
or a common system of signs or judgment appraisal and study.
symrols.esp, Ina way that Is cleariyand :,
readily understood. T'lie mental to perceive distinctIons,
.. comprehend relationships, or distinguIsh
, f"OPO''' alternatlves.
The of a pia n for consideration,
function:
acceptance, or action.
58
• The natural or proper actIon for which
Is Mslgnea, used, or exIsts.

• The reason for which something
or Is done. maM, or used.


Arty that provides or
I
comfort. convenience. or pleasure.
, ''-? i
economy
._
',..f . and efficient use and
m3nagement of resources.

A standard, 1'\111:, or prinCiple on wh!ch a
Judgment or decision may
J dmlm-i
, An given. or otherwIse
c:fetennlndd bct or proposition from
which conclusions may I?e drawn or
decisions mac:fe .

fii cri3td li:enes5 or model of someth log
anticIpated for testing and evaluatbn.
model :
. A ';rifnfiture represent3tlon, USIJ.3 ny
built to scali:. to show the appearance
or construction of something.
.'
A fuH-s!ziJ model of 3 Uulkllng or
structure. bullt accurately to scale for
study, testing. or teaching.
.U5t
;r asu!1jtct a system or process to such
conditions or operations as will lead to
a critical evaluatlon of a !71IIt!e 5 01'
.ind subsequent
acceptance or rejection.
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The f#culty or power of
Inferring. or thinking
In ,n orderiy.l'ltlonJl way.
o }. 0 )

The pTay of the mind through which 'il$cns
are summoned. esp. mentallnventC1s that
are whimsical. playful. ana
characteristically removed from re4nty.
---
iDESIGN
I crutivity
, The aPillty'tO transcend traditional
Ideas. patterns. or relationships and to
Initiate meaningful new lkas. forms. or
Interpretations.
\ ,,/
-e-nv-I-slc-n:-' \
To rorintmental plctvre of a . >>A rr.en61 representation of
,
The creative ability to Imagine or
express In an Independent and
Individual manner.
future possibility. • - '-, / sorr.ethlng previously perceived In the
of the
i . :
The faculty of fontilng mental Images
The power of recombining former '. : or concepts of wh3t Is not present to
experiences In the creation of nell' '. - ,: the senses or perceived In reality.
IITt3ge5 directed at a speclf1c g031 \. \ \ I J
--.-••• - ..., ""'_' _______ •.•••
_ .. .. _ ... _._ .... , .. -......... 4-... --.-................ -... -...... Kthoughtor notion resulting from
.' mentalaW3reness. understanding. or
.:t

'" 'Toreg3fd'an Ide3 orconupt 3S
some fmn of
outside of the mind.

10 orper-rneate with a
fom. sul;>stance.
qUJl1ty. or distinction.

, To or attention
of.
"."
" To rttrut ana hold fast Py
Influet\a or powu.
The act or power of
that which will or may come to be.
I
Th'e faculty-ofsetllng things In their
tnJe relations or of evaluating
their relative significance.

A part'lcular manner or mode
of Iocl:lng at or
something.
,
A way In which a thll19 may
viewed or re<jarded.

or application of thought or
principles. asd1stll19ulshed from theory. resultIng In a system of
!
or principles used in analyzing.
; 1'e<11 explaining, or predicting
ve;rtfuple. and Independent arid or followed 3S the b-a%
3S to arttflclal or of 2Ctlon.
Hlusory. I
I
!

• A nu. of things r'e!JardeJ as forming a
grotJp ry of common attrll:rutes or
c har.lCterls1lc.s.
,
: rdereru to
concrete re3l1ty or a p;irtlcuur
Instance.

A ftirld3'mental ana comprehensr.e ;,.,..
tnJth. or assumption gc"Yernlng
procedure. or amngement.
.. ·-····-·-····· .. . e
;,V;n or pattem on which all
oftM kinJ are copied or

.' AreproJ'uctlooof3nofiginai.
prototype :
An and typical example that
the fe3 tu res of a class or group t model
anJ on which bter st3qes are or '
eJ. An rumple serving 3S 3
Jlld.; for Imitation or emulation In tr.e
creation of something,
,
A 'ri1entallmage or formulation of what
somethIng Is orought to be. esp. an
Idea generalized from partlcula r
characteristIcs or Instances.
conceyt
A concept for tl1eform. structure. and
fe3tures of a I1Ulldlng or otr.er
construction. represented graphically
Py diagrams. plans. or other drawings.

An un.::lerlylng org3nlzatlonal pattern
or structure for a des41n.
.. proia,
The original scheme for a deslgn
presented In the form of a sketch
outlining Its spectflc char.1cter. to pe
developed In detail In later studies.

M object;acUvtty. or Idea used In place
ci another to alikeness
them.
as appl1ed to tile stating and solution
of proPierns that Involves free use of
T
c
r
, eatlve processes. esp.
and anJ10gy In Informal
a-nltogy ( . Interchange within a small group of
A similarity In some particulars diverse Individuals.
things otherwise dissimilar.
... 1I0glcal Inference !rased on the - '-
that If two things are .. :' ._
[lIOWT'Itoi1ealiktlnsomeres::uts. .,-.. \/ // .. '
LP ::
w1thoot evident ratlonal thought and
Inference.
tBDJ]w

orreftectlon on a subject
or idea. In a conclusion
Inferred from Incomplete or
Inconclusive evidence.
.
The state 0'7quality of pelng
susceptlble to uncerta!nty of meaning
or multiple Interpretation.

An 3pt!tudefor ma[1119 deslrable and
unexpu-tecl discoveries I1y accident.

A fortUitous circumstance. qU3!ity. or
characteristic
59
DOME
A vaufW structure having a
circular plan and usually the form
of a portion of. spnere, so
constnJcW 2S to exert an equal
thrust in all directWns.

A dome the form of a segment of a
I'd PeIcw the
springing 11M A saucer dome Is partlcula rIy
salsItlve tc budhng u I'Jer 3n Iloaa.
radl.aldome
A dome l1uilt with stu! or tlmPer trusses
amn¥d In 3 raalalll".Jnner 3na connected
Coy polygon .. I rings at various heights.
60
..... -....... - meridiana! line
."" A CUllleJ hM aescrli:1lng a vertical
,/ section cut the axis of a
rotatlort31 surface.
roo ................... hoop nne
I A circulAr line aescrl17lng a hOrizontal
, section cut perpendIcular to the axis
of a rotational surface .
. -semicircular dome
A dome havlng the form of a

./ ... r r;ll$ItIon from merldiofl3l to hoop
.-' forces 0CCIJr5 atan angle of from 45"to
6Q' from the vertical axis for most load
conditJons.
/
hoop forc.e .. -.----- ...... - ..
A force acting along a hoop line of a
dome structure, perpendlcu lar to
me ridlon3 I forces. Hoop forces, whIch
rtstraln the out-of-plane movement
of the meridional strips In the shell of
a dome, 3rt compressive In the upper
zone ana In the lower zone.
meridianal force ........ ---....... .
A force acting along a meridional line
of a dome structure, always
compressive underfull vertical
loadIng.
! conb!n the outward components of
; the rr.eridIonai forces. In 3 concrete
.: dome, thIs ring Is thickened and
.IT" i the l7ase of il acme tc
! rtlnforuJ tc the
----lJ':.:>..----<">----'7"lIr+- stresses C3usea by the differing
elastic deformations of the ring and
5chwedler dome
A steel dome having memPers which follow
the lines of 1atit<Jde and longitude, and a
third set of completing the
triangulation,
shell

. A stul dome structure havIng meml1ers
which follow the circles of latltuae. and two
sets of diagonals replaCIng the lines of
longitude and formIng a series of Isosceles
triangles.
11 11 11
great circle
The cIrcle of greatest
d13meter that can
drawn on a sphere.
geodesic dome
A stul dome havIng members which follow
thrte principal sets of 9rtat cIrcles
Intersecting at subdlvldlr.g the acme
surface Into;l series of spherical
trlanqles.
t, !
'I

l
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:.------------------------ -- - .. ----------

: A'superstructure crownIng a roof or dome
: havIng open or windowed walls to let In ltght
andalr.
, cupou
A I1ght structure on a dome or roof. serving
35 a l:>elfry.1antern. or belvedere.
It.lml1our·
'The vertiCal part of a cupola.
.. .
,/ The space betJeen the Inner and outer
shells of a dome.
'\
1
" A dormer window In a roof or spire.
\
\

L,
'.- .----. Whispering gallei'y\
J. space or gallerJ ueneath " dome or
i ;1 vault In wh1ch low sounds produced
I at any of certain points are clearly
band.age .:..
audible at certain other dIstant
olnts.
A strap. rIng. orchaln placed around a
structure to secure and hold Its parts
together. as around the springIng of a
aome,
DOME
.. -------.- .. -.. -... oculu't
.{ A esp. one at the crown of
a dame.
semiaome,
H3ff a dome formed by a vertical section.
as (Nllr a sem1clrcular apse.
cul-de-four
A semldome or:quarter-sphere vault. as
O'IU a n a pse or nlc he.
pendentive
A spherlC.l1 triangle formIng the transition
from the cIrcular plan of a dome to the
pLon of Its supportIng structure.
----···--------'Iunette i
An area In the plane of a wall framed by
an arch or vault. containing a window.
painting. or sculpture.
\ dome
. A spher1ca1 dome formed by removfng four
SO that It merges with Its
perJentlves a nd sIts on " square pLon.

/' ,
, An arch or cOrl:>el1ng pullt acroSs the upper
Inside comer of a square tower to support
the side of a superimposed octagonal
structure,
61
DOOR
A hinged, sliding. or folding Darner
of wooa, or glass for opening
.nd closing an tntranu to a
building. room, or c.1binet.
door
A 000r tunis on hinges or pivots aPout
a vertical wncn pushed or pulled.
_i ___ . ___ .
pivoteQ door
A Xcr on and about on a
plvot,
from one hung on hinges.
foWtngdoor
A door IritJI that can be
fbt one another when

51iJin9 door
A door open tes or moves Vy st1dlng
on. tnGt. usu4I1Iy to. wall.
rolling door
A doorconslstlng of horizontal,
metal sbts gUided Vy a tnd
on Vycolllng about4In
Ihm the head of the door

DOD
DDD
DDD
DOD
62
. . . : .
:' '. f' ... ,""':,'.: .:_: :.:. :":'::':." ••• ' •.•
. '.'
.. , l1alanced door
A door that Is partially
courT"...erir.Ilancea for easier opening and
c 1051 rtg.
allU)m.rt:ic door
A door that opens automatically at the
approach of a person or automobile.
door opener
A mech3nism that automatically opens a
door .... hen actuated Vy a radio
tr3nsmltter, electric eye, or other device.

................... _ ... ,- that permit It to
. swing In one direction only.
I
......... double-acting door
A door hung on hinges that permit It to
swing In either direction from a closed
position.
double doors
I, A pair of doors hung In the same doorframe.
"
"


!i . A hinged or sliding section of a dOOr or
shutter.
r-----ir----= ....... j- .,'''- active leaf
,/
,.
,-' The leaf of a pair of "oulne doors to which
the latching or locking mechanism Is
attached. Also called openIng leaf.
...... .... .... ....... Inactive leaf
The leaf of a pair of double doors to which
the strike prate Is fastened to receive the
latch or bolt of the active 1e3f, usuallyflxed
In a closed position by bolts at the top and
bottom of the door. Also called standing
leaf.
/ .... astragal
./ A molding attached to one or boUl meeting
stiles of a pair of double doors to prevent
drafts or the passage of light, nolse, or
smoke.
mullion
-f-l··-,H+···_ .... I- l:rifolddoor
A slender vertical memPer dlvidlng the
opening for a p.lr of double doors.
sometimes removal7le to permit the
passage of large oVjects ••. -:;
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A folding door that divides Into two parts.
the Inner leaf of each part Pelng hung from
an overhead tr3ck and the outer
ir ucordlon door
, jill j pl.oted the jam".
1--_ ....... I.J,...LJu.u.=ii .w' A multi leafed door that Is hung from an
overhead track and opens by folding back In
the manner of an accordion.
rt-'-"Tl
I : I
I : I
I ('f"'-"'"
I : I
- pocket door
A door that slides Into and out of a
recess In a doorway wall
I 'I
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,/
,-
/
/
,
/
/
/
,/
,-
....
.....

.' ....
"
.'
,/ ' ................,
\.
\.
revolving door
An entr3nce aoor for excluding dr.oft.s from
the Interior of a i7ulldlng. COfI$lstlng of four
leaves set In the form of a cross and
rotatlng about a central vertbl pivot
within a cylindrically
Some revolving doors automatlc3llyfold
I:r.Ick In the direction of when
pressure Is applied. providing a'\eg41
passageway on roth sides of .Ihe door pivot.
...... wIng
One of the leaves of a double or revolving
door.
r
........... sweep
overhead door
A large door constructed of one or sever31
!eaves. opening Vy swinging or roiling up to a
horizontal position above the aooropenlng.
i
The flexible weatherstripping along the
eages of a revolving door.
air curtain
A stream ofcompressta air
downward across" doorway 50 a s form a
shield t;{l exclude drafts.
I
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rough opening ---------..,
An opening In a wall Into which a
doorframe or window frame 15 fitted.
pmb
Either of the vertlca I sides of a n
archway. doorway, or window opening.
cased opening
.K. doorles.s opening finished with
trlmworl:.

casing ________ . ___ L __ <.
The finished, often decorative
mmewori: around a door or window
openIng, esp. the portion parallel to the
surroundIng surface and at
angles to the Jaml>s.
subca,i/19
A rough casing for a doorway or wlndol'!
opening.
----.---.. -.... -.
A subframe of wood or metal set In a
partltlon to support the finish frame of
a door or window. Also called door
\1ud, rough puck.
doorcle4r311U
The cle3ral1Ce required to prevent \ __
DOOR
doorframe
" . ' . .- ",i Theframe of a aoo11Y3Y, consisting of
i
I.
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">;':1 two Jambs and a head or lintel
':J- head
:0.1 The uppermost a doorframe
.::.::1 or wi ndow frame.
. doorjamb
..: Either of the two sidepieces of a
<j doorframe.
"l-
'::1 stop
I
The part of a doorframe
'. ':1 agaInst which a door closes. AlSo callej
:':: doorstop.

pia nted 5tc P
A stop fOf'lT'led by attaching a molding
to a doorfra me or wi ndow fra me.
rauueteJ stop
A stop formed Integrally by a ra bbetln
a doorframe or window frame.
blankpmb
A doorjamb having no stops. nor
prepared to receive hardware.
sill
The horizontal member beneath a door
or wIndow opening.
--.--.- ..... -... -
Inndlng Detween 2 door and its II
! --'-------------
the fau of the loci: stile, usually an ...
Inchnatlan of 'fa In. (32 mm) for each 2
In. (51rnm) of door thickness, allowing
the door to swing free of the door
The sill of a o.oorH'3y, covering the join t
between twa flooring m3Url31s or
provldlr.g weather protection at an
exterior door .
. .. --.- saddle
.,/ A raised piece offtoorlng between the
.... Jaml1s of a dool1Yay. to which a door fits
closely SO as to prevent its binding
when oper.ed.
frame.
.... -··· .. · .. · .. ·· .. --· Maml
sectlan of woodwori: directly above a
do<xway.
----------.---.-----------
A crosspiece separating a doorway
from a window orfanllght above it.

A window aDove the transom of a
doorway. Also calW transom,

reYe411 ------------------- .. ---
The part of a Jamb of a window or door
opening that Is vIsIpk: pet-ween the
outer wall surface and the Window or
aoor frame.
5wncheon
The reveal of a window or door open:ng
from the frame to the Innerface of the
wall. Also. esconson.
.-- ------ .---- fanlight
I
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Veneti3n door
A doorway having a form similar to that of a
Palladian window.
A sem!clrcular or semleillptical window
over a doorway or another window.
. --
A window at the side of a door or
another Window. Also calle.::! wfnglight
splay
A surface that makes an o\Vique angle
with another, as where a window or
door opening widens from the frame
toward the face of the wa I\.

'. __ .. __ . __ ... ,' \,.'
, -.
\
::' . --------_ ... _--- '."---.
63
DOOR
paneled Door
.. --- .- ..• p3nel
A doorhJvlng a framework of sUIes. rails.
ana lI1untlns. filled with panels
of a ;h Inlla' 1113 teriJt
A distinc;t or dlvlskln of a
wall or door. recessed
below or raised 3bove the general
level orenclosea by a frame.
r3a --- stile
64
Arry of various horizontal memDers
framing panels. as in a system of .'
panenng. a paneb:l door. window ,.-' IU
______ ____ //
The uppermost r3il connectJng the j
stlk:s c:i a door or winaow I.
sa $It.
IocIcrail ---------------------------- 1-------
The ,... of a doo- that meets the
shutt1n4 stile n the level of the

i1ottom rail -------------- -----.-----
The lowest rail connecting the
--D
stiles of a door or wiRdow
sa$lt.
french door
A door having rectangular gl3ss
panes extenang throughout its
length. and often hung In pairs.
AlsoCJlled

A door of heat-strengthened or
glass. \'tlth or without
ra lis ex sUits. used prima rlly a 5 an
erTtrance door_
i
o
louvered door
A door having a louvered opening
for the passage or circulation of
air. Also C4l1ed Pllnd £1001"_
D
Dutchaoor
A door divided horizontally 50 that
the upper or lower part can De
opened or closed separately.
Ar,y of various:: ?right memDers
fr;;ming panels.;;5 In a system of
paneling. a pane!ed door. window
sash. or a vf drawers.
hi"¥stile
The stile of a cloer Dy which it Is
hung. Alsccalltd hangIng stile.
locI: stile
The stile of a door that closes
against thefrar.-.e of the opening.
Also callea shlltting stile.
muting stile
of the stiles In;; pair
of dou Die doors.
vision light
A smallli.aht In the upper
portlon cf;; door glazed with
clear g1355 for
louver door
An ope-nlng fltW 'r'lith sl.'lnting. An exterior door having a frame
fixed or rncvaD!e slats to admit air into which arfferent types of
Dut exclude r3ln ana snow or to panels can Doe 35 a screen
pro0Je prlvacy. Also. louvre. for SlJmmer or st.onn sash for
winter.
f,.tun door
A door of vertical
l7oard5 hekl Dy
horizo:1cal lr.itter.s and
diagonal Dracing.
Jip door
A door hinged be flush with the
wall on either skk and treat.eJ sa
35 to Doe Indisu;-niL>te when cbsed.
Also. gl1:7 door.
storm door
AI1 outer or supplemeir'..3'j
door. usua!1y glazed. for
protecting an erTtr;;lnce :XNr
from dr;;lfts. driving /din, or
severe we3tr.er.
screen door
A.1 exterior door hav in g r-ooJ
or .. Iuminum sU!es ana r.lils
that hold a wire or pI3S';l::
:nesh to .. dmit air I7Ut

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DOOR
aajll5table doorframe
A doorfr4me a split had and J:Jmbs
for InstJl13tlo11In various WJU thld::nesses.
prehung docr
A door In a doorfume More
Ittstall3tlon In a wall sometllr.es preflnishecJ
and prefltted wtth all neces5Jr)' hardware
aM
acoustical door
A door hJving • sound-&e3dening
cor-e. .lang
t....t' an.::! sides. and an autolTutic
drop along the bo«om. Also
ca11ed doer.
.' ----- krIockdownfume
sclkJ-ccre door
A wood flush door having a
solid core of staved
lum!1er. partlck: Doard. or a
minerai composition.
door
A door hJving a structural
wood core cl3d with
galvanized sheet metal.


A met3! doorirame
composed of three or more
.. _.- we!de.dfnme cutQff :,-to p
flush door
A door smooth-surfaced faces.
1
IIIIIt-- core
A wooden construction. as In a door.
forming a lIacklng for face veneers.
cr05s(,anding
The plywood or hard!loard veneer
Immediately the face veneers of a
flush door. Also. crossl1and.
docrskin
A surface veneer of plywood. hardboard.
p13stlc 13mll13te. or medium density overlay.
bonded to the crossbandlng or core of a
flush door.
hollow-ccre door
A wood flush door having a framework of
stiles and ralls encasing an expanded
honeycom!l core of corrugated fI!1erl1oard
or a grid of Interlocking horlzontal a
vertical wood strips.
hollow door
A door luving face sheets of light-gauge
steei PorJed to a steel channel frame,
reinforced wtth channels .• kraft
hontj'COm!1 structure. or 3 rigid
foam core.
r-----
L- ____ _
throat
rhe opening between
the Dackbends of a
metal doorframe.
backbend/ ....
The at the oUter
edge of a metal
doorframe that returns
to the wall surface.
hollowmetalfr;,ame
A doorframe having a head andJamDs
formed from a piece of metal.
flu5hfraIM
A ma.1 c:Ioormnne ned to be
Installed the construCtion of a
masonry or stud wan.
drywall frame


A met31 doorframe th3tls
completely set up and
welded at factory.
A stop having a closed end that
terminates above floor line
a 45° or 90° angle. Alsacalled
hospital stop. sanitary
stop.
A knockdown frame having a dcullle-return
backbend for Installation after a drywall
partition Is finished.
anchor
Ar.y of var'.:, .. s :netal devices for
orc P3rt of a struckJre to
arccher.
pase anchor
A metal clip or device for
securing !;rase of a
doorframe to the f.oor.
\"""
i
!lpat .. ;
A protect!ve lining,
usually of stainless
scul. at the of a
doorfrarT1(:.
groute.:f frame
A metal doorframe completely with'
plas tel' or mortar for structu ral rigidity
and Increased fire resistance.
double egre!ltS frame
A metal cIoorframe prepared to receive a
pall' of single-acting doors that swing In
opposite directionS.
65
DRAWING
The art, process, or technique of
representi/19 an ol1ject, scene, or
ide3 b:t me3ns of lines on a surface.
technique
A method or procedure for
a deslrea aim or as
that c:mpbyed Py an artist showing a
high of skill or command of
fu nda me nt3 ls.
centour drawing
The technique of drawing lines to represent
the contours of a subject, without shading
or of form.
centour
The outnne of a two-dimensional shape or
PoundIng edges of II three-dlmenslonal
form.
modeling
The technique of rendtrlng the illUSion
of volume. depth. or solidity on a two-
dlmensloni/ S<Jrface Uy shading.
66
freehana drawing
The art. process. or technique of drawing
hand WIthout the aid of draftlng
Instruments or mechanical devices. esp.
for the representatlon of perceptions or
the visualization of ideas.
grisaille
MonoehrolT'.3 tic painting In shades of
gray to produce 3 three·dlmenslonal
effect.
F'EKCEIYlNG
lMAGlNIHG
-t..
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DRAWING _.: ..('
..' ,{'
line \ .. \.
A thin, continuous 1TI3r\: made on \-
surfau with a pencil, Pe:'!. or
distinguished from sha or eolor:\
outline .
A line describing the outer boundary ofa.
f\j ure or object. '.
profile
An outline of a form or structure seen or
represerrted from the side.

The technique of dra w 1114 hoes to
represent a of cuts across the
surface of II fonn rather than,tts edges.
f /
gesture drawing
The technique of drawing a single or m ultlple
lines freely and quldly as a subject Is
scanneJ and percepUoos of volume. rn.oss.
movement. and significant details a re
projecW onto the drawing surface. In
contrast to contour drawing, gesture
drawing generally from the whole
to the p3 rts.

A of the b na. a rm. had. f.Ice. or
body th3t expresses an Idea. opinion. or
.,' c:motlon.
movement
The effect or Illusion of motlon conveyed by
the relationship of structural elements In a
or compositIon.
reg u lating line -
A drawn to measure or- express
SC3le. or proportlon.
trace
A line drawn to record
or Irasurerr.ent.
siuaifl9
The r:ndering of Ilght.nd dark V4lluesln
to Cre3te the Uluslon of three-
dimensionality. represent light arJ s-ha.1ow.
or give the effect of color ..
h.ttching
Sh3dlng composed of flne "ncs drawn In
close proxlmlty.

ShadlI14 composed of two or more series of
Intersecting parallel noes.
I
Il
L
Shadlng by means of a networl: of random.
multldlrectlonallines. ..
high-key
Havir":l chiefly tones with little
ccntr.;st.
stippling ,
Sh3dlng by means of dots, small spots. or
short stroK es.
key
The dominant tonal value of a drawIng or
palntlng.
low-key
Having en iefty dart tones with
nttle contrast.
r
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,ketch
A simply Of hJsUyexecuted drawing or
palrrtll1g the essential
ftatures of an Of scene without the
detJils. often I1Ude as a prellmlna ry study.
sway
A drawing executed as an educational
productd as a prelimina ry to a
final wor1:. Of made to record o l7servatlons.
ScmetImes referreJ to 35 3 referential
dr.1wing.
conception
A of Chat dees not yet
exist.
drm
A prelimlna!), of a deslg n Of pia n.
esp. one subject to revision.
es-quis5e
A $l:etch the general feJtures of a
design or plan.
epure
A flJrt-SQIe, drawing done 0f1 3 wall.
from which are
the patterns forvarlous Dulidlng
elar.ent5.
cartoon
A of it to
:.toInsfmed In preparation f.x a fresco.
lI1OS.Oic.

A .:Inwing. r:sp. a of a
Of'" intu\ol" spau.artlstlcalfy
1T'.oI shades 3nJ shadows: USU3 Ify
done for tM of presen tatlon and


mass
A unlf'.ed area of Ilght. shade. or color
that deflnes shape or form In general
outhne rather than In detail.
passage
An area. section. or detail of a work. esp.
with respect to Its qualities of
execut\cf1.
A Cf' painting In which objects are
rendered In extremely fine detail to
emph3slze the Hiusior c' tactile 3-j sp3tlal
qU3rtt ies
DRAWING
design drawing
Any of the drawings made to aid In the
vlsuaflzatlon. exploration. and evaluation of
a concept In the design process.
presentation drawing
Any of a set of design drawings made to
artlculate and communicate a design
concept or proposal. as for exhibition.
review. or puDllcatlon.
+.
.',
. $I:} ,6 'I /?
,( r; .. • :P
/ V'
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"',

vignette
A drawing that Is shaded off gradually Into
the surrounding paper so as to leave no
definite line at the border.

An elevat\o!l drawing of a facade. surrounded by
a dewratlve arrangement of drawings of
Important details 3 nel somei:lmes a pl3 nor
section of the fac3ae.
67
DRAWING
drafting
Drawing done with the aid of such
Instruments as T-squares. triangles.
compasses. ana scales. esp. for the
representation and
dlmenslonal specification of archItectural
and structures. Also called
muhanlcaf drawing.
o17jectline
A solid line representing a contour of an
oi>ject.
tUshed line
A In-oken nne of short. closely
spaced strokes. used esp. to represent
object nnes that are hidden or removed
from view.
dotUd line
A In-oken line conslstln!) of a series of
closefy spaced Oots. sometimes used In
place of a dashed line.
unUrline
A Im*en nne consIstlng of relatIVely long
segments separated by sIngle dashes or
dots. used to represent the axis of a
sym metrlca I element or composition.
68
'. crowfoot
A V-shaped mark.the apex of which Is a
reference point.
leader
A short line leading the r;ye from a note or
dlmenslon to a reference point. nne. or area.
17reakline
A I1roi:en line consisting of relatIVely long
segments Joined by short zlgZ3g strokes.
. used to cut off a portion of a drawing.
o
grid
A rectangular system of lines and
coordInates serving as a reference for
locating ana re1uiJtlng the elements of a
plan.
co",truction drawings
The portlon of the contract doc u men ts
in ucurate graphic or pictorial
fonn the dlmenslon5. and
relatlonshlps of the elements of a projxt.
Also C311ed COfTt.nct drawings. wori:fng
I dr.iwi"4s.

An emrosslng stamp used l1y a licensed
architect. engineer. or other design
professlol13t on Wltract drawings ana
spectftcatlons to show evidence of
In the: state wMre the work Is
to perfonTltJ.

( .
line
A hne from an edge or f e3tu re of
an to which a dlmenslon hne Is
drawn.
line j
A line terminated by arrows. snort sl3shes.
or dots. lnalcatlng the extent or mag nltude
of a part or the: whole. and along which
measurements are scaled and Indicated.
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teCmetry
The theory of ","*Ing project1ons of three-
dlmtl'l.Slonal on a surface In
order to deduce their geometric properties
and relatlonshys.

11===fF
".
···• •.


A pI.; n of a room as seen from aw,re hit
having its celhllf Sijrf3ces arld elements
proj«ted dowr.ard upon It so that what
would appear to1he right whc1 seen from
appears 011 the plan to the left. Also
calbi plln.

A pUn showing the pattern, elements, and
CO!UIeCt1ons of die: structur.ll frame for a
fu.;lr or roof of butldJrtg, system of
symrols and draftIng nnewon.
X
I

· ...
.....
c.ontcurline !
r (/,//('

The d!fferenu I. e!MtIon represented by
t3Ch COI1tour l1neon 3 top::graphlc plan or
map.

A n showing proposeJ ftnlsh
contours arld emtlons cf the ground
surface of a conWuctlon
narth arrow
A graphic symbd on plans and maps to
In dlc a te the dlrectloo of north.

A proportloo determining the relationship
of 3 represtntatlCn to that It
represents.
graphic ecale ----------f
A graduated hnear Par Indlcatlnq the
proportion a representation and
that which It represents
'. .
__ '. __ __ 'l.. _
DRAWING
projection
The process or technique of representlng 3
thru-d1menslonal by projectlng an
its points by str3lgh-e nnes. either parallel
or converging. to a picture plane.
orthcgraphic projection
A method of projection In whlch a -ehree-
dimCf1slonal '*.!ect Is represented by
projecting lines perpel1dlcul.3r to a plctu re
pl.3ne. Also called orthogonal proJection.
plan
An orthographic projection of the top or
sectlon of an or 5truct<Jre on 3
horlzoa"t31 plane. usually drawn to scale.
Also calle.d plan view.
floor ptan
A plan of 3 rOOm. suite. or entlre floor of a
as sun from above after a
horlz0n"t31 sectlon ls cut and the upper
portion remOr'ea. typlc.:ifly shewing the for:n
and arrangement of interlor spaces and
their enclosing walls. windows. and doors.
poche
The walls. columns. and other sof41s of a
that 3re cut !n 3 floor pl3n or
sectlon drawlng. tnd1caw.J USl!3fly In plack
or by hatching.
rocfpL1n
A plan showing the top view of a pulkllng.
esp. the form of Its roof.
pL1n
A plan showing the form.iocatlon .. and
orientation of 3 l:tultding or group of
17ulldlngs on 3 site. uSU311y Includlng the
dImensions. contours. IandSC3plng and
other s19ntf1cant features of the plot. AI50
called plot plan.
area plan
A plan showing the principal elements of a
design In the wider context of Its
surrounding
69
DRAWING
&tCtio1t
An orthographic proJectlon of an object or
structure ;lSft woold appear if cut through
by an plane to show Its
configuration, usually drawn to

eros, S<':ction
An projection of a sectIon
rruk transversely, esp. at right
angles to the axis of an object. Also
cai1ea mns.,.erse section.
e:b7tWn
An ort.hogr#phlc projection Of an object or
struct<Jre 00 a vertical picture plane
p3ratld to one of its sides, usually drawn to

70
. shades ana shaaows
The casting and rendering of shades ;Ind
shadows, esp. In orthographic views, to
li9ht, surface, form, and depth.
shade _ ...... _ ...... _ ...................... .
The parts of a solid that receive no li9ht
they are tangent to or wmeJ
away from a theoretical light SOIIrGe.
shadow
A darHlgure cast upon a surface Dy an
opaque body Intercepting the rlIYs from
a theoretical light source.
Iongftudin415Ution
An ortkoqraphlc projectIon of;l sectlon
made Dy cuttl"1 through the \::Ingest ax!s of
an ol1ject.
section line)
A cerrterllne termInating In a perpenalCular
with an arrow, used to indIcate
where ;I sectlon Is cut In a plan or elevaticn
view and the direction In which the sectlon
Is to be viewea.
opliCiue $eCtion
An projection of a section
made Dy cutting with a plane that Is neither
para I lei nor perpend
1
c u lar to the long axls of
an object.


relief
An apparent projection from a flat
bacl:ground due to contrast, crt3tlng
Illusion of three dimensions.
r-·lceal color
\. The naturlll color of a 09ject .s it
\. would In white tlght.
I
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p.1r.1line
Arry ofv.ri:les slnglc-vk:w drawings
by pml1ellnes
pml1el to e3Cb other
rather tn.311 converging In linear
perspective.
ph.1ntcm
A part of" dr3wlng that Is made
permlt
of detJ lis otherwise
hidden fromrlew.

A or ,"ode! an
ouw StCtlon relnO'leQ to
dispby tM
exploded new
A drawlng shows eM Individual
parts of a woctureor coostructlon
separ.rt:dy M their proper
re1.atlonships to each other and to
the whole. Also calW
view.
phantcm line
A brol:en anc of rela tively
10"9 by two
short dots. used to
represent a property IIne,;in
alternative posltlcn of a part of an
object. or the po9t!on of J n

dimetric projection
An axonometrlc projectlon of a three-
dimensional object incnnea to the picture
plane In such a way that two of Its principal
axes t'qual1y foreshortened and the
third appears longer or shorter than the
other two.
trimetric projection
An axonometric projection of a
three-d1mension31 object Inclined to
the picture plane In such a way that
all th clpal axes 're
fo ata d'- en
cavalier drawing
A parallne drawing of an oblique prOJection.
having the receding lines perpendicular to
the picture plane drawn to the same scale
as the lines parallel to the picture plane.
isametric
A par.lMne cf an Isometric
prdp:;tlon. .!llInes pml!el to the
princIpal axes .;l,":lt'ln to true leryth at the
sa;r,e scale.
c3Pinet drawing
A paranne dra .... an oblique proJection.
h3Ylng 311 lines pra'iel to the picture plaM
drawn to exact scale, and the recedlng I1nes
perperdicular tc j,e picture pl3re reduced
to h3:f sc3le.
DRAWING
.1xonometrlc projecticn
The orthographic projection of a three-
dimensional object Inclined to the picture
pllne In such a WilY that its three principal
axes are foreshortened.
3xonometric
A para line drawing of an
projection. haVing all lines parallel to the
thru principal axes drawn to scale Dut
diagonal and curved lines distorted.
is-ometrk: projection
An axcnametrlc projection of a thru-
dimensional object having its princlp31
faces equally IncUned to the picture pI. ne
so that Its three principal axes are equally
foreshortened_
opli'tue projection
A method of projectlon In which a three-
dimensional oOJect. having one princlPJI face
parallel to the picture pf3M.ls.cepre5e1'lW
D:i projecting parallel nnes at some angle
other th3n 90° to the picture plane.
oPliqLle
A para line drawing of an oDlique projectlc;1.
having all nnes and faces parallel to the
picture pllne drawn to exact scale. and all
nnes perpend1cullrto the picture
plane sMWT13t any convenient angle othl!1"
th3n sometlrT'es at a reduced scale to
offset the appearance of distortion .
71
DRAWING
perspective
Ivry afV2.nouS for representlng
th.ree-dlmenslonal objects ana spatlal
rtutlonshlps on a two-dlmenslonalsurfact
as they might appear to the eye.
liij
perspective
A for rendering depth or dlstance
!Iy muting hue, tone. ana dlstlnctness
of objects perceived as receding from the
plcture·plane. Also called atmospheric
perspective.
linear perspective
A mathem3tlcalsystem for representlng
three-dlmenslonal oDjects and spatlal
relationships on a two-almenslonalsurface
loy means of perspective projectlon_
proFtion
A mhoc:I of projection In which a three·
dlrnenslonalobject Is !rt
projecting an Its points to a p!cture plane
!Iy straight lines converging at an
flxed point representJ ng the eye
of the vlewer_
The illusion of sp3U or deplcW on a
means. as aerial perspective. contlnuity of
continuity of outline
A f.Xhnlque for representIng depth or
d1stance by emp/13stzlng the contlnulty of
the contour of a shape perceived as "clng In
front ana conceaNng a part of another
Pehlnd It.
pictorial space
two-dimensional sumce by various graphic X
rn. , _
i, - -- - ----->--
. _ ' 1--.... - ... -_ ... , edge
___ An edge of an object or surface separated
from Its bacl::ground by dn InU:r;a1 of space.
denne3tea by a thlder fine or by a sharI
contrast In value or texture. ;::r '

A for representlng depth or
distance !rt placing dlst.nt objects
In the picture plane than otjects
;;as being closer.
perspective
... for representlng depth or
dist;;ance !rt reducing the size of objects
pcruIved as receding from the picture
plane.
""':.:'<"f.:- t:;:
:;;;
hi
Uxture
A for representlng depth or
distance by graaU311y IncreaslM4 the
density of the texture of a sumce
perceived as receding from the plctore
pl4ne.
r- picture pl4ne
j An Imaginary transparent plane. coexlstent
I wft:h the drawing surface. on whk;h the
I of a three-dimensional o!7je.ct Is

the centl'2l axis of vision and the plcture I
! projected. In Nnear persp-ectlve. arty line or
pl4ne colnck:ltnt with the picture planec;an
Ve drawn to exact scale.
pbne In hnearperspectlve. -- vanishing point
!5'btionpoint .. -- •.•.••••••••••. -.... ,/ Ap?lnttowardwhlchnualngpmllellines
A flxt.d point III spare representlng a / In llnedr perspective.
dthe viewer In hnear :' 1oc3tea at the point where a slghtllr.e
perspectlve. / parallel to the set of lines Intersects the
ccne of
The field of vision I'2dlatlng outward from
the eye of the viewer In nnear pers pectlve.
deflnedby slghtllnes forming a lS°to:30°
angle the central axis of vlslon. The
cone of vision serves as a guJae In
tkt.ermlnlng what drawn In hne;lr
perspective wfthout the appearance of
distortion.
72
• picture plane.
-4
of
The slghtllne InalcatlM4 the direction In
which the viewer Is looking In linear
. perspectlve. perpendicular to the picture

horizon line
A hn.e representlng th., intersection of the
picture plane and a horizontal plane through
the eye of the viewer In perspective.
ground line
A horizontal line representlng the
Irrtersectlon of the ground pbne;;ana the
picture plane In linear Also
called "'&aline .
. - ground
A horizontal plane of reference from which
vertlc31 measurements can taken In
linear perspectlve. usually the .
supporting the object depicted or on which
the viewer stands.
I

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ccnvtrgence
The apparent movemertt of parallel lines
towara "cammon v.nlshlng polrtt 3S they
reude. usea In linear to convey
an HkJsloo of space ana depth.
diagonal vanishing point
A V3nfshlrtg polnt for a set of horizontal
hnes receding at a to the picture
plane In hne"r Also called
diagonal point. distance pOint. ---.--
.. ' Par;lUellines rising upw3rd as they
/
/ sornewhert the horizon line.
.... ,. trace
P"rallellines perpenJicul.1r t<J the
picture pune tt{lIappe3r t<J at
the center of vision.
horizon line
Pmllel lines p;u-allel t<J the picturt
pl.1neret31n their orien tatlon and Will
net appear t<J
I
DRAWING
peNpectJve
A arawlng of the perspective projectlon of
an aDject or scene. characterlzed chlefty l1y
convergence ana foreshorten In!!.
.-
j-"-- .......• foreshortening
wapparentcontractlon ordlstortlan of a
represented line or shape that 15 not
parallel to the picture plane. conveying an
iIIuslon of or projection In space.
one-point per5pective
A hnear perspective of a rectangular ODJect
or volume having a prinCipal face parallel
with the picture plane. so that vertlc3lllnes
parallel to the p1cture plane remain vertlc3l,
horizontal lines parallel to the picture p13ne
remain horizontal. and horizontal lines
perpendicular to the picture plane appe3r
A Ilne along which all sets of receding
p-JI'3/1ell1nes Iyfng In the same or parallel
planes will appear to converge In linear
perspective.
. to canverge at the center of vision.
fd.d IMs sloping dol+f1W1rd as
they rmJe wffl appex tc
Pelow horizon fine.
a n.3 morpho,ls
A dlston:eJ 11r139t: that
appe3r5 In n3tural fOl1l1 only
'(IeweJ at a 3 "!! Ie
or reflected from a cUr.'W
mirror.
graphiC
mea,uring point
A V3nlshlng point for a set of parallel lines
used In transferring scaled measurements
the picture plane to lines recedlM!J In
linear Ive. '----'\
me3,urlng line ... --- ..
Any nne colncldent with or parallel to
the picture pl3ne. as the ground line ... '
which can Pc used to take .. .
measurements In
horizon line
Of or relating to pictorial
representation, esp. that which
depfcts In a clear and effective
1T13nnu.
View 3t" shallow
angle from this point
Parallel lines which art hCriz0nt31 M not
t<J the plane WiU appear
to en horizon
isocephalic
Having the heads of all fi9ures at
approximately the same level Also.


two-point per5peaive
A "near perspective of a rectangular aDject
or volume havll14 two principal faces oblique
;.0 the picture pl3M. 50 th3t vertical
parallel to the picture pl3ne remain 'r'rn\c31
and two horIzo1TtaI sets of parallel lines
ol7ilque to the p1cture plane appear to
C011'r'erge at two vanishing points. to
the left and the other to the right.
diJg<'naf •. - .. -... -... --.-- .. -.----....
A straight line connectlng two .
IlOrI3dpcen't angl.es of a rectangle. used ....
111 S1JpdMdlng a whole Into .
propor..lonate parts or multiplying"
'. unit of measurement or space..
three-point ptr5pectlve
A linear perspective of a rectangular object
or volume having all prinCipal faces
to the picture p13M. so th3t the
principal sets of parallel nnes appear to
converge at three different
points.
73
ELECTRICITY
The sciena dealing with the physical
arising from the
existence and interaction of electric
charges.
electric wrge
The lntrinsW; property of lNtter giving rise
to an electr1; phenomena, occurring in two
forms arl1itnn1y given posttlve and negative
and rr.easured in
Opposite attract while charges
repel each oU1er.
coulomp
The 51 unit of electric cfmge, t:qual to the
qua ntlty of electricity tra nsferred across a
woauctor loy :a current of one a mpere In one
second. Abk.: C
Ii
' . two or more cells connected
together to produce electric current.
electromotive force I cell
A device for converting chemical into
The energy per unIt charge for erectric energy, usually consisting of a
conversion from a chemical, mechanical, or receptacle with electrodes in an
other form of energy lllto electrical energy, I' electrolyte. Also called electric cell,
or vice versa, In a conversion device as a I
galvanic cell, voltaic cell.
generator, or motor. emf •.... "'.'.
potential difference ! electrolyte
The voltage difference Petween two points I A nonmetallic conducting medium In which
w Y
potential / j a nun metallic medium.
( ( .-- .....
..... llll.11 + -".'." .... , terminal of a primal)' celf or
I
f.ow: curnnt
j
w= VxA
----r-
power ....l
The proaua of potential difference and
CUi1"el1t Itt J direct-current circuit. In an
atternatln§ current circuit. power 15 t:qUJI
to t1le of the effe:ctlve voltage, the
effectlve Cll!'Tent. ana the cosine of the
2f141e retwetn current 2na voltage.
wrtt
The 51 unit of po-""er, eqUJI to one Joule per
power by a
current of 0IIe ;I mpere flowing across a
potential ctfference of one volt. APlir.: W

An amount of power, esp. the power
required to oper.rte an electrical device or
a pplial1Ce, expressed in watts.
kilowatt
A tIf1itofpower, equal to 1.000 watts.
leW
lei !ow;rtt--J\o u r
A unit ofene-rgy, equal to the energy
transferred or expenkd by one kilowatt in
one hoUr:;I common unit of electric power
GOnSIJmptlon. kWh
74
voltage L ..• circuit . __ ./
./
f'otentl31 difference or electromotive force The complete path of an electric
expresStd In volts: analogous to pressure In current, including the SOurce of electriC
water flow. energy.
volt
The 5/ unit of potential difference and
eIecWmotlve force, defined as the
dlfferenu of eb=tric potentlall1etween two
points of 2 conductor carrying a
curren't of one :ampere, when the power
dlsslp2ted Pe'tween the points Is t:qua! to
one W3tt. V
current •...•.
The rate of flow of electric charge In a
circuit per unit time, measured in amperes.
More the rrmn gf eJectrlctty w.l5 fuDy
th3t3 JlrtCt
aJrmrt fJoweJ fi-onI; positive point 3
neg3tlve one. ThIs convention Is stiff used tren
though electrons flow in the opposite dfrectlcn,
from r;, positive.

series •............................ _ .. ' ..
An .rrangementofcomponents 1n;;:1
electric circuit In which the same
current flows through each component
In tum without pranchlng.
parallel •.•......•..•. -. - ..... -..........•.
An arrangement of components In an
electric circuit In which all positive
terminals are connected to one
conductor and a/l negative terminals
are connected to oil second conductor,
the same voltage Dtlng applied to each
component.
resist.1nce .... .. j
The opposition of a conductor to the
flow of current. causing some of the
electric to transformed Into
he4t 2nd usUi11y measure4ln ohms.

ohm
The Sf unit of electrical resistance.
t:qual to the resistance of a conductor
In which a patentl31 difference of one
volt produces a current of one ampere.
Syml7ol:0
storage .
resistivity
The resistance per unit length of a
with a unit cr05s·sectlon.a1 area.
Also called spec;i&
ccnductMty
A IT1e3sure of the auliltyof a sul>stance to
conduct electric current, equal to the
neclprocal of the resistivity of the
sul>stance. Also called specific
conductance.
The 51 unit of electric current,
t:quivalent to a flow of one couloml1 per
second or to the steady current producea
!Iy one volt applied across a resistance of
one ohm. A
Ohm's law •.... - ........ -... -................ - I = VIR
The law that for any circuit the electric
amperage
The strength of an electric current
measured or expressed In amperes:
analogous to the rate of water flow.
current Is directly proportional to the
voltage and Inversely proportional to
the resistance.
Joule's law
The principle that the rate of
production of heat by a direct Current
is dlnectly proportional to the
resistance of the circuit and to the
squa re of the current.
j
I
U
I
P
I
r
i
¥Mra-tcr
A mJChlM that converts mechanical
Into electrbl enertr:J.
alttrtutor
A generator for producing alternating
current.
ELECTRICITY

An electric current flowing In one dIrection
. only and having a magnitude that does not
. time vary or varies only slightly. Abbr.: DC
r--------------------l
electric motor - :
.. alternating current
An electric current that reverses
at regularly recurring Intervals, having 3
magnitude that varies In a sinusoidal
manner. Al:rbr.: AC
A macnine that converts electric power I I
In to muha nlcal energy. I :
I ,
arl113ture ----_. ______ ._. __ . ____ .l.. .. ___ ----- _. - I
The main cum:nt-canyfng winding of a 1_ " I
vott-ampere
___ r-------------------
i
I I
A unit of electric measurement, equal t<J
the product of one volt and one ampere,
equivalent to one watt for dlrect·current
systems and a unit of apparent power fer
alternating·current systems. Abbr.: VA
•. - ... ____ .. __ .. _- .......... .
A or carron conductor serving
ta maintain electric contact !?etween
fixed and mOvIng elelnents In a motor or
g en era t.?r.
ill

The of uUlitles, as water, gas, and
or demanded by the

line drop
The decre3S<lln voltage between two
polnts 011 a power !Ine, usually cause.:!
by res!st3T1ce or leabge alone the line.
entranuconductor _ ......... _ .. _ .... _
The portlon of 3 servu conducr.or

to the serke equipment of a
buikflng.
'tIf<iItt-hour meter -..... --.
A meter for and
recording the 'iuartmj' of
eleGtric power consumed with
respect to Clrne. rr-=-=::::----=---

r- -I r-
! tr.InsfonMfvault l I
I A flre-:rated I'0OI1 housing a I I
I I I
I I I
: for a I3rge building. usually located on '-rl'J..
and ventilated V1
: dlrectly to the outside air. : i
L ___________________ -1 I
standby genaatcr
A generator for providing emergency
power during 3 power outage. Also
c:J11ed emergency generator.
uninterruptil1le power supply
An emergency system designed to
provide power automatically and
Instantaneously upon failure of the
nomul power supply.
I
I
I
I
I
,
""1..-1 __ 1
- 1--'
I
I
I
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I
I
I
I
I
I
I
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I
core ----.------.----.-.- .. -- ... - .. -t-.... l
A mass of Iron or other ferrous I I
materIal In an electromagnet. Induction l
co!1. or transformer, 5erVlng to k- transformer
concentrate and Intensify the l An e!ectrlG device consIsting of two or more
magnetlc ftekl resulting from a current _ J J .. L _ L
I I whlLllngs wounCA on "fiCO same core, wldch
In a surrounding coil. I employs the prinCiple of mutual Ind uct ton to
coil _________ ..... _ ... __ ... _ ... _ ·······r convert vari3tlons of alternating current in
A conductor wound In a spiral form to : I a primary circuit Into vari3tlons cfvoltage
Introduce Inductance Into a circuit. L---------_________ J and current In a secondary circuit.
high-voltage r- 5u!lstation
Operated on, powered by, or / An auxiliary power station where
transmitting high voltage. electrical current Is converted. as
/
from DC to AC, or where voltage Is
s"'...epped up or down.

step-up transformer
A transformer having fewer turns in the
primary winding than In the secondary.
senlng to transform low voltage to high
voltage.
step-down transformer
A transformer a greater numl7er of
turns In the primary wlnJ1ng than In the
secondary. serving to transform high
voltaqe to low voltage.
line volt.1ge
The voltage supplied b:t a power Mne,
measured at the point of use.
5ervice CO nd uctor
Arry of several conductors extending from 3
main power line or transformer to the
--.J service equIpment of a building.
}--....... 5el"lice drop
__ :=:-=-=::,;:-_------:!.l The overhead portion of servIce conductors
, __ -::. -::.-=..-::.:oo===:-=:-=-=-{""--=--- extending from the nearest utility pole to a
- ==---, bulkllng.
. ...... l.rteral
The portJon of service
condUC"tars extendlltjJ from a main power
line or to. bulkllng.
--------------------l
room
A room corTtalnlng tM service
equipment for a large bulkllng.
equipment
The equipment r.ecessary for
controlling. metering. and protecting
the electric power supply to a bulid1ng.
located near the entrance of the
service conr:!uctors and usually
consisting of a main dlsconnect switch
and secondary switches, fuses. and
circuit breakers.
switch!?-oard
One or a group of panels on which are
mounted switches. ovucurrent
devices, metering Instruments. and
buses for controlling anr:! protecting a
numl7er of electric circuits. Also called
swiUhgear.
unit substation

A'ny of the conductors extending
from the service equipment to
various dlStributlon points In a
l7ulkllng.
A freestanding enclosure housing a
disconnect SWitch, a stq1-down
transformer, and SWitchgear for a
num!lu of electric circuits.
I I
L ______________________
75
ElECTRICllY
live
i Electrically connected to a
pluse
The fr3ctlona I pa rt of a per10d or cycle
through which tlme has adv;i nced.
measured from a specified reference
point and often expressed 3S an angle.
.--------------------------------,+- souru ofvo/t.age. or
chJrged SO;/S to
hJve.3 potential different from
thJt of Also. hot.
dead
Not electrically conr,ected to
;J source of voltage.
ground --- ..•.... _ ...•..... -_ ... , ..• _.\ neutral
A conducting connectlon an \. i. Not electrically
etectrlc circuit or device and the earth
orotherpointofwopotentlaL 9 120V 208V 208V fauft
• A 1oc31 failure In the Insulatlon
one Ie 1C.:)V 120 V or continuity ofa conductor.
120Y 2::'; 120V
120V or In the functlonlng of an
electrical system.
single-phase ____ ._ .... _.L_ ..... _ .......... J three-phase _ .. 1
short circuit
Of or pertainIng to a circuit energized
by an alternating current with one
phase or with phases differing 180°.
two-phase
Of or pertaining to a circuit energized
Of or pertainIng to acoml?lnatlon
of three circuits energized !1y
alternatlng currentS or voltages
differing In phase I1y one third of a

An a bnDrm3 I. usually
accidental condition of
resistance Detween two
points In an electric circuit.
resuit1ng In a flow of excess
current. Alsa called short.
by two alternatlng currents or
voltages differing In phase OM
quarter of a cycle or
t!
/
/
_r-- ---- -----1---1
-----.... ---.-----. .... I
Themalndlsconr.ectforU!e I -'" .-• .J -1:' I
: : / r
entlre system of a I ; ;! I
ruildlng.exceptfor.3ny : i· : .: I
emergency power systems. I L.._ .__ 1/ I
I r- -'- -! I
Ii: !
r'"
:' ;. device ccntainlng 3 strip
C'" I'Iire of fusible metal
;-.7; melts under the heat
r
Auced
P:t exuss

lr-.cTUptlng the cIrcuit. . I

"".')'ofvarious metal
p;;:rt :3000 F
(:'7C). used as soldu
;;-j in various safety "
.... _

shock
The muscular spasms causta
P:t an electric current passing
through the body.
A fuse hooslng " fuSl'c!e fink In a porcelain
cupfltt.ed wfth a threadeJ metal base.
cartrWge fu5e
A fuse havlng a ont-Ume or renewable
fuslv/e I1nl: enclo$ed man lnsuratlng fiber
tuDe.
I l ; ;
Ii: I
I ;. i I
i!...')'s havIng 41 rrodtlng ,
alloy. : ___ knife·!1lak fuse
I :.. --l - I ./ A fuse having ;l nletal at
I I i each end for makIng ccntact with the
-- --...;.- --
on which are mounted the F= -.=--=-. =.-::: :-"-='====-'="""""'l
swftches. fuses. and circuit ,: i
Ii
protectlng a 'I
circuits. Installed 'n a l! ;1
: --:r-.
caPlnetand ACCeSslP!e from the I; . 11 .• ...
front only. Aisocalled Ii
A $fofitch that 4Iutomatlcally an
I! --:, - cIrcuIt to prevent excess current
"us ..... --.. _. '-'" .......... _ ...... "--'Ir" :1 fr..-, damaging apparaws In the cIrcuit or
A heao. 'Y conductor. usua Ily In the I i _"_ causing fire. A circuit In'eaker I13Y Pc
form of a soIkI copper b3r. used :' and reused witl10ut
for collecting. carrying. and n "..-.. ----+- of i"Y components. Also called
dIstc1ht1ng brge eltctric /l :1
Also "lied ... ' .... Ii.!....
grounded conductor -............ - -- t -- :j
Any ccnductcr of an electrical Jl ,---....------:0'1--------------
fink withIn.

A fuse that klays opening to allow;i short·
term ovedc3d to pass. 35 when starting a
motor.
ground fault
A rnoment<iry. usually accldental. grounding
of a conauctlng wire. .
ground·fault intempter
A circuit M 5C1SeS currents
caused by groond fa ults ana
Instantaneously shuts off Pefure
damage or InJury c.n occur.Al7!:>r.: §til
system IlTUntlanally connected I: :1
to a ground ccnnectlon. :1 .
grounding electrode
A ccnductor. as a metal ground
rod. ground plate. or cold·water
flrmly embedded In the earth
to est3l7lish a ground connectlon.
76
-----r---------- ---1
ground wire !
A conductor ccnneck.J electrlc : e r3
eqUipment or aclrcu:t io a ground L ____ J

conductor.
I;
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.
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-I

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rod .-----.--.---- .. ---.- ...... -... -----.--------"
Arry of several rods InstJl!eQ at \.
the top of ;i struct;re;inJ grounded to \
dlvert aWirJ from the structure. ....
Also called ;ilr Unnin3 L \.
lightning 3mster
A device fO!" electnc equipment
from damage I1y lightning or other hlgh-
voltage currents. using span: gaps to carry
the current to the ¥Ound wtthout f73sslng
throogh the device..
5pari: gap
A space Petween two termllt3ls or
t1.ectrodes. dCrosS whlch;i discharge of
electrlctty may pass at a prescrlbeJ
voltage.
Dr3nch circuit
The portlof1 of an electrical
system extend1ng from the
ftn.ol overcu rrent device
a circuit to the
outlets savea I1y the circuit.
[9]1
distriMlon panel
I
t I
I I
L-. ______ ...I
law-voltage
\
A pa nd for power to other
panels or to rrctor-s and other heavy
pc-wer-consumlnqlcads.
Of or pertaIning to a circuit In which
alternating current 50 volts Is
supplied I1y a step-dewn transformer from
the normal nne voltage. used In resIdential
systems to CO!'Itro1 doom:lls. Intercoms.
heating and cooling systems. and rerr.o'..e
lighting fixtures. Low·vcttage clrcui:S do
not reqUire a protect,ve raceway.
ELECTRICITY
load
The power delivered I1y a genel'3tor or
tr'3nsformer. or the power consumed by an
appll3nce or device.
ccnnecUd load
The total load on an etea rica I system or
circuit If all connected apparatus and
eqUipment are energized simultaneously.
maximum demand
The greatest load deliverea to an electrical
system or circuit over a spectfled Interval
of time. .
c:femana fKtor
The I'3tlo of the maximum demand to the
connected load of an electrical system.
used In estlmatlng the reqUired capacity of
the system to account for the prolr.Jlrility
that only a portion of the connected load
may be applled at any time.
c:fiversityfactor
The I'3tlo of the sum of the maximum
demands on the various parts of an
electrical system to the maximum demand
on the whole.
Io.ac:fflctor
The I'3tlo of the average load on an
electrical system over a speclflc perlocl of
tlrne to the pe3k load occurring In that
period.
g!ner.al purpo:se circuit
A mnch circuit that supplies current to a
number of outlets for IlghUng and
appll3nces.
appliance circuit
A mnch circuit that supplies current to
one or IT'IOT'e outlets specifically intended
for appl13nces.
Indlvk:hul cirr,uit
A mnch circuit that supplies currerrt Oflly
to a piece of elxtrlcal equipment.
Tl
ELECTRICITY

A single Insulated conauctoror a Paund or
sheathed coml7lnaUon of conductors
Insulated from one another.
.. rmored caple
Electric calk consisting of two or more
Insulated conductors protected by a
flexible. helically wound metal wrapping.
Also called 6X caiJle.
mineral-insulated caple
Electric caule consisting of a tul7ular
copper she3th con'blnlng one or more
In a highly
compressed.lnsulatlng refractory mineral
nonmebllk; caple
Electric caPle conslstlng of two or more
Insulated conduct«s enclosed In a
nonmebilic. moisture-resistant. flame-
retardant she3th. Also called Romex
c;.a£,{e,
coawlcaple
A caulefortransmlttlng
telephone. digital. or television signals.
conslstlng of an Insulated conducting tul7e
enclosing an Insulated conducting core.
shielded caple
An electric ca!Jle enclosed within a meta IIIc
sheath In order to reduce the effects of
extern.1 electric or magnetic ftelds.
conduit
A pipe. or duct for and
protecting wires or cal7le.
C'-'-T-__ -=-l!{()
ri9id metal conduit ........ -.--....... -., ..
He3'fj'-wafled. tul7Ular steel conduit Joined
by 5C;ew!ng directly Into <l threaded huu
with loci: nuts ana l7ushln3s.
_____ --_--Jt
compression or setscrew coo p/lngs. Al7k:
EMf

used for connections ta motvrs or other
vlln7tlng equipment. Also called Grunfleld
conduit.
racewJy
hold and .•.•.• /
res a'lQ calles. . .....
&urface raceway _ .... _ ..... _ ... /
A t:lesIg ned for exposed
installation In dry. nonhazardous. /
locations.
multi-outlet assemply _ ....... - .... ,-'/
A surface-mounted r.tteeway designed to
house the electrical wires for a circuit and a
series of receptacles.
78
underfloor raceway
A raceway suitable for Installation under a
floor. often used In offlu I1ulldings to allow
for the flexlule placement of power. signal.
and telephone .
wire
A pnable metallic strand or a twisted or
woven assembly of such strands. often
Insulated with a dlelectrlc material and
used as a conductor of electricity ..
conduct.?r
A substance. !:>ody. or device that Cv"nduct5
heat. sou nd. or electric Ity.
.' insulator
. A material that Is a poor conductor cf
electricity. used for separating or
supporting conductors to prevent tr.e
undesired flow of current.
voltage
The minimum applied voltage at which a
given Insulator I1reaKS down and permits
current to pass.
dielectric strength
The maximum voltage trut can be applled to
a given materi31 without ca using It to !;>red!;
down. usually expressed in volts or I::i iovor-..s
per unit of thlcl:ness.
dielectric
A nonconducting substance.
junction box
An enclosure for housing and protect1ng
electric wires or cables that are joined
together In connecting or
circuits.
...... _- Knockout
.,' A panel In a casing or box that can readily
be removed. as by punching. ex
cutting. to provide an opening Into the
Interior.
grommet
A rul7ber or plastic washer Inserted in ;I hole
In a metal part to prevent grounding cf"
wire passing through the hole.
. Vushing
f An Insulating and protective Ilning for one
Q)"COoJOC"'" pm'"! th"",!h' ho<.
An enclosed runway for housing conductors
orcal7les.

A rigid metal housing for a group of
Insulated from each other a nd the
eflclosure. Also called Pu5way.
cable tray
An open metal framewon: for
Insulated electrical conductors.
1

lJ
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11
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l ...
r
I
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f
r=
Jir switch
II switch 111 whlch tM Interruption
of a circuit occurs In air.
knife switch .... -- ----- ------------.
II form of air swftch In which a ""
copper Is placed "
betwxh two c nps.
float switch
A switch controlled by a conductor
In a liquid
mercury switch
An 't1Iiet Sl'fttch that
opens ,ma clcses a n electric
circuit by shifting a sealed !:,Iass
t.u of mercury so as to u "coyer
or CClVtr the conUcts.
key,wftch
II switch opel"3W O!lly by
0
electric Ilght without appreciably i U I
affe.ctin.; spatl31 dlstributlon. Also I I
called dimmer switch.
rheostat
A resistor for a current
by me:ans of vartal>\e resistances.
wiring
An obsolete wiring system conslstll11 of
conductors to and
suppor'..ed on porcd;lln knobs ana tubes.
Iccm
A flexible. nonmetallic. fire-resistant tubing
for conductors In I:nob·and·tube wiring.
leu!
A conductor for
an app3ratus to
another or to:.l circuit.

A short. /'bIble cOMuctor used In
statlor.ery termln31 with a
termlr\41 3 range of
motlon.
urmil13l
A condxtlve dement or device for
estabr,sning an electric connection to
an aFp3r:ltuS.
':--' bceplate
\. A protective plate 3n electric
\\, outlet or light
ElECTRI(ITY
swiU:h
A device for making. Drcaklng. or dlrectlng
an electric current.
taggle switch
A switch In which a lever or knob. moving
through a snnallarc. causes the contacts to
open or close an electric circuit.
three-way switch
! A Single-pole. doulne-throw swttch used In
: 'I conjunction with another to control lights
""&-+------------H: ! I from two locations.
d
r----..........-+·...J I
-" ___ .. ____ ._.l. ... four-wayswiU:h
./ : A swItch used In conjunction with two
/ three-way SWitches to controlllqhts from

,:i, ----:-:1>-,: _____ -+! ,)+--Fe--l three locations.
_______ :
:; :!: !
outlet
A paInton a wiring system at which
current ls taken to supply an electric
device or apparatus.
----- ... - outletl1ox
AJunctlon box designed U, facIlitate
connectlng an electric device or
receptacle to a wiring system.
---. convenience outlet
An outlet usually mourrted on a wall ana
housIng one or more receptacles for
0
1
(]
porta!nelampsorappllances.
A flexl!ne. insilited fitted
with a plu:l to conroxt a !amp
orap(:3nce to a reap-tacle.
wire n\It
A plas>J.c connec" ..... 3
threaud metal ftWr.q for
onto the of t .. O or
more CCflductors.
connector
Any cfmlous de/a's for tllO or
more conductors ',,;:hout 3
splice
"''--' __ ' --.--_.---. receptacle
A female fitting connected to a power
supply and eqUipped to receive a plug.
Also called socket.
grounding outlet
An outlet havlng an acldltlonal contact
for a ground conne.ctlon.
.. - .. plug
A male fitting for making an electrical
connection to a circuit by Insertion In a
receptacle.
grounding plug
@
A plug haVIng a Dlade for a ground
connection. J,
,. \ polarized
I!Jl Designed so that a plug and receptacle
can fit together In only one way.
79
ELEVATOR
A pLotfonn or cage for
c..rryir.g passengers or freight from
levei of a uui14ing to anothu.
pulkhe3d
A roxllke structure on a roof providing
access to a stalrwen or an elevator shaft_
rift
__ control panel
6 ritIsh tern1 for elevator.
elct'rlor
An emtor exclusively fer tne use of
pas5el'l¥f'S.
elct'ator
An elevJ tor for ca rT)'ing r.e3Y)'cargo.
011 whleh operator ;arJ the
neu5S4ry for unloading aM loading
the freight are permftttJ to ride.
duml>w;after
A snuU eb7tor for COI1veying food,
dishes, or other Is Detween
tM floors of ;a UullJlng.

A rowofeb7tcrs In a
controlled by;a common
operating S'jSt.em and responding to 3
Putton.
A structure housing elevator machinery on
the roof of .. hulk/lng.
top car cle..1rance
The vertical alstance from the top of an
el.evator c..r to the nearest overhead
obstructlon when the car platform Is
with the top landing.
hof,tw;ay ----- ------ --- ----- -------- ---
A vertical enclose<lspace for the travel of
cne or more elevators. Also called elevatcr
shaft.
.... ----- -- I4Inding .... - ------ -------- ----- ------,
.----------.--_.--------.-------
The aiStance by ;an
Qr from the bwes t to the
larJings oft'" holstway.
Q/bltnvd-
e!ectl'1c eIevrtc r
ebr3tor system conslstlng of a
Qr Is InOUnWon gulde ralls,
supporteJ by hoisting and
Mven byeb;tric hoisting m-.::hlnery.
Also called t.r3ctJon elevrtcr.
80
1
The portion of floor adjacent to i
eIemor holstway, usea for the receJvlng !
;and discharge of passengers or freight.
.-----_________________ _
A mechanical Mvlce for slowing aown and
stopping an elevator In the event of
ousslve or free t.n. actuated by a
governor and clamping the guide 1'3115 by a
wedging action.
door ---------------------- ------------------
A door holstway ;and an elevator
landing. no 1"11141 fly closed except when an
elM tor car Is stoppea;at the landing.
elevator pit ---- ---- ----.-._-----------------.-----.----------
The portlon of holstway extending from
the level of the lowest landing to the floor
of the holst way_
l>ottom
The vertical distance from the floor of an
elMtor pit to the lowest part of an
eleva tar car when the car rests on
fully compressed buffers.
A panel contain 1"4 SWitches, huttons, and
other equipment for regulating electrical
devices.
hoisting machinery
The machinery for raising and lowering an
elevator car, consisting of a motor-
generator set, traction machine, speed
governor, hrake. drive shaft. driving sheave.
• ana gears, If used.
.1 driving ,heave
A wheel or dis!: with a groovecJ rim. used as a
pulley for hoisting.
.... idle 5heave
A pulley for tightening and guiding the
hoistIng cahles of an elevator system. Also
called deflector she3ve_
- machine beam
One ohhe heavy steel Deams supporting
the hoisting machinery for an elevator .
. hof5ting cable
One of the wire caPles or ropes used for
raising and 10 we rl ng an elevator car.
guider .. il
One of the vertlcal steel tracks centroiling
the travel of an elevator car or
counterwel!Jht.
- traveling caple
One of the electric cables connecting an
elevator car to .. flxecf electrical outlet In
the holstway.
counterweight
A weight halancl"9 ,mother weight. as the
rectangular cast-Iron ulocks mounted In a
steel frame to courtt.eri1alance the load
placea on the holstlng machine by an
elevator WI r.
• limit 5witch
A switch that automatically cuts off
current to an electric motor when an object
moved I1y It. as an elevator car. has passed
a given point.
buffer
A piston or spring device for a!lsorulng the
Impact of a descending elevator car or
counterweight at the extreme lower limit of
travel.
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machine room
A room housl"9 the hoisting
machlne1j'. control equlpmcmt.
and $haves for .. ising ana
Ioweri"'3 an
inclined lift
A chair or plJtform mounkd on a steel
gulde rail and driven by an electric motor.
used for raising or lowering., person or
goods along a stairway. Alsocal!ed stair
lift.
c
hydraulic elevator
An elevator system conslstlrtg of a car
supported by ., piston that Is moved by or
moves against a fluid under pressure_
[.
ELEVATOR
elevater car
The foacl-carrylng unit of an
consisting of a car frame. platform.
cnetal enclosure. and door or g3 te. •
---- carframe
The structural steel frame of an e!evAtcr
car to which are attached the pIJtfor.n,
gulde shoes. elevator car safety, hoisting
cables. and contrcl eqUipment.
---.- - ---, over the entranu to an
-- ! elevator on each floor of a multistory
, building. that slgl13ls the apprcJcn of:.'1e
elevator,
i
__ i._-.--- annunciator
A signaling apparatus in an elev:l t:r W' cr
at a landing that displays a VlsU31 \nd1catlo11
of floor landings.
--. c.311 17uttcn
A push l7utton for requesting a,i
door inter'Uk
A Ibice for preventing the
operatlon of an ele/ator car unle:s$ the
hclstway doorls Icd::ed In the clostJ
posltlon_
door cont.1ct
A device for prevenUng
oper;ltlon of an elevate., car unless its a.x1'
or gate Is fully Also cal!ed
contact.
,- newel
.
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."co m17plate
/ The tootneJ portion of the th res hold plate
: at roth enas of an e5CJlator or mGVIng war\::.
" des19ned to mesh with the grooved surface
\ of the steps or treadway,

A power-driven stairway conslst!ng of
steps attached to a continuously
Circulating belt. u$tJ for
passengers up and dcr'ln between flars.
Also calfed moving staircase. mOYi"'3
stairway.
moving sidewalk
A power-driven. continuously moving
surf3Ctl. slmllJr to a conve:yor belt. usd ;:;r
carrying pedestrians horizontally or akJq
low Inclines.
people mover
Any of various forms cf mass 3S
movlng Or automaud
vehicles. used for shuttling people
airports or In congesW urban 3reas
or two or
mere parts or members. as by
with a mechaniC31 fastener.
ry ronding with an adhesive. or Dy
welding or
r.Jn
;, 5tr.Ii!ht. slender piece of metal having
ena pointed ana the other enlarged and
for Into wood or other
I13terlals 35 a fastener. '
cllt nait
A a tapering rectangular shank
witIt a Wunt point mac:le I1y cuttlng from a
rcl1eJ sheet of Iron or steel
wire un
A mae I1y and shaping a piece
of round or elnptlcal wire.
ccmmonnan
A a slender shank. a flat hea.d.
anJ a point.

A rtad having a fult heaJ a na a shank more
a common nail of the same


A rta'luvIng a small ccnJca I hea d an.:! a
s!gnt than a common nail of
Q-.e Si1I1e le:n§th. used In finish won: In whlGh
the head mzy remain vlslb1e.
fictshing nan
A l13.bvill4 a sleMershank and a s:nall,
head that 1$ driven slightly
surf3ce and with putty or
thelk
Pnd
A rui!.
na iI
A 113. used In te-mpcr3 ry
as scaffolding and formworc.
a on Its shari to prevent it
fran driven In an the way a-nd to 1e<Ive
the he3d free for pumng. Also called form
n.1I1. suffold nan.

A naM a fliMd or
shank ana a dbrnond point for
Into concrete or masonry.1<Jso
QlbInu SON')' IU iI.
flooring na n
A oUorfllstenlng floor roards. a
s.naI a mechanically defOl111ed
shant. and a !Iluntdbmond point.

A 0' a series of concentric gl'OOl'es
on for Increased holding power.
roofing nan
A having a 1rari1ed. thre3ded. or cement-
coated shank and a f'lJt head for
osterling or the like.
drW$Crt;W
A M4I fast.ener a hdlGally threaJeJ
shac that can be driven with a hammer and
relI"OIea with 3 screw driver. called
saewnai1.
82
4J 6J 8d 10J 12d 16d 20J - ....• penny
IV2' 2' 2V2' 3' 4'
The deslqnateJ length of a nail, from
twopenny to slxtypenny. Symbol: d
3{Jmm 51mm 64mm 76mm 83mm 102mm
D==========:=:::::::l
n::::::::==========::bf>

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lUIll
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shank
The straight. narrow part of a nail or bolt.
between the head 3nd the pOint.
eightpenny nail
A na1l21f2 Inches (64 mm) long.
six1:unpenny nail
A nail 31f21nches (89 mm) long.
spike
A heavy nail for fastening together heavy
tlm!7er5.4to Min. (102 to 356 mm) long
proportionally thicker than a COmmon nail
driftl10lt
A spike having a round shanl:. driven into
predrilled holes to fasten heavy tim bas
together. Also called driftpin.
st.1ple
A U·shaped piece of metal or heavy wire
with pointed ends. driven Into a surface to
secure sheet material or to hold a hasp. pin.
or bolt.
currug.rted fastener
A fastener ccnslstlng of a piece of
corrugated sheet stu! with one wavy eaqe
sharpeneJ. for unltlng two pieces of wood.
3S In a miter Jolnt. Also carted wiggle nail
round point
An acute, conical point on a nail or Spi(e
diamond point
An acute. pyramidal point on a nail or 5pil:e.

A polnt on a nail or spike formed I1y two rut
lnclin--"A slaes meeting at a sharp angk:.
'I _ ............... face-nail
To fas-:.en I7y nailing perpendicular to thP.
face of the
roo 00_ ...... ',- toen.1i1 .
To secure bY to the
surfaces Alternate nails mil)'
be driven at opposite angles to prcl't'lde
IncreaseJ holdIng power.
1 ....................................... end-nait
To fasten I7y into the end of a board.
parallel to the g rain of the wood. End-na lling
____________ . _____________ . .. 1.
To $.Xure I7y In such a way that
nailheads are not vlsl!71e on the face of the
worl::. • .
.. U."d sl.l.,h" "tow 'h, "ri,,,
with a naUset.
- ............... a nail or screw In position I7y
namng strip down the protrudlng point.
A strip of wood or other pa rtly yielding
material attached to a hard surface. as of
steel or concrete. so that oUJects may be
fastened to the surface.
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thread ----- --- ------ -- --------- ---,-
The helleal or spiral ridge of a
screw. nut. or
pitch ,--------- --- ---- --- -- ---- -- ----1
The dlstance I:>etween two _
points on adjacent
th reads of a screw. nut. or bolt_ i
countersink - -...:
To enlarge the upper part of a
drilled hole so that the head of
screw or bolt will lie flush with or
below the surface. :::-."- '"
.-,,.,...,-,"-,-"
pitothole
A guldlng hole for a nail or screw. or
for a brger-slze hole.
tap
To cut screw threads Into an
opening.
strip
To te3ror darruge the threads on
3 bottorscrewbyapplylng too
much foru.
"---


-.-------------
A screw head having a flat upper surface
and a conical bearing surf3ce_
e
OV31 head .----------
A screw head ha"llng 3 Sh3l1ow. spneric31
shape with a conlcall1earing surf3ce.
pan head . -. -----. --- -- -. ------. --.
A screw or rivet head having a cylindrical
shape with Oil rounded shoulder.
nllisterhead ----.-
A cylindrical screw head having a slightly
domed upper surface and a flat bearing
surface.
. -------------
A screw head having a flat
surbce and an underside shaped Ii".e
the bdl of a bugle.
','---------



KIIII e
J FASTENING,
screw
A metal fastener having a tapered. helically
threaded shank and a slotted had.
designed to I:>e driven Into wood or the like
by turning. as with a screwdriver.
wood screw
A screw having a slotted head and a
threaded point that permits It to form its
own mating threads when driven into wood
with a screwdriver.
self-tapping screw
A coarse-threaded screw designed to tap
Its corresponding female thread as it Is
driven. Also called tapping screw.
lag screw
A heavy. coarse-threaded screw havl ng a
square or hexagonal head driven by a
wrench. used In are3S Inaccessible to the
placement of a nut or where an
exceptlcnally long bolt would be needed to
penetrate a joint fully. Also c311ed coach
screw. lag "oIt.
machine screw
A metal fastener used with a nut or driven
Into a tapped hole. having a straight.
threaded shank and a slotted or Phillips
head for tumlng with ;I screwdriver.
cap screw
A metal fastener for machine having
a straight. threaded shank held ry threads
tapped In the hole Into which It is screwed.
sheet-metal screw
A coarse-threaded screw for fastening
sheet metal and other thin material.
setscrew
A screw. often without a head. threaded
through a hole In one part upon or
Into another part to prevent relative
movement.
thum\:1screw
A screw having 3 flattened. knur.ed head
designed to be tumed by the thumb and
foreflnger.
screw eye
A screw having a ring-shaped head.
o
slotted he3d
A screw head having 3 single slot. driven by
a fiat-tipped screwdriver.
Phillips head
A screw head having two partial slots
crossIng at angles. driven Phillips
screwdriver.
Allen head
A screw head having an axial hexagonal
recess. driven by an Allen wrench,
security head
A screw head designed to resist remOTa I
with a flat-tipped or Phillips screwdriver.
83
FASTENING"

A thre3ded metal pin or rod. usually
h3vlng ;1 head at one end. to
be Inserted through holes In assempled
parts and secured fly a lTt3tlng nut.
carriage po It
A bolt having a rounded head. a flat beJring
surface. and a square shoukJer for
preventing rotation, used where the head
/Tt3j' Inaccessible during tlghtenlng.
machine 170ft
A bolt having a flat surface and a
square or hexagonal head for tumlng with a
wrtnCh.
exp.an,lon 170 It
An anchor bolt a spnt casing that
expands mechanically to engage the sides
square head
A bolt or screw head having 3 5qua re sha pe
designed to !?e tumed with a wrench.
neck

>_. nut
,\.:
pm'or.lted wr.:h a threadd r.ole to f-:
... '" around arJ secure abort cr screw
i Thepartontheshankofaboltnextto locl:nut
: the head. esp. when It has a speGlal fOI1!1-'" A nut constructed to prO'Y"\je
©
A nut having r3d1J1 slits onl1;s outer fJCe to
Olilowa locking pin or wire to!?e Inser-..ea in
O
Fi--I 'both the nut a nd a hole in lts bolt. Ats-J
_ db nut.
hex head
. \l:J/ A nut i1Jvlng a hexa90nal base <lnd ,dcmed
A bolt or screw head having a hexagonal
sha pe designed to tumea with a wrench.
" tcp to co<er the threaded tr,d of 3 screw.
-', Also called ac..om nut.
"'" """ ""'" ,jJ two flat P"'J«tl'g pl=s t"-'t
provide a grip for tightening wtth the thumb
and forefinger. Also called thumlmut..
0---. dis( of metal rubt>er, or
piJstlc. used ur'krthe he3d ofa nut or bort
or at a Joint to c!stribute p-ressure. prevent
"fi) m? IeJI:"':le. or rerle1e friction.
&W lockwashu


A washer speciJlly constructed to
a nut from sh4klng loose.
washer
A W3Sher havlng small proJect1ons which are'
futtened as a Dolt 15
the,ap !?etwe.en tr.e he3d or nut
ana the washer Indicating the te;lslori ill the
Dott.
ccun+...erPore
To locraSoe the of 3 portion cf the
of a drilled hole to receive the he;;id
or nut cf a Dolt or screw.
row spacing -$- __ • __ +
The center-tc-center distance I I I I
two or more rows of bolts, __ .. +
..... end distanu
;" ".
of. hole drilled In -nusonry or concrete. .
Melly .. __ .. ____________ .... __ n .... _ •• _ ......
The dlstance tne end of •
"oJ the center of the bolt !IoIe.
:.. ........... _ .. -.. edge d15tan.ce
r raaeman: for.a Pr.lnd of expansion bolt
;I spilt. sleeveltl:e shea th threadeJ so
th.t wmlng the bolt draws the ends of the
together and spreads the sides to
enga¥;I hole drltblln masonry or the Inner
sumce of a hollow wall.
exp.an,lon 'hiekf -.- .-----. -'--' ---- ... -.- -- -"'-'-- '--'
A It3d or pbstlc sme Inserted Into a
predrliled and expancled driving a
bolt orscrtW Into It. Also expansion
sleeve.
togglel1olt·· .. ··-····· __ ··-···- .. -····- .. ····
An anchor havlng two hinged wings
that close against a spring when passing
through;l prearilled hole and open as th0'
emerge to engage the Inner surface of ..
hollow wan.
The dlstance from the of a tlmbeT • rod
the center of the ne3rest bolt
Iewi5
An anchor bolt i1Jvlng a end
which coocrete or Ie3d Is poured ';0
hola It.

An anchor bolt i1Jvlng a split tnd to re:c.e:ve
a foxtail wedge as It Is scrtwed Into a Hind
hole.
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of varous lHhaped II1etaI mckets for
end of a beam,Jolst. purlin.
or tl'uS5 Jt 2 §Irder or wa II. The supported
tnnsfers Its re3CUon to the
t:hrough load transfer
t.:; ,:!-,e member Is through shear
b ';:'e rtilils securing the hanger.
.--------------_._-----------
A C)tmJr'd pm fttUng snugly Irrto holes
b tlooO pieces to prevent their
s1.prUlg or to a. them. Also called
dcwdpirt.

A pbte punched to produce ,.
• cCsdy §lid of protrodlng teeth.
t::d 3 sp&ce pbte In the IT13nufacture

grlJ
A fIr. or CtlrYed grid of spikes for
held III piau Py a
Pdt. Is
... rrt :0 Iocsenlng due to vlbratlon.
Ir.pct. uid lateral Ioods.
FASTENING
.---- .-.----.----- ---------- --- :- --. framin9 anchor
/' i Any of various sheet-metal connectors for
/ joining light wood framing members. using
/ special nails which are loaded laterally
rather than In withdrawal.
: _ .. -' ..... ---- --.-----.. hurricane anchor
A framing anchor for tying a rafter or truss
to a wall plate and securing It against
lateral and uplifting wind and seismic
forces. Also called hurricane tle .
. ---------------- jolstanchor
A metal tie strap for securing the joists of
a floor or roof dlaphrag m to a concrete or
masonry wall In order to transmit lateral
wind or seismic forces.
--- floor anchor
A metal tie strap for restraining a floor of a
fight wood frame structure against
uplifting wind or seismic forces_

A framing anchor for securing a sill plate to
a concrete slab or fouMatlon wall.
haWown
A metal devtce for restraining a wood frame
structure against upllftlng wind or seismic
forces, consisting of a sttffened steel angle
I10ftea to a wall stud and secured Py a
threaded rod to a concretefounJatlon.
tim\7er connector
A metal ring. plate, or grid for transferring
shear l1etween the faces of two timrer
meml:oess, used with a single 110ft that
serves to restrain and clamp the assemDly
to¥ther. llml:oer connectors are more
efficient than I10Its or lag screws useJ
alone since they enlarge the area of wood
over which a loaJ Is dlstrlputed.
'1 ",
A connector consisting of a round A tlml:oer connector consisting of a metal
plate of malleaule iron inserted Into a ring Inserted Into corresponding grooves
corresponding groove, flush with the face cut Into the faces of the Joining members
of a tlm!1er, and he'd In place Py 3 single and held In place Py a slngte Dolt. The
I1olt. Shear plates are used In tongue-anel-groove spht In the ring penn Its
pairs to develop shear resistance In It to deform slightly under loading and
demounta171e wood·to-wood connections, malnt3ln !lea ring at all surfaces. white the
or sl"91y in a wood-to-metal connection. cross section eases Insutlon and
ensures a tlght-flttlng Join t after the ring
Is fully seated In the grooves.
FASTENING
$O'kr
To unite two pleus of !1y
applylng any of various nonferrous
solders, USU311y a .Iloy, at a
tempmture "'low MO'f (427't).
solder
Any of various fus/VIe albys applied In
a molten state to the jollTt l:>etween
two metal parts to unite them
without he3ting the to the
melting The JI10Iten sokler flows
Into a Joint !1y caplttary mtactton.
fillet we 14
A wek:f with a triangular cross
section joining surf3ces that
meet In an Interior right angle. - -----
o
braze
To unite two pieces of metal
applying any of various nonferrous
solders. usually a copper-zInc alloy. at
a temperature a !love 800'f (427't).
filler metal
weld
To unite or fuse two pieces of metal by
heating aM allowing met3ls to few
together. sometimes y,;th pressure .n.:.! the
addition of an Interme-diate or fllb- rr.et31.
l
The metal that Is added during a
welding. Imzing. or soldering
process, haVing a melting point
either approximately the same as or
mota I,
\1ase metal
The principal met31 to lie welded,
Dl'3Zed. soldered. or cut, as
distinguished from ftller metal.
.--------- toe
"'bead
A continuous deposit of fused
metal. Also called wela
welding rod
A wire or rod of filler Iretal used
.,/ Thejunctton Detween the
In gas-welding and mzing
processes. and In these arc-
wekllng processes In i'l'hleh the
electrode does not rJmish the JI
ftller metal
,/ I7ase metal and the face of a
// wekl.
--, root
gas wetaing
Any of;l group of welding
utilIZing the heat produced by the
comDustlon of a oxygen and a fuel gas. as
acety\el1e.
.arc welding
Any of a 9 roup of welJ1ng processes
utinzlng the heat of an arc between an
electrode 3nd b3se metal.
---'--- arc
A sustained luminous discharge of
electricity across a gap Iii;; c!rcuit or
between two electrodes_ Also called
electric arc.
---.---. shielJed metal arc
A method of welding a
consumable metal electrode that
.' relases an Inert g4S to form. shield
around the arc. This shield protects
the wela area from oxygen anJ nitrogen
In the iilr that woula cause ra pia
oxidatlon of the flquld metal
-. inert-gas shielded .arc welding
A method of arc wekilng In the
wekl.rea Is shielded !Iy corrtlnuOlls
flow of an inert gas from an external
source. the filler metal being SlJpprled
l7y a consumalne metal electrode or by
.. sep-a ra te weIJi n g rod.
The point at which the Pad:
lap weld or rottom of .. weld !nUts
A weld made along the seams of the Ir.ise metal.
two overlapplng pleu:s of metal
throat
-'-" The dlstance from the root of
-', .-/" 3 weIGl to the f3ce of the Pase
flux 1-- .-- arc welding
A sulistance, as rosin. 3pplled to. A method of arc welding using a tutruiar
remove oxldes from • rJ prevent stu! electrode conta Inlng a core of
further cx!datlon of 1T'.et.a1 flux that forms a
surfaces to I7e joined wek:Ilng, shlelJ around the wela area
!lrazlng. or soldering. _
submergea arc welding
....... "i M'1e"t3l
Wttweld
A weld between two of
/I'1eb1
weld
A Putt weld a depth less
than thickness of the sma lIu
of two meriet's being .JoIned.
full-penetratio n weld
A having a depth
equal to the thickness of
smaller of the two memDers
Delng joined.
f -----.--:--- .. ---
----,
I5lng\Hevei weL:f
A weld 1ft which the
IneIT1rer
Is from one side.
rmt
A metal pin having a ht4d at one
end, used for uniting two or more
plates!ly passlng the sham:
a hole In exh piece and
hamrrering down the plain eM to
form a head.
drift
I
double-bevel weld
A groove weWln which the
eclge of one abutting memller
Is !?eveled from both sides.
A rourJ, tapering piece of metal for
enlarging or angnlng holes to receive
rivets or Dolts. Also called drlftp!n.
86
aligning punch
A drift for Drlnging holes In line to
receive a rivet or bolt.
,
l..
puddle weld --·-·-----·------I-'-\)
A weld made Py a hole In
a piece of sheet metal arJ filling
with a small pool of molten
rretal.
l5ingle-vu weld
A groove weld In which the edge
of each a butting meml1er Is
!?eveled from the same side.
douule--;u weld
A groove wela In whk;h P-.e edge
of each ab-vttlng memw Is
!leveled from Doth sk:ks.
.-... pneumatic riveter
dolly
A pneumztlc hammer used
with a riret set to form the
second head of a rivet.

A tool for shaping the
second head of a rivet.
A tool for receiving and holding the
head of a rivet while the other end is
I7elng headed.
A method of arc wekilng In which the
welclarea Is shielded by a of
granular metal that n-.elts to
form.1 of protectl\o e sla
filler:netal may I7e suppl1ed !1y a
consum3ble dectrode or by a separate
rod.
rtSi,t.1 nee welding
Any of,jJ group of welding processes
uttrlziT'9 the heat generated by resist4nce
to tbe of .. e!ectnc current_
-groove weld
A weld made In a preformed Indentation
retween two alMtlng pleces of met..tl.
explosive rivet
A rivet for .. joint 3CCtsslble from or.e
side only. having an explosive·filleJ
shank th;lt is detonated striking the
head with a hammer to expand tr.e
on the far side of the hole.
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Ponnet
A corer for open flrepl3ce, or J
cowL hood, or wind cap to Increase

velitliJtor. .
5park arrester _ .. -- ----- -----
A device, ccnslstlng of wire netting
or lixe, used to step or deflect
sparts or emDers thrown from an
flreplace or chlmney_
flue .------- ---- - -------
A vetTt forfuel-flrtd
equipment, assemUlea from factory-
ITt3de parts.
smoke aome .----------------------
The smol::e chamber coverinq of Ii
prefabricated metal fireplace unt!o
hood ---- ------------------------.
chimney
A vertl<:al. structure
containing a flue through which the
smoke and gase5 of a fire or
fumace are carried off to the
out51de and by means of which a
draft Is created. esp. the part of
such a structure that rises above
a roof_
smoke5ta<:k
A pipe for the e5Cape of the smoke
or gases of combustion.
draft;
A curretTt of air In any enclosed
space. as In a room, chimney. or
stove. caused by the dlfference In
temperature or pressure.
downdraft
A downward current of air In a
chimney or flue, often carrying
smoke with It.
A metal cover or canopy for a
stoTe. fireplace, chimney, or
ventiLJtcr.
K"''''r'''-.-..;"",,"- fire screen
1Tt4nt.e1
A fr.Imin4 the
opening of 3 flrepbce and usually
coverlnq part of the chimney
In a <kcor3tlve ITt3nner.
Also called m.1nUIplece.
m;mteltree
A stor.e or wooden lintel (Ner a
fireplace opening, or a
m3sonry arch used in place of
such a lintel.
screen placed In front of a
fireplace to prevent sparks Or
_ embers from enterll'g the room.
chimney mast
A part of a chimney orflrepl3ce
that projects out from a wall,
usually Inside a
chimney arch
An arch over a fireplace opening,
supporting the breast.
-===============+==++==============::::;Jchimney par
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/1 \\

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A comer or rwoI: nar 3 lJ rge, open
1J5U311y provlded .... lth
se3ting ",Iso called chimney corner
A steel lintel for carrying the
ma sonry a Dove tM firepl3Cc
opening. Also c311ea camper P3r,
tumlng par. ----.....----..,
./ chimney cheek "-....
. The sides of a flrepl;;ce opening
supportlng the mantel.
pack hearth
The part of the hearth tis ---""'-""
contained within the flreplace
Itself. Also called Inner hearth.
front hearth
The part of the hearth that
projects Into the room. Also called
outuhearth.
flue
FIREPLACE
A framed opening made in a
chimney to hold an open fire.

/ A raised covu for a chimney, usually
/ In the form of 3 sla b or cornice.
/'/ .... ,'('X--chi.rnney pot .
./ / "_" AcyHndricalpipeofearthenwareor
/ ../t metal, fitted on top of a chimney to
I ,// j Increase draft and disperse smoke.
./ /(
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....-----r--.flue lining
A smooth-surfaced unit of heat-
reslsta lit fire clJy or nghtwelght
concrete, having 3
rectangulJr, or oval sectlon, used for
lining the flue of 3 chimney.
pargeting
An Incombustible passage or A smooth of mortar or pia 5 ter
for a chimney flue. Alsc, parget.
d,CtfOC,mOkA''''·
dr-rt
A devrce for regul3tlng the current of
3irln a orflrepllce_
damper
A movable plate for regulating the
draft in a firep13ce, stove, Or furnace.
sm(ike cha mper
An enl3rged area Petween the throat
of a fireplace 3nd the flue of a
chimney.
smoke shelf
A ledge at the bottom of 3 smoke
chamPer, so made as to deflect or
break the downdrafts from the
chimne:i-
throzt
The narrow optnll19 a
flreplace anJ Its flue or smoke
chamPer, often closed wtr.h a d3mper.
firepox
The chamrercontalnlng the fire of a
flreplace.
trimmer arch
An arch, usually of bricl: anQln the-
form of haft of 3 segmental arch,
!1etween a chimney and 3 header in a
floor structure to support a hearth.
ashpit
A receptacle In the bottom of a
fireplace or flreDax for the collection
and remOV31 of ashes_
ashpit aoor
A cast-I/"()(l door providing access to
an ashpit for removing ashes. or to;l
chimney fer removing SCOG.
87
FIRE SAFElY
The measures taken to prevent
fire or minimiu the loss of life or
property resutting from a fire.
including limiting fire loads and
hazards. confining the spread of
fire with fire-resIstant
constructlon. the use of fire
deuction and extinguishing
systems. the establishment of
adequate firefighting services.
ana the training of building
occupants in fire safety and
evacuation procedures.
fire-rated
Notmg or to a material.
assemL>!y. 01' construction having a flre-
reslstanu rating required by Its use. Also.
fire-nslstlve.
flre-reslsunce rating
The time In hours a material or can
be Ul withstand exposure Ul fire
without collapsing. developing any openings
whlch the passage of fIa me or hot
01' exceed1ng a specified temperature
on the slde aw;ayfrom the fire. determined
by J full-size specimen to
according to J standard
tlme-temperature curve. -_._-_ .. _. _. __..... -"--
.-
fire hazard
Any condition that Increases the
likelihood of a fire. access
to ftreflghtlng equipment. or del3ys
the egress of occupants In the event
of fire.
fire load
The amount of material In
a measured In pounds per
square foot of floor area.
combustil1le
Of or pertaining to a material capable
of igniting and bumlng.
1200 j
Q... ............................................................... _ ..... _ ..... }
time
point
The lowest temperature at which a
substanu will undergo spontaneous
comtoustJan and continue to!:oum without
additloM31 a p p l1c3 tIo n of ixte rrull hea t.
flash point
The lowest temperature at which a
combustll:ne Ilqukl will give off
vapor to ignite momentarily when
to flame.
tunnelu5t
1000
A test measuring the time It takes for"
controlled fIa me to spread across the bee
of a test specimen. the amount of fuel the
material contributes to the fire. and t.f:e
denslty'of the smoke developed by the fire.
Also called 5Ulner tunnel test.
flame-spread rating
800 1
.
d !
600 (:J!+---;--i----;.---i---'----i---........;---i
i
A rating of how qUickly a fire can spre:ad
along the surface of an Interiorflnlsh
material Reel oak flOOring has a flame-
spre3d ratlng of 100 white a cement-
asbestos roard has a rating of O.
fud-GcntriPutlan rating
A ratlng of the altlOtllTt of
sUUstances an Interior finish mater!3i c.sn
contrl!nIte to a fire.

smoke-developed
o
o 2

". ,.
.•. .. : .• : .... , ..: ... '.'
[LJ
.
: .-
' .. '.- .
metal lath and plaster
r-------:
.. I,-,':'·I
6 8
A rating of the amount of sm'*e an InW.or
finish IT'.aterial can produce when It 1nJrns.
Materials having a rat:ng
aDOI"e450 are not permitted to De
Inside lnJilalngs.

fumeret3rd.ant
A compound used to raise the Ignitlon p0,nt
r '. of a flammable material. thus It
: . . more resistant to ftre.
r "
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..
D
.. : I
::.
.... -.-
[ZI
' .. : ... .... ' .. :.:. J
.]c.
...... .:: .... : ... ..
" .'
. .... - .. :
: .... "'"".i:' ••: .
: -
fireproofing
Any of various materials. as concrete.
gypsum. 01' minerai flber. used In making a
structlJral memver or system resistant to
or destruction by fire.
88
'pray-on fireproofing
A mixture of minerai fll>ers and'an Inorganic
applied by air pressure with a spray
gun to provide a thermal varrler Ul the he3t
ofa ftre.
intumescent paint
A coating that. when exposed to the heat of
a fire. swells to form a thICK Insulating layer
of Inert gas that retards flame
spread ana comvustlon.
IJ
column
A hollow structural-steel column filled
with water to Increase Its fire resistance.
If exposeJ Ul flame. the water al?sorVs
heat. rises by convection to remove the
heat. and Is replaced with cooler water
from a stcrage tank or a city watu main.
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firezofl('! fire separation
Arry floor. wall. or roof-ceiling construction
having the required flre'reslstance ratlng
to confine the spread of fire.
fire area
An _rea of a Duildlng by fire·
rated constructloi1 capal1le of confining
the spread of fire.
A zone which cutaln
construction
present In the
zone.

occupancy separation _._ .. _ .. _--".--_._-..; .. I
A vertical or horizontal construction \Ll
An open sp.uestabllsned to prevent
the spread of fire from a Dulidlng. a
9 roup of ex a n area of a city
to another.
drntstop
A flre-ratea parlltlon dlvklll19 an
enclc5ed attle space of
construction, or the concea led space
l?etween a Ceiling and a wood·
fr3 me floor arove.
having the required flre-reslstance rating
to prevent the spread of ftre from one
occupancy to anotherln a mixed·
occupancy Dulldlng.
distance separatlon
1M separation required Petween an
exterior wall of a pulidlng and a property
nne. the center hne of an adjacent street
or public space, or the exterior wall of an
adjacent I1Ulldlng. all measured at right
angles to the exterior wall. -1
fire assembly .. -.. -- ..................... protected opening _ .....• '··-0'" .. __ ..
The assemDly of 3 fire door. fire window. An opening In a wall. floor. or roof-
or fire damper.lndudil19 all required ceiling construction that Is fitted
Mardware. anchorage. frames. and 51115. with a flre assemlily having the
fire ___ •. _ •.• , reqUired flre'reslstance rating for
''";lI ."J "Its location and use.
A ftrt asseaWly 15 normally kept In "',
a clos&:! posltIoII and 15 equlppeJ with ....--,-----..
an device to Insure closll19
;arJ a&r having Peen opened irl·
for use.
_ ...
A fire assemlnythat may remaIn In an
posltlon and wiU close
utomatlcally If suPjected to an
In temperature or actuated by


.. -


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UL laPel _ .. -.. - ...... _ .......... - ................ ,
A laDeI affixed to 1I11Ulkling maUrlal. -.
component, or devlce with the
authorization of Underwriters'
LaPora-torles. Inc.. Ind'.catlng that the
FIRE SAFETY
firewaU
A wall luvfng the reqUired fire·
resistance ratlng to prevent the
spread of fire from one part of a
D<Jltaing to "nother, extending from the
found3ticx1 u> a parapet above the roof
and having an openings restricted to a
certain percentage of the wall length
and protected Py a self·closlng or
autcrr.atlc·closlng fire assemDIy. Exh
portlon of a bUlkling separated Dy one
or mere flre walls rruy C<>Ilsklered .iI
pulidlng when calculating the
floor area and height allowed by a
code'l
fire door
A door all
hardw3re.lInchorage, frames and sills.
havfl19 the reqUired flre-reslstance
for Its 1oc1tlon and use.
fire wi I'Idcw
product (a) has 1I ratlng vased on
performance tests of such product.s; (l1)
Is from a productlon lot fotmd I1y
exJmlttrtlon to maae from materials
and Py essentially taerrtlcal to
those of representative products which
have subjected to appropriate flre.
electrlcal hazard. or tests for
safety; lind (c) 15 suPj«t to the
reexamination $ervlce of UL

to ,!"""tom"''''1y
/. >'
A window all
required hardware. frarntS
and sl!ls. havi"4 the reqUired fire·
reslst;ru mtng for Its location an.:!

labeled
Of or pertaining to a vulkllng materfal or
having a flre·reslstance ratlng
certtfW by Underwriters' Laroratorles.
Inc. or other recognized testing

_ " firetUmpu W
========= .,' Adamp!rt),atc!osesanalrduct
autorrut!cJIIy In the event of ftre to
restrict the passage of fire and smo(e.
required whae a duct penetrates a fire
wan. ftre·rJt.ec/ shaft. or other fire

/ fu,ilk finK
II hr,k of a fusible metal. When
exposed the heat of a fire. the
mel:s ,"" a fire door. ftr!!
cr the to close.
89
FIRE SAFElY
flre-2L1rm system
An electrical system Installed In a
l?uildln4 to automatically sound an
alarm when actuma I7y a fire-
tkttctlon system.
symm
A system of thermostats or other
approved sensors for detectlnq the
preStllce of flre and automatlcally
an abrm.
5moke deUctor
An ek:ctronlc fire alarm that Is
actlv3ted l7y the presence of smoke.
.
A w;lter pipe extending vertlcally
thl'OU:9h a to supplyflre hoses
at every floor.
----... -----.--.-------- -- .... ---
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A stantJplpe containing water under
pressurt: fmed with fire hoses for
emergency use I7y I1ulldlng occupants_
dry5tlndpfpe --------------.----
A standpipe COITt2lnlng no water
used v.t the flre to connect
flre hoses to a flre hydr.llrt or pu mper
truct:.
90
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---.-- --- . -.--1
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siamese
/-'fire pump i
A pump th3t provides the I
rea.ulred W3Ur pressure In
a standpipe or sprinkler I
system when the
In W system drops
3 preselectM I'3lue.
A plpe fitting Insblled to the
g round on the exterior of a building.
providing two or more connections
through which the flre department
can pump water to a standpipe or
sprinkler system.
waUrmafrl j
fire extinguisher
A porta Die apparatus for putting out a
small fin I1y ejecting pressurized water or
special chemicals. classifled according to
the type of fire It fs able to extinguish.
sprinkler ,ystem
Apparatus for autornatlcally extlngulshing
fires In a building. conslstlng of a system of
pipes In or l1e1ow the ulllngs. connected to
a suitable water supply. and supptJed with
valves or sprinkler heaas maae to open
automatically at a certain temperature.
sprinklered
Of or pertaining to. building or building
area that has or Is protected by a properly
maintained sprinkler system.
stlrinkler head
A'nozzle In 3 Sprinkler system for dispersing
3 stream or spray of water. usu311y
controllea I1y 3 fusible linl: that rr.elts at a
predetermined temperature.
automatic fire-extingui'hing 5ystem
A system of devices and equipment which
3utomatlcally detects a fire and disch3rges
an approved flre-extlngulshlng agent onto
or In the area of a fire.
wet·plpesystem
A sprinkler system containing water at
sufficient pressure to provide an
Immediate. contlnuous disch3rge throuqh
sprinkler heads that opet1 automatically In
the event of fire.
dry-pipe system
A sprinkler system ccnt3lnl"!'l pressurized
air th3t Is rele3scJ whtn a Sprinkler head
opens In the event of fire, allowfng water to
flow the piping out the opened
nozzle. Dry-pipe systern5 are used
tM piping Is sulject to freezing.
preactlon system
A dry-pipe sprinkler system through which
water flow Is controlled I1y a I'3lve operated
I1y fIre-detection devices serl$ltlve
than those In sprlnlltr heads. Preactlon
systems are usea when an accidental
discharge would damage Vdluable M'13UriaIs.
')"tem
A sprinkler system having sprinkler heads
open ata!! times. through which
Is controlled by a valve operated D:i 3 heat-.
smoke-. orflame-senslng devlce.
cbs, A fire
A flre Involving ordinary wmbustll>lt
materials. as wood. pa :md cloth. on
which the quenching or cooling effect of
water Is of primary Importance.
c\a,,6fire
A fire Involving flammap\e liquids. 35
gasoline. 011 and grease. whlch.must
extinguished by txeludill9 air and Inh 1!:>Iting
the release of combusUI7Ie vapors.
cla55 Cflre
A flre Involving live electrk:31 equipment,
which requires a nOflconductlng
extinguishing medium.
cb" Dfire
A flre Involving certain combustible rr.etals.
as magneSium or sodium. which rt<tulres a
nonreactive, heat·al:>sortnng extinguishing
medium.
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exitacce55
That portlOn of a means of egress that
k:ads to an exit. Bulkllng codes spectfy
tne maximum distance of travel to an
exit and the minimum distance between
exits when two or more are required.
well
A shaft for dlir, ngh t, stairs. or a n
elevator. extendlng vertically
the floors of a
exit light
,1.1 nlumlnatea slg:1ldenttfylng a
required exit.
emerger.cy lighting
A hghti"9 designed to
SlJpply the alumlnatlon required for
SJfe egres5 from a building In the
event of .. pcwer failure.
occupant load
The wu! number of persons that may
occupy a I1vikllng or portion thereof at
anyone tltne. Mtermlned by dividing
the floor area ass4)ned to a particular
use I7y the square feet per occupant
permitted In that use. Bulkllng codes
use occupant load to establish the
required number arid width of exits for
:1 pAJ!ng.
exit ..-'
A j13ssageway serving as a required &..
enclosed by walts of fire-resistive
constroctlon. 8ulldlng codes hmlt the
length of dead-end corridors.
exit door
A door providing access to a means of
egress, s wing 1"9 In the direction of
travel and usually e<:tulppea wtth a panic
Par.
exit passageway
A means of egress cor.neetlng a l'e<\ulreJ
exit Of' exit court with a publ1c way, having
no openIngs other than required exits ;ilrJ
enclosed by fire-resistive constnlctlon "s
for the walls, fuors. and ceiling of
the !nJlkilng served ..........
he r 1ul nta I exit
A passage through or around a wall
ccnstructed as re<:tulred fer an
occu pancy separation, protected by an
fire door, and
tv an area of refuge In the same
01C1l a pproxilT13tely the same level In
aapcerT't pUltdIng. -':
FIRE SAFETY
me3ns
A contlnuous path of travel from any point
In" pulkllng to the outside at ground level.
exit
An enclosed and protected path of escape
for the occupants of a pulkllng In the event
of fire, leading from an exit access to an
exit discharge.
.- smokeproofenclosure
The enc1osl"9 of a n exit sta Irway I1y wa lis of
construction, by ii
vestl!7tJ1e or by an open exterior balcony. ana
venul3ted I7y natural or mechanical means
to nmlt the penetration of smoke and he3t.
codes usually reqUire one or more
of the exit stalr;v;;ys for a high-rise buildIng
protected I1y a enclosure.
-. exit stairway
A stJlrway leading to an exit passageway,
an extt court, or pupllc way, enclosed by
fire-reslstive construction with self-closing
flre doors th3t swing In the dlrectlon of exit
travel
1
exterior exit balcony
A landing or porch projectlng from the wall
, of a !7tJi1d1ng and serving as a re<:tulred
means of egress.

An exit stairway dewn an ootslde wall of a
building. 'constructed to the same
sta:ubrds as an interior exit stairway .
.. ' exterior exft
An extt door opening directly to an exIt
court or pu!;llc way.
91
FLOOR
The level. (,ase surface of a room or
hall upon which one stands or walks.
... .. :7
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flni5h floor
The wearing SUmc.e of .. floor. USU.HIy bid
(Net .. sulrlloor. Also. fWshtd &01".

plywood. or other structu ral
bid over and ftxe.d to the floor
joists. A sulrl\:lor Is often used as a
platform and may also
act as II struc'tUral to tra nsfer
bUralloaas to Also called
fWor./'OUfh flM-.
floor framil\9
The act. proc:ess. or manna- of constructing
the structural frame eX .. floor.
----------.---------------.- ________ _
Atrj of .. ser\¢S eX 5m3" parallel for -
supportlni floors. cetnngs. or flat roofs.
header •. - I
!
the eMs of joists. studs. or rafters. so as ,:
paralleljolsts .• /
studs. or 17fters. //
trimmer
A or rafter supporting one end
of a heakr lit the edge of an opening In a
floor or roof mme.
-,'
--.----
A rela-tl\le!y short i1eam.jolst. or rafter
supported by a wall at one end and by 3
lit the other. Also called stringer.
-.----------.::>- rimJolst
'-...-'-----...... ""'- .. / AJolst set on wpofthe sill and forming the
.' perimeter of a wood-framed fuor, Also
c;illled he3aer.
"-'-Imdglng
An arrangement of IH-aces or PIoctlng
l7etween joists Or rafters to prevent their
rotation or lateral dlsplacement. esp. when
their depth-to-wktth ratio exceeds 6.
Bridging may not requll'tJ when ends
of the meml1ers are flxed against rotation
and their eJges are held In line by
suWlooring orshe:athlng.
solid I1rtaglng
Bridging consisting of short roaras fixed
vertically I1etwun floor or roof Joists.
cro"l7rldging
Bridging composed of dlagonallmlces set In
pairs Pe'tween floor or roof Joists.
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i1e31T1 fig
Mattrbl as m3S011ry or concrete. for flIllng
the t;.awtenJolsts or Peams In or on
top of a m3S011ry wall. stiffening the
memrers. and Increased fire
reslst4ra:. AIso.l:>e3m filling. ________ _
beam pccket---.------------- _____ _
An opening In the vertical face of a -'-
structunl !T1aT1rer to receive a beam .
... _--
An angul3rcut at the end of aJolst or beam
It enters a masonry wall. allowing the
mem!1er to fan without damaging the wall h'
It /roms through somewhere along Its

form duking
dectlng as permanent
fonnworl: for.a reinforced concrete sla b
und stlb C3n support Itself.
duking
Metal ccntainlng glass fiber
the perf0!'3tea wel1s of ribbed
kcl::lng Of" In the perforated cells of cellular
tkci:lng. used as a sound-al1sorblng ceIling.
--------
FlOOR
deck
The structural surface to whleh flooring or
roofing Is applied.
_.----. decking
Self-supporting units of wood. metal. or
concrete capable of spanning beams. JOists.
rafters. or purllns and serving as a base for
flooring or roofing.
.. --.-_,--..,..---- - -- .-.- metal decking
Sheet steel strengthened for use as floor
or roof aecklng by coW-roiling a series of
rips or flutes Into It. and usually galvanized
forcorroslon The spanning
capaPillty of metal decking depends on the
thlclness of the steel sheet and the depth
of the corrugations.
-'.
I
composiU decking .,./
Metal servlng.as permanent
fOrM1worX and tensile reinforcement for a
concrete slap 11on<kd to It by a deformed or
dovetail rib pattern.
-'" shear stud
I, steel pin welded to t.he topftange of a
steel ream or girder .and In a
concrete slab so liS to cause the beam and
the concrete to act as a structural unit.
-------------------,
,/
cellular decking ..... --/ .•
Metal decking 1113 n ufactu red by welding a
corrugated steel sheet to a flat steel
$hut. forming a series of raceways fo!,
electrical wires and c.bles. • .
floor panels supported on adjustable
pedestals or stringers to allow free access
to the space beneath. Also called raised
floOf"lng sysUm.
93
FLOOR

M4ter13/ for the surface of a
flOOr. as rdwood. temz:zo. or floor We.

Anl$h in the fonn of wood strips.
ptlnks. or
strip floorin9 .-.... -_ .. - --.-.-- -.. -._ .....
flooring composed narrow wood
side· and end· matched.
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. pal"l\uet
A floor composed of short strips or 17!ocks
of wood forming 3 sometimes with
, . Inlays of other woods or other materials.
par'luetly
Mosaic won: of wood used for floors and

WJ
wainscoting.
IIIIJ
P-Iock floorirog
FWing composed of square units
at the mill and usually
ms t.311ed w!th n-gstlc (]Ier a wood
$;; bf'.::or or cor.crete sb P.
unit bfc.ck
A flooring made \;!y Joining short
of strip flooring edgewise.
usually on two adjoining sides
and grooved on the other two to ensure
proper a Ilgnmertt In setting.
hollow-uackea
afer pertaining to a wood or stone
piece h3vlng a pack face hollowed
out so that It ca n fit more tlg htly
against an irregular surface.
sleeper .----.------------
---
Anyofa numberofwooaen strips laid
upon a concrete slap to provlde a means
of attaching a sulrl'loor or flooring.
solid plock flooring ------.. -.. -----------
long-wearing flooring composed of sond
wood I7locks set In adhesive with their
grain oriented vertlcally.
laminated plock
A flooring U10ck made \;!y ronding three or
more wood venxrs with a molsture-
resistant adhesive. usually tongued on two
opposing sides and groovea on the other
two to ensure proper altgnment In setting.
slatl7lock
A flooring plod \;!y assembltn!l
narrow slats orflngers of hardwood Into
larger units.
='''''"p",,,rompos<dol ___
:narble or otr.er stone chips. set In a :t umentltlous or resinous matrix over a sound wood. mrul. or concrete
cen-.tntltlous or resinous matrix and .. that produus a terrazzo surface. sulrl'loor.
bondingagent __ . - monollthicternz:zo-
-....
o ........... 1" A chemical sul1stance appnea to a A terrazzo toppln!llnstalled over a
st.awrd terrazzo -_ .... -. -- -- •• substrate to create a Pond rough-flnlshed concrete slaD. A chemical
A ground and temzzo flnlsh ....... '. It and a succeeding layer. Pondlng agent Is used If the concrete
consisting slT13l1 as between a terrazzo topping . . - • 4 surface Is too smooth fora mechanical
stone chlps. D .!/f) .. and a subfloor. rondo
Veneti..1n temzzo .. -- .. ------ underbed ----- ------.... • bonded terrazzo
A gl"OlJnd and fdshe4terrazzo finish The mortar Ir.ise on which a •••. -., •••••• /: •. :,-;.;,/.:-; r·"I:\.:-:· .•• ... ; ': A terrazzo topping Installed over a mortar
ofbrge stone chips. terrazzo topping Is applied. " • " <.' ... '.' undert;.eQ that Is bonded to a rough-flnlshed
wfth 5lT13f1er chips flfflng tilt spaces resInous matrix . .' concrete stab.
Pe-tween. A latex. polyester. or epoxy Pinder ';: ='" .' . :.. : Ii,:.. :.; 6 ".: .4-' .
rustic terrazzo comPined with stone chips to
A ur.iformly textured terrazzo finish from a terrazzo topping
proJucea by l't'3shln!l the matrix prior especially resistant to chemicals
to so as to expose the chips. and apr3slon.
I'<-hich are not ground.
Palladi..1n.1
II rrosalc terrazzo finish consisting of
cut marVle slal:1s set \;!y
h3 d in the desircJ pattern. with
smilu chips Mlng the spaus
....een.
94
eand-cu5hion urrazzo
A terrazzo system for cantrolling
when structural movement Is expected.
consisting of a terr.lZZO topping Installed
over a reinforced mortar unaeroed that Is
. separated from the subfloor \;!y an lsolatk>n
'. memDrane and a thin layer of sand.
l
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r
I
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1,
t I
!
I
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ill
I.
linoltum
A resl1len t floor covering formed ry
roaUn4 1?urbp or canvas wtth heated
lInseeJ oil powdered con:. ana rosln.
and addln4 pigmalts to achieve the
desired colors and patterns. linoleum
shook! Pe used only on a suUfloor
suspended al:oove grade.
vinyl sheet
A resilient floor covering composed
prlnclp.iy of poIytlnyt chloride In
comblnatlon wtth mineral fillers.
and a fiber. fett. or foam
!:rackIng.
vinylt&
A resilient floor tHe ccmposed
prf nclp3 of poIyvl nyt ch 10 ride In
combltUtlon wtth mIneral fillers and
p4Jments.
corku'le
A resilient floor tile composed of
granulated cor\: and synthetic resIn
blnclers. finished wttha protective coat
of wax or a film of clear polyvinyl
chloride. can: Uk: should Pe used only
on a suWloor 5lJspended above grade.
ru1?1?erti1e
A resilient floor tile composed of
natural or synthetic rubber with
mineral fillers.
FLOOR
resilie nt flooring
Any of various floor coverlnqs capable of
springIng to the original fonn after
Pelng Pent or compressed. available In
either tHe or sheet form and set In mastic
CNer a suttable underlayment.
floor covering
Material. esp. a nonfabric material as v!nyl
or cera mlc tile. used to cover a fleer.
Any of various pasty substances used as a
sealant. adhesive. or protective coating.
underl3yment
A material. as plywood or hardboard. laid
CNer a suUfloor to provide a smooth. even
base for resilient flooring. carpet. or other
nonstructural flooring.
carpet
A heavy WCNen. needle-tufted. or
felted fabric forccverlng a floor.

avera9/: weight of pile yam In a
st3ted In oonus per
5qU3t"e yard.

The welg ht of pile yam per unit
volume of carpet. stated In ounces
per cubic yard.

gauge --.. -- .. __ .. _______ . _____ . _____ ..
The across the
width of. tufted or knitted
expressed In fr3ctlons of
an Inch..
upright tufts of yarn forming the
Interweaving the backing ana pile surface of a carpet or fabric.
yarnsonaloont . -.---.--------. 10 '1
_----... - op pi e
tufUa carpet •.. -. -- .----- -- ---- A carpet texture created by weaving.
Carpet made by mechanically -... tufting. orknlttlng the pile yarn Into
stitching pile yam thrwgh a ". loops.
primary faPrIc backing and bonded . '; .
with latex to a secondary backing. cut pile
A carpet texture created ry cutting
·········-- .. -------IrmiWl·· ... '. each loop of pile yam. producing a range
made by looping the . of textures from Infomt31 shags to
backing. stitching. and pile yarns short. dense velvets.
with three sets of needles. -=.-.A<->OL' __
fuslon-uondedcarpet ·-- .. \ -
Carpet made ry heat-fuslng face
yarns to a vinyl supporteJ .
by other materials. . ---. uacklng
Thefounaatlon material securing the
f1uW carpet --····-.. plley'amsofa carpet and providing It
Carpet m3de by propelling short with stiffness. strength, anJ
stra nJs of pile fiber dimensional stability.
electrostatically against an
3dheslve-coatedbacklng. -- __ --- carpetpad
A pad of cellular rubberorfelted animal
neealepunched carpet .- -. -- .. - . hair. CNer which carpet Is Installed to
Carpet I113ck by punching carpet Increase resilience, Improve dltr3blltty.
flPers back and forth through a ;;::-------= ana reduce Impact sound transmission.
WCNen polypropylene sheet with Also called carpet cushion.
Da rbed needles to form a felted
flPermat.
i
iiit-·- carpet tile A flooring tile made of carpeting
material.
95
FORCE
An influence on a body producing or
tending to produce a change In shape

vector

, .. -..
. . ......... - ",m""" f,,",,,
"'. '-. ' A 'luantlty possessing both magnitude and
dlrectlon. an arrow whose ._
length Is proportlon4l to the magnitude •. - .... ,
and whose orientation In space represents
the direction..
line of actio1I .-...... - .................... .
A line of Indeflnlte length of which a force
vector Is a A force acting on a
rigid body rruy I"e9rdeJ as actlng
anywhere aloatt Its line of without
altering ther;mmal .•.• •···• .--. ---.
component6of J force •.. _.-....•.......... 0E==:b=======i>.
Two or II'IOre COII(;Urrtnt forces Into which a
sln91e forc:e Ni I1c resolved and having a
net effect on a rigkJ body t:l\ulvalent to that
of the Initial force. For conven fenu In
structural anafysls. these are usually the
rect3ngular orCarUslan components of
the Initial fOfU.

moment ---... -.-.-.---
The tendency of a furc.e to produce rotation
of a body poIrrt or nne. eq ua lin
magnitude to the product of the force and
the moment ann .and acting In a clockwIse
or counterclockwise alrectlol!.
mornentcenter -.- .. -...... ---- ....• --.
The poInt .twhlch the axis of a moment
the ria ne of th:: forces causing
the moment.
moment'Mft ... -----..... --.
'The perpendicular distance from the hne of
action of a force to the point .a rout
wnlch a InOme<It OCClJrs. Aiso calleJ force
arm.
couple -.--.. --........ -....... -- .......... -;
A force SYSt.21 of 'twO equal. para lief forces :
In directions 2nJ tending to :
produce rota1lon Put not translation. The
moment of a couple Is equal I" IT12gnltudeto
the product of one of the forces a nd the
perpenarcular disbnu the two
forctS. ---.

-
{11111l '-:
__ m"" .. j
Nonconcurrent forces having parallel lines
of action.
nonca ncurrent force,
Forces "3".1ng lines of action that do not
Intersect at a common point. the vector
actbn. vector sum of which Is the
" algcPralc sum of the IT13gnltudes of the
" . forus. ak:lr.q the same Nne of actlon.
........
"
)I wpl.1nar forus
Forces .. hat In a Single plane.
..... wncurrent forces
Forces h.av1ng nnes of action at
a commoo polnt. tM vector sum of wnlch
can bt found Dy applyIng the para"lleIogram
law.
- p;malle!.ogram Ltw
The profOSltlon that the vector sum of two
concu mnt forces Cd n de5C1'ibed by the
dlagor131 of a parallelogram having adjacent
slJes which represent two force
vectors addea.
'--. vector ,um
A slngle vector to and produCing
the meet on a body as the
application of two or more given vectors.
Also caf1ed resultant.
...• tri.1"9 Ie method
A 9raphk: technique forflndtng the vect«
sum of t1'I'O concurrent forces
one force YeCtor p;a ra JleI to Itself until Its
taU coincides l't'It:k the he3a of the other
and the tnangle with 2 vect.?r
that represents the result3 nt force.
•. polygon method
A graphic technique for flndlng the vector
sum of a coplarl4r system of several
concurrent fOfUS Py dnwlng to scale each
force vector In 5ucusslon. with the tall of
each at the head of the one preced1ng It.
and com p!etJng polygon with a vector
that the result3nt force.
extendIng from of the flrst to the
head of last yector.
r' unter of gravity
The point which the entire welght of a
Pody may wnuntratea so
M.1f ai; point. the body
would /'tIN1" In equilibrium In arry posltIon:
coInclknt l't'lth the unt.er of mass In a
uniform gnvftJtlondll field. A force whose
nne of action p;a5SeS the center of
gravity of a boJy only Its
translational equl!lDrium; the l>ody remains
In rot.ltlonJl equJllDrlum.
.... , -., ..... center of rtU"
••• - point at which the entln?mass Of 3
Pody mzy conslJered concentratea such
that the II"IOmtnt a rout any line through the
point Is zero.
untrold
The cem:a- of. or.:. or two-dlmenslonal
flgure. aDout which the sum of the
sum of which Is a force that would 1--_____ ... ______ --1
displacements of.1I polnts In the Agure Is
zero.
cause the same translation and rotation of
a rody as the set of original forces.
96
I
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F)
! r-···-
r

r
I
I
I
tn n5Lrt.ic n
tmiforin motion of a Pocly In a straight line,
wttnaut rotatlon or angular dlsplaument.
. fIj Lh ..
roUtion Q
The c!rcuLY rnotlon of a Dody aL>out an axis.
lever •. -------.- ... -... -'-'" ----.----
A ri..;iJ element that pivots a bout a
fulcn;m to e:xert;l pressure Of sustain
a at a second polnt by a force
a at a third.
fulcrum •. _.-_.-..
The point Of" support a Dout wn Ie h a
b'ert<Jrns.
advantage
The mlo of output force to the Input
force applltd to a
I

FORCE
1 first law at moticn
The physlcallaw that a body remains at
rest or In motion with a constant
ve!oclty unless an external force acts
on the I1odY.AI50calleJlawoflnertia.

inertia
. . • .• The tendency of a rody at rost to
rort13ln at rost or of a body In motion to
statically equivalent rotaln Its velocity along a straight line
Haying the same translatlooal unless acted upon by an external force.
aM rotational effect on a L>ocly. "" I
··tsl .. _ ...... -....... -.... !
: f concurrent forces Into equl!lllrlun'1,
1 f equal In magnitude l7ut opposite In
1 .! dlreGtlon to the resultant of the
; .' , .! concurrent force system and actlng
i along the same line of action.

"
'''''-,,-,
'p
. .. --.-........ -.•........ - equilil1rium
LM.
lwtc
= px Q - (7:t3) + (Ix 0) - (Ix 0) = 0
A state of l7alanu or rest resulting
from the equal action of opposing
forces. For a rigid Poay to I7e In
equlhlnium, two conditions are
necessaij.
First. the vector sum of all forces
acting on It must equal zero. ensuring
. translational equflllnium:
LFx= O;LF)'= 0; LFz = O.
Second. the a/ge17ra1c sum of all
moments of the fortes arout any polnt
or line must zero, ensuring
rotatlonal
LM=o.
llllllllll+
F
1
The physle31law that the sum of the
forces actlng on a \7ody 15 equ31 to the
product of the mass of the \7ody and
the acce"'ratlon produced Py the force.
with motion In the dlrectlon of the
resultant of the forces.
mechanics
The !:>r.iInch of physics that d&lls
WIth effects of forces on Dodles
or rrt4terbl systems, comprised of
st.1tlc s ;I nd dyn3 m Ics.
StlUc5
The of mechanics that deals
with rei3tlons of forces
prcJvdn.g equilibrium among bodies
or systems.

The of mech;uuc5 that deals
'Nlth motlcn and equlllDrlum of
bod:es or m3tertll systems under
the of fcrus.
m
force (F) = /TI3SS (m) )( (l)
m;lSs (m) = = weight ('11)1 plt4tJonllforce (I)
3 third law of motion
The pnysicallaw that for every force
actlng on 3Poay, the I70dy exerts a
force having equal m3gnltude 3na the
opposite direction along the same hne
of action as the original force. AI50
C3neJ the law of .. etlan and r!actlon.
applied force
An external foru actlng directly on a
Pody.
reactive force
An external force generated Py the
action of one lIody on another.
97
FORTIFICATION
A defensive military work
coostructed for the purpose of
strengthening a position.
circumvallate
Surrounded ry or as If ry a rampart.
port
.... A gateway In a forUf1catlon 4
14rge number of tmJps to move npla'1y from
the besieged position and attacl:: the
Deslegers.
C.1 5 e m.rt.e
A vault or ch3 mber In a rampart. i13vlng
embrasures for artllkry.
.... --. --------------.. curtain
\ j
bastion --··-·-·- .. -·---·-...... ---... ---.aa., ...
A projectlll4 part of a rampart or other
fort!fbtlon. typically forming an Irregular
pentagon attached at the Ir.lse to the maIn
L
An enclosing wall connutlng two lr.istlons
or towers.
wort.
l'2Velin
A outwork outside the maIn
dltch of a fortress. covering the
wort5 two bastions.
outwork
A II'Iinor kfenslve position
a main


A ex-"..en.:i1ng downward In front
of a fortlfbtkln In such a way that It
PM"9S enemy soldler5 Into
the most "rect line of fire. , ... \
motte and pailey
A Norman of the 10th through 12th
Ul'IWrics. consIstIng of a motte pl3ced
withIn a Dailey.
98
/---.---....... gorge
.. "" The rear Into a bastloo or
/., slmllarotItwon .
./ --.• terreplein
/ The top platform or horizontal surf3ce of 3
rampart where guns are mounted.
-_ .. ---- funic
The part of a D3Stlon that extends from the
curtain to theface .
.... .. -- ... shculder
The angle be-tween the face 3nd the fun\: of I
eSClrp
Inner slope or wall of the ditch
SlJl"I"olJnding a rampart. Also
C4i1ed scarp. - ...............

exterior slope or wall of the
d'r-..ch surrounding a rampart. _ .. :::
i
/
,' ... ---..• motU
"
;' A steep mound of earth S\lrrounde.d ry a ditch
and sunnounted by a t:lmboer stocbJe and
tower.
a Ir.lstlon.
·-.f;au
EIther of *'e two outer s!des th3t form tM
sallent angle of a pastlol'l
....... , parapet
-.-.-- - A defensl\le W4l11 or elevauan of ea rU1 or
stone prot.ectlng sota1ers from enemy flre.
cardon
A proJecUng course of stones pelcw the
parapetofa rampart.
- ... - .... -- Perm
1 A the exterior slope of;J
..... - .• of as 3
J
:r:= moat of a forth'\c;Jtlol'l
L--_____ fortlflcatlon around a and usaa/ly
surmounted by a pal"3pet.
.. l1alley
The outer wall of a castle or the caurtyard
enclosed by It .
... _ .. -.-.. palfsade
-_.... A fence of pales set firmly in ground for
enclosure or defense.
pale
A poInted stlck or
r
r
I
r



:.
I
. '"
."
turret --------------------
A slTl3n towa-forming part of a
stroctu'e, frequently
above the
ground. Also CJf1eJ tourdk.
l7artrun
A sm.all turret on a
wan or tower. often at a comer ar
I\eJ r a gl te',qy.
Power
A lady's chamPer In 3
l!1ed1en1 CJ stle.
---.. ----- .. --
A slTl3I1 re.or door or glte to a fart

necessarium .----- ...... ---.
The privy of;l medieval castle/
or Also called /
gardero::'e, ,
przttU _._. _____ . __ 1 .. ______ ."
A te m pon ry l'\OOden fartif'.c3 tlo n '
In med'tevalardrltecture. erected
at the top of a lfJlI during:. siege.
c he m in-de-ronde
A cootlnoous 9"!lW3Y a
Jne3n5 of comnmlCJtlon Denina
the: rampart ofa forUfled l'follL ---:
dungeon
A d .. rt, undergrour.a prison
or cell, as In. ineJIev-31 castle.
oubliette -----.------
A ;Ln¥OO having an
opallr":J CJr1"; !n theuiOng. through
..,htch pri5Cf'trS were drOFPed
keep
The Innermost and strongest
structure or tower of a medieval
used as a place of residence,
esp. In times of siege. Also called
donjen. .... --- .. -:
'.
chapel
A subordinate or private place of
worship or prayer within a larger
complex.
FORTI FICATI ON
castle
A fortified group of Uulkflngs usually
domlnatlng the surrounding country and
held Py a prince or nol:>le In feudal times.
citadel
A fortress In a commanding posltlon In or
neara city, used In the control of the
Inhabitants and In defense during attack ar
siege.
--. ward
machicolatWn
A gallery or par.lpet at
the top of a CJstle wall,
supported by corVeled arches
and having openings In tht: floor I
throU9h which stones, molten
Ie3d, or rolhng oU could De cast
upon 3n enemy Deneath.

IT
+
A strong gr.ltlng of Iron or tlmPer
hung (Nt:( the gateway of a
fortH'led place In such a way
it could De lowered quickly to
prevent passage.
An open space within or
between the walls of a castle.
----.--- ... - barbican
An outwork on the approach to a castle
or towil. esp. a watchtower at the gate
or drawbridge. Also. l1arilacan.
-. enceinte
A fortified wall enclrchng a
CJstle or town, or the place so
enclosed.
battlement
A parapet haVing a regular alterr13t1on
of merlo/ls and crenels, originally for
defense Irot later used as a decorative
motif, Also called eml1attlement.
,---... -----. merlen
,/ Ont: of tht: solia parts between the
... crenels of a
,------- cl'eMI
. of the opt:n spaces alternating
with the merfons of a battlement.

An opening, 3S;;l loophole or crenel,
throU9h whlGh missIles may De
dlscharged.
-. loophole
A small or lI3rrow In ;;I wall of
;;I fortification for the d1scharge of
mlsslles.
eyelet
A small aperture In the wall ofa
medieval castle used as a window or
Ioophoie. Also, omet, aye/te .

A lnidge that can De raised, let down,
drawn ask:lc to prevent access or to
passage Dene3th it.
moat '
A Droad. deep dItch, usually filled with
water, surrounding the rampart of a
fortified town, fortress, or castle as
protection against assault.
99
FOUNDATION
The lowest dMsion of a building or
other coostruct1on. partly or wholly
the surbu of the ground.
designed to support and anchor the
superstructure and transmit its
loads directly U:l the earth.
shallow fourubtlon
A found1t:k:m system placed directly Pelow
the lowest of .iI and
tnnsfming building loads directly to the
solllly pressure.
DDDDD
------------------------------;
The gr.od-.I3l of.il structure as the i
soli Its founa.atlon consolldates r __ L - - - - - - - - - - - - -t

ccnso IWtion
The graau:;;l reauctlon In the volume of a soli
mass from the .application of a
Io4d and 3n Increase In

pf'im3 ry c.ol15OlldrtIon
A reJuctlon In vvlurne of .iI soli mass under
the .action sust.;lned load. due chiefly
to.a out of wawfrom the voids
I't'ftIIln the IlUSS.and.a tr.nsfer of the load
from the soli wafer the soli salkis. Also
caib:l compression.

A reauctlon In volume of;.l soli mass under
the actlon of.a load. due chiefly
to ;.It!ustr.etTt d the Internal structure of
the soIlln355 after of the load has
Peen tr3nsfemJ from the soli water to the
soIlsotld:s.
diffuenti.1I5ett!ement
The relitlve lI10Vement of different parts of
;I structure caused IIy uneven settlement
or failure of Its fou.wt01.

!
!
_1
i
I
l
I'
I I
::::::::.
'... ...t_. _ nonuniform 9J{/ pressure
.. passive e..1rth pressure
The horizontJl component of
resistance developed by a soli mass
against the horizontal movement of a
vertlc.alstruct.Jre through the solL
utive e..1rtn pressure
The horlzontJl component of pressure
th.at a soli exerts on 3 vertical
rrolnlng stroct.ure.
soU pressure
The actual pressure t:leveloped between
;.I footlng and the supporting soli mass.
equal the quotient of the magnitude
of the forces t<.l nsmftted and the area
CjUsM by Utml forces
' .. provided
by friction Utwun footings
;ndsot1
be.-aring pressure
The maximum unit pressure a foundation Is
permitted to vertically or I3ter.;1ly
on a soillT13ss. Allowal7le
pressu res for va roOlJ 5 solI claS5if1c3tlons
are conservative v;llues permitted
codes In the absence of
and testing of
the sot!. AISIJ C3IW .1llowal7le l1ealing
capacft)'. allc .....abk $C/l pressure.
- A = ccnt:3ct Jre3 of

r" frost.line
1 The maximum depth at which soli Is frozen
i per.etntes the ground.
frost he,we
An upltft In scl C3used tr.Y the of
Internal molsturt.
fro$t
7r

of soU resulting from the
.
f of frozen groundwater.
0.5'1 )
2rching
n..""nsf .. of ",," f<om' y"r,n"" P'"
of;.l soil mass to adjoining. less y!ekilng or 02'1 /
restrained parts of the mass. .
/
100
r;
!
I
r I'
r I
I I
I
r I
r
l
r
!
r"

grak. to support and anchor the "". L. -------
superstro<:1:lrre. "" .••. ____ _
ground sl#
A concrete sbl:> placed CNer' a dense or
compacted \73se and supported directly l7y
ground. iI:SlJally reinforced with welded
wire en grid of relnforclng lra rs to
control anya'3Cklng caused I1y drying
s-hrlnbge orlhermal or ',; --
Integral art required for heavy or ",@
concentrated leads. Over prol1lem soils. the
sla I:> must t;.c, designed as a nut or raft
foonaatloo. N:so called slab on grade. .. _ .. __ . ___ .... __ :.:

A bytrof COiiJrStgranul3r m2terbls placed !
and compacted on undisturbed soil or
prepared flO prevent capil!3ry rise of
FOUNDATION
footing
A concrete footing extended I. tera Ily to
the foun,13tlon load CNer' a wtde
enough area that the allow3!71e
capacity of the soil Is not
exceeded.
• -- critJc.;J{ 5tCtJon assumed for she3r
- she3r
-- ..
moisture toa concrete ground stal:>. _._. __ ...... _._. _" ______ .. _ ... _________ :
5 U b-str3tucn
r .... - .. ·· --.--- - ----------. ------ ... -
,/ Th; footing of a
. foundation wall
Something thoIt underlies or serves as 3
!:rase or four'4btlon. Also c.alled su!lstrate.
:' . .:.t )F.
. U '.1 I I'nii
flcatlng founJ.1tion
A foundation In soil. having for
tts footIng 3 r1ft placed dup enough that
the weLjht of excavated soli Is equal to
or grea th.M tM wdght of the
construction s-upported
raft

A refnforUa COncrete footing connected
!:>y a tie beam to .mother In order
to !7a!3ncean asymmetrlGallylmpJsed
load. as at the perimeter of a
Also called strap foothtg.
A rr.at providing a footing on yielding soil
u5IJally for an entire placed so that
the displaced soli mews the
weight of the construction.
grillage
A framewon: of crossIng for
spreadIng heavy loads over large areas.
Also called grid.

.----... --
--- A relrTfoffiJ iOncrete footing extended to
./ support a rowofcolumns.
r-
./ A ream 3
.' superstructure at or neargrouna leYel.nJ
the Io3a
pic:rs. or piles. Also
-..

.' A reWoiuj footing for a
perln-eter column or foundation wa n
o;Undea to support 3n Intercr cclumn
k::3J.
To ;wid rot'4tion or differential
COfTtJnuoIJs 1(4/ n
p-oportJoneJ t<1 uniform

m.1t
A sla!:>fi:e footing of relnfOf'Ce.d
concrete supporting 3 of co/umflS or
3n entire
np17ta mat
A ITI3t foundation reinforced l7y. gfJ of .
ribs abc>.'e or below the sial:>.
ullularmat
A structure of relnforceJ
slal:>s and lra51ment W3i1S
35 3 mat foundation.
101
FOUNDATION
dup founcUtlcn
A t:hJt extends do.w11 _
soli to transfer uullalng
k:laJs to a nn appropriate l7earing
stratum kIow superstructure.
pi1efourWtion
A system ofpks, pile C3pS, and tie ueams
fer transferrfftg uulidlng loads dewn to a
st,.t;Jm, used esp. when
the soil rNSS directly the
Is not sultaule for the direct

stntum
A which a
footll14 or to wIllch a Irolldlng
load Is I7y a pile or caisson.
pile
A sitna:r column of wood, steel. or
reinforced QlftCrete, driven or
Into the earth to
form part of a foundation system.
batter pile
A pile driven at a specified angle
to the vertlc3lln order to
provlJe resistance against
lateral forces.
drive band
A steel enGlrcling
the head of 3 tlml7er pile
to prevent It from
splitting when driven.
Also called plfe ring.
anvil
The component of a pile hammer,
located just relow the ra m, that
transfers the driving force to the pile
head.
cushion
A cap for protectlng a pile head as
well as the pile hammer durl"1 a
driving operation. Also caned
cushion 17loGk. cushion head.
pile driver
A machine for driving piles, usually
composed of a ta II fra meworl:
supporting machinery for Ilftlng 3 pile
In position !7efo", 3
hammer, and vertical ralls or Ie2ds
for guiding the hammer.
pile ----------fto:'!!I
A prinCipally on the
timber pile
reslsbnu of soli or rock
b:it for support. The
soil rruss ?rovides a
long
l1eml>er. Also called
pile.
pt'1e
The II\3XlnII'I axb! and bteralloads
pennfU.eJ on a pile, as by a
plefonnub,a static load
test,:;r a ,m.ech nlca I Investigation of ,/
the fourW1lon soil .'
pile _._-_ .. -.,
The of;1 pile from Its pia n
wUoo arm the vertQl,
In" reductkrl of Its aJlowable load.
pile to lmrIce
froe p'rrnlUed devl3tlon of a pile frcm
the fOf' which a reduction In
klad Is net
e!'\
V
pipe ... -.. :-.-----------
A havy steel pipe driven with the lower end
etther open or closed by a heavy steel plate
or point and filled with concrete. An open-
eMed pipe pile Inspection and
excavatlon !1efo", i7elng fliled with concrete.

A pllt depOloing principally 011 the
frictlon31 resl:stanu of 5urroundln9
t3 rth for SIip'f'<rt
,lift frictiHI
The frY;t1ol JevelopeJ the
of pfe and the son Into which
the pile Is ;;"en, .m!ted !?y the
d soM to the pile sides and
the snarstrength of the surrounding
SOIIlI1ass.

An bad on a pile resulting
from of fln, which tends to
the pie Into the soil.
i.. .... _ i,obar
H
\.,
"
H-pile - ...
A log driven usually as a friction pite, often
fttted with a steel shoe and a drive !nnd to
prevent It from spllWng or shattering.
'--.• shoe
The hard, polrUd or rounded foot of a
pile or caisson for piercing underlyIng
soli. Also called drive &hoe.
preca,t cOncrete pile
A precast, often prestressed concrete
cclumn, havIng a round. s-tuare, or polygonal
section and an open core, drivpl
Into the earth by 3 pIle driver until it meets
the requIred resistance.
ccmpo,1U
A steel H-sect!on driven as a pile,
sometimes encased In concrete to a point
l:>elow the water tal71e to prevent corrosion.
H'sectIons can be welded In the
drivln9 process to form a fT'j length of pile.
A pile constructed of two rruterla Is, as a
tlmuer pile a concrete upper SC1Ctlon
to prevent the portion of the pile auove the
water taule from
:'IN by.h"h th'
"-, allowable ax!4llload on a pile can be

load on a single pIle, usually a fraction of the
i load reach a ylelJ poInt, a point
;:: ... 1 of reslstanu, or a point of refusal
. :\;:;: .. 1 .... point of .
. ::::.: . The point at which a pile load ca uses a
'..J. specified net St"tttement after Delng applied
: f'·.... I continuously for aspeclfled period of time.
t ""l..
point of rem,ai
\ I The point at which no additional settlement
\, I takes place after a pile has Peen loaded
_______ " continuously for a specified period of time.
\ yield point
A line points of equal pressure.
The point at wn!ch an Incre35e In pile load
a dlsproportlonate Increase In
settlement.
102
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- pile cap -------..... -.-.--...... ' .. .
.. o
In
o °
ex3mplts of pile 13Y0utS
pile
A pl!e constructed !Iy placing concrete
Inta a shaft In the ground.
cas.ed pile -..... - ... - ......... --.... --.+ ..
A concrete pile coostl"UCUd by driving
a steel pipe or Into the ground
un-tll It meets the required resistance
;ina then ftlnng It with concrete.
c .. -......... - ..... _ ... - ........ - .... --: ... .
A cyl1ndrlc31 steel section. sometimes .
or taperea for Incre:asea
s driven or dropped In place ta
$eI')'(: as a form for a cast·ln·p!Jce
coocme pile.
.. -----_ .. _--_.- //'
A ha-Iy stu! tul>e or core th3t Is
Inserted Into a thln-wal1ed casing to
It from coll3pslng In tM driving
process. and then withdrawn Priore
concrete Is pl3ced In the casing.
pier - .... -.- .... --.- ... -..... -.. -... -.....
A cast·ln·place concl'eU foundation
formed!ly Poring with a 3uguor
!Iy hand a shaft In the earth
to a suitable Paring stratum and filling
the shaft with concrete.

A pler. esp. when the roring Is 2 ft. (610
mm) or larger In atameter to permit
Inspection of the rottom.
- .... --............ --........ -- .... -' ....
The \;1ase of 3 caisson enl3rged Ul '
lnuease Its bearing area.
bdl17ucket
An attachment to an earth auger
having expanding I1lades for D:c3vatlng
a Pell at the rottom of a caisson shaft.
A reinforced concrete slab Of mat
the heads of a cluster of plies to; 1<:
distribute the load from ;I cclumn or ;.-
grade Pe<im equally am01l4 tr.e piles.
t::3
0
oli}O
o 0
pile
A concrete CO!1struc'..t.d driving 3
c;on.cme Ir.'.o the gro'.J-nd along wit.' •
casli1g unullt meets reqUired
and then r.;:r.tr'lir.g L.,..-..o
as the casJng Is wtU-.:hwn.
, ........... 1
FOUNDATION·

A reinforced concrete pe3m dlstrlputlng
the harizont.1 forces from an eccentric311y
khided pile cap or spread footlngto other
pile caps orfootlngs.
.; •.• pile
i
A cast·ln-place concrete pile having an
enl3rged foot to Increase Its Pe<irlng area
and strengthen the l1earlng stratum by
compression, formed !Iy forclng concrete
out at the Pottom of the casing Into the
surrounding soil
...!.- .• pulP
f : A C<lst u formed at the l10ttam of a
j i cast·ln·piau concrete pile to enl3rge Its
! 1 area ar.a strengthen the rearing
I stratum !Iy ccmpression.
A caisson that Is drilled InUl a str3tum
of solld rod rather than belled.
A cat=scn having 3 steel H'sectlon
",Ithln 3 c.:n:.-ete·fll'eJ pipe casing
103
FRAME
A skeletalstrocture of relatively
slender designea to give
shape and support to a or
otJ1er construction.
"raced frame
A ·structural fume whose resistance to
lateral forces Is pf't1Vlded by diagonal or
other type of k-ac1t\4
-
rigidmme
A structural frame of linear memrers
conr.ectea at their joints. Appllea loads
produr.e axial and shear forces In
all meml>ers of the frame since the
joints restrain the eMs of the meml7ers
from freely. In aaaltion. vertlcal
waS C4use a rigid fr;1me to develop
thnIsts at Its lr.Ise. A rigid
fr.ame Is st3Uca/1y indeterminate and rigid
only In Its plane. Also Col Ilea moment-
fr.1me.
hinged frame
A rigid fr3me connected to Its supports
with pin joints. The pin Joints prevent high
!lCndin4 stresses from developlnBby
u",frame to rotate as a unit when
stnlned Loy SlIpport settlements. and to
flex when stressed by changes In
temperature.
L1
fume
A structul'llfas5ell1!11y of two rlgta sections
connectea toeacfl other and to Its
supports wltfl pi" joints. While more
sensltlve than either the fixed
or hl"¥d frame. the thru-hlngea frame Is
Ie.ost rlfect&i by support settlements and
thtnl'tllstresses. The three pin Joints also
permit the frame to lJe analyzed as a
stat:lcally de1ermlnate structure.
104
pL1stic hinge
A vlrtu.ol hillg/l that develops when an fJ,ers
are fully yielded at a cross section Of a
stroct<Jral member.
....... fixed frame
A rigid frame connected to Its supports
with fixed joints. A flxed frame Is more
reslsta nt to deflection tha n a hinged fra me
put also more sensitive to support
settlements and thermal expansion aM
contractlon.
s Ides way
The later.lf dlsplacement produced In a r'.3k:1
fralT16l7y lateral loads Or asymmetrbl

A-frame
A !nJlldlng constructed with a steep
triangular frame resting directly on ..
foundation.
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""'!
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knee
Thejur.ctlcn of the tap ana
either of tne uprights of a bent.
10000000-0
0101010101001011
,un IO]DID]ODlDiDiol

A framed stroctore vertlc31
web mem!1ers connecte.d to parallel
top and chords. A '{:trendeel truss
not a true ,",SS slnu Its members are
subject to I'lOII2xtal forces. Also
called

A method for a mutt...tstory frame
.15 a C3l1t11ew:r shear rackIng.
1M portal methcJ assumes tn3t a point of
InfIectloIt occurs it the of all
rnemDer$ In the frame. and that the mme
acts :.lS2 portals to
which the tobl t.ter.ll shar:.lt each level Is
distribuW 1ft propoI'tlon to the floor:.ilre3
wlumn ry pin .lolrrts
C2n lnsute.d 3t e;;ch point of Inflectlon.
st4t:b11:i dekrmlnate
stnlCture.

A Ir1ethod for J!t:.llyzlng a lT1uttlstory frame
2 C3ntllever to The
C3rTtllever method :.l5Surnes th.-t:.il point of
Inflection it the of an
II"alPers In fralre. and wt tM axidl
fOf"Ce In WuIM of a st.:ry
proportlonal;o tIortz:ontal distance from
the centroid oI3a the columns 0f1 tn3t level.
Imaginary pin joints c.1n Inserted at each
point of the frame a
statlcally WJ<-'"tUI"e.
moment methcd
A method for an IrJetermlnate
str'uCt1Jre :.iIo'1Iter:.ltN/: pr-ouss of
fixing a r19ki jo!rTt In splU. the
fIxed·enJ I1'\OII'1CTt.s at the Jolnt. then
the joint to allow It to rotate. and
studyln4 the of moments and
rot3tlons to £Mer joints
\
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I
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InkUrmil'\;1'U
Of or perta In Ir.q to a structure
more than the minimum number of
members. or supports
needed for staDil1ty. resulUng In more
unknown forces than there are static
equ.aUons for solution.
of iru:!eUrmlnacy
dlfferenu petween the number of
unknown forces In an Indeterminate
structure and w number of static
equ3tions 3'.'ah,le for solur:cn,
I
i
pent
A braced or frame deslgnea to carry
vertlcal and lateral loads transverse to the
length of a framed structure:.
FRAME
portal
A rigid frame of two co{umns and a .ream
defining a Single bay. Also called slngte-l1ay
frame.
multi.toryf""",
A vertical series of superimposed
, frames.
deUrmllJrte
Of or pertaining to a structure able
to analyzed completely by means
of the principles of statics. ./
redund.Jncy •.. , ....... , ..
A strvctural member. connection. or
support not required for a statically
Wb!T1lnate structure.
degree of reduMancy
The number of members Deyond that
re.:lulred for the statrillty of a
st;:cally determinate structure.
transfer column
A discontinuous column In a multiStory
frame. supported at some Intermealate
level where Its load Is transferred to
aajacent columns. -,
DOt]
DODD
DDDD
DDDD
tran,-fergiraer .. --:
A girder a tnlnsfer c;clumn.
•....
The number of members l"e<\ulred to
stabilize 3 collapse mech3nlsm.
105
FRAME
froilmlng
The ut. proceS5. or manneroffittlng and
joining together relatively slender members
to give shape and support to a structure.
froilmeworic
A skeletal structure of parts fitted and
joined to¥ther In order to support. define.
or enclose.
skeleton construction
A system of construction utilizing a
framewort of columns and !leams to
transmit !lullding loads down to the
foundation.
plank-oiInd-l:Ieam constructlon -.-.. -- .--.... , ............... -
Floor or roof constructlon utilizing a
framewort oftlml1cr \;Ieams to
support wood planks or decking.
poie construction
A employIng a
vertical structure of pressure-treateJ
wood poles whlch are firmly emPedded
In the ground 3sa pier foundation.
106
light frame constructlcn
A system of construction utlllzlng closely
and sheathed memPers of
dimension lumreror lIght-gauge metal to
fonn the structural elements of a 11ulldlng.
balloon fr;;me
fIoorfr3minq
platform fr3me
roof fr3minq
,r_ .... principal ueam
.... Any large !leam In a structur.ll frame that
./ supports secondal)' beams or JOists. Also
...
... / called primal)'
r"'"'' secondary ue.am
/ Any beam that transmits Its load to a
\
principal
terttary ueam
Any beam that transmits Its load to a
seconml)'
\ .. - girder
A large principal beam designed to
support concentrated Io;Ids at IsoI;rte.d
points along its length.

Of or pert3lnlng to a 5yS tern of
constructlon employing arches or
arched fonns. A Iso. arcu.tt&i
pole MUse
A of pole construction.
pole
A long. cylindrical. often of
wood or metal. ..
stilt
One of seve-ral or posts for
supporUng a stnx:ture a rove the
surface of land or water.
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principal _ .. -.--.-_.--- .......... _ ........ __ .\
str3ining plect _ .... _._-._ ..... __ ... _ .. ___ .. _\\.
queen post -.... --.-.----.-.... -.. ... , ..
summer - .......... -- --------- .. -. -... ------.--.. ",
A heJ;)' Umber serving as a """
principal beam or girder. Also '
C3 Hed summer-tru.
Ineast5ummer _ ... _ .... _ ... __ ..i
A sum,'T1er supporting a wan o,rer an
Also called Ureast beam.
tr3Ye _ ..... - ... _--.. - ..... ---" .--.-.-._- ...... .i
A crossbeam or a l73y formed
crossbea ms.
17if\der ---.----.--............ -... -.-
A prllIclpai ream supportlng the ends
of t:io-o sets of floor jolsts_ Also Cd lied
P-e.1m.
Iol./'r'i:r .--- ........ -- .. --- .. -- ....
At:. ntern or turret on the roof of a
rnealCal building having slatted
for the escape of smoke and _
admission of air.
thJtch _ ... --..... --.... -- ........... -.-._ .... -.... .
A mr..eml foreaverlng a roof. as straw.
or palm leaves. fastened
so as to shed water and
to provide thertT131
Insut..t1on. Also.


'-..._----- -'-
wattle and aaul1
A form of wall construction. consisting of
wattles covered and plastered with clay or
mud. Also. wattle and dau.
wattle
A framework of rods or poles Interwo,ren
with thin twigs. and reeas. used
In the construction of walls and fences.
FRAME
praced fra me
A frame a he3Yj1.ln-acea
framework of solid girts mortised Into soltd
posts the full of the frame. WIth
studs one story high filling the interstices.
Also called full frame.
-post
.- girt
A horizontal timber connecting the posts of
a In-aceJ frame at an Intennealate level
abo,re the ground floor.
"-_ .. _ ...• 5tiJd
"'--- raiseagirt
A girt parallel to and level with the floor
joists. Also called flush girt.
--.-.. dropped girt
i A girt set lielow the floor Joists It su pports.
'-
One of a number of short wooden pieces
Inserted between the principal members of
a haff·tlmbered wall to the
frame and retain the brick Inflli. Also.
half-timl1er
H3v1ng a framework with the spaces
fliled wtth masonry 01" plaster. Also. half-
tlml1ered.
open-timl1ered
pan
A major vertical division of a wall, esp.
a noggedpanel of
construction. .- -.. - .. 'f" ------i
--11111
the members of a timber frame.
107
GEOMETRY
A branch of mathematics that deals
with the properties, measurement,
and relationships of points,lines,
angles, and solids, deduud from
tneirdefining a>nditions Dy means of
urt.1in assumed properties of
spau.
point
A dimensionless geometric element
that h3s no propertY!lut Ioc3tlon. as
the of two hnes.
line
y-axis - ....... _._ ... _ ............... -
The 3x1s along which o;d1nates or y.
V3lues are In a Cartesian
coordln4U system. Also called axi s
ofordfuUs.
z-coordinate
A coordlnzte determl
!1y parallel to
thez·axls.
z-axis _ ........ -.. ---..
The axis 310ng whk:h z-V3lues are
measurea In a three-dimensiOnal
coordinate
coo rd ilU'te system
A C4rtesbn coordinate system In
which the axes orcoordinzte planes
are perpendlculdr.
A element generated !1y a
moving point 3nel extension
wlthOllt breadth or thickness.
o 0

The space l1etween two lines
from a com.mon point. or
within two planes diverging from a
common hne: the figure so fonnea.
108
/
_.' a17scissa
A detennlnea !1y
measuring parallel to the x-axis.
Also called x-coordlnau. .
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Euclidean geometry
Geometly based upon the
postulates of Eucnd, esp. the
postulJte that only one Mne may
pe drawn a given point
parallel to a given line.
caordinate '/: \
AIry of a set of numms that serve to !
the location of a point on a
.", radius vector
A straight line segment that
JOins 3 point to fixed
origin of a polar coordinate
system.
iii : I . I I
Itn-! il I
nnt, 5U mce. or In space !1y referenct
to a ftxed figure or system of hnes.
caordinate
AIry of the coordlnates for locatIng a
point on a plane Py Its dlstana from
each of two hnes, or In
!1y Its distance from each of
three planes Intersecting at a point.
l"'4 .... -.j .. --: .... - ordinate
.........-"-'.-"'-c-..l.'-;--;.:..,..--f----H-+--+ A coordinate aetennlnea !1y
x-axis --_.'
to the y-axis.
A!:so calle<l y-coordlnm.
T}.e axis a loog which abscls53s or x-values
are I!1e3$Ure.:I In 3 C3rtesian coor&nate
system. Also calLed axis of
ver"..ical

horizon.
horizonbl
Ina plane
para I lei t.o the horizon.
--.- vertex
The point at which the sides of
an lIng!e 1nterseG't.
. --+----- right angle
l
. perpena1cular Intersection of
two straight lines.
"--. 3Cute JnSIe
An angle less than
'. -. -. -" ---- -.-.-.-. Jngle
An angle than Uut
less than 100°.
pobr angle
The angle fortned !1y the polar
axis and a radius vector In a
polar coordinate system.
polar axis
The reference axis from which
the polJr angle Is measured In a
polar coordinate system. '\
. __ . ___ f __
pobr coordinau system
A system for locating a point on a plane
!1y Its radius vector and polar angie.
paralld
Extending In the same
direction. eq!Jldlstant at alf
pOints. and never converging
or diverging.
skew lines
Any lines In space that are
neither parallel nor
Intersecting.
angle
The amount of rot3tIon neeaea
to lning one nne or plane Into
coincidence with another.
mea sured in radla ns or In
degrees. minutes. and seconas.
radiln
A unit of angular measure equal
to the central3ngle subtendlng
an arc equal In length to the
radius: or a pprox. 57:3°.
degree
A unit of angular measure. equal
to of 3 complete angle or
tum. or of the circUMferenCe of a
circle .
minute
The 60th Dart of a aearee of
angular -

The 60th part of a minute of
angular measure.
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Extent ex distance
upward from • glven level
to;; fIxtd point.
past!: - ... - .. -................... ,
The nne or surface forming the
part of a ¥Ometric that
Is most oorlzo11tal or on
whlGh Is supposed to stand.
from which ;an altitude pe
C011Str1.C.e.d.
: ...... vertex
\, The point opposite to and farthest
\, from the Pase of a plane figure.
."" altitude
./ The perpendicular distance
./ from the pase of a geometric
,. figure to the opposite vertex.
parallel side. or parallel surface.
reentrant
Reentering or pointing Inward.
as an Interior angle of a
polygon that Is greater than
--' •.••
".

triangle
Havl"!l t1000 sides of equal length.
acuU -.-.......... - ............ .
Composed only of acute angles.
A polygon having three
sides and three angles.
obtuse --................... - .. -
Havlng. n :;1;rtuse angle. I
-.---... -...... - .1-.. ..
Having unequalsk:les. I
Lsalient
An outward projecting angle or
I part.
...... .j---- exterior angle
I The angle form&! petween any
I side of a polygon a nd an
! extendea adjacent side.
coincideJTt 1
tM same place In
... interior a"9le
The angle form&! Inside a
GEOMETRY
plane geometry
The pranch of geometry th.tde3ls WIth

plane
A surface generated l1y. straight line
moving at a constant velocity with
to a flxed point. such that.
straight line Joining any two of Its
points lies wholly In the surface.
figure
A complnation of geometric elements
disposed In a partlcularform shape.
.... -.... polygon
q,uadribteral
A polygon having four sides and
four angles.
A closed plane figure havlngthru or
more straight sides.
rectilinear
Forming. formed l1y. or characterized
l1y stralght lines.
"-.. 1:..... rectangular
'-., Having edges. surfaces. or
"'-....."'-..... faces that meet at right
"'-... angles.
"'-... r- aspect ratlc .
'-t:-.. In any rectangularconflguratlon.
_______ ...:.\_. '-...,--= the ratio of the longer dimension
to the shorter.
rectangle ...
Apmllelogral1ihavlngfour --...• dIagonal

CO"9/"tlCft _ •.. - .. -_ ... -..
3t all points when
polygon!:>etween arty two
adjacent sides.
right angles. esp. one with sides A hne connecting two nonadjacent
r-:;:r .... of unequaller!gths. angles or vertlces of.3 polygon or
v polyhedron.

- .. -----... - ........ --
H.3ving ccrrespondlng sides
and cor.espondlng
cant - .............. -...... ---. .:'.-
An ol7l1que hne or surface. as
one formed l1y cutting off the
corner of a square or cuPe.
angles e:q-.:.JL II--________ ........o¥.

The I7nrci of l713thematlcs that deals
with of kiangles and
functions, and of their
.3ppfk7'..cf!$.

A fuoctb1 of 3n 3rl9Ie, as sine or
coslM. 35 the ratio of tr.e
ri9ht tria ng Ie
A triangle having a right angle.
'::'" hypoUnuse
... The side of a right tri3ngle that
;'. Is opposIte the right a
........ square
A regular polygon having four equal
sides and fou r rig ht angles.
/ I···· n. roth p" .. aI
/.
... trapezoid
Q
A quadrilateral having only two sides
parallel.
_.' _- .... , - A quadrilateral having no two $Ides
of a triangle.
&iN!
G
_.' -.' trapezium
parallel
The function deflned 3S
the of the side oppostui a given
angle to
c05ine
The functlon deftn&! as
the of the side adjacent to a given
a ngle to the hypoten u se.
tangent
The functlon deftned as
the rat:o of the side opposite a given
angle to side adjacent to the angle.

The functlon defln&! as
ratio of hypotenuse to the side
adj3Ce:1> to 3 given angle.
C05eCarrt
The function deflned as
the of the hypotenuse to the side
angl.e.

tr'..,r.."<'CJT1etr!c functlon deflned as
the 1'3".: :;i the sIde opposite a given
angle:.: :.'---: side adj3cent to the angie
Pythagorean theorem
The theorem that the sqU.3 re of the
length of the hypotenuse of a right
triangle equals the sum of the
squares of the lengths of the other
two sides. C' Ci 2 I b-:
regular ........... - .. : ....... .
Having all sides equal (equllJttral)
and an angles equal (equlangulJr)
"---... pentagon
A polygon having flve sides and flve
angles.
- ... -... -.-- .. hexagon
A polygon having six sides and six·
angles.
. octagon
./
A polygon having elght sides and eight
angles.
apothem
- A pc:rpend1cular from the center cf
a regular polygon to one of Its
sides.
109
GEOMETRY
circle
.'----.-.-- arc
A closed pl3ne curve every point of
which 15 from a flxed
point within the curve.
... /: Any ,P3rt of the clrcumferenu of a circle.
:' r-'''--''-' raalus
.... / A ht hne from the center:f
1
111r: ill circle or sphere to the circumference or
Poundmg surface.
.... - .. sector
A ptar.t figure rounded by tliO radii and
Includ.e.d a rc of a Circle.
\------ .. - --- di3meter
circumference __ J
The roundary hne of a closed curvilinear
'flgure, esp. the perimeter-of a circle.
pi
The Jt aef'(Jtlng tM ratio retween
the circumference of 3 circle and Its
diameter, a ccnstolrrt to 3.14159+,
A straight line extending through the
of a circle or sphere.na meetlng
circumference or surface at eacb
end.
.. -- - cenUr
The pcint within a circle or sphere equally
d1sta ITt from 311 of the clrcumferer.::t
or surf.ice. or the point within 3 regular
polygon tqU311y dlstant from the vertices..
cherd -------- .... ------------.-,
The straight nne segment \
"
two points on • curve.
; ./ I "'>'" ,',/ . .., ......"

i \,
--------- through the tn'ofocl of an
__ ----'--I __ -.--

I
, -,-------- minor axis
A closed pbne curve generated by a point
In such a W7"j th.t the sums of Its
dlst.nces from tl'lC flxed points, the fOCi. Is
a constant.

A pl.ne curve 9tnerated by 3 point so
the difference of the distances
(rom two flx&f points In the pl3ne remains
constant.
110
The axis of an ellipse that Is perpendicular
to the :T".3jar axis ata point
from the foci.
!
I
i
i
spiral.··-- .. -.... -..... -------
I
A plane curve by ..
point moving around a fixed
.,---- asymptote
point while const4ntly recea:."oJ
from or appl'03chl11g It.
A stralglr; One nmiting a curve such that
the perpenalCular from the curve
to the approaches zero.s the curve Is
extenkd to Inflnlty_
- ..... eccentric
Not having the same center Or center
line.
off-center
Not centered or at the center point .
_---------- .. , concentric
Having a common center. as or
spheres.
._-- centerline ,
An Imaginary line that plsects. plane
figure.
___________ .
An arc of or any of the four
a,uarterslnto which a plane figure Is
dM:Jed by two perpendlcutar lines,
numrered counterclockwise from the
upper right.
(t b"J,", """. wlth",t
angles.
________ .. _____ .. --. -------. concave
Curved Inward like the Interior of a
circular arc or hollow sphere.
----------- inflection
.. ------. evolute
fhe locus of the centers of curvature
of. or the envelope of the nortTUts to.
another curve.
..-.-.. ---- Involute
A curve traced by a point on;a string as
It Is l:ept taut and unwound from a
stationary cylinder .
..... --------.- .. -----.--. helix
A three' dimensional curve tr3Ced on a
cylinder or cone Py the rota'tlon of-a
point crossing Its right at a
constanto!:>llque angle.
cycloId
A curve generated by a pOint on the
circumference of a circle 3S It rolls
along a straight line.
&pherokf
A solid geomttrlc3l similAr In
shape to;a sphere. 3S an ellipsoid.
ellipsoid
A solkl f1qure all plJne
sections of .mth are
ell1pses.
prolate sphuoid
A spheroid generated by
rot3tlng an ellipse about Its
major axis.
prolate
Eklngated along the
diameter.
cyiinkr -_ .... _ .. _ ............... - ........ .
A solid I10unded by two parallel
plJnes and a surface generated
by a hne moving
parallel to <1 line
and Intersectlng a c!oseJ plane
curve In one of the planes.
circuL1r cyiinaer _ ....
A cylinder genera ted by a
rectangle aboot one of Its
skies.
cone ...... _ ...... _ ... - ....... ..
oblate spheroid
A spheroid gener.rted by rotating
an e!l1pseabout Its mlnoraxls.
oblate
Flattened at the poles.
selid
A geometric f1qure having the three
dimensions of Iength.l:Ireadth. and
thickness. Also called l7ody.
volume
The extent of a three-dimensional
object or the amount of space that It
occupies. measured In cubic units.
surface
Arry figure having only two dimensions.
as a plane or curved two-dimensional
l<Jcus of points deftning the boundary of
a solid.
generator
An element th:lt generates a
gtOlT'.etrlc fi9ure. esp. a straight I1ne
that generates a surface by movln9
In a fasnlon. Also called
generatrlx.
A salk! whose surfau Is
!lener<lt.ed by a straight line.
the gentra0". passing throug h
a ftxtd pclnt. the vertex. and
moving the Intersectlon
wtth a closeJ plAne curve. the
directnx.
/ ... - directrix
. A fixed fine used In the descrlptlQn of
a curve Of'surfau.
right circuur cone --
A cooe ¥nerated by rotating a
right tria "9 Ie arout one of Its
legs.
uuncmJ ,'- fru,tum
Havl"9 the apex. vertex. or end \. The portion of a ccn1calsolld
cut off by a rane. esp. by one ':. left aftercuttlng offtM top
parallel to the base. _.. :. with. pl3ne parallel to the

A conic sectlon formed by the
Intersectlcn of a
cone with ;I pbne that cuts
through both the a)(ls and the
surface of cone.
:,base.
paraPob
A conic section formed by the
Intersection of a right circular
cone with a plJne parallel to a
generator of the cone.
center .. '
point within a regulJr polygon
equally from thevertlces.
ed.g.e ........... _ ...... _ ......._ ... _ .... _.-_ ... -_ .. .
A nne at which a surface termlnaus or
at which two surfaces of a solkl meet.
vuux ... ---....
-----_ .. -.. --
A point In a geometric solid common to
Of' more sides.
co n ic 5eCtio n
A plane curve formed by the
Intersection of a ri9ht Circular
with a pl3ne. •· .. ·· .. 1
hyperbob .
A conic section formed by the
Intersectk)O of a rl:Jht Circular
cone with a pl3ne that makes a
greater an9te with the base than
dc-es the generator of the cone.
GEOMETRY
selid gee rMtry
The bra nen of gX'!l'.etry that dais with
sofld figures and three-dimensional spau.
sphere
A soild ger.erated by revolution
of a :-emic:rc1e about Its diameter.
whose Is at all points
equidistant from the center ..
poly41ron
A soIkI ge.cmetrlc fl9ure bounded by
p13nd3ces.

H.'lvir.g all faus congruent regular
and all solid angles
prramid
A havln9 a polygonallr.lse
and t,";';;:"-3'JlJrfaces mutlng at a
common pelnt or ver-..ex.
',,-_.- tet.nhearon
A regubr polyhedron by four
pbnef3us.
cuP-e
A sor.d by SiX equal square
slks. angk: lrry two
adJac..,--r.t fates being 3 ri9ht angle.
-- hex. hUron
A requbr pclyhedron having sIx f3us.

A havlng ends that are
congruent polygor;s <lna sides
that are parallelograms.
Pl.iU1nic
One of t.1e flve re.gul3r polyhedrons:
te;raheaml. hex3hedron. octahedr:;n.
dodec3 hearon. Of' Ic054 heel ron.
\---..
A regular polyheJron
faces.
-
A regu br p<llyheJron having 12 faces.
',_.- ..
A pclyhedron having 20 faus.
111
GLASS
A lurd.lniWe. usually transparent
or tranSlucent suf1stance. produced
Pi' fusing sita together with a flux
and sbl1t11ur Into a mass th3t
cools to a rigkJ condItion without
c!,),staIJizJtion.
crown glass
An old fonn of wfndow glass formed Dy
plowl"1 and a hollow sphere of
g 13 ss Into fbt. Circular dis£: with a
center IuI1p left Vy the wori:er's rod.
shutgbss
A ft3t, glass fa prlcaW
Dy drawing the InOIten gbss from a
«<aMI glass). or Dyfonnlng a
cylinder. tJIvIdIng It lengthwise. and
futtenl"! It (cyffnder ,lass). The flre-
polished are not perfe.ctly
pmllc:l resultln41n some dlstcrtlon of
vision.
plate 5laS5
A flat. soda-ltme-sl1lca glass formed Dy
roinng molten glass Into a (rotled
glass) that IssuDse'luently ground and
pons,W
float glass .----.--.-.•.....
A fut. glass that Is ....... .
ewemc:ly smooth and nearly dlstcrtlon· ....
free. NllIbctured by pouring ",
glass ooto a surface of molten tin
and It to cool slowly, Float glass
Is the successor to plate glas5 and
accounts for the 1113jorIty of flat-g lass
proJuctlon.

A glass unltconststlng of two or
more s-heets of glass sepal'3ted by
henretblly-seaied alrspaus.
hermetlc --.. _-.-._ ............ .
airtlght by fusing or Staling.

Glass a admixture tc
a portion of the heat
Ight t1ut strike It. Iron oxide gives
the !lass pale
IInf'3I'ts
sdenkm Infuses a tlnt Also called
,lass.

Glass biiig'a thin. translucent met.:; IIIc
toondeJ to ,he exterior or Interor
sllf'bce kI reflea J portion of the IIg ht
",lid radiant heat th3t strike It.
---.--... -..... -.
Glass light while -. I "'-'"
re&a!ng the longer 1"--.......... .
heat. produced Dy ""'-,
•... --J._._ .. __ .. _ ... __
either the glass Itseff or over a !
transparent plastic film suspended In the i summer
glass. Also I'

The alIdlty of a surface tc emit ,
radi3nt 3galnst a placl: I
at the same temperature. I
I

The of solar heat tr.insmlssion
partJcubr glass to the solar ==
tranS«1lsslon thf"'OUgh dool7le-strength
c!earguss. __ .-.:..! __
112
gla55
glass h3Y1ng a thickness of
3/YlIn. (2.4 mm).
dcuble-st.ren¢l glas5
5f-at glass l!3yjng a thickness of
In. (32 mm).
-t- !
i
-r1
I
I
LL
1 T
1 1
I
II
-
anne.a1ed
Glass cwtea slowly to reHeve
Internalstres5es.
.
Annealed glass that Is partl3lly
Dy a proctss of reheating ana sudden
cooling. Heat·strengthened glass has
apout twice the strength of annealed glass
of the same
gtas, I'
Annealed glass that Is reheated to just
l>elow the softening point 3 na then 1'3 pldly
cootea tc Induce compressive In
the and edges of the glass and
tensile stresses In the Interior. T empereJ
glass has three toflve times the reslstance
of annealed glass to Impact and thennal
stresses Put cannot De after-
faPrlcatlon. When fracturtd,1t In-e3ks Intc
relatively h3rmless particles.
-
heat and pressure to Interlayers of

i
I
i
T
1
ill
J 1
IL
1
I polyvinyl Dutyral resin that retains the
I If the g135s is Drcten. Also called
I
I
13mlnated glass havlng exceptional tensile
and Impact strength. consIsting of multIple
piles of glass Ponded under he3t
pressure to InWlayers of polyvlnyf I:>utyral
resin.

13mlnated or InsiJktlng glass used for
sou nd control

Flat or pattemed gtass having a so,uare or
diamond mesh eml7edded within It to
prevent shattering In the event of
or heat. Wire glass Is wnsldered
a safety glazing IT!3terl4l
= slJ/face pattern
: formed In the rontng process tc obscure
vision or tc diffuse fight, AIS<? called
fl§ured

Glass one or roth sides acld-etched
or to wscu revlslon.

An glass c.onceanng the
structural elements In curtain wan
construction. produced by fusing a ceramic
frit to the Interior surface of "tempered or
heat-strengthened glass.

. A tf.lnstucent. hoilow of glass wIth
clear. textured. Of' patterned faces. made
Vy fUSing two h3lves together with a parUal
vacuum Inslk and used for glazing
openings.
;
glass plock unit,
sometimes haVing an Insert or coated to
reduce solar heat transmission.
< I
I
J
I
,
i
, i
! I

J

,
I
1.
.,
II

t.Jcegl.uing
The seWng of a glass paM In a rabbeted
frame, hakllng It In pbce with glnler's
points, and seaang It IIIlth a beveled bead
of putty or glazing compound.
fAce putty .------------------- ------.--.----.----- -,
The putty or glazll\1 compound formed on . I:
01 '_,1,,5
F
:"'_____, 111
A thin layer of putty or glazing compound \. I'l i
lata In eM rabl>e-tofa window sash to give \
II paM of glass an mn I7acklng. • I
glazier's point ---------.--.- .. -.-' ...
A Sm3n. pointed piece of sheet metal for -
hol.dlng a glass In a wood sash until
the tau putty has hardened. Also called
gl..azJng Urad.
putty
A compound of whltlng and linseed oil. of
doug h fl:e consistency when fresh. used In
secur!l1g windowpare5 or. patching
woodwork defects.
compound
An compound used as putty.
formuiJted so as not to become brittle
with age.
.. \ .... --.--.
gLnlng 3n opening. allowing for adequate
eJ¥ c\e:aranus. Also called gl.a:zrng size.
unit'.eJ inches
The sum of one and one width of a
glass pM or unit. measured In
tnches..
--.. --.-.... -- .. -... -----.-----' .•
One of the SlT13n l7locks of synthet\c ",
pl3ced l7etween the side of a
glJss or unit and i.1 frame to unter ....
It. malntJln a uniform width of Sailant.
sating block .. -: .. -..
'Ilt>ratlons ortherlT13l expansion One of the Sm311 Uiocl::s of lead or
or contraction. Also calIea centerrng synthetic rul711er placed unaer the
shim. spaur. lower eJge of a glass pane or unit to
support It within a frame.
f.lce _ .. ---. -_. ------ -..
r"'::- - .--.-- ii'
"'- !I
fra me" stop. to '. '. :
plane eft the glass. !ll
l:Jite ... -.---.----.---------.. -- ..
The .mount of OYeNp between the edge
of, glass p:lMe or unit and a window
fra me. stop. cr Icd-strip gasket.
edgeck.1rance -------------- .. -------
... The dlst.anu the edge of a glass
p-ane or unit and. wi11dowframe.
IT1e3surtd In the plane of the glass.

tempertd glass are suspended from
speclJl clamps. stJbll1zed by
stiffeners of tempered
glass. ancl Joined by;l structlJral silicone
and sometimes l7y patch
plates
doul:Jle gl3zing
The Installation of two parallel panes of
glass with a sealed aIr space between to
reduce the transmission of heat and sound.
GLASS

The panes or sheets of glass or other
transparent material made to De set In
frames. as In windows. doars. or mirrors.
wet glazing
The setting of glass In a window frame with
glazing tape or a liqUid sealant.
-----------.--.---.----- , -.--. glazing tape .
: A prefonned ribDon of synthetlc rubber
hull:Je3d .....-- .. :
haVing adhesive properties and use.4 In
glazing to form a watertlght seall7etween
glass and frame.
--- .. -.- cap stalant
An adhesive liqUid of synthetic rubDer
Injected Into the joint between a glass pane
or unit and a window frame. curing to fonn a
watertight seal. Also called cap l:>ead.
'-,,----_ glazing
An adhesive liquid of synthetlc rubber
Injected between a glass pane or unit and a
g lazing Dead. curing to form a n a Irtlg ht sea I.
A wood molding or metal section secured
against the edge of a glass pane or unit to
hold It In place. Also catted glazing stop.
dry glazing
The setting of glass In window frame with
;I compression gasket Instead of glazing
t3peor a hquld sealant.
C<lmpression
A prefonned strip of synthetic rubber or
plastic compressed bawe.en a glJss pane or
unit and a Window frame to fonn a
watertJght Sail and cushion for the glass.
--_ .. -- .... Iockstrip gasket
A prefonned gaske-t of synthetlc ru;ber for
securing 3 glass or unit In a window
frame or opening. held In compression by
forcing a keyed lock I 1\1 strip Into a groove In
the gasket.
flush glazing
A glazlr.g system In which the framIng
members art: set entlrely behind the gla S5
panes or units to form a flush exterIo!'
. surfau, the glJss to the framing
'.-"" I with a structural silicone sealant.
.-.- structural Se3l.ant
A high-strength sl1k:oM Sailant capable of
glass to a supporting frame.
. .. l:Jutt-joint glazif19
A glazing system In which the glass panes
or units are supported at the head and sill
In a conventional manner. with their vertical
edges being Joined with a structural silicone
sealant without mullions.
113
HARDWARE
The metal tools, fastenings, and
fittings usea in construction.
hardware .
Bor"...s. screws. nails. and other metal
that are COI1ct3led In a flnlshed
c.onstructlon.
finish hardware
hardware serving a decorative
as;;eilas a utilitarian purpose. as the
lod:s. hinges. ana other accessories for
doers. windows. 01 nd C4lnnetwOrl:. Also
architectural hardware.
door h.1rdware
The fu1ish hardware requlrea for
and operating a door.

A hydraulic or pneumatic device for
controlling the closing of a door and
preventlng It from slamming. Also called
doo.ch«;k. _._/
push plate - ---- .--- .-- ----------.--- --- - -
A protective pl3te of metal or plastic
···········,·········:fI.· ,
. .
vertlcally on the lock stile of a __ ... -'
door. . _.---.-.•. --.- ./ ..
door pull .... -.-...
A for opening a door.
pun par _ ...... - .. -............... /
A Ir.l r flxed acl"O$s a glazed cIoor, used
for or the door and
for the glass.
kick pL:rte ---.--.-... -.. - ........•.
A metal pIm fastened to
the XttaTn of 3 door to resist I110ws
anJ scrnches.
hand
The position of the hinges of a door, In
terms of right OIna left, when seen from
the of the l1ulldlng or room to
which t.ie doorwIIY leads.
114
floor closer --:.
A door closer in a recess In the
floor.
--.--- automatic door Pottom
A horlzonta IIr.l i- at the rottom of 3 door
that drops automatically when the door Is
closed In order to seal the threshold and
reduce noise transmission.
left-hand
Having the hinges on the left of an
Inward opening door when seen from the
exterior of the Irolldlng or room to which
the doorway leads.
I
I L/ I
L _________ ._. ___ -.-..1
left-hand reverse
Having the hinges on the left of an
outward opening door when seen from
the exterior of the or room to
which the doorway leads.
overhead conce.3 ttd cfcser
A cIocrcloserconu;;!eJ In the he3d of
a doorfra me.

A tlevIu In a hydra!;!"" door closer for
sloWing the speed which a door may be
opened.
.'
knocl:er -.--.. --- ...... -- .... -/.
A hlngej ring. Dar. cr I::nol1 on a door for use
In knccl:ir-3.
DfI
doorptrt.e .... -'
A identifying plate on the outside
door of ;J house or room, !?earing the
OCCuF3nt'S name, the house Or apartment
or the IlI::e.
............ _ ... - ...... judas
....... ..
.
.. -.---:::--.-....
--
'
A pt:t:Fho!e. as In an entr.i11C6 door or the
I door cf 3 prison cell. Also calledJudas hole.
. ... door cluin
A short chain with a remov:;!?Ie slide fitting
that C3n be attached between the InAA of
;; door and the to prevent the
door from I1eIng opened more th.n a few
Inches wfthaut the chain l7elng removed.
"- ·1-- mails!ot
A smail In an exterlordoor or war ..
often i'fith a hinged closer, through which
mail Is denve,ed. Also called letter slo1:..
-.--..
A device for hotdlng • door open, as a
wedge ex- small weight.
.". l1umper
A rim, gU3rd. pad, or diS«: for
shock or preventing damage
from t>vmplng.
right-luna
Having hinges on the right of an
Inward C¥nlng door when seen from the
exterior of the Irol!dlng or room to which
the door"ay leads.
right-hand reverse
Having t-he hinges on the right of an
outward Cf'?llng door when seen from
the exterior of the building or room to
which t!--e doorway leads.
I
J
Ii
L
L
L
I

mortise
A Pun hinge I10rtLsed Into the
sur-f.las of a door and
doojam!7_
---'.\
tdge of the door ana the other : ...
5 moofTk.d on the doorfra me. .L---,='
half-suriacdinge .. ---------- --
A one!af mortised Into
the doorfrarneana the other surface-
moul1won the face of the door.
flap billge ------------------,
A mo le3ves surface- ".
mounteJ to tile adpcent faces of a
door ana do<rlrarne. Also called
l7acl:fup hl,,¥, fun-surface hinge.
templ1te hinge ________ . ___ ,.
A mortise hlr'¥ rnanufa<;turea to fit
the rea:5S and match the arrangement
of hck5 of hc&w metal doors and
fran-.es.
hinge -. --- -.- ---
A hir-¥ eqUipped with!r.lll loearlngs
the klltJdles to reduce friction
and ensure e:35e of
b:rt-pin hi"¥
II having a nonremovaule pin.
_.--- (£5
Iocs-e-pin hinge -------------------.--. ..
A bvlng;l reroovable pin so thilt
a door can be unhuf11 P:i separ.ltlng the

Iocs-e-joint hinge ------- -- -- -------'.
A hinge hJving 3 k nudle formecl from
half of e3ch bf, wlth the upper haff
remon from the pin. Also called
liftcff
pintle --.---- ------- ---- ---- -- - --.
A pin CW' rolt on which something turns, --.-.
as gudqeon of a hingt.
gudge.on
II socl:et for the pintle of a hinge.
tlpring hinge .. -------- .. ---------
A hinge a coiled spring In Its 10
VarTel for closing a door automatically.
aou17te-acti"!'l hinge
A hinge pumlttlng 3 door to swing In
either direction. uSUJIly fitted with
sprln gs to mng the doof to a c Iosea
poslt1cn after opening.
piano hinge
II long. narrow hinge that runs the full
length of the two surfaces to which Its
pnd Also called
con ti rHiOtJ 5 h in¥
HARDWARE
hinge
A jointed device. uSUJl1y conslstlng of two
leaves Jolnea together lJy 3 pin. on which a
door. or shutter swings. turns, Or
moves.
leaf
A hinged. sliding. or otherwise mevable
part of a door. hinge, or tabletop.
-. gain
A notch cut Into 3 surface to reuive a leaf
of a Also called sInkIng.
-.------- ---- knuckle
. The cylindrical. proJecting joint of a hinge
through whIch the pin passes. .
-'" htthinge
A hinge com posed of two pf3tes secu red
to the auuttlng surfaces of a door and
aoo1amu. Also called Putt.
.r----. strap hinge
o A hinge having two long !eaves for
securing to the adpeent faces of 3 door
and doorjamu.
.'----. -- --'" cross-garnet
.' Ar-shaped strap hinge with the
crosspiece as the stationary 1!1emPa- and
the long stem loeing the mava!7!e rat. Also
called T -h1"9/!:.
.- .-------- dovetail
" A strap hinge having which are
, • narrower at their Junctlon than it
ather extremities.

.------ -- ------- .-- "--'" parliament hinge
invi,/lIle hinge
------.\j


:!)
r·····
A hinge consisting of 3 num!7er
of flat plates rotating arout a
central pin, with shouklers
mortised Into the door edge
and doorframe so as to
concealed when cloSed. Also
called conualeJ hlf14e.
,......---,
0
®
0
®
D
®
0
®
0
'----
An H·shaped hinge h4vfng a protrua'1ng
knuckle so tllata stand ..
from the wall when My opened.
---
I"r--
.. 1
A hinge having .. single,
olive knuckle hinge
A paumelle having an MI-shaped knuckle.
Also called olive hinge.
gravity hinge
A hinge that closes automatically by
means of gravity.
rI'lng hinge
A gravity hinge causing a door to riSt
slightly when
115
HARDWARE
lock Imh cylindu
A cylindrical device for retaining
the polt of a locI:: unUI the tumDlers
have been pushed out of Its way.
An asseml:ily of parts lT13Klng up ..
complete locking system.lncfuair<;l
plates and a locking
mect\3nlsm.
A for securing a door. drawer. or
lid il posftloll when closed. consisting of
a bc4 fX of ro!ts propelled
and wtthJrawn l1y a key- fX comDlnatlon-
opern:ed nisin.
Mnr M:·---------- -.. ---.. --- -.--.
A de.. 'a for hoiding 3 door
ccnsistlng
of .. that falls or $ilks
Intc A or hole.
//",·.u..mM
An part In a Iod: that
A' kd to the f3a of I
a door. as opposed U> one
l7Uilt ilto Its edge.
two
specL;:!y tc fit Intc a lad
and :r"",'e its
prevents a polt from relng
propelled or wIthdrawn unUilt 15
movea by the action of a Key.
(eyer'til.mbJer, ..
A fut meta! tUmpler having a
pivoting motion actuated Dy the
turning of a
roreJ at right angles to euh other.
one t&tough face of a door and
the adler In the door ----_____ _
_pit::--·--·---···---····--··/
One cf
cut to; with ana actuate
elt.he·r::f roth the Pelt aM the
of a lock.
cam·

jA within a
"(fOcdiUilt -------.---'.
-. .. peahandle .
notch cut Into the
ry which .. door 15

,.'t) edge of a door. ..-___
A1IOte frt a loci: case
or esc utcheon for
In ser-..;ng a

J l a rnortJse Into
a doer so the led mech .. nlsm
Is on


onu :r.e:rtal plate. as
a rO'J rJ a
___ doortoob. dr.lwer pulL
'_ or r'9ht swluh. Also.

'. ;:
Ii
The liar or shaft • • :,
that C3nie5 the ; \ - ::
Koman" ; ::
actuates the latch
orl1oltofa Iocl:.
.---.. __ l
An onurrental plate
surrourJ1ng the sh..f;
of a doori:nol1 at the
face of a door.

The'!iOrlZont.-I dlstar.u frem the
face of through ,.';',ich the
Pelt passes to the of
the stem. Of locI:
cylinder.

....
A dlsk or cylinder having an
Irregu I.ar form that rotates or
stJdes U> Impa rt motion to a roller
moving against Its edge or to a pln
free to move In a groove on ltsface.
' ... -_._ .. _}
"',

The plate or surface
throogh which the Pelt of a lock


A !r.;r or rod In the
mechanism of a lock that 15
propelled or withdrawn. as Dy
turning a knob or

II having a heat.l that
Is rrcrea into posltlon !r,; the turning
of 3 knob or key rather than Dy spring
3Ct1.on. Also
·>,-'_7'.'.":;::-,,,.:f
cplique end of a latch bolt
th;;t hits a plate.
A slOt In a lock for receiving and
guk:llng a key. .
war-If:;
: A ridge of metal In a
lad or \:eyhole that prevents
the Insert10n of any key that
does not have a corresponding
notch.
revel'5i!11e lock
A led having .. latchpolt th3t can
be for Installation In
either a or Ieft·hznd
door.
pevel
The side of a lock facing In the
same direction as the !level at the
tTld of the I3tchrolt.
•. ---- .---- ---.. -.• b>evd
.' The l1evel of a ron or lock on a door
1nU> L>ultdlng or room
to which the &oorw;ry leads.
.., .. -- ..... reverse bevel

The Devtl of., Dolt or loci: on a door
openl"g outward from the pulidlng
or room to which the doorw3'j
leads.
pani;br
A that spans the
Intero- of;ln exit door a t
waist and M opens the I3teh
when pressure 15 applied. Also called
panic bolt. paniC h3rdW3re_
116

\ for
operaUng the Pelt of a

.• ,
A metal plate 0.. a doorjaml1
havfng a hole for receMng the end
of a lock l101t when the door Is
closed, Also called piaU:.
lip ... "':'.--"'--"-----"- .-.-
The prC¥Ctlng or rim of a

pox striKe
A metal Pox recessed into a
doorJarrb to receive the end of a
lod bo!: ... hen the door is closed.
a !leveled head
that Is movea Into position Dy a
spring except when retracted ry
a &oorI:noI7, or when pushed
aga In st the lip of the strike plate
as the &oor 15 closed,
'\;i"f.I. with the face or edge of
a aoor.

, a mortise In a
aoor. sliding Into a socket In the head or
silL
;
dtVfCefor'ens'uring that Inactive
leaf of a pair of doors 15 permitted to
close before the active leaf.

1
1
.J
1-
,-
L
L
L
L
L
f
I
L
...... .i
,..
1
'r<A
1
j
. --
calorie .. -'
A unit of heat to the
quantity of heat to raise
the gram of
water l°e at a pressure of one
to 4.186
joIJtes. AQl,r.: c.al. Also caW gram
snt311 C3lcrle.
ki10cJ lerie
A
qU3n".lty of heat required to raise
the temperature of one ra m of
W3ter 1"(; at a pressure of one
a Ur.ospnere. equlv3tent to 1000
SfT14IIf calorles. Abw.: Also
calW kilogram
c.a!ork:.
hatC3pacity
The ql!3ntlty of required to ;
r;alse the temperature of a .
suustance by one degree.

A temperature SC3le In
which :32°F represents the
freezing poInt and 212°Fthe
roiling point of water under
standard atmospheric
pressure.
When you know deqrees
Fahm:heit. fft$ subcnct 32
and multiply by to find

125l
I
I

A temperature scale divided
Into 100 degrees, In whIch O°C
represents the freezIng point
and 100
0
e the boiling point of
water under standard
atmospherlc pressure. Also
called scale.
When you know degrees
Celsius, first multiply by9f5
and then add 32 to find
tkgrus Fahrenheit.
Kelvin
An absolute scale of
temperature havlng a zero point
of -273.16°e.

A temperature scale !1ased on
absolute zero with scale units
equalln m3gnltuae to centigrade
degrees.
.a l?solute zero
The hypothetlC3llowest limit of
phystcal temperature
characterized by complete
absence of heat. equal to
-27.3.16°C or -459.67"F.
.al?solute temperature
T as measured on a
absolute scale.
HEAT
A form of energy with
random motlOfl of atoms 01'
morecules. capaine of i:Jei"'3
transmitted convection,
conduction, Of' radiation and causi"'3
substances to rise in temperature,
ruse, expand: or evaporate.
kelvin
The b:ase Sl unit of temperature equal to
Vm.l6 of the tr:ple point of v.7ter.
I(
triple point
The particular te:nperature a:'J pressure at
which the hqliid. g3seous. sola
of a substance can exist In l4,;iijbrlum .
epecific heat
IC<J r------r-------------'
.. - latent hut
75 tl .. - The'tUJrrtlty of hat 3bsorred or rdeasea Heat C3p3City per unit mass of
a su!:>stance: the of Btu
to raise the
temperature of one pouiJa of 3
sul:rst3nce 1°F, or the number of
C310ries per gram per degr-o.-e
untlgr'3M.
"- . _. _. 1: by a during a chJi"L¥ in phase at
-.-.... ----.-.- : I
} :--r---,r·-----.. -··
: by a substJnu during a chJr\¥ In
I I temperature wttlo,c1Jt 3 char\¥!n phase.
l I


}j)J
\
f ;/.
117
HEAT
convection .. -------------
The transfer of heat Py the clrcuL-.tory
:r.otlon of the parts of lk1ulcl or
owl"9 to varbtlon In density 3na
u,e actlon of gmlty.
.--- ------------. -----------1
The t:lIM I'3te of heat flow th .;!Unit :
mterlaf of unit thlci:ness '
the temperature difference across
the thIcl:ness Is OM un It of temperatu reo
tnerm.a' ccMucbnce
TheUme rate of hat flow through a unit
of J given rgtertal when the
difference across a speclflecl
dllctness of the materl311s or.e unit of
t.empmtllre. -- --- -------- --- .....
I
, f
__ . ___ ... L_ .... ---(--- .. -.. --'- .-.
Art e!ement of low thermal .
conductMty pbce<l In .. n a tao
reduce the flow of heat highly.
conductlve In3 tula Is. Also callecl
tMrmal pamer.
118
co nducti;, n
The ti.lnsfer of heat from the warmer to
the cooltr partlcles of a medium or of
two !ladles In direct contact, occurring
without perceptiDle displacement of the
prtlcles themselves. - --\
radbtion _J
The process In which energy In the form of
l'I3ves or particles Is emitted by one body,
through an Intervening mecllum or
space, and by another roay.
..• thermal
The reclpl'OC3l of thermal conaucta nee,
expressed as the temperature difference
required to C3use heat to flow through a
unit area of a material of given thldness at
the of one unit per unit time.
R-value
o
thermal tr.ansmittance
The time i.lte of flow through .. unit
area of a l7ulldlng component or
when the difference lIetween the air
temperatures on the two sides of the
component or a SS<:m bly Is one unit of
temperature. Also called coefflcJent of
heat transfer.
;-··U-value
A measure of thermal reslstance of a given
materl3/. used esp. to specify the
performance of thennallnsulatlon. The
R-value for a component or
Is the sum of the R-values for
eaGh layer In the component or

I/R(t0t3I) = U
, A measure of the thermal transmittance of
a l7ulldlng component or assembly, equal ta
the reciprocal of the total R-value of the
component or assembly .
---\=--

Infiltration ....
The flow of outside air Inta an Interior space
through cracks around windows and doors
or other openings In the envelope of a
building.
we3ther strip - .....
A strip of metal. felt. vinyl. orfoam rubber.
placed l:>etween a door or window 535" and
Its frame to provlJe a seal against
rain ana air infiltration. Also,
weather strippIng.
1
[
1
I
lJ
J
I


I
j
I
oM
I
-
1-
.,
mineral woel
Arry of YJrlous
fi,rous used esp. for thermal
.aM sound Insolatlon. 3S glass wool and
roct 1¥OC4.
gllss wool
Spun fibers resembling weal and
useJ f:x thenrul :n5<JL.tlon and air
ftlws.

A I'r.3 ta\;l1 cons!stl n.g of extremely fine
ftl3marts of gbss. WGVen Intofabrlc.
ITUssed for use 35 a thermal ;11'1.1
.awJ5tlcallnsubt.or. or to
reirTforce 1fJn?us lTtlterlals.
fi\;ltrgL1s
T radcTtul: for.a of fibergl3ss.
rock wool
MIMr.l1 wool by blowing steam or
aIr I1"oOI-ta1 slaq or rod:. --.J
f03med pllstic
fus:c, 3S or
rl.jht and cellular by
tl-..e lrrtroductlo!l of pockets of g3 s or
atr and used 2$ thmT13llnsulatlon. Also
expanded pUstlc. pUstJc
fo<1m.
polyilrrlhal1e fo.am
A r.gtJ expanJed havlnq a
closed-ull s tru;tu re 3 na used .. s

mckW polystyrene
A ;-\g'J f04m hJVIng an
open-cdl stnJcture .ina used 3S


A foam h3Ving J
closc:J-u1l structure ana used as
ir.su!4u.,
Styrofo<1m
T for 1I bra rJ of foamed
pl4 rr.ao.e from polystyrene.
rc.am gL1ss
Ulubrglass Irt<Ide
..... gLJss 3rJ moIdlnq It Into
Po.J ras or blccis for 3S thermal
insuLit.lon.
wood wool
lOOOd shavlf'.,Js. u5U311y of pine or
wood used as an
Insu 1a';j11.3 materIJl. 3S a Uinder In plaster.
41M f:x Al:so called exulslcr.
.... airway
The pasS3geway required fer the
clrculatlon of air petween
lnsul3tlon and roof
lIatt -.... .
fibrous thermallnsulatlon of
gbss or m!r.eralwool. made In YJrIous
ana lengths and In 16·!n.
(406111111) or 24-1n. (610 mm) widths to
flt studs. Joists. ana rafters!n
flght wood frame constructlon.
scmetlrr.es faced with a vapor marder
of kr7ft p3 per. metal fall. or pl3stlc
sheet. 8m Insulation Is also as a
compooent In souna-lnsul3tlng
constructlan. Also C31'ed I1tanket
In $uLrticn..
kraft paper _ ......... .
A strong. usualti
paper. processed from wood
pulp and sized with resin.
rigid insul.rtion _ ....... -._ ....... _-_ ..
A p-refor.r-.ea. nonstnJCturallnsulatlng
board of roamed plastic or cellular
glass. Utular gl3sslnsulatlon Is fire·
resl$t4lTt. Impervious to mc!sture. ana
dlrnenslcr;ally M tt.s a lower
the-r.r.al-reslstance value than foamed
ir6u\atlons. whleh .are
and must \1e protecteJ by a
when used on the
Inter'.x 5'Jrfaus of a
closed-cell
s tf'.JCi-IJl"!S, as extnJata ro Iystyr!:r.e
and cenl.itJ r glass. are moisture'
arJ may used In contact
with the earth.
foamea-in-pL1u
ir.sul3tlon in the formofa
p-I3stlc. as polyurethane. th3t
Is $j7¥ or Injected Irrtc a cavtty
It adheres to the SUITOllnd1ng
surfaces.
insulrtlon -_ ........... __ ........ .
lnsul3tlon In the form of
mlnml 'I'rOOI fJ\1ers. granular vermlcuhte
or or t:"eatea cellubslc fibers.
poured fund or Plown through a
nozzle irrto a c.avtty or r:Ner a
suppcrtlr.g memPT"aM.
insul.ation .-.......... .
Ther.r .. llnsul3tlon In the form of a
materi;;lof high rt&ctlvlty and low
emlss.v1ty. 41S paper-lr.lcked aluminum
fOil IX gypsum Poord. used
In with 3 dead'air space to
reauu tr.e transfer of heat by
rad;3:cn
dead-.air 'pace ..
..... :
An unvet1tiLJted air space In which
the air not circulate.

thermal insulation
A ITUterI3l providing high resistance to
heat flow. as mineraI wool. vermlcullte. Or
foamed plastic. fallrlc3ted In the form of
l1atts. lIlanKets. Poards. or loose flll
weatherize
To make a house or secure
against cold or stormy weather. as by
adding thermallnsul3tlon or storm
windows. or by sealing JOints.
.... fil7erl7oard
An Insulating l70ard made of wood or cane
compressed and cemented Into
rIfIld sheets. used as an Inexpensive watt
finish or as celllng tiles.
fil7erboard sheathing
Insulating fiPerVoara treat:ea or
Impregnated with asphalt for w.t.er
resistance and used primarily for
she3thlngllght wood frame walls.
emissivity
The alltllty of a surface to emit heat
by radiation. equal to the ratlo of the
radiant energy emitted to that •
emltt:ea by a lIlack Pody at the S3me
temperature.
119
HEAT
tWnul comfort'
HUlTI3n ccmfort as Py the
3PUlty of the rody to dlsslpate the
he3t and moisture It produces Py
meta ronc action.
effective temperature
A temptr3ture representlng the comvined
meet of temperature, relative
hu,,,ldlty, and air movement on the
5ef1satlon of warmth or cold felt Py the
human !my. equivalent to the dry-vulp
temperature of still air at relative
humidity which Induces an identical
sensation. _ ----- --.------- -----------'"
wet-pulp temperature
The temperature rec.orded Py tM '-,-
wet-!:>ull7 thermometer In a ..... "
\
\
\
\
" \
psychrometer.
dew point ---- --- -------- ---- -'y-'- - -- - ---- --------70\
--t:--r--+---t 120
\.
humidityratio
The temperature at which air \. \
vecomes saturated with water ...
The ratio of the /1'1355 of water
vapor to the mass of dry air In a
mlxtu re of air a nd water va par.
Also called mixing l7tJo.
vapor. Also called tkw-polnt \.
temperature. '

comfortzane -------_. ____________ --- ------.------------ -- ,,--
The range of dry-!:>ull7 \
tempra ture. re!a Uve hum ldity.
mean radiant temperature. \
and air movement judged to be
comfortalXe by a /l'l3Jority of
Americ3ns and
tesu.d. This comfort zone
varies wtth cIllTI3te, the
of the year, the of
clothing worn, and the activity
leve! of the lMvidU3llJso
called envdope.
psychrometli<: ciurt
A chart we'Hull:> and dry-PtiII7
readIngs from a psychrcrroe:ter to relative
humk:l1ty. ai1solute humla'"r;y. and dew point_
radilnt te1t1perrture
The sum of the temperatu res of the
surrounding W311s. floor. and ceiling of a
room. aoo>rdlng to the solid angle
su/7tende.d by each at the point of
measurement. Mean radiant temperature Is
Important to thermal comfort since the
hU/l'l3i1 body receives radiant heat from or
loses heat by radiation to the surrounding
surfaces if their mean radlant temperature
Is higher or lower than the air
temperature.
120
50
.'

.l
ary-l7ull1umperature -------
The tempe:-ature recorded by the dry-
Duf17 thermometer In a psychrometer.

An instrument for measuring
humidity. cor.slStlrog of
two thermometers. the Pulp of one
I7elng dry and the-j,ulll of the other
belr.g moist and ventllaW so that
the cooling that results from
Cia poratlon ITI3KeS It register a lower
temperature than the dry one, with the
difference Petween tM I'C3dlngs I7elng a
me3sure ofi'tll'1c5pher1c humldlty.
radiant ht.at -------------- ---,
He3t transmitted Py the radiation
, of waves In contrast to
heat transmitted I7yconductton or
convection.
70 90
relatNe humidity ---------j
The ratlo of the alTlount of water vapor
actually present In the air to the maximli m
amount that the aIr could hold at the same
temperature. expressed as a percentaqe_
AUl7r.:m
.1b-50lute humidity
The mass of water va par present In a un It
volume of air.
'pecific humidity
The ratloofthe ITI3SS ofW3ter vapor In air
tothetcbl masscfthe mlxtureofalrand
water vapor.
hygrometer
Any ofvariouslnstrurnents for measuring
the humidity of the atmosphere.
:--enthalpy
: A measu re of the total he;; t
In a eqtl4l/
to the 1nterTt31 of the
suDsi:.ance plus the product of Its
volume and pressure. The
entha Ipy of air Is equal to the
sensible he3toftM ak and the
water vapor present In the air
plus the latent ke3tofthe W3ter
va par. expressea In Btu pe:r pound
('t:ilojoules per kilogram) of dry alr_
Alsocai!e.::l hutccnUnt.

A to temper.ture occuni04 wtthout the
3ddltlon or removal of heat. as when excess
In the air condenses arid the
I3t.ent heat of va porizatlon of the W3"ter
va pot" Is to senslDie he3t In the
31r,

; :
evaporative
A drop in kmpenture occurrlng wtthaut
the addltlon or re:t1OV3l of heat. as when
W3ta eva por.itcs and the senslple heat of
the t1quld Is converted to latent heat In the
vapor, Alsa called adlapatic caoll"9.
)
r
I
J
I
!
,.
thbsWle ----------------_,.
A protective slee.'e of shec:t
mebI passing the wall
of .a for holding the
end of a stovepipe.
stovepipe ---------- .. -.---
A pipe. usually of sheet metal.
seMng as a steve chimney or
connecting a stove with a
chlmeyflue.
.. -
--
III
t-
r
- f-'''---'''
-i
D
<1-
Franklin stove
A cast,iron stove resembling an open
flreplace but having enclosed sides. back.
top. and I1ottom and a front completely
-'''' to be c/o;&! with doo<'$
I
I
I
r---
I
I
I
I
I
vent --- ---.-.------- ---- -- ------- .. --- .... --. -.- .--.-- .... -. -.. --
A pipe by which prodLJaS of
combustion are carried from a
fumact or other appl13nce to the
outside.
compu!ltion .air
The air for
coml>ustion of fuel In a
fumace_
hcriUlrtbl funuce
A fumxe designed for Insta lIatlon
In a lowattlc or cral'li space.
w311furruce
A furnace recessed In or mounted on "
wall and heated air dlrectty
to a space wltnout the use of ducts
furnace
An apparatus In which heat Is
produceJ. as for heating a house Or
prodUCI/19 steam.
electric furnace
A furTIJU In which the heat required Is
prodtUd electricity.
ga5furnace
A furnace using gas as a fuel.
oil purnu
A furnace or boiler that bums fuel 011.
burner
A burner des4Jrted for Installation In a
fumace that originally used another
fuel.
hertl"9lo.1d
/
I
I
I
I
I
/
I
The hourly rate of net heat loss In an
enclosed space. expressed In Btu per
hour and used as the basis for
seIectlng a heating unit or system.
heJtl"9 day
A degree-day below the sta ndard
temperature of 65°f used In
estimating fuel or power
consumption by a heating system.
day
A unit that represents one degree of
departure In the mean dally outdoor
temperature from a glven standard
temperature.
HEAT
mechanical5ysum
Arty of the systems that provide essential
sertlces to 2 as water supply.
sewage disposal. electric power. heating.
ventilation. air-conditionIng. vertIcal
tnnsportatlon. or flre fighting.
space heating
The heating of a limIted area. as a room.
esp. by means of a heat source located
within the space.
central heating
A mechanical system that supplies heat to
an entIre building from a single source
through a netwon: of ducts or pipes.
heating medium
A fluid as warm air. hot water.
or steam. capable of convc:ylng heat from 3
source to the space being heated.
thermost3t
A device that automatically responds
to changes In temperature anel
activates switches controlling such
equipment as fumaces. refrlqerators.
and air conditioners.
thermocouple
A device for measuring In
which <I palrof d1sslmilar metals. as
copper and Iron. are Jolnea so that a
potentl31 difference generatea between
the poInts of contact Is a measure of
the temperature difference betwetn
tMpolnts.
Pimebllic element
A material made by roncl1ng two
metallic strips h3't'lng different
coefflclents of expansion. used In
temperature-Indicating and
temperayore-controiling devices.
121
HEAT
foruJ w.rm·. ir hutlng
bulldlng Dy
rralIS of alrheattd In:. ful"l13U and
dlstriNtea by a f.ln through
dlJCtlo;on: fe4lsWS or diffusers.
exta1ded plenum system
A perimeter he3tlng system In
whick a main duct COrr-lr:ys warm
air to.3 numl1er of Pral1(;h ducts.
each a single floor

... - .... ---- ..
A ch4 rnbet' j¢ the top of a hot·
air furn:au from wM:;h the
laders Nso calW
plenum.
le3der .--.. - .-.---.--.-.
A duct for conveying wann air
from .3 furnace to a stack or.
mrICk duct. Alsa c.3lled maIn.
trunK.
manifola
A or dua f1ttlng
having several for
multiple
conr.tCtlons.
gathering

, ..... grille
J.. through which return
withdrawn from an air·
sp3ce.
__ .- ... -.'-' cotJ-airretum
A for C011veylng cool ;illr
to a furnace for
A tapered section of a duct or
flue forming a transition
1:>etween two sections, one of
which fw a greater area than
the other.
.....
•• -.- A duct fittlng .3
tr.tnsttlon sections
which vary In cross-:.ectlonal
shape.
duct
A pipe or c.ondult of shut mct.;J/ or
flkrgl3ss for conducting heated or
conditioned air. Also called aIr duct.
ductwork
A sysUm of ducts, connectors, ana
dampers for conveying air In a heating.
ventilating. or alr-condltlonlng system.
Also called
stack
A vertical duct for conveyfng
wa rm a Ir from a leader to ;;I
register on an upper floor.
chase
A C011t1nuous space 01' recess
Into a wa II or throug h a floor
for pipes or ducts.
grille
A grating or perforated screen for
C011Ce3 11 ng. or a
wall. floor. or ceil1ng openIng.
-
A device for contronlng the flow of
warm or conditJonea aIr from an outlet •
composed of a gr!U with a of
par.tltel th4it rruy I1e adJuste<l sa
as to overlap ana close the opening.
--. flexil;k duct.
A alrtl9ht ffttlng Installed
two ducts. or between a fan
and a duct, to prt't'Cl1t the
tra nsm Isslon of noIs.!: and vlmtlons
along the
perimaet huting , ....... perimeter loop e)'Sum
perimaet r.dbl5)"!tem duCt lIr.er
A f1i;.erglassl7brte't for hnlng tM Inside
of a duct to reduce noise and serve as
thermallnsu!atton. -.- --1
A sysUm that A perimeter system In which a A perimeter heatlng system In
which a a centrally
:OCat.ea fumacc carrlts wann air
directly t.o each floor
warm * to plact.::J III Of' loop of ductwork, usually eml1edaed In
near tr.e floor along walls. a ground
warm air to each floor register.
.. _ ... __ ._ .. .1
A dM::;e slats at different
angles for or
air from an outlet In
va rio us dircctlons.
122
throw . Urmin.al velocity
The dlstance;il proJected. ::-stream tnvels The velocity of a projected
from an outlet point "".Ut Its ;illrstream aUIle end of the throw.

Is reduced to a speclfled d\Ot. "-:1: .... drop
_ ___ :' The vertical distance a horizontally
. -- -- __ .
_...... --.. _ ele¥atlon of its outlet, measured at the
'" ........... .-'.' end of the throw.
"" -'....... .........-...... ,/ L.···
" ............ : The emnt to which a projected
"'" ........,"-., __ : airstream diffuses at the end of the
'" "'" ............. " •. j_'_-'" ........! throw.
"'"", ')
" :
'" .
"'-:
_.-,-
o
, [
.1
I
l
L
L
L
I
r
,
)
i I
r
!
venturi tee
A special fitting used In a one-pipe system
to Induce the flow of water from a m
HEAT
he3ting.
A system for heating a I7:t means of
water heated In a a nJ circubted I7:t a
pump through plpes to radl3tors or
convectors. Also called hydroclc
uranch Into the supply main.
;'------ vuckettrap
; A valveforellmlnatlng air and ....
steam he3ting
A system for heating a UullJing mea ns of
steam generated In a roller clrcul3W
through pipes to radiators.
raai3tor
A heating devlct consisting of a
sates or coU of pipes through
which hot water or steam passes.
1 ;
\.
conaensed mOisture from a radiator
without allowing steam to escape.
Also called suamtrap. . '.
vluder
A valve for draining a pipe. radiator.
or tank. Also called Pluaer valve.
one-pipe system
A hat-water heating system In wnlch a
pipe suppl1es hot water from 3
to each radiator or convectcr in sea;uenu.
reverseretum -------------------... -... --.--. I t¥.to-pipesystem
A two-pipe hot-water system In -.......... A, hot-water heating system in OM
which the lengths of the supply and . >.rGl.. pipe supplies hot water from boiler to the
""m pll"SI" "ch ",d1,t«o' c::: ",dO"", ... ",",,,,,,,,, '" "",,,'" pll"

which the return pipe from each .• _._
raalator or convector takes the \.. ...... < i." ............
shortest route I7acl to the uoiler_ ,,_. '1
In a steam-heating rfl: i
system that carrIes both air and ,. -- 'I'
water of condensation. :
t....'
El
... - fin
5afety va1ve ---------_.-
A heatlng unit In which air heated
COfTt3Ct with a raJlator or fin
clrculaus I1:i convectlon.
huter
A Icrtg. narrow hydronlc or electrlc
convector for InstallJtlon
the lr.lse of a wall.
unrt heater
; A type of radiator having horizontal
: tuDes with closely spaced vertical
: flns to max!mlz.e heat transfer to
I
A seff-cont3lnea electrlc or gas-fired space
hea ter. of a Mating element. fan.
a rJ a directional OtJtlet.
space heaUr
A device for heatlng the space In which It Is
Ioc3ted. esp. a unit that has no external
heating ducts orconnect1on to a chimney.
qU.irtz heater
An elutrlc spau heater having heating
ek:ments sealeJ III quartz-gbss tubes that
produce Infrared r:uliJ tlon In frOl1t of a
rd!b:;Cive badl"9.
A relief valve that opens when actuated
I7:t a gJs or vapor pressure al10ve a
predetermined level allowing the!J3s or
va po!' to escape U!Ttl! Its pressure Is
reduced to a safe or acceptable level.
relief valve
A valve that opens when actuated I1:i
stJtlc pressure a Dove a predetermined
!evd in order to reduce the pressure to it.
----------------------.-..
A sman faucet or v.lve for draining or
re1e3slnq compression In pipes. radiators,
and
htati"9
A system for Mating by radiation from a
surface. esp. one that Is heated by mea n S
of electrlc reSistance or hot water.

A closed vessd or arrangcmm of
ana tuboes In which water Is haU.d or
SU3m Is to sUFl'1y Cf'
power.
elect.-ic hat
He3t genmte.d by the reslstJnu of.
conauctor to tM flaw of elect.n:: cu m:rTt.
P4nel huting
The raJ1ant he-atlng of a room or
me3ns of wan. floor. Pii.semra.
panels COITtalnlng electrlcJl conaUC"..us.
hot-wattr pipes. or hot-air
123
HEAT
naitionlng
A system or process for simultaneously
CCI1tro1llng the temperature, humidity.
purity. dlstriPutlon, and motlon of the air
111 an Interior space. esp. one capable of

campressive refrigerrtion
A pr0ces51n which cooling
Is by the vaponuuon ana
expansion of a "!\uld refrigerant. .
air conditioner
Arry device or apparatus for controlling.
esp. lowering. the temperature and
huml&ty of a space.
pac k.age'hI ir conditioner - ................... "
A factory-3ssembl&:! air conditioner having ".
a fan. fllters. compressor. condenser. ana
evaporator colis for cooling. For heating.
the unit may operate as a heat pump or
contdln auxiliary heating elements.
expansion valve
A v.alve that reduces the pressure and
rnporatlon temperature of a refrlgmnt
as It flows to the evaporator' ..
rmigerant ....
A liquid capal7le of v.aporlzlng at a
low temperature. as ammon13.
usealn tne{;hanlcal refrigeration.
_. ____ . .J

lead
The aem3nd pl3ced on a heating. ventl13ting.
or 3lr-wndltlonlng system In oraer to
maintain the desired conditions of thermal
comfort: In a
cooling lead
The hourly rAte of heat gain In an enclosed
space. expressed In Btu per hour 3nd used
as the pasls for selecting an air'
conditioning unit or system.
dC9ree-day
A degree·day aDore the st3naard .
tempmture of 75·F (24°C). usealn
estlmatlng energy far air'
and refrigerAtlon.
cooling meaium
A fluid suDst3nce. as chilled water or cool
air. for heat. as from the Interior
spaces of a bulld1ng.
hen rele3Std to ten of refrigeratio n
.
........ + The caollog off", ,"""eO """0 lie" of Ic,
. at 3Z0F (o·C) melts to water at the same
- temperature In 24 hours. ta
. . ... 12,000 Btulhr. (3.5 tW)o
energy efficiency rating
An Index of the efficiency of a refrlgmtlng
unit. the Btu remcvea per watt
of electric31 energy in p ut.
coolant er.Ipor;rtor - .....
1M component of a refrlgeratlon
SjIStem In which the refrlgerarrt
aPsork heat from a cooling medium
ana changes from a liquid to a gas.
A pump or other machine for
reducing the volume and
Increasing the pressure of a gas.
A device for reducing a vapor
or gas to Ilqula or solid form.
A fluid agent for reducing the temper.atllre
of a 5y'StaT1 below a spectfled va lue by
conductlng away the heat produced In the
operation of the system.
hat pump
A that uses a compressible
to transfer he.lt from one
reservoir to another. with the process
so that It can be used for
ana cooling a pulldlng. ---I)
refrigeration
A process that uses a
and an apsorber Instead of a
compressor to transfer he<it.
hat extrKte4 by me3n5 of ..
Indoors
winter he3tin
hatexchangertQ
chiDed w;ta- for coolIng
keatexch.1nger ................................. _ .. /
A kv1ce for transferring the heat of a
fluid on one side of a I7anier to
a fluid ftowlng on the other.
condenser •.•.
124
W35te heat from
stam 3S It C()ndenses Wore
rrlumfng to evaporator
C?,
,
indoors
,
,
\
\
he.1t sink
A medlu m or environment for the
aDSOrption or dlsslpatlon of unwanted I'
heat.
wtdoors
.,
i
summer coolin
;--
.I The component of an aDsorption'
. :' refrigeration system M a sa One
: solution to a raw W3ter VlIpor from the
evaporator. cooling the rtm3lnlng W3ter In
the process.
: ....... generatar
.: The component of an aDsorption·
! refrigeration system that uses a heat
source to remove excess water vapor
from a sahne solution.
! :
i
..
I
j.
l.
f
;1
;
j
.
-:.:'''.
5upplyajr --------.-- .--
The condltlonea ,ir delivered
by an system
to tM served
I

rnodente ,s to
supply forced ir1 a
hatln!j or alr-corJ:tlcnlrJ4
system.
humklifier --- --------
A device for rnJ IntJ or
IncreJsln4 thI: arT101.ltlt of
W3tervaPor In tM 3tr of;1
room or Pulldlng.
pump ------- ---_._-
A machine th3t
tnrtSfers. or
fluids or!3SeS ti-.e suctlon
Of' prcJl.'Ud a
piston. plunger. or of
rotating vanes.
chilk:a water punt
A room cr.e or more
chillers 3nd pumrs fof alr-
a
chillu
A device empk;ylr\.3 the
compressive
cycle to chili the W1ta" used In
a PuIfJIr19-
t'OI1er for producing hoC
wmror$Cam
cooling tower
A structure. usually on the roof of a
l1ulialng.ln which heat is extracted from
water th3t has peen used for cooling.
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
__ + ______ ..l
prthe3ter .------------:
A coil for heaUng air that Is below
3Z·F (O·C) to a temperature
slightly above freezing. In advance
of other processing.
HEAT
central air conditioning
An air-conditioning system that treats air
at a central location ana dl5tril1utes the
wndltloned alrto an entire Dy
means of fans and ductwork .
HVAC
Ai1brevlatlon for heating. ventll3tlng. and
air conditioning. •
_. _____________ return air
The air conveyed from an air-
conditioned space pack to the
central plant for processing 3nd
rec I rc u latlon.
t-------- damper
! A movable plate for the
: draft In an air vutlet. air duct. or
/ the throat of a flreplace.
!
,----- exhaust air
.--h..... The air exhausted from an Interior
f.--I space to the outslde.
r --. fresh :air
:' Outdoor air drawn In for treatment
JLL In an alr-conditlcnlng system. Also
\--l callea outside air.
___ • air-handling unit
An asseml7ly containing the fans.
fllters. and other components nece5saryto treat
and dlstriWte conditioned air to an entire 17ulldlng
or to specrf'oC zones within the liulldtng.
--- filter
A porous su\?stance or mass. as
cloth or a l.1yer of charcoal. through
which a gas orhqula is passed to
remove suspended impurities or to
recover sol"tds.
mechanical_equipment room
Any room permanently
Installed machinery and eqUipment for
the mechanical systems of a building.
125
HEAT
,"-water system
An system In which eIther
hot or chilled water Is to fan·coll
units In the 5eNed spaces, where aIr Is
circulated locally.
sy5tem •.......... '" ...... .
An an-W3ter system In whIch one
pIpe supplies the hot or chilled
water to f;in·coil units, and the
other pipe returns It to the boiler
or chilled water plant.
four-pipe system - ................. .
An ;ill-water system In wh Ich
separ3te hot-water and chliled-
water pIping cIrcuIts provIde for
simultaneous heating and coolJng
as needed In various zones of a

all-air system
An aIr-conditionIng system In which central
fans Q1striUute conaltloned aIr to the
served spaces by means of ductwon:.
5ingle-duct system •. _ ............ .
An ail-air system In which a
single duct conveys conditioned
air to the served spaces.
constant-a ir-volume

An an-air system In which a
master thermostat
automatlc3lly regulates the
quantity of conditioned air
su ppI1ed to each zone.
varia l7le-air-volu me 5)'stem
An an-air system In which a
thermostatically controlled
varlaPte-volume Pox regulates
the of condItioned aIr
supplied to tach zone.
dual·duct system _ .. _ ............. .
An an-air system In which separate
cold-air and warm-aIr supply ducts
meet at a mixing box where the air
Is baore d1strll1ut1on to
eachZOM
termlrul rebut !System _e ........ .
An aQ-alrsystem In which a reheat
coil the temperature of
the air being furnished to each
IndMdU211y controlled zone.
air-water system .-..••...•.•....•..•............
An system In which hIgh-
velocity ducts supp/ycondltloned air from a
centr.ll plant to zone where It mIxes
with room aIr and Is further heated or
cooled In an induction or fan·coll unit.
126

--"----"1J"
...... -......... j
U
'\t
- _.-
r-'
I'"

.
t::::::> L. -l!:l
!--
T
.. supply pipe
A fiX" conveying hot or chilled
water from the boiler or chilled·
water piJ nt to;; fan·coll unit.
. .. _ ..... - .. return pipe
.' A pipe for conveying water from a
fan-coil unit to the boiler or chilled-
water pllnt.
termirl41 unit
Any of mlous devlces for delivering ;;
heating or cooling medium to;;
.-.--- .. ---- fan-con unit
A termln31 unit containing an "Ir filter.
heating or cooOng coils, and a
fan for drawing In A mixture of room "Ir "nd
outskk.lr .
can
A connecteJ series of pipes or tuplng In
rows or layers, often having fins attached
to heat.
muttizoM sysum
A ce"tn! air-handling unit capaple of
5eTVIng up to eight zones Simultaneously.
zone
A space or group of spaces In a
whose temperature and alrquanty Is
regulaW a single control
-' .-- mixill9!?ex
A chamkr for proportioning and
cold and warm air underthermostatlc
control to reach the desired temper.stm:.
_-_.-- rehutccn
------- An or hot·watucoU for ralslll{!
of the air In the supply duct of
an alr-cond1tlonlng system.
r-"-"-' induction unit
./ A unit In which prImary "Ir draws In
/ room alrtnrough a filter and the mixture
passes (Ner coils that are either he3ted or
chilled seconda ry water from a roller or
chilled water pl.;nt.
_. -.. -" -. hlgh-velocity duct
A small duct of conveying
primary air At a veloctty of 2.400 ft.
(730 m) per minute or h'9her.
primary air
The conaltloned air supplle4 at a h41h
pressure and high velocity l>y a
antral.lr handling unit. .
·1
f
. :
I
• I
I
... i
_I
_J
I
;_1

airch.1"¥
The replacement tithe volume of air
contJlned wtthln a room with an equivalent
volume of fresh air within a given period of
time. The term air Is
often used to specify ventll3tlon
stanaarcls.

A Ioovered or motor-driven fan
for rtpUcmg swgnant alrwtth fresh air.
HEAT
vent ventilate
An opening. as In a wall. serving as an To provide a room with fresh air to
replace air that has used or
contaminated.
outlet for air. smoke. fumes. or the
attic ventilator
A wlnd- or motor-driven fan for
asslstlng the natural air flow
through an attic space.
natural ventilation
The process of ventilating 3 space by
the natural movement of air rather
than by mechanical means.
o
chimney effect
The tendency of air or gas In a
shaft Or other vertical space to
rise when heated. creating a
draft that draws In cooler air or
gas from I1elow.

<j:====l Y==
J
cross ventilation
The circulation of fresh air thro.U9h
-------------- open wlnaows, doors. orot-her
openings on opposite sides of a room.
whole-hou .. v.ntilator
,. A motor-driven fan for pulling stale air
from the living areas of a house and
exhausting It through attlG vents_

) I I\. L ____________________________ ..
plenum ventil1ticn
A system of mechanical ventilation In
whkh fresh air Is forced Into the space to
DC ventil3ted from a chamPer (plenum
chamber) at a pressure Slightly higher
than 3 t.m05 pherlc pressure. so as to
air.
fan
A device that rotates an array of blades
or vanes about an axis In order to produce
a current of air.
exhaust fan
A fun for ventilating an Interior space by """I'/f'r Iii __ :11
drawrng air from the Interior and expelling \\> LJ
It outside.
--------- .. --------./
and discharges It radially.
o
mechanical ventilation
The process of supplying fresh air to a .
Irolkflng or removIng stale air from It by
mechanical means, as with fans.
127
HISTORY
A system3tic. often chrOMlogical
narrative of events as
relating to a particular people.
country. or period. often including
an expIJnation of their causes.
civitiution
An advanceJ state of human society
man:ed by a relatively high of cuttural.
technlc3l and political development.
society
An endurin4 and !a r Ie
community of pecple comlr.on
t.raJltb1s, Insmutlons, .. nd identity,
whose It'IeI1Pers h3ve developed collective
Interests and Pellefs In-<-..eractlon
wtth another.
culture

beliefs. .. nd Dehavlors up Dy
.. group ofhuman reJngs and tr.al\Smltted
from OM to the next.
style
A partlcubr or distinctive form of artIstic
expression characteristic of a person.
or period.
expression
The manna-In which meaning, spirtt. or
character Is 5yIT1bottZed or comm unlcated in
the of an artistic wort

Of, to. or exlstlng IF! t.I',c time
prior to U1e of hl!man
of which Is gained mainly
through arclueologlcal d1scover'.es.
SUldy, and research.

The known period of hu fro n
Wture. the Bronze A¥ ana
the Iron and clu racteriz.eJ by the
lise of stone Implements and weapons.
HeolitJric
Of or tc the !ast phase of tne
Pythe
cu/;lvatJon of graIn crops,
domestbtlon of a01lmals, settle:Ment
of of pottery and
textiles. aM use of poI1sheJ
imp!emelrt.s: thought to begun
C$OOO-&OOO B.c.

A In France. containing
wan and engravings thought to
d3U from c13.000-6500 B.C.
128
Mescpotamia
An ancient In western Asia
l:>etwU1I the Tlgrls .. nd Euphrates rivers,
comprising the lands of 5umer and Akkad
and occu pled successively the
Sumerl3ns. . .Assyrlans. and
now pari-of Iraq. . -...
Fertile Crescent
An agricultural regIon arching from the
eastern shores of the Mediterranean Sea
In the west to Ir;;q In the east: the
locatlol1 of humanklnd's earliest
Catal HiiyOk
A NeolJthlc settlement In Anatolla. Jated
6500-5000 B.c. One of the walia's earliest
cities. It had mud·1nici: fortlflcatlons and
houses. frescoed shrines. a fully developed
and extensive tradIng In
. the chief materi31 for tool-making.
Anrt.olia
A vast plateau Petwe..."11 the Black.
MedlUrranean. and Seas.
synonymous with the peninsula of Asia
Minor: today comprises most of T un:t:y.

A period of huma n hlstc!)r th3t !:>ega n
c.;ooo-.3000 B.c.. followIng the Stene
Age ana preceding t:he Iron A¥.
characterized Py the use of
Implements.
Yang-'luo
A Neolithic culture In China cenUreJ
around the fertile pia Ins of the Yellow
River. cluracterlzed pit dwelhngs and
flne pottery painted In geomttrlc
designs.
Sumerton architecture
The architecttire the
5umer.ans who dominated southern
Mesopotamia from u,e 4th to the end of
the 3rd millennium S.c., characterized
temples of sun-drlea
faced with or glazed Prlcl:. often
pultt upon U,e ruins of their
predecessors.
Sumer
An ancient region in southern
Mesopot.1mia. where a numf:.erof
Independent cities ana city-states were
as ear.y as 5000 B.C. A
numPer of rts cltles. 3S Erldu. Uruk. ana
are major archeck;.giC3T Sites:'
tell
An artlflclal mound a.ccumulatea from the
remains of one or rMre ancient
settlements: often Use4 In the Mldale
East 35 part of a piau name.
f9yptL1n Architecture
The architecture of the ancient clvliizatlon
that flourished along the Nile RIver In
northwest Africa from Vetore:3000 B.C. to
Its annexation by Rome In :30 B.C .•
characterized esp. by the axial plannIng of
massive masonry tom17s and temples. the
use of tra construction with precise
stonework. and the decoration pf lrattered
walls with pIctographic carvings In relief. A
preoccupation with eternity and the
afterlife dominated the uUlldlng of these
funerary monuments ana Umples., which
the features of domestic
architecture but on a massive scale usIng
stone for permanence. :
Minoan architecture
The architecture of the Bronze Age
cIvilization that flourished on Crete from
3000 to 1100 B.c.. named after the
legendary King Minos of Knossos and
characterized by the elarorate palaces at
Knossus and Phaetus.
3000BC ••••••••••• e ••••••••••••••
Harappa
Xia
A dyl14sty tn China. 2205-
1766 B.c. AlsO. HslJ.
5h.1l:g
A Chinese dynasty. c1000 B.C.-l030 B.c .•
man:ed tne Introduct!on of writing. the
development of an mn clvlllutlon ... nd a
master)' of In-onze stlng. Also, Yin.
A Bronze cultUrtl tltrt flourished In the
Indus valleyc;2300-1500 B.C.

..-'.101f\
>

Chinese archituture
The Indigenous architecture of a vast
country In eastern Asia whose clvlnz.tlon
has continualfyevolvcQ and survived longer
than any other natbt In the world. Despite
the man:ed diversity In the a rchftecture of
various regklns by differences In
geographic and climatic conditions, a unique
system of wood fralM construction
graaually tooIc sh2pe OIer several millennia
of Innovation and synthesis and exerted a
profounti Influeru over the an;hftecture of
Korea. Japan. and Southeast Asia.
Preclassic
Of or pertaining to Mesoamerican culture
from 2200 B.C.to AD. 100.
. J.
I
-.-
..--
I
I
i
i

Hittite archfteau-re
The architecture d the HIWte Empire
which dominated Asb Minor aM northem
5yN from aoout2O(X) to 1200 B.C ..
characterized byfortlflc3tlons of cyclopean
stont masonry;and gateways with portal
sculptures.
Code of Hamrmaraln
A BalrjlonL1n by
Hammura!7lln the ml&-laU! century B.c,
lr.IseJ on prlncJyles from
5u.merl3n culture:
Myceruean architecture
. The architecture d U1e Aegean clvlllzatlon
that sprt3d Its\nfluence from Mycenae In
southern Greece to many parts of the
Ikdlterranean region from al10ut 1600 to
noo 6.C. ch3 racter!zed by shaft graves.
monumental beelWe Wnl1-s. and palaces
fortffied with cyclope3n walls.
A5syriJn
The Mesopctamlan archlte<;ture developed
under the Assyrl3n king-emperors of the
9th to 7th centuries B.c. Within city walls
strengthened by towers with crenelated
palaces tool: (Ncr
religlouslnJi1d1ngs. Vaulting played a
greater role th3n In southem Mesopotami3
and polychrcme glazed brlckwork showed
the Influenu of Egyptian decoration.
.A


Greek architecture
The architecture of the cMIlz3tlon that
fuurlshed 00 the Greek peninsula. In Asia
Minor, on tr.e north coast of Africa. and in
the western Mediterranean until the
est3tnlshrfte:Tt of Roman domln!Q.ll..ln.A!2....
.!1§.. character!ud by a system of
constrtJctlc,tl1ased on rules of form and
proportion. Temples of post-and-hntel
COl1Stn.Jctlcl1 were continually reflned In a
quest for and their
lrrf1uenetd a wide range of secular. civic
l7ul1dlngs.
Neo-6a!7yloniJn archftuture
The architecture that
de-,dcpe.d after the de<;lIne of the Assyrian
Err.pire. deriving much from AssyrL1n
archiu.cture arJ enhanced by figured
des.l.3ns of animals In glazed
br'.cl: .....ork.
Hanging Garddns of Ba!7ylon
A of 1rrlg.4:eJ ornamental gardens
HISTORY
Persi.1n archiUcture
The architecture developed under
Achaemenld dynasty of kings who ruled
.. nclent Persl3 from 550 6.C. untiltts
conquest by Alexander the Great In 3:31B.c..
characterized by a synthesis of -
architectural elements of surroundIng
C<?untrles. as Assyria. Egypt. and lonon
Greece.
pta on the of the Ctta del. the ./ P ers L1 n
complex in ancient Babylon: regarded / A telamon portrayed In Pers13n dress_
as of the Se-.. Wonders of the World. !
Heltenic
Of IX ro ancient Greek history.
culture. and art. e-sp. Pefore the time of
Alex.:Jnder the G:-e:at.
Hellenistic
Of IX ptalnlr.g r.o Greek history. culture •
arid 3rt from the Ume of Alexander the
death!.; 323 S.C. through the l6t
6.c, which Greek dynasties
were estal7llshd ill Egypt, Syrl,J"; and
Per-sbl. culture was modified by
elements.
Parthi.1n architecture
The archItectUre developed under Part.l1i3n
rule In Iran ana westem Mesopotamia. from
the:3rd century 6.C. to the 3r.l century A.D,
comulnlng classlcal with Indigenous
features.
E tru"a n a rchitectu re
The .. rchlt.eaure of the Etruscan pecp1e In
west-centra I Italy from the 8U! to :3rd
centuries B.c, before the rise of Its
construction methods. esp. that of
;uch,lnfluerud later Roml!
architecture.
••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• •••••••••••••••• •• •••••• 48(
Zhou
A Chinese dynasty. c1000 B.C .•
marked by the dMslon ofChln2'\nto
separate feudal states and the emergence
of Confucla nlsm and T aalsm. which gave
thrust to all su!.>seq:Jent Chinese culture.
Also. Chou.

A philosophy c:Iomin3ted China untll
the early 20th U'TtIJry: an ethical system
lr.Ised on the teachings of the Chinese
Confucius. c55l-473 6.C.
emphasizing love for humanity, harmony In
thought and conduct. ckvotlon to family.
and reverence for parents. Including the
spirits of ooe's ancestors.
Olmec archituture )
The architecture of the MeS03merican
cMllutlon which flourished c1200-500 B.C.
In the troplcalloWnds of the Mexican Gu If
Coast. charactertz.ed by
Indian architecture Maurya
The architecture of the Indian A rr.en1Per of 3n ancient Indi3n people who
from the Indus valley culture united India and es"taphshe.d an
of the Harap?a to the Mauryan e:ra, and empire c:320 B.C.: architecture from
later to offarelgn domination and period shows the culturallrrfluence of
indigenous n:ie. chal'3Cterized esp. by Hindu Ach.aemenld P ersla and
3nd Buddhist monuments, sometlmes dressed 5tor.e.
sharing the S3mt site, and rhythmic. - - --
straUfleJ rr.ul-tlpllcatlcn of motifs and
profuse car.'ed ornamentation, often
com!7lnlng tJ-.e rellglous and the sensuous.
racl,m
Chinese philosophy and religion considered
next to Conf.xb nlsm In Importa nu. Based
on the of the Chinese
phllosopher,lao-tiu. c604-5316.c., It
emph3slzes life of slmpl1ctty ana
noninterference with the course of natural
events In to a happy existence
In h3rmony wtth the Tao. As a religion. It
dates from AD. 143, popular
during the dox"ne of the Han djn a sty and
the of Buddhism to China.
rao
The Way: the creative prinCiple th3t orders
the universe.
Gr-ut Wall of Chin.a
A fu,......lfled waH CC'1T1mencea unkr the Zhau
dY1".;Jsty to nomads
froe1 the north seNe as a means of
corr::nunfcatJon. y.rous sectlons were pullt
arJ connected 1:1Ttlf, during the Mlng
sty. t36a-1i-44,1t extended for 1..500
(2.415 kin). from southern Kansu
to the east of Peking.
and rmcea repeatedly, It Is the
oroi)' nurnan-/n3Je construction vlslule from

Ch..1vin
Gin
A djnasty 1:'1 Chlt13. 221- 206 6.c.. marteJ by
the emergence of a centr311:zed
ana the constroctlon of much of the
Wall of CfiT..u. Also. Ch'fn ... -. _.-
Mochica
_____
-----,
A P e;"'Jvf3n 13stlng from cl000 6.C.
to c200 B.C, !rased on the worship of the
god and cbracterlzed by excellent
sUr,e sculptur!. ,13porate gold work, and
re.'1"!3rt3ble named after the town
of name In untral Peru. where a
corr:pfex of m3ss'.e stone InJlldlngs With
surround formal
cC".-:J3rds.
.J... pre-Inca" culture that flourished on :.".e
northern coast of Peru from c200 B.c. to
A.D. 700. ncted for Its flne potteryard
colossal Temple of the Sun. a terrace.:l
pyramid nude entirely of adobe pricks. .'.Iso
called Moche
_____
129
HISTORY

Thean;hftecture of anc!erttGruce and
which the Itaf14n RtI12Iss.nce and
styles,as the
IT.ase4 tI1dr development.
RDiun
The of the ancient Roman
charactertua Dy massive and
COf1stroctlon employing such
as the semlclrcubr arch. the
and groin V3uItS, and the dome, a
and gra nJeur of massing often
the
of the Gred: orders as purely
motifs for the amrnent of
3IId Interiors, and the use of marPle
I105alcs, and molkd stucco In

RDee
A at:' 1ft central part of Italy wI1lch.
to tradition, was founded l1y
Rc:In:Ius and Remus In 756 ancient
Roman Empire and of
n CIty, the sea t of authority of the
Roroon c.thollc Church.
Sassanlan architecture
The architecture prevalent In Persia under
the Sassanlan dynasty tlut rvl.ed A.D. 2:26-
651. forming a hnk l1etween the older
Mesopotamian traditions arid the
Byzantine, and character!ztd palaces
with set on

by pilasters and c.xnices ..
Early Christian architecture
The final phase of Roman architecture,
following the adoption of Christianity as
the state by Constantine In A.D. :31:3
and lasting until the coronation of
Charemagne In A.D. 000 as emperor of the
Holy Roman Empire. characterized Py
churchts planned for congregational
worship. esp. the basilica: coincident with
and related to the rise of 6yz3ntlne
arc h Ite:ctu reo
6yzantSne ,rchitecture
The architecture of the e3stern sphere of
the later Roman Empire. tfeveloplng from
late Roman and early Christian
anteceaents In the 5th century and
Influencing church Irolldlng In Greece. Italy.
and elsewhere for more than a thousand
years: characterized by masonry
construction. round arches. shallow domes
carried on and the extensive
use of rich colored glass mosaics,
and marPle revetments to (,(Ner whole
Interiors.
Medieval architecture
The architecture of the Middle
comprising the architecture of the
Byzantine, pre-Romanesque, Romanesque,
and Gothic periods.

The time In European hiStory between
classical antiquity and the Renaissance,
often dated from AD. 476 when Romulus
the last Roman emperor oiihe
\Vestem Roman Emplre, was to


The early part of the Middle!<.¥s.
from a!1out A.D.
AD100 ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• •••••••••••
Pre-Cc
Of CK 1:0 the Amerlc3s
befi:lre vr:JP¥s of mll.us.

The area extendI"!:J from central
t.4c::dc:o 2td;fIe Peninsula to
and In which pre-
cJvIlimbts flourished.
excelled In astronomy
aM of "me, ana
sIIare.a and a
of deities Incfudlng sun.
lriad. ar.& rain gods.

Of or to IkSQ;lmerican
cufture from AD. 100 to 900.
130
Gupta Pall.v3 . ..:.
The dynasty of the Mauryan empire In A Hindu st."te estal7llshea In southern India A style of Indian architecture In the fal1.?n
northern India. AD. 320-540, ",-hose court auout AD.:550: contrluuted to the period, named the langUJ¥ spoken In
n..art ana expansion of Indian cultllre Into Southeast southern India.
earliest suUstaiotial AsI3.
architectural remains are from this period.
Mayan architej;ture
The architecture of the Mesoamerican
civilization of the Yucatan Penlnsub.
Guatemala. and part of Horldur35, from the
1st century AD. to Its peak In the 9th
century. characterized l1y magniflcent
ceremonial centers with temple·pj'T'3mlds.
ritual ball courts. spacious and
palaces with sculpturea facades.
.----
...... --.. -"---
- .. ---
--..... ,.,-...... -.
r,)
.
The eclectic architecture of till Amerindian
civilization which flourished e500 B.C.-
A.D. 1000 In the highland valley of Oaxaca In
southern Mexlw, assimilating Influences
from the OImecs a na from r
during the Classic period.
Tiahuanaco
A pre-Incan culture existing from about
:300 B.C. to A.D. 900, chiefly In Peru ana
Bollvl3, characterlud Dy monolithic stone
c"lrvlng. polychrome pottery. and Dronze
artifacts
i
'I
J
.. t
1-.·
I
.1
.1
.1
• 1
.t
.I
architecture
A style of arcnltecture In Italy
ana western Europe in 9th century
and bstl/19 urrtJl the advent of Gothic
architecture In 12th century.
wnprlslng. variety of rebted
styks and ch.aractmzed by
• rtlculated construction
narrow the use of the round arch
.nd \7arrel VOIUtt.. the development of the
•• nd the
introduction of cetTtr.ll.nd
towers for churches.
architectl.lre
architecture Muslim peoples
from the 7th century on. 10 the
wake of colUluests of diverse
tenitorles from In the west to Indl3
In the east and a\7sorV1ng elements of art
and arch/"tectUre from each Ion:
ch3ractertzed by tr,., devclopme1tt of the
lI'1OS<\ue a distinct lnJlki1ng masonry
domes4Ind tunnel VOIults. roond and
horseshoe arches. and rich surface
decorations Incorporating C3Jngraphy and
foral maUfs In a gametr\c fra mework
of the \Ian on human and 3nlmal
represent3tlons. Also refemJ to as
Mu$llm JIIrchit.ecture_
£:.1rolinglan archiUcture
The e3My Romanesque architecture of the
Frankish dynastytnat reigned In France
AD. 751-987 and In Germany until ASJ.911.
chmcterlztd I1y a
modlfled
ecclesiastical requlremem.
Lomuard architecture
The e3rly Romanesque architecture of
ltaiyAyr.lnll the 7th and 8th
characterized \7y the use of
fatty Christian and Roman forms and the
and

:; j: :i
Anglo-Saxon archftecture
The early Romanesque archttecture of
England \lefore the Norman Conquest In
1066. characterized by the translation of
timber prototypes Into stone.
HISTORY
Ottonian architecture
The early Romanesque archlteGture of the
(?erman that ruleJ as of
the Holy Roman Empire from
of fpfit!S
ByzantlJ'!tL
.
Norman archftuturt
The Romanesque architecture
Introduced from Normandy Into
England !lefore the Norman Ccnquest
and flourishing until the rise of Gothic
architecture c12OO, characteriuJ gy
the \7ulIalng of great Benedictine
abl1eys. the two-tower facade
supplementing a centra I tower over the
and the use of geometric
ornamentation.
Norman ColU\lJest .
The conquest of England I1y the
Normans under WllIl3m the CclUlueror.
101066.
••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 1000
Moorish archiUcture Moural1ic style
religious tilth of Mushms. based on The islamic architecture of North Africa A style of Spanish architecture produced
texhtngs of tile Mulummad. and esp_ of the reglonsof Spain under from the 9th to 15th centuries by Chrlstl3ns
tJ..e central themes of which are De!lef In Moorish domination. characterlze.d by under Moorish Influence. characterized by
the God. AlI3h. the existence of the \lulldlng of large mosques and the horseshoe arch and other Moorish
Par;;rdlse and Hell. and tr,., universal ela\7orate fortress-palaces. features.
[),ytoCGlme. Also. the
cM11z.atlon !71dtt on islamic faith. Also Moor
C41b1 t.Wlumm.l<:bnl:>m. A memrerofthe Muslim people of
Muhamnu4
Arab and founder of Islam. AD.
570-632. Also. MoIumrnecl.
Nar.;!l
A period In All. 710-794 .
ch3ractuIzeJ by adoptlon of Chinese
and form of §OVt:mment: named
first permanent capital and chief
Buddhist In ancient Japan.
northwest Afrb who Invaded Spain In
the eth century and«eupled It until
1492.
architecture
The architecture of the civilization that
emerged on the Japanese archlpel3go off
the east coast of ASI3. characterized I1y a
synthesis of seminal Ideas from China and
native conditions producing a distinctive
style ch3racterlzed I1y hghtness. delicacy .
and reflnement.
Mixtu archituture
The architecture of the Amerindl3n culture
In the 0aX3C3 Valley of Mexico
from about AD. 000 to the Spanish
conquest, by great stone
masses, the use of Interior stone columns.
and the highly detailed fretwork of Interior
and exterior/rle:zes.
T oltec archituture
The architecture of the Amerindian people
who settled In central Mexico around A.D.
900 ana who are traditionally credited with
laying the foundation of Aztec culture:
characterlzed by colossal \73 sa It telemones
ofT oItec warriors. colonnades several ranks
deep. and stone panels carved wlth,human-
headed Jaguars and sym\70ls of
Quetutlc6atl. set In plain wall surfaces.
Quetzatlc6atl
Priest-ruler of the Tottec people. who was
deified as the feJtherea-serpent god called
by that name
I
_
Of or pertaining to the period In Japan.
A.D. 78S-1185. char3cter1z.ed by the
modlf1caUon arid naturallz.atlon of 1de3s
and Institutions that were e3rl1er
Introduced from Chlr1'a During this t1me
Indigenous feudansm superseded
Chlnese-\lasea soc 13 I order
Japanese architecture developed In
Isolation from China.
131
HISTORY
Gothic architecture Renaissance
The style of architecture In France In the 12th
centulj';lnd exl:stlng In the western of Europe
the rnWIe of the l7y the
of great cathedrals. a lightening ana
The actlvlty. spirit, or time of the
numanlstlc revival of classical art,
nterature. ;lnd learning originating In Italy In
the 14th century ana extendln9 u, the 17th
century. mari:J"9 the transltlon from the
medleval tc the modern world.
helghtenln9 ofstnscture.;lnd the use of the pointed arch.
ri17l7ea vault. and a of richly decoratea fenestr;;tion. :
E.1rly French style
The flrst of the three phases of
F reneh Gothic arc h It.ectu reo
\7y the pOinted
arch ana tracery.
E.1 rfy E ngUsh style
The first phases
of Gothic architecture
from the 1& 12th through the
15th centuries. characterized
j..\7y the lanat window and plate
/'
// r " .
R3yon/'\3rrt style Flamboyant style
The pnase of French Gothic The flll3l phase of French Gothic architecture
archltect;,:(e from tM end of the 13tI1 from bt814th through the middle of the
tn rough the c.entlJrIes. 16th centuries. charntenua I1y flamellke
by clrcubr windows traCt1j'.lnt.rkaCy of aetaillng. ana frequent
with tk1es of tracery. compnc.tlon of lntaior space.
Perpendicul.1r 5tyle
. The secorJ of the thru plt;ses of The flrI4/ phase of Engllsh Gothic
Engnsh Gothic architecture from archftectijre from the late
the l3te eth tnr'0U4h iat814th 14th through the 16th centuries.
centuries. P-t Ith charact.erizta I1y perpendlcubrtr;;·celj'.
tracery. ornamental flne Intrbt8 ana elarorate
vaultln.g. a:".a reflnement of fan vaults. Also cafled RectIlinear
techniques. sty/e.
Geometric 5tyie
The e3 rly of
style in the 1at81.'3th and
early 14t:!1 centuries. charact.erized
I1y the use of g to metric tr3cerJ'.
Curvilil'leJr style
minstu
Renaissance architecture
The various adaptations of ttaflan
Renaissance architecture that occurred
throughout until the advent of
Mannerism ana the Baroque In th816th and
17th centuries, ch3racterfu.d \7y the of
Itall3n Renaissance fonns and motifs In
more or less
itJlian Renaissance architecture
The group of architectural styles
originated In Italy In the 15th and 16th
cnmcterizea I1y an emph4isls on
symmetry. eX3Ct mathematlc.1
relatlonshlps l1etween parts, ana an overall
effect of simplicity and repose .
E.1rly Renaissance
A style of tta 113 n Renalssa1lCe art and
architecture developed aurlng the 15th
century. clla racterlzed ":i the development
of Onear perspective. chiaroscuro, and In
l?u1l:iJng. by the free and Inventive esc:: of
ct..ssica/ details.
duomo
./ta/l3n for a
true cathedral
The lr..e:- de¥elopr.-.e:1t of the
style In the half
of the cem:ury.
I1y use cf c;.w'V1Il1le3rmCt:!j'.
Originally. a monastery
church: bw. any large
or Important church, as
a cathedral or the
prlnclpal church of 3
town. I
I
II •
1100 •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
Muatpr .archit.ec1:vre SeUuk archittcture n
A style of Spanl$h The Isla::"lle architecture eX .L.
produced from the Cd! to 16th r un:lsh ruled over "P
unturies Py Mudejars and ClIristlans centnl.I"J Asta from the t1th 8
within the Musllrr. tr3dltlon. to cen';;Jrie-s. much lnfh:enua boy 6
cholracterized Py a fuslon of Persl3n
Rocrunesque ana Gothic witJllslamlc
eIe1nents.

A Muslim permitted ta In Spain
3f"eer the Christtan esp.
during the 8th to Gth centuries.
Chimu
Otu, rna narc h it.ectu re
The Islar.1iC of the Ottom3n
Empire frcm the )4t:!1 ce!1tuf)' on. much
Irrfluenua ';y &yz;orrUM architecture.
An Amerindian people Inha17t;;:-.g the
northem coast of Peru and • highly
developea urban culture that from
al10ut "'.D.looo to Its I1y the
Incas c1470.

Of Of' pertaining ta tksoamerica n
culture from AD. 900 ta the Spanish
conquest In 1519.
132
InC.1 architecture
The of Quxnuan
people who migrated lntc the Cuzco
area a rout AJ).l100;lr\d ruled Peru
urrtll the S,anl5h corl<'luest In the 16th
untury. chmct.enua esp. P-t strong
simple forms of smooth ashla r or
polygonal mJ son rj which was cut.
flnlshed. ana great
precision withclJt the use of Iron
chisels.
"
••••••••••••• 48 ••
Quattrocento architecture
The ttall3n Renaissance archltecture of the
15ti1 century.
-
The archItecture of the Amerindian people
who settled nea r the shore of uke T excoco
In central Mexico cl352 and who rose to
dominance c145O: charaet8rIuJ chiefly Py
the PJT3mld supportln9 twin t8mples on a
common platform. approached \7y paratle/
stairways. The destruction of AzteG
archtte.cture I1y the Spanish conquistadors
have left few remains.
1
I
. ,I
I
.-
, '
I
.......
L
L
L
I
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L

k
f.
ii
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r
-"
High
A style oflt3llan Renaissance art ana
.architecture In the late 15th and
e4rly 16tt! centuries. characterized by an
emphasis 011 draftsmanshIp. the IllusIon of
sculptur;11 volume In paintlng. ana in
!7ulidlng. by the Imitative usc of whole
orders aM composltlonal
the wtth great attentIon to
the form uUtlon of rules
tM precepts of Vltrovius and the
preceaents of existing ruins.
Tudor archiUcture
A transitlonalsty!e of Engnsh architecture
that cWIe10ped during the reign of the royal
house of TUdor in the second half of the 16tt!
centu!),. cha.racterlzed by the Tudorarch
ana the appl1catlon of Renaissance details
to uulldlngs OtherwIse late Perpendicular In
style.
zwinger
A protectlve-fortressln or adjoining a
German city: by extenslon • .a term for
several German palaces or parts of
palaces. 3sln Dresden.

A styfe oO-rchlteCt'ure'Oi'lgln3ting in Italy
In the early 17th century and variously
prevalent In Europe.ana the New World
for a century and a half. characterized by
free and sculptural use of the classical
orders and ornament. dyn.am1c OppOSitIon
and Interpenetration of spaces. and the
dramatic com!llned effects of
architecture. sculpture. painting. and the
decorative arts.

A style of decorative art that evolved
from the Baroque. originating in France
about mo ana distlngulshed byfanctful.
curved spatial forms and el3l>orate.
profuse designs of she/1m and foliage
IntenJed for a dellc3te overall effect.
HISTORY

The principles or styles ch3racteristlc of
the culture. art. and literature of ancient
Greece arid Rome.
Classic Revival
Art ana archItecture In the style of the
ancient Greeks and Romans. as that of the
Italian RenaIssance and the neOclaSSical
movements In England and the Unltea
States In the late 13th and early 19th
centuries. Also. Classical RevIval.
Neocl155icism
The claSSicism prevailing In the archttecture
of Europe. America. and various
colonies during the late latt! ana early 19t:h
centuries. characterized by the Introduction
and wIdespread use of Greek and Roman
orders arid decorative motifs. the
surordlnatlon of det311 to strongly
geometric aM the frequent
shallowness of renef In ornamental
treatment of facades.
••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 1700 ••••••••••••••••
Cil'kluecento ,rchftecUlre Colonial architecture
tt..l1;;in Ren3lssance architecture of A tr3nsitlonalstyle In European A style of ornament p revalent chiefly In Thesty\e of arch ltectu re. decoration. arJ
tM 16th century. archtucturt: In the late 16th 15ti1-GenturyEurope. characterized by iumlshln9sof the Brttlsh colonies In
Mogul
The Indo-islamic .archltecttJre of
Mo.3ul dylusty. 1526-1557.
typlfled by lI'1OIlummtal palaces t
an.d with deb I
kcoraUie work.
particularly In Italy. by Intricate patterns and extensIve use of Amerlc.a In the 17th ana lath centuries.
the unconventional usc of claSSIcal motffsldentlfted as Chinese. mainly adapkJ to local materials 3na
elements. In the fine arts. M.1nnerlsm demands from prevailing English 5ty1es.
W3S chiefly characterized by .a
distortion of perspective. elongated Georgian architecture Fedtl'3l'tyie
forms. and Intense. often strklent The prevailing style of architecture. The Classic Rc;ival style of the
furniture. and cr.afts current in England arts ana architecture current In the U.s.
and the North ,'.l!1erlcan colonies. esp. from c1780 to c133O.
from 1714 to la11. derived from classlc31.
Rtn.alssance. ana Baroque forms: named
.after the four kings n.amed George who
reigned successively during this period.
DirecWire &tyte
A style of French furnishings ana
decoration preceding the EmpIre style.
characterized by an increasIng use of
Greco-Roman forms along with an
IntroductIon. toward the end. of EgyptIan
motifs: n.amed after the Directory. the
. rody of ftve directors forming the
executive power of France from 1795-99.

The neoclassic style of architecture.
furnlshln9s. aM decor.ltion
period In British history. lal1-20. during
which George. of Wales ( I3ter
rf) was regent: slmllJr to the
Dlrutolre arid Empire styles and
characterized close Imtt..tlon of anclelTt
Greek forms as as less freqW1t arJ
looser adaptations of ancient Ronun.
Gothic. Chinese. and ancient Egyptl3n
forms.
Empire 'tyie
Tht neoclassic style of
furnIshIngs. aM decoration prevaJn1l9 1n
Fraru arid Imltakd in various other
countries during the first French Empire.
c1800-3O. characterized by the of
delICate put elaDorate ornamentation
ImItated from Greek and Roman romples
and I1y the occasIonal use of mIntary ar.a
Egyptian moth's.
133
HISTORY
Gothic Revival
A movement aimed 1t reviving the spirit
and forms of Gothic architectl.Jre,
origlnatlng In the late lath century put
flourishing mainly In the 19th century In
France. Engbnd and to a lesser
In the U.S. Gothic remalnea the
accepted style for churches wdllnto the
2Ot11 century.
SUamboat Gothic
A florld al'Chltectur.illsty!e used for
homes l1u1lt In the middle of the 19th
century In the Ohio aM Mississippi
suggestlng the
construction
of riverroa'ts of the period.
gingerhead
gaUdily, and superfluously
ornamented, esp.ln architecture.
collegiau Gothic
A secular version of Gothic a rchrtecture,
as In the alaer colleges of Cam\?ridge and
Oxford.
Victorian architecture
The revival eclectic architecture, decor.
and furnishings popular In English-spe3l:lng
countries during the reign of Queen Y1ctoeia
of England, la:37-1901. characterized
rapid ch3r1¥s of style as a consequence of
3esthetk: and technolo<;llcal
Innovations. Dy the frequent presence of
ostentatious ornament, and \?y an overall
trend from classicism at the start to
romantlclsm and eclecticism at the middle
of the per.od and thence to classlclsm
again.
wrpenter Gothic
A style of VICtorian Gothic architecture
In the 19tII century adapted artlsa n-
Dullders to the resources of
contemporary woodworking tools and
machinery.
BeJwc-Arts architecture
A style of architecture favored \?y the Ecole
des Beaux-Arts In late 19th-century France
and adoptM In the us. and elsewhere
c1s()O, characterized \?y symmetrical plans
and the use of architectural
features comlnnea so as to give a massive,
efa !1ora te, a nd often ostentatious effect.
The term Is often used In a pejorative sense
to deskjnate excessive formalism
dlsreg3rdlng considerations of structural
truth, aav.nce.a aesthetic theory, rational
planning. or economy.
ec lect!cis m
A tenJency In architecture and the
decoratlve arts to freely mix V;;JrJous
hlstorlc3lstyles with the aim of combining
the virtues of diverse sources. or of
Increaslng anusive content. particularly
dueing second half of the 19th century In
ar.d the US.
ec!ectlc
Of or pertaining to of
and the decorative arts that aerivt! from a
wtk ra of hIstoric styles. the style In
each Instance PeJng chosen for Its aeemeJ
appropruteness to local tradltlon,
geography,orcutture.
1800 ...................................
Mis,ion Styfe
A style of associated with
that of early Spanish colonial missions In
Mexico a nd the southwestern U.s .• ma Inly
In the 15th century.
134

A cleslgn lI"C1'ement of mld-l9ti1
century that emphasizea the decorative
use of lTt3terials and!extures ar.d the
development of ornament as an
part of 3 structure r3therthan as
appl1ed adornment.
Arts and Craft5 Movement
. A movement th4t origln.ote.:l in
cle60 as a against poor-qua!Jty
mass-produuJ goods, of crnt
and decoratbfl as a tntlty In the
of roth and
tIecoratlve cPjects.

The revival of the Rom3nesque In the
U.S. Py Henry R1ch3rdson,
and his followers. chamterlzed Py htavy
arches. rustlc3ted masonry walls. ana
aramatlc asymmetrical effects.

A style of architecture In the mid-19th
century. esp. In Germany. ch3racterizea
the use of the round-arch motlf ;and
complnlng In
from the EarlyChristlan. 6yz3ntlM.
and Early Renaissance
styles: from the Germjln term for round-
arched style.
style
5tickstyte
An eckctlc style of American
In the second half of the
19th c.cntuljI. char.aeterized esp. by the
use ofvertlcJl Po3rd siding with \?attens
or grids of over horizontal siding
to express the frame construction
Peneath.
An American style of domestic
architecture during the second haft of
the 19th century. characterlzed by the
extensive use of wood shingles as
exterior claddlng Oier a Umlier fr3rne
a nd frequently asymmetrical and fluid
plan arrangements.
Art NcU't'eau
A style of fine and applied art current In
the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
Py fluid. motifs.
often derived from natural forms.

The ltallan version of Art Nouveau. namea
after the flrm of lJPerty and Co. In
t.cndon.
Seu'5ion .
The Austrian version of Art Nouveau. so
named rec.ause Its adherents seceded
from the official Academy of Art In
Vlenna.
Moderni5mo
The Spanish. particularly Cata Ian. version
of Art Nouveau.
Ju¥nd,ul
Art Nouveau as practiced In German-
countries: from the German
term fo' youth style.
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HISTORY
deStlil. .
II schOO of m that was founded In the
Netherlands In 1917, embracing painting,
sculpture, architecture, fumlttJre, and the
decorative arts, mar\:ed esp. by the use of
plack and white wtth the primary colors,
rectangular forms. and asymmetry. From
'the style', the name of a magazine
published by partlclpants In the movement.
cul:rism
5auhJus
A school of design established In Weimar,
Germ.3ny.ln 1919 by Walter Groplus, meved
to Dessau k11926. and closea In 1933 as a
result of Nazi hostility. The concepts and
Ideas deyelopeJ at the Bauhaus were
characterized cblef1y by the synthesis of
technology. craft. and design aesthetics,
with an emphasIs on functional design In
architecture and the applied arts.
a17stract expressionism _

modernism
A deliberate philosoph1c4land pr3ctlc31
estrangement from the past In the arts
and hterature occurring!n the ccurse of tne
20ti1 century aM taking ferm In any of
v3rious Innovative movements and styles.
A functional architecture devoid of reglona I
characteristics. devetopea In the 1920'5 and
19:30'5 In Western Europe and the us. and
post-modernism
a p piled throughout the world:
charactertzed by simple geometric forms.
large untextured, often white surfaces.
large areas of glass. and general use of
steel or relnforced concrete construction.
Inutalism
A movement In architecture and the
decoratlve arts that developed In the
1970's In reaction to the prinCiples and
practlces of modernism. esp. the
Influence of the Intemat1onaI5ty!e.
encouraging the use of from
historical vernacutar styles and often
playful illusion, decoration. and
complextty.
deccrated shu! II style of painting and sculpture
developed In \:he e3rly 20th
characbized by an emphasis on formal
structure. the reduction of natural
forms to thei" !JeC)metrical eqUivalents,
and the organlzatlon of the planes of a
represenUd OOject Independently of
represent.rtlonal rtttulrements.
A movement In. experlmenta I.
nonrepresentatlonal paintIng originating
In the U.s. In the 1940's. embracing many
Individual styles mar\:ea In common by
freedom of tech n'que. a preference for
dramatically large canvases, and a desire
to give spontaneous expression to the
unconscloJs.
A movement In ;irchltecture in the 1950's.
emphasizing the aesthetic use of Ira sic
building processes, esp. of cast-In-place
ccr.crete. with no apparent concern for
vlsu31 amenity.
A design concept ch<iracterlzed
buildings of utilltaria n design but having
fronts Intended to &.evate their
Importance or to anr.ounce their functions.
1900 •••••• ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• •••••••••••

A 9rot1P of US. architects
clMO-lS10 known for major
Ifll1O'f.itlo!1s ill h41h-rlseconstructlon
.nd for the Jevelopmcntof modem
commercial bvltalng
Constructivism
A movement which orlgln;iW In Moscow'
after 1917. priln3rfly In scu lpturt but with
vroad appbtbn to architecture. The
expression of constructlon W3 s to De the
Pasls for atllMkilng design. with emphasls
on functional machine parts.
OrgJnic architecture
A philosophy of architectural that
emerged In the early 20th century.
asserting that a building shou Id have.3
structure and plan that fuffiliits functional
requlrtrnents, harmonize ....ith Its natural
and form an Inter1ectually
whole. The sh3pes or forms
In such 3 WOO are often of irregular cor.tour
" and seem to resemble or forms
found In nature.
ArtOeco
A style of dew-atlve art deve!aped
originally In the 1920'5 with ;I revival In
the 196{)'s. mar\:ed chiefly lry geometriC
motifs, st.reamh!'lea and curvlhne3r
forms, sharply deflrid outlines. often
roid colors. and the use of synthetlc
materials, 3S plastlcs: shor'.ened from
functicn.1li5m Exposition Internatlonale Des Arts
A deslgn that evolved from g Dkor.1t1fs et Industrlel:s Modernes, an
several prevfous movemerrts In Europe In expos!tlon of modern and d¢;oratlve
the early 2Otltcentury, advocating the arts held In Paris, France, In 1925. Also
design of bvlldlngs, furnishings, or the like " . called Modt:mt:.
as direct fulfilment of functlcnal .
reqUirements, with the ronstructlon,
materials, and purpose expressed,
and with aestl1etlc effect krived chiefly
from proportions and ftnlsh to the
exclusion or subordination of purely
decorative effects.
vernJcular ;arch Mcture
A style of architecture exemplrfylng
the commonest building technIques
on the forms and materials of a
p3rtlcular hlstotical period, region. or
group of people.
.avant-garde
_, The 30vance group in any field. esp.ln
-....... the vi5Ual, bterary, or musical arts,

Dy unorthodox ana experimental



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high-tech
A style of design incorporating IndUStrial.
commercial, and InstlUltlonal fixtures.
equipment. materials, or other elements
having the utllttari3n appe3rance
characteristic of Industrial
decon5truction
A philosophical and critical movement tIut
started In the 1%O's, esp. In the of
literature, questioning traditional
assumptions about the ability of
to repreSt:nt re3llty and emphaslzlng that a
text has no stable reference because words
essentially refer only to other woras. A
re3aer must therefore approach a text Dy
eliminating any reasoning or
ethnocentric assumptions through an
active role of defining me3nlng. sometimes
by a reliance on etymology and new word
construction.
135
HOUSE
A in which ptople live.
,hetur

..
stoms or other condltlons.
hut
A srull. slInple or shelter. esp.
one n.;tural ::13ter13ls ..

A funn of shelter consisting of a
pit In the earth and roofed over.

!.ke dweUing
A esp. of prehistoric times. Dulft on
piles Of' oQler su pports CNer the wa ter of a


A dwe!n'"'4 of ",.ny
early esp. of the Ircquols and
V3Ax1s cmet Indlan
peoples. WI sisti '"'4 of a JIIIOOden. Da rk-
cotere4 frJmewori: as much as 100 ft.
(30.5 m) In

yurt _ .. j
A circular, tentJJke dwelling of
the Mongol nomads of untral
Asia, consisting of a cylindrical
wall of poles In a lattice
arrangement with a conical
roof of poles. Doth covered l7y
felt or animal sl:lns.


An Eskin;) house. U$ually Pullt of D!ocks of
harJ sr.?W or U In p-,e sh3pe of a dome. or
wne. of s.:d, 1'I'OOd. or stone.

pueVlo
A .nd defensive
stnlc;ture of the PuePlo India ns of the
southwestern I:>unt of or stane.
runy-stoned. and ter1"3Ced. with
enby tllroogh the fiat roofs of tile
ch3Jnb.ers l7y ladder. PLdIIo structures were
Pullt on t:I-e fbor.ln or In the
more easfy defenkA c rrff w-alls of mesas.

A natural fiat-topped *ntlon with one or
ll'1Of'e cl!ffll:e sldes. common In arid and
sembrtd parts of U.S.
,ina Mexico. •
136
klVJ
A large underground or partly
chamuer In 3 PuePio Indian viRage. used l7y
the men for religiouS ceremonies or
councils.
tepee
A tent of the American Indians. made
uSl:!lllyfrom animal skins laid on a conical
frame of long poles and having an opening at
the top for ventilation ancla flap door. Also.
tupee .
... wigwam
... An American Ind13n dwelling. usually of
round or oval shape. formed of poles
overlaid with Dark. rush mats. or animal
skins.
hogan
./ A Navaho Indian dwelling constructed
. usually of earth and logs and covered with
mud and sod.
,oa house
A house !roUt of strips of sod. laid nke
Drlckwork. and used esp.11y settlers on the
Great Plains when tlmuer was scarce.
-_ ......... _ ........ totem pole
A pole or post carved and paInted with
totaJlc fl!Jures. erected I1y Indians of t.N
northwest coast of North America. esp. In
front of their houses.
totem
An animal. plant. or natural aDject serving
as an emDlem of a famIly or clan l7y virtue of
an ancestral relationship.

A large. usually rectallgular house
constructed oftlmDeI' planks. l7ulltan&
used l7y Indians a Md. less frequently. Py
Eskimos.
trulla
A circular stone shelter.of the Ap-i'ha region
of southtrn Italy. roofed with conical
constructions of cori7e1ed dry masonry.
usually whitewashed and painted wIth
fl!Jures or symrols. Many trulll are aver
1.000 years ok:! and stili In use today.
usually located vineyards to serve
as storage structures or as temporary
living quarters durIng the harvest.
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compluvium
A roof openlll9ln an ancient RomJn oouse.
through which raInwater dlsch3rged Into a
cistern In the atrium beneath it. - .. ----..... --
displuviate
Having roofs sklplng
downward toward the
compluvlum.
impluvium
A cistern set In the atrium of an
ancient Roman house to rueive
rainwater from the campluvlum.
An 17ay or proje:cW
with a raised sill serving as a
desk for wrlUng or reading. usually
plueJ at a right angle to the
tokonomJln the reception room of a
sholn-zukurlstyiereskknce. --- .. "- .. T .. · .. --
bkemono
J
,--·------· .... -- .. --· .... ---
A Yert1c41 h.1oglng scroll COI1t3lnlng
either tt:xt or a
to Pe on a wall ana rolled
when not In use.
.. --
I
, tokonolU-r---- ....
j
r;,-,...ftA-.,-W2,-;-_- .. -... -.. -__......_-_- .. -._-.- __ ,-:-j---..z- Mure recess: a shallow. raised
r'7 1 alcovefor the display of a kakemono or
'An exttnslon of the floor on one or mare flower arrangement. One slOe of the
sides of II Japanese-style house. usually recess rorders the outside W311 of the
facing. garden ana servlng as a room through which light enters. while
pass.;geway or sitting space. the !nter'.or side adjoins the t3n3. As
the splrttuJI center of a tndttlon31
Japanese house. the tokonoma Is
located In Its mast formal roam.
HOUSE
.......
-atrium
The main orU1tlallnnerhail of an ancient
Raman house. open to the sky at the center
and usually haylng a pool for the collection
of rainwater. Also called cavaedlum.
: .
A colonrude sUlTOIJnalng a bUIk:!1r1fl
or a courtyard.
\ i
A ceremonial style of Japanese residential
archltectu re In tM Ka makura period.
deriving Jt.s n3 me from eh2mterlst/c
sooln or and marUd by a
hierarchical arr.lrlflement of pub-!ic and
private roo ms. i

bptlonroom: the rn;aln room In a
traditional hause. used for
receiving ana entertaining guest:;." Its
Importance Is In the presence
of a tokonolTt1. t3n3. and shoin.
-4 bl12,t
In Ja'panese reslkrrtbl a
recess wfth burtt-In shelving, uSlJally
adjoining 3 tokOllOfTU.
:tJwjl ,
ane'of a se.rlcs of tnnslucent panels
usea the
exteror ana the 1tTtaior. or two
Interior spues. of a light
wooden frarnewcrl COr'ereQ on one side w!th
rlu paptr: the sectlon Is
fliled by a t}ln pJnel
L .
...... ..... _ ... -•• A smooth.
partltlon b-etween the tokonoma and flnely WOYtn ree.&s ar.d round wtth plain or
the boa. sometimes of exquisite wood decorated ba nJs of sIl. cotton. or hem p.
of particular grain and shape. serving as 3 and a
for designating room sb:e In 3 tradItIcl13l
Japanese house. T a-bml .
3x6 ft.,tO.9 II). M
varied In actual drmenst6ns accorJlng to
region and method fordaermlnlng column
spacing.
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I A linear unit for column
spacing In tladltblal J;;ipanese
canstroctlon.lnltl3lly set at 6 ft. or 113
m. but latu varying according to room
width as determIr.eJ by tataml unIts.
137
HOUSE
detJcheJ dweRing
A no wallin common with
reuse.

A malnlyon
Ccd. MasS3chusetts. In the 15th
anJ w+y t9UI centuries. typlcally a
one- or OM-artJ-a-half-
St.orj.l¥OCd-fnlU house wtth white
or w;llis. a g3l7ie roof
aves:iinJ usually no dormer. a
chimney. arul a front door
00 one of the long sides.
nmM
A with alow'pruhed roof.
e5p. lNift i1 the suDurbs.
dwelling
A joined \1y a party wan to
house or row of hOllSt5.
138
saltbox
A type of wood-frarnea house found esp.ln New England.
generally two full stories In front and one story high In
Dad. the roof having al?OtJt the same pitch In both directions
so th.it the ridge Is toward the front of the house.
Prairie SGhool
A grou p of early 2Oth-centUtj' a rchttects.
I'IO"t4D1y Fmk Lloyd Wright. who tkslgned
houses and other Uulld1ngs with emph.islztd
horizontal hIleS responding to the flatness
of the Midwestern prairie.

tr;1cthouS6
A house forming part of a real-estate
development. usually h3v1ng a plan and
common to some or all of the
houses In the dcm:lopment.
duplex house
.-. .. -_ ... -
A hoose having separate apartments
for two families. esp. a two-story
hoose a complete apartment on
each floor ilnd two separau
entrances. Also called duplex.
tripltx
A llulldlng having thru apartments.
an apartment having thru floors. or
a multiplex of three theaters.
DutGh Coloni .. 11
Of or pertaining to the domestic
architecture of Duuh settlers In New Yon:
ana New Jersey In the 17d! centu ry. often
characurlzed \1y gamDrel roofs
curved eaves over porches on the
sIJes.
bungalow
A derlvat/veof the Indl3n Dungalow.
popular esp.ln the flrst quarter of the
20th century. usually having one or one-
and-a-halfstorles.a widely
gJDle roof, a large porch. and often Pulft
of rustic ITI3terl31s.
bungalow court
A group of three or more detached, one-
story. single-family dwellings. arr.lngeJ
with common utmtles and acces5Ol'ies
under a common ownershIp.
split-level
A house having a room or rooms
somewhat al:love or adjacent
rooms. with the floor levels usually
dIffering by approximately half a story.
bi-level
A two-star; house having the lower level
sunken relow grade aM an ent/)' at
grade halfway the two floor
levels.
II ill"
dogtrot _._ ....... ;
A Dreezeway linking two parts of a
house.
breezeway
A porch or roofed open
on the Sides. for connecting two
Dulldlngs or parts of a Dulldlng.
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condominium
An house. office or
other multiple-unit C4lIT1plex. the units of
which art: InJ1vIduallyowned. each owner
receiving a recordalne deed to the
Indlvlaual unit purchased. Including the
to sell or that unit. and
sharing In the joint ownership of arty
common as hallways. elevators,
mechanlc3land systems. or the

cooperative
A Irolldlng owned and Ironaged by a
corporatlon In which shares are
sold. enUtllng the sh2reholders to occupy
units In Irolldlng. Also called co-op.
cooperative lpa rtment.

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A row of houses or reslknUJl :
street on or IlQr the top of a
slope.

One of a row of hou;;es sh;uatea
on a terraced sfte.
hous(1\9
A group of Irolldlngs and esp. houses Dultt
close together to form relatively compact
units on a SizaDIe In order to preserve
open spaces larger than the Inelll/idual yard
for common recreation.
commons
A tr3ct of land owned or used jointly by the
of OJ community. usually a central
square or pari: In a city Of town,
townhouse
One of a row of houses In a city jolned
by comlt1Oll sldewa lis.

A l7ulldlng. esp. a row kouse. fronted
with a reddlsh-l7rown sandstone.
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A havlr.q small apartments
ccflverted from stables. Also. mews.
HOUSE
multifamily
Designed or sutta!7le for use by several or
martyfamliles.
housing unit
A house, apartment. suite of rooms. or a
single room. occupied or Intended for
as separate flvlng quarters.
row house
One of a row of houses having at least one
sidewall In common with a
dwelling. and usually uniform or nearly
uniform plans. fenestration. and
archh;ectural treatment.
.-.' penthouse
An apartment or resIdence on the top
floor or roof of a Irolldlng. often set 17a,*
from the outer walls ana opening 01Tto a
Uli3ce.
.... -.. __ ... duplex apartment
M i
i
apart'...ment house
A building containing a numPer r:;f
4ipartment units. Also called
l7ulldfng,
An apartment with rooms on two
connected floors. Also callea duplex.
.'-' flat
An apartment or suite of rooms on one
fioorformlng a residence.
walk-up
An apartment above the ground floor In 41
building that has no elevator,
.. garden apartment
An apartll1C1t on the ground floor of an
bulldlng havlng access to a
Dackyard or garden.
studio apartment
An a partment consisting of a single.
multtfunctlonal room, a kitchen or
kitchenette. and al7athroom. Also callea
effiGfency apartment.
139
JOINERY
The art or craft of
joints. esp.ln woodwork.
eMJofnt
Arty joint forrnea by uniting two
members end to end 50 .s to
Increase their 1engtk.1Jso
called
edgejoint
Any joint fonnea by uniting two
members to edge 50 as to
Increase their width.

Any joIm fOl'1l'led by
two lntIn(,ers at a corner SO as
to WrIfe direction.
miter joint
AJoint two mem(,ers
meetlnf 2t an angle. made by
cut'tlnf each of the Imtlng
to an angle equal to
. half tM angle of Junctlon.
woodwork
The work producea the carpenter's and
Joiner's art. !Jenera11y apphed to objects or
parts of a wooden structure, as stairways,
fumlture,or moIdlngs.
sc.1ri joint
A lengthening joint mak I1y ovtrlapp'lng
the tapered. notcnea. or h3lved ends of
two members ana hoIdlnf them In place
with 1101ts. straps. keys. or fish plates,
to resist tension or compres5lon.
tongue and groove
Ajolnt mak I1y futlng. ralseJ area or
tongue on the edge of one mem!ler Into
a corresponding groov= In the edge of
another mem!1er to pro.::luce a flush
surface. AvPr.: T & G
d4do •.......... _ ........•.......•....••
A rectangular grOOfe cut In a mttr1!1er
to receive the en.:l of another.

&topped dado -' .... '
A dado that Is not cut .cross the full
width of a memrer.
sq,uare 'plice
A halved scarf joint used esp. to
resist tension. having a thicker and
a thinner section for each niemrer.
the thicker one on the end.
,./'
spline
... ".,/
A thin strip of material Inserted Into
the grooved edges of two memrers
to make a Joint them.
Also C311ed
fishjoirtt
A lengthening Joint In which the al1utUng
memkrs are held In alJgnment and
strengthenea Dy flsh plates.
'" fi" h P I.rt.e
finger joint
A metal pate Dotted to each of two
abuttlng meml;>ers.
A lengthenlngjolnt formed Dy
Interlacing f1nger-llke proje.ctlons on
the ends ofthejolnea members.
'j

Any of various joints fonned by
the surt.aces of two
mempers squarely together
without overlapping.
flushjofnt
Any joint finished even or levcl
with the surroundlng surfaces .
A fastener In the form of a
dovetan fur joining two at their
Also called lnrtUrfly.

A channel. gl"OC'l'e. or notch cut
.Iong or near one cage of a
member so that something else
can fitted Into ft. Also.
rel1au.
rout
To groove or hollow out with a
gouge or machine.
dadojoint
A Joint made by Inserting the end or edge A JOint Pc:tween rabbeted parts.
of one memrer Into a corresponding dado
In the other. Also callea
miter
An sumce fonneJ so .s
to against another oVI1que
surface to be joined with It.
shoulder miter tongued miter
q,ulrk ........ .

A miter joint having. raised
surbce to limit motion
the Joined parts.
A miter joint that
Incorporates a tongue
and groove.
An acute angle or gl"OOr'e separating
one element from another.
Ajolnt retween two molJlngs made I7y
undercuttlng the end of one of them to the
profile of the other. AI50 called scrf1;,ed
joint .
e45ernent ..................... --" _ .....
. .......... stop
...... . ........ joggle
A curveajolntfonnlng a
smooth tr3nsttlon retwun
that woulJ
otherwise at an
angle.
-··· .. · .. ·· .. · ..
A sl1ghttj rounded edge. ftjj,:;;;Z
140
A chamfer that narrows
gradually to merge with a sharp
arrls. AI50. chamfer.
chamfer
A surface. usually
formed or cut at a 45°angle to
the adjacent principal faces.
.' " --- A projection on one of two
'. .... ..... / .JoIning members fitting Into a
. ..t. r correspondlng recess In the
other to prevent shpplng.
.' tUp
A notch cut In a tim Per to
receive a connector or
part of another timber.

I
u
I

r

A joIrrt funned by cuttlng away
half of e3clI r.emPer 1t the piau of
so tbt a flush surface
results. Also called half-lap Joint.
end-up joint
An angle joIa't formed by halving
exh 3 length equal to
tM width r:I tM other.
cross-bp joint
A n, I'r'ed joint fonM:l by two
crossing memM-s.
I
mitered hllving
An end·lap joint Incorporrtlng
a mltel'on one face.
pbln 12p
A fa P .JoInt formed by
O't'erl3pplng two memPers
without any change In form.
dovetail
. A fan-shaped tenon In-oader
JOINERY
bpjolnt ,
Any of various Joints formed by
overlapping the ends or edges of
two members.

dovetail halving
A h.olved jdITt made ftttlng a
do't'etJll ;; end of one mem Per
Into 3 cornspond1ng mortise In the
second

A 1I".artise does not pa 55
completefythrough 3 member. Also
eJP.eJ st.opped mortise. "\

tenoo
A $hart tacn for fitting

tenon
A M Is narrower 1t
Its Up th2l1 rt tts root.
r
I
I '
I
I .
L - - - i":--------"
drawbort! >
A in 3 bored eccentric
corn:spondlr.g holes In the
1r.crt:S<! 50 t!ut the two pieces
win be forud tightly
to3e:her the dr3...roore pin
is into plJu
5eCret dovetail
A corner dovet4lJoint showing
only the hne of a ll'1iter. Also called
mft.er dovetail.
Ch3st mortise
A mortise !tav1ng one Inc 0 r.ea
na"...."w side so tl..xt a tenon ca n be
slid ilto It slkwiys. \.
13p dovetJiI
A comer dC'vetaU joint vlsil1le on one
face only. Also QIIe.d half-91lnd
dOYetan.

A mortise q:>enon three sides.
Also calW slfp mort/st. slot
_"
common dovetail
A comer do.-etallJoint visible
on both faces.
mortise
A notch or hole. usually
rect3ngular. cut Into! piece to
reulve a tenon of the same
..........
. dimensions. • .•....
dovetailjolnt
A Joint fanned by one or more
dO't'etal1s fitting tightly within
corresponding mortises.
: .:j '. \ r-L"u
Tke end surface from I .
mort[,e joint
Arty of various joints between two
members h'13ae by housing a t::tnon
In a mortise: Also called mortist-
which a WoOn project .
pevel
A nne ex surface thrt meets
another at arty other
than a r'0e3r:t
... tusk
A $houklerfor

root
Ike wJ.der.eJ portlon of 3 tenon In
;
through tenon tenon .
A tenon that extends A formed on the end of a
corn pletely through or l>eyond memPer for insertion Into a
the piece Into which Its mortise of the
corresponding mortise Is cut.
key -_· __ ·_·······_· .. ··················_-_···_···1 ;
A piece of wood or meta! used as
a wedge to tlghten a joint or to
prevent motion between parts.
'ho p"'" 01 the ,ho,ld<cs.
/fil'
/' ..; ''''''''''P'rt.
.;tJ
keyed Joint
Ajolntfastened or secured by a
key.

A formed by !l>;;ting the end of
OM rr.ember. notched to form two
tenons, lr-.o two gains cut
Int<J edge cf a $eCOnd member,
foxt.1i1 weJge
A small ",ed¥ in t.he split end of a
tenon for aM
securlnq tt when driven Into a blind
mortise. ,A,ISO cal!ed fox wedge

To unite Ity means of a JoIntor
JOints. esp. SO as to make dIstinct
or reveal how the parts fit Into a
systematic whole.
141
LIGHT
radiation that the
hunun eye can perceive. having a
in the range from 370
tc 000 nm ana propagating at a speed of
130.281 mUsec (299.972 kmlsec).
n3nometer
A equal toone vlllionth of a
meter. used esp. to express the wavelengths
of light In or near the vlsltne spectrum.

angstrom
A unit of length equal to one ten'vllflonth of
a meter. used esp. to express the
wavelengths of raalatlon. Syml1ol: A
ultraviofet infnred microwaves radio waves
Of or pertainIng to deWomagnetlc
radiation having wavelengths from
al>out 370 nm.lmmeJiately the
violet In the spectrum. to 10 nm,
on the rorder of the x-ray regIon.
----
""';»- --. "--.
--....
->--._------ .-........
'---
...........................
Of or pertaIning to electrolT13gnetlc
having wavelengths from
arout aoo nm. contiguous to the red
end of the vlsll7le spectrum. to 1 mm, on
the Ilorderofthe microwave region.
..---------
--' .-------
lumil1Cm intensity ...... .-.--.--.'
luminous flux --./ Siuare law
The luminous flyx emitted per unit
solid angle a tight source.
expressed In candelas.
C2ndlepower
luminous Intensity expressed In
Wlncfebs.
candle
A unit of luminous Intensity used
prior to 1948. equal to the
of a wax candle
of sbndard
C2ndeb
The Ir.IsIc; Slunlt of luminous
Intensity. equal to the luminous
Intensity of ;! source that emits
radiation of
frequency SM) X 10
12
hertz and that
h2s a radIa fit lnttnslty of '/683
watt per stenldLln. Also c.lled
st.ancbrd c.1ndle. AbVr': Cd
saiki angle
An angle formed l>y three or more
planes at a common
point.
ster3dlan . '" .......... -.......... .
A solid angle at the center of a
sphere subtencllng an area on the
surface equal to the square of the
radius of the sphere. AbVr.: sr
142
The rate of flow of vislvle light per U'11t
time. expressed In lumens.
lumen
The 51 unit of luminous flux. equal to
the light emitted In a solid angle of
one ster3dQn by a uniform poInt
5OI.IIU havll19 an Intensity of one
candela. AI7br.: 1m
cosinel.1w
The law that the illumination
produced on a surface I1y a point
One of lla ws relatlng two qua ntltles
such that one quantity varies Inversely as the
so,uare of the other. as the law that the
IlIumlnatlon produced on a surface l>y a point
source varies Inversely as the square of the
alstance of the surface from the source.
source Is proportional to the I
cosine of the angle of Incidence. -- --1' '-":
Also called Lambert's law. j /
)
.••

The sensation !1y which an oeserver
15 able to distinguish between
differences In luminance.

The Intensity of light failing atarry
gJven piau on a surface. equal
to the luminous flux Incident per unit
area and expressed In lumens per unit
of area. Also ca lied llIumlnanu.
lux
The 51 unit of Iflumlnatlon. equal to one
lumen square meter. AIM.: Ix
... foot-candre .
A unit of f1lumlnatlon on a surface that
Is everywhere foot from a "ntform
point source of c.nkIa an.d equal
to one lumen Inclknt per 5qWlre foot.

lumin311Ce
The C\uantlt3tlve measure of
of a I1ght source or an
illuminated surface. equal to the
luminous Intensity per unit projected
area of the source or surface viewed,
from a gJven dlrectlon.
lambert
A unit of lumlnanu or bri9htness
equal to 0.:32 candela per square
centimeter. AWn- L

A unit of lumlnanu or Imghtness
equal to 0..32 cankLo per square
foot. Abbr.: fL
II
II
I I
U
I
o
L
L
L
L
r
j
I
1
r
reflection
The of a ray of Il<3ht The return of light.
or sound wave on a surface, sound. or raalant heat

after. .strlkln
g
a
, , surface.
fq ..
'i ...

.. :

refraction
The change of dIrection of;1 ray of
light as It passes obliquely from one
medIum Into another In which Its
velocity Is different.

-----....----
diffraction --}
The modulation of light or sound
waves as they \?end around the edges
of an obstacle In their path.
opa,\ue
Impenetrable to light.
angle of incidence
The angle that a straight
line. as a ray of l41ht failing
on a surface. makes with a
normal to the surface at
the point of incidence.
[
r angle of reflection
f The angle that a reflected
! ray makes wIth a normal to
i a reflecting surface at the
I
! ///
I ..•
!///
.}., .
of refraction ''K
The angle th3t a rdracted ".1 ". •
ray makes with a normal to I'
the Interface I:>etween two I"..
__............ __ U·
translucent
TransmittIng and diffusing light
50 that bodIes on the opposite
sIde are not vIsIble.
I
.I
transparent
Capable of transmItting light 50
that bodies situated Deyond or
l>ehlnd can be distinctly seen.
LIGHT
law of reflection
The principle that when 14ht or sound
Is reflected from a smooth surface. the
angle of Incidence Is to the an.,Jle
of reflection. and the Incldent r3'J. the
reflected ray. and the I'IOrmal ta the
surface all 1113 In the same p13ne.
specular
DIrected from a smooth. polished
surface.
diffusion
A scattered reflection of 14h t from
an Irregular surface or an erratic
dispersion throug h a tra nslucent
mater1al.
reflectance
The ratio of the radiatlon ref1ect.eJ P:i a
surface to the totallnclderrt on the
surface.
a Usc rpta nce
The I'3tlo of the radiation absorkd P:i a
surface tothl total Incident on the
surface. -
transmittance.
The I'3tlo of the radiation transmitted
through and emerging from a rod)' to
the tot. I Incident on It. equivalent to
one mInus the absorpt.iinct.
143
LIGHT

..... pulp
Any of miou s devkts for producing
light or ht.It. as Py eIearIcIty or gas.
Incandescent bmp ---.--.... -... - .... ................ :
A lamp In which .ll filament g.lves off 1
when he3W to
.
l-
UU
'
L,
The threadlike conductor of an
electric lamp that Is heated to
Incandescence Py the passage of
an e\e(;1;ric current.

The emission of vlsll1le light
Py a rody when heated to a
h".3h temperature.
exUnded-servlce lamp
A 13mp dcslgnea for reduced
COflsumption anO a life longer than the
conventlonally set value for Its genml
class. AlsocalleJ Iong-Ufe lamp.

A m.e;lsure of the effectiveness with which a
lamp converts electric power Into luminous
flux. to the ratlo of flux emitted to
power Input a nd expressed In lumens per
W3tt.
nUdlife
average life In hours of a given type of
IaPoratorytestsofa
under-controlled
cona'ttlon s.
thru-w.ay 13m p
lamp havlr'4 two fl13men ts
so It can !le switched to three
sucusslve of lIIumlnatfort.
lamp
All Incandescent I3mp having a tungsten
filament.
. !
I3mp!Ja5e
The that
connects to a 13mp holder.
lamphoider
A device for mechanically
supporting and making
electrical contact with a 13mp.
Alsa called lamp sccket.
+
!

t
lamp - ..• --- ... -.......... ..
A tungsten lamp having a quartz l?ulb
containing a $/TUQ amountofa halogen
that vaporizes on ana redeposits
any partlcles Ir.Jct
onto the filament. Also called /1alog en
bmp.l\urtz limp.
fRump
A t.ungsten-halogen lamp having an
Infrared dichroic coating for reflecting
lnfr.ired l>act to the filament.
ralslM4lamp efficiency. and reducing
he3t In the emitted ttght 1m m.
infrared lamp
An lamp havl"4 a higher
percenta¥ of its radiant power In
the Infrared region Qun:a standard
Incal1<kscerTt lamp. often having a
rea gla 55 l?u117 to reauee the radiated
visible light.
144
TB l7ulb _ .. '
A quartz l>ulb for tungsten-halogen
Lomps. similar In shape to the A l7ull7
but having an angu13r profile.
Theg!ass housing of an Incandescent 13mp. fliled
with an Inert gas mixture, usua Ily of argon and
nitrogen, to retara evaporatlon ofthefllament.
Its shape 15 designated I7y a letter. followed Py a
numl7er t11.t Indicates the 13mp diameter.
n
\I
lamp diameter
The maxlmum diameter of a
lamp pulp. measured In
eighths of an Inch.
In3ximum overall length
The dimension In Inches from the
liase of a lamp to the point on the
PuII7 farthest awzy. or tne l7ase-
to-lr.Jse dimension of;; 13mp
a lnse at e.ch end.
light center length
The dlsta nee In Inches from
the center of the ft13 ment of
a lamp and a reference plane
on the Ir.Jse.
A uulb _.--j
O
The stJnd3rd rounded shape for the
l7ul!:>s of gener.;l-service
lamps.
B burb
.
A flarr.e·shaped bulb for
decorn:Ve Incandescent lamps.
c
· .... ·· CI1urb
A cone-shaped pulp for Iow·W;lttage.
decorn:ve Incarldescent !amps.
_ ........ _ ...... CA 17urj,
A candie-shaped bufb for low-watt,age.
decora tlve Incandescent Ia m ps.
._--.. -... _-- ...... - ... _ .... Ruulu
.--
A reflector Pulp of InoWTI glass for
Incandescent and
lamps. having an
reflective CC4tlng and etther a c!e;;ar or
frosted 9 lass front to tile
deslred ;.eam spread.
......... - PARIrJI},
A parabol1c .Iumlntud reflector !1u!l?of
C3st g14ss for Il'QrJescent ana nJ.gh-
Intensity-discharge 13mps.l'I3vlng a
precisely fonned Interna' rtfl.xt.or and
a Iensea front to prcvi.de the desireJ
l?amspreaa.
. ERpull7
An reflector blJlb for
Incandescent bmps. a preclsdy
formed internal re&c"...or thrt coIIect:s
IIgMt ana red1reas It into 3 dispersed
pattern rt some dlstara In front of
the light SOUIU.
...,....---...,....J-........... - .............. ..
AlSB burl7
"
,
MRl1utl1
A multlbceteJ reflector l7ull7 for
tungsten-halogen lamps. having
hlghly.pollshed reflectors arrangea
In discrete segments to provide the
desired pe3m spre3d.
An A !1ufl, a hemispherical,
reflective silver row! opposite the bmp
to aecre3se gLore..
.... GI1ull7
A glcge-shaped l>ufl, for Incandescent
lamps. having a 101'1 tmghtr.ess for
exposeJ use..
............. P5 pufP
Q

- .. 511ulb
A straight-sided l7ulb for low-wattage.
decorative IncaMeSU1Tt lamps.
II
II.
II I
I
lJ

I
I
I
I
t
-,

11

LIGHT
discharge lamp
A devU for the current A lamp In which light Is produced by the
.. or HID I3mp at discharge of electricity I1etween electrodes
the COItSbnt VOllue. 3M In .. gas-flltea 913s5 enclosure.
.. .Jl h-
current. <=t,-,-- '.--_______________________ -J..<l..i" - fluore5Unt lamp
. A tubul3r d1scharge lamp In which light Is
5ta rte r produced by the fluorescence of phosphors
A kila used"c;h 3 ballast to prO'llde coating the Inside of the tube.
the st.artln.g vdU.le for a preheat
fluorescent 13n"f- phosphor fluorescence
Arry of a number of substances that The emission of radiation. esp. of visible
T I;IurP -------- ---... ----.-. -- .... -- -- .. --- .. -
emit light when excited by radiation. I1ght. by a substance during exposure Ul
external radiation.
A tu bti I3r IxlIP b-
fIuore:scent. aM lrigh-Intenslty-
dlsch3rge btnps.
clrcliMlamp ----.----.. ----- -.---.-- .. --.--
A fluorescent lamp
triphosphor
A phosphor having peaks In three
specific color regions, red. blue, and
green. used UllmprO'le the color
rendering of a fluorescent 13 mp.
---- .. -. ---'--W l'
efficiency fluorescent lamps having a
orU-Shaped tube. and
ofWlanaaaftet"wdtttlngan ltil M (--::(
Ll .0 -== _
color Umpenture
at which a
emIt6 of a

Jls t.ritM1on. USO:I t.:J spec lfy
tM color of a ¥t SOIJrce.
'"


a.



400 5(X) 600
neon Lamp
700
A cotd-catl-lok emitting a glow when a
h41h volt3¥ Is appka across two
electrodts In a glass tube.
cold -uthade Lw1p
A dtschJrge !oJmp ItNlng c3thodes that
emit e1.ectroll5 widIout havIng to be he3t.ed
spectral distribution curve
A plotting the raalant
energy In e3ch wavd.ei\3th of a
particular light SOIJr"U.
L /.,
BTbuib .'
A bulged tubular bulb for
h Igh-Intenslty-disc ha rge
lamps
color renderil19 Index
A measure of the ability of an electric
I3mp to render color accurately when
compared with a reference Ilght source
of slmll3r color temperature. A tungsten
I3mp operating at a color temperature
of3200"F:, noon sunlight haVing .. color
temperature of and average
daylight having a color temperature of
7000°1:. .. 11 have an Index of tOO and are
considered to render color perfectly.

.. '
,#.'
... 100 f!OOn sunlIght
E •.... J
An ellIpsoidal bulb for high,
IntenSity-discharge lamps.
preheat lamp .
A fluorescent lamp that reqUires a
separate starter Ul preheat the cathodes
before opening the circuit to the starting
voltage.
rapid-5brt
A fluorescent lamp designed Ul operate
with a ballast having a low-voltage winding
for continuous heating of the cathodes.
which allows the I3mp Ul re started more
rapidly than a prefte3t lamp.
Instant-start lamp
A fluorescent lamp designed to operate
with a ball3st having a high-voltage
transformer to Initiate the arc dlrec tty
without any preheating of the cathodes.
hi9h-output lamp
A rapid-start fluorescent I3mp designed Ul
operate on a current of aoo milliamperes.
resulting In a corresponding Increase In
luminous flux per unit length of I3mp.
very-hi9h-output I.1mp .
A rapid-start fluorescent I3mp designed to
operate on a current of 1500 milliamperes.
providing a corresponding Increase Ir:
luminous flux per unit length of lamp.
discharge lamp
A dlscharge lamp In which a s41nlflcJnt
amount of light Is produced by the
discharge of electricity through a meta \flc
vapor In .. 5e3b:f glass enclosure. Also, HID

mercury lamp
A high-Intensity discharge I3mp producing
light by means of lin e1et."tric dlsch2rge In
mercul)' vapor. Also calle!:l mercury-vapor

&OdIum lamp
A hl9h-lntenslty discharge I3mp producing
light by means of an electric dlsch3rge In
sodium vapor. Also caltea sodlum-vapor
lamp.
Iow-pres,ure 5Cdlum lamp
A sodium lamp producing a yellow, glareless
light and used esp. to illuminate roadways.
Also.lPS bmp.
hlgh-pre5!lure 5Cdium 13mp
A sodium I3mp producing a broader-
spectrum. golden-white light than a Iow-
pressure sodium lamp. Also. HP51amp.
metal hallk I.1mp
A high-IntenSity discharge lamp similar In
construction to a mercury lamp. but
an arc to which various metal hal1des
are added to produce more 1i9ht and
Improve color rendering.
145
LIGHT
luminaire
A lightlng unit wnslstln9 of one or more
electric lamps with al of the necesS3 ry
parts and wIrln9 for and
protecting the lam ps. connecting the
I3mps to a power sul¥i. and dlstrlUutlng
the light. Also callea ¥tlng fixture.
reflector --_ ..... --.... -- .............. .
A surfuce for heat. or
sound. esp. the devuon a lumlnalrc
hrnn4 such a surface for controlling the
dIstrIIM;Ion of light entted I1y a Ia mp.
!eM
A of II14Iterial. as gl3ss
or plastic. having two opposite surfaces
either or !loth of whicll are curved, used In
lumlnalrtS to focus, disperse. or collimate
\ ",,-

\\\ .// ':.
. \ \ I /. ...
\ ... / .
;
'/7.' !
. \
/. ,
\
I i
. '" refiectcr
A reflector a pm PoI1c su mce
t.C) coWlTI3te. spread. or focus the
from a s...,"Uf'Ce. depenJing on
rotlon of the source.
theemltt&:llight. ----..................... ,\
+
I
1
i I
1
· .. t' .... - collimate
i.. .J, Te ::1ate r.;y5 cf liyht pmlleL

\ litK. ,
, '" , sumcetafocus the rays from a
.. 0.' tL3
h
tsource.
iii iii i j' \ \ \\.- ridged \ \'\ I / / .
t it t i' , / ;f \ \. \\ \ '\ i/'//
'
A lens having concentric, prismatic grooves source at an aperture. \ \ \ 1/'/'
to c;onctntr;rte light from a s rna" sou 1'Ce. • \' '..
r I ---------,
+ + ..... 1,""" V
with parallel prisms to redirect the : .... . '\..
/4¥ from a light source. :.... . '\. .
./ I - - - .' .' :\'--...
/ i ji i \ i \ i \i \ \.
! / j \ I i I \\ \ \ _
Arry of .3 V. riet)' of tra ns locent m;l te.rla Is
gl;arefroma fight source
fig ht om an
louver
A flnned or va ned devU for
controlling the nalatlon from a light
-. c:.trJlepowt:r curve
A plot of a-c, luminous ItTtenstty
em Ittd tJy a b mp. lumlrulrt. or w/ndoIIr In
a gJ.ten dIreG1lon from the center ci
light SOUIU. In a single plat't
for. symrr.e-tncal flght source. and i.1l
aM a
45' pta Me for il n a source.
source. .o.fi
eggcrate - ........................... -...
A louvered consPuct/oll divided Into
ull-I:ke aredls and use.lfor redirecting
the 1Ig/rt emltted!:ry all overhead source.
l13ffle
A louvered ckvlceforshleldlng a light .
source from view at certain angles. - .... - '\
shielding angle
The angle !Ie1ow which a light source
can !Ie seen.
146
"l///1
."

I I
isocturt
A graphic plot of the pattern of
lIIu:rJnatlon produced on a surface bY ..
tamp or lumhulre .
. ...• line
lumlrulre efficiency
The ratlo of luminous flux
emlttedbya lumlnalretothe
total flux emitted !:ry the
lamps In the lumina Ire.
A through 3" points on a surface
where the level of I/lumlnatlon Is the
Calted lsofootcandle line if
liIurrinatlon Is expressed In
fw.-Cand!es.
L
I
I

j
-,
I
I

.... 1
i


i
,.t
j
_I
.1
W.1l1washer
A t rr.owted close to the plane of a
wan and with a ref1ector.l7affle. or
lens to lIIumll14te PIe vertical surface.
track
provIde4 by adjustable
mounted along a narrow.
celling- or wall-lI1OUntea metal track
through which current Is conducted.
cove .----
Indirect upward
from an InteMor c;orn Ice a t the edge
ofa ceill"1.
floodlight
A lamp designed to project or diffuse a
compmtlvely uniform level of illumination
over a large area. Also called fleod. flood
lamp ..
downlight
A lumina Ire consisting of a lamp set In a
metal cylinder. recessed Into or mounted on
a ceiling to direct a beam of light downward.
----''''- spotlight

A lamp designed to project a strong.
focused beam of light on an object or
area. Also called spat .
. spill
Superfluous or useless rays. as
from a Itght
source. Also called spill light.
light strip .. Q Q
A rigid or fiexll1le tape with exposed Iow-
voltage light sources of1 to 10 watts.
troffer
A lumll13lre having a trough-shaped
reflector holding one or more fluorescent
lamps.
val4lnce ./'
Indirect directed upward or . ..-/"
downward from a light source
concealed by 3 horizontal Iioard or
I7and.
cornice
Indirect cArected downward
from an c;ornlce at the edge of
a ceiling.

A floor I3mp the light source on a
hinged. norr...ont.1\1y adjustable arm.
L1mp
A desk I3mp a flexible shaft
resembling the I'krl of II
torchlere
A floor I3mp having Its light source within
a reflecting bowl that directs the light
upward. Also. tcrchere. tcrchler'.
droplight
A hghtlng fixture suspended
from:l cemng or wall b:t a
flexible cord. by wh Ich It ca n
be raised or Iowerecl.
pendlnt
A Ilghtlng fixture suspended
from a cemng.
chandeliu
A decorative llghtlng fixture suspended
from a ceiling. usually having branched
supports for a number of lamps.
LIGHT
point 5Curce
A source having ;I maximum dlmenslcn
less than one fifth the distance from the
source to the surface lIIumll13ted.
o o o
linear source
A source having one dlmens1cn
Significantly greater than Its other
dimensions, as a fluorescent lamp.
area :;Guru
A light source having significant dimensions
In two directions. as a large window or a
luminous ceiling.
sconce
A decorative wall bradet for
candles or other lights.
147
LIGHT
lighting
The science, theory, or method of
lIIumlnatlon the use
of eIec'trlc lam ps.

designed ta pf"C¥lde a
uniform level of ilumlr!3tion
throughout an area.
lecal lighting
Lighting to provide a relatively
high level of Illumination a small area,
with a surrounding area of lower Intensity
from spill light.
accent lighting
LIghting that calls
attention to a particular
or feature In the
visual field. or that forms a
decorative pattern on a
surface.
i task lighting
.r-----. deslgneJ to provtae strong
illumination for a vtsually demanding
activity, as reading or draftlng.
lo'---------.-----... ---- ---
direa lighting
lighting In which luminaires
9O'L to 1001 of the
em It ted light downward on the
SlJrface or are<i to illuminated.
&emtdirect lighting
lighting III which
c:ltstribute SOl to 901 of the
mltted nght downward.
general lighting
lighting from lumln3ires that emit
an approximately equal
of light upward and downward.
direct-indirect lighting
General dlffuse which
little light Is emitted In the
horizontal plane eX tU lumInaires.
,eml-Indirect lighting
lighting In which lumInaires
601 to 001 of t.ie
emitted light upw;lrd.
indirect lighting
lighting In which luminaires
9O'L to 1001 of the
emItted light upward. esp. to avoId
glare or prevent shadows.
148
.. -
gL1re
The sensatlon produced by any
within the vIsual field that Is sufficiently
greater than the luminance to which the
are adapted to cause anncyance,
dIscomfort, or 1055 of vtslPIIlty.
a<:Uptation
The regulating by the pupil of the
enterl"9 the eye,
In a change In the sensitivity
of the eye's photoreceptors to light.
visual comfort prol1a!1i1ity
A rating of the likelihood that a IIg htlng
wHi not cause direct glare,
expressed as the percentage of people
who may expected to experience
vlsU31 comfort when seated In the least
. visual position.
brightness ratio
ratio !1etween the luminance of an
object ana that of Its Uacl:ground. Also
oiled rrtlo.
..• highlight
To emphasize illuminating
with a strong light.
. .... , vacklight
To Illuminate something from
In order to enhance depth
or to separate the suDject from
Its Uadground .
.. _ ... -. sidelight
coming or produced from
thesk:le.
.......... - ...•......... -.- .. -.. - soft light
Diffuse Ilqht that produces little
contrast ana poorly defined
shadows on the
...• hard light
Direct light that produces high
contrast and distinct shadows
on the suDject.
17linding glare
Glare so Intense that. for an
length of time after It has
remOv'ed, vlsll7illty Is lost.
gbre
Glare that reduces vlsll7inty or
Impairs visual performanu. often
accompanleJ by discomfort.
discomfort gfa re
Glare that produces discomfort Put
does not necessarily Interfere wfth
or visual performance.
. I -. .. ..... ---------r
':AST
1,1!1
;11
..... --. direct glare
Glare resulting from a high brightness
ratio or an Insufficiently shIelded light
source In the visual fleld.
..... ' reflected glare
Glare resultlng from the specular
reflection of a light source within the
visual fuM Also called Indirect glare.
veiling reflectance
Reflected glare on a tasi: surface that
reduces the contrast necessalj' for
seeing details.
[
f--;
I
j
t-J
I
,.J
J
f
!.
-j
/
-
"'.
-'
r'"
I I
r
I
t .-
spread
The angle of a hght ream that Intersects
the c3ndtepower dlStfiDutlon cum at
points wkere tke luminous Intensity
equ.ls astatea percent of a maxfmum
rd'erenu Intenslty.
sp;u;ing criteria
A formula for determining how far apart
luminaires may De Installed for uniform
lighting of a surface or are3. Dasea on
mounting heIght.
,. spacing crlUrl3 (5{;) = spacing (s)/mourrtlng helg!rt(mh) ----;----------1
! '. i 4 l
i
/ .. / ----- 5C = 0.5
....•....•. ---- 5C = 1.0
am
A group of nearly parallel rays of light.
throw
The effectlve length of a Deam of light.
ces1ing cavity ----------------------
The cavity formed Dy tM celnng. a plane
of suspende.d lumlll3lres. and the wall
surf3u-s two p!3nes.
room cmy -------------------.
The cavity fol'!l'led !7y a plane of
Iumln3lres. the won: pl3ne. ana the wall
surfaces Mween these two pones.
floor C<1vTty -----.-.. ---------.. -----
The C3Vfty fanned !7y the won pia ne.
the ftoor. a nd the 1¥3" surfaces
these twa planes.
'''-.<
/' '"
room ratio
A single numper derived from the
dimensions of a room cavity for use In
Jetermlnlng the coefficient of utilization.
coefficient of utHiution
The I'3tlo of the luminous flux reaching a
specified won: ptar.e to the total lumen
outptrt of a lumina Ire. taking Into account
the proportions of a room ana the
refIectances of Its surfaces. ----- .. -·1
1
__ .:!IL.

Arry of se-t'ml factors used In
the tffe....'"tive illumination
provldeJ b)o a IIghtlll.3 system after a
given of Ume a rJ under given
condttk;l'.5. Formerly called
factor.
recoveraLne light 10" factor -----------
A bss factorth3t mayPe recovered
by retampillg or as IJmp
lumen deprecl3tIon.lumlnalre dIrt
deprecl3tlon. and room surface alrt
deprecl3t-ion.
LIGHT
fX'int methad
A proceJure for the
produced on • surface Dy a point souru
from any arl.jlt. Dased on the Inverse square
lIna cosine b·,.,s.
lumen method
A proc&lure fur determining the numrer
and types of bmps. luminaires, or windows
reqUired to prcvIde a uniform of
fRuminztlon on J work plJne. takIng into
account .f.rect ana refI.ected lumlr'o?'.J:S
flux. Also cai1:ed zonal cavity method.
woN: plane
The pbne at which won: Is dar.e
ana Of1l'r'hlch il1umlnatlon Is speGtfled aM
measured. lISU311y assumed to De:30 In.
(762 mm) tke floor.
Lamp lumen depreciation
A loss fxtar the
decre3se in luminous output of 3IJmp
durlrog It,; opmtlrog 11ft. expressed as ..
peru'1t3¥ of inltUl13mp lumens.
lumiruire dirt depreciatlon
A loss f-,c,q the
decre4se In klminous output of a lumlna!re
resultlng frc:m the accumulJtla11 of dirt
Its surfaus. expressed as a of
the from the luminalre whe:l
new or claln..
room dirt deprecUtion
A Io5s represerrtlng the
decre3se In rtfl.xted li9ht resultIng from
the ucum u\;J1'..lon of dirt a room's
surfaus. exrressed as a of
ref\ect.td from the surfaces when .
cle3n.
. . ., initiJllamp lumens xCU x RLLF x NRLLF ..... - ...... __ n ____ .. ------ •• - .. --. non recOVefa 171e light los, hctor
average mamtalned "luminance = Any of se'ler:ll permanent light Io5s factors
work area that take 3ccount the effects of
initial lamp lumens = lumens per lamp x lamps per lumina ire
,·oItage drops or surges.
!:rallast vari3-::Cns. and partltlon heights.
149
LIGHT

The sclenU, theay, Of method of providing
Ulu!TIinJUon the use of of by.

r 0 an Interior space with daylight
from roth direct 3 nd Indi rut sou rce5.
skyrlght
The !!ght from the sky, refItcted
and diffused by air molecules.
sunlight
The direct hght of the sun.
ground light
Sunlight or skylight reflected Dy
surfaces Pelow the plane of the horizon.
.• clear sky
A sky having less than 301 cloud COt'er
with the sol3r dis\: Also,
the CIE standard for a refereru
cloudless sky condition, having the
greatest luminance near the sun and
least luminance 90° from the sun.
zenith - ...... -.-... -.-.- .... -.... -........... - .... .. __ !!r---L..
ctI
Light Il13tJng from sou rces
ach other. as from
wlrJo;..s in opposite W3l1s.

IMlng from sou rces
not other, 3S from

d4yfight method
A forcalcufating the
of 3 dayllgr.ting
systan. on the daylight
betar.
tUyr'9&tbct.or •. -.. -........ -.-.

lI1umllUrGe, expressed as the
ratlo of IIIIImlnatlon at
a point OIIl !iven plane to the
II'Ie4sured
nlumlll4rGe on a borizontal
pbne frcm;ll\ uno!:>structed sky
of assu Of known lumina nce
dlsttilr.rt.lcn.
150
The point on the celestial
sphere vertically above a given
position or ol1server.

external rtfk:cte.d ctlmponent •. '
A of the factor, equal to
the rat:O of the i1Jumll13tlon at a polnt
on a pia ne recelvea directly from exterior
reffect!r-3 to the sImultaneously
iDumlnance on a horizontal plane
from an sl:)- of assumed or
. _ Jstributlon
i
..• overcast sky
A sky lOOl cloud cover. Also, the
CIE standard for a reference sky h3v1ng
a luminance d1strtlrotlon three times
near tho zenith than at the
horizon.
elE
Commission Internatlonale de
rEcl3lrage, an Internatlol13l commlsslon
developing definitions, standards. and
procedures for the art. sctence, and
technology of lighting.
IES
/IIumll13tlng Society, a
professIonal society In North Americ.a
devoted to the development ana
dissemination of standards;lnd
procedures relatIng to the art. science.
and technology of li9hUng.
L. _____ . ___ ..
inUrnal component '
A hemlspherlcallhme or slmll4lr
enclosure lIIumll\3'Ud by concealed JIg"",
sourUs that slmul3te the luminance
dlstrlllUtlon of a clear or overcast sky.
used for studying and testJng
dayllghtlng techniques on archltecUJral
models placed near Its center.
hellodon
A device for orienting an architectural
model to a light source representing
the sun, with respect to
latitude, time of by, and 5e3son of the
year and used for studying dayhghtJng
techniques and shadows cast Dy the
sun. •

A component of the dayhght Detar, equal to " ..
the ratio of the daylight Hlumlnatlon at a point . /",
.. from Interior reflecting surfaces to the . /
on ;I given plane received directly or Indirectly 1?, ..... ' ,,/
simultaneously measured illuminance on a . /.'
horizontal plane from an sky of ,/
assumed or known luminance .
t. . ...,i
J
J
J
I
r
.-
;
f
!
i
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1
.,
/.
I
LOAD
Any of the forces to which a
structure is subjected.
static load
A load appl1ed slowly tc a structure
until It reaches Its peak V4lue without
fluctuating rapidly In magnitude or
position. Under a static load. a
structure responds slowly and Its
deformation reaches a peak when the
static force Is maxlm.um.
r---------------------------40 live load
occupancy load - .. - .... - ....
The llYe load on Oil structure resulting
from the weight of people. furniture.
stored IT13terbland other similar
Items In a 6ul1dlng codes
specify minimum live loads for
various uses ana occupancies.
snowloaJ ........................... _ .. '
The live load resulting from the
we41ht of snow accumulatl"'J on a
roof. Snow loads vary with
geographic loc3tlof1. site exposure.
wlna cond1t1ons. ana roof geometry.
water load - ..... -.......... -- .... .
The Uve load of water thAt may
accumulate on a roof l10ecause of Its
form, def1ectloo. or the clogging of
Its draln31e system.
load
A load substituted by a building coJe for
an actu3lloaJ, derived on the \;.Isis of
st3t1st!cJi evidence for given types of
h;il.:l;rys. For mety. the equivalent load
Is T.ultlp1e of the load that
""';" 'J failure or unacceptable

Iald
The (]:;d .3 na two or more live loads
iSsumed to occur simultaneously on a
structu re when their combined effect can
Pe reasonably expected to be less than
the sum of their 5ep3l'3te actions.
1.00 (dad + live + snow (oaJ5)
(.75 (dead + five + snow + wfndor sdsmfc 103d5)
load reduction
A reduction In design loading allowed by
I7ulldlng codes for certain load
combinations.l7ased on the assumption
that root all live loads will act
simultaneously on a structure at their
full Afur all possible load
combinations are considered, a structure
Is designed to carry the most severe but
distribution. concentration. and
con-b of toads
Arry moving or mcva ble load on 3
structure result!ng from occup;lncy.
collected snow arid water. or moving
equipment. A Ilve !aa.d typlGally ;lcts
vert\cally downward. but may ut
horizontally as well to reflect the
c:!ynamlc nature of a moving load.
.-,,., __ .. L. dt.ad load
The statlc load acUng vertlGally
downward on Oil str'.JCture. comprising
the of the structure ana
the of elements.
fOCtures. ana equipment permanently
attached to It.
waur pressure
The upllftlng a water tabl.e
exerts on a four.d3t1on system.
e.rth pressure
The horizontal folU a soli mass
exerts on a retaining
structure.
5ettkment Ic3d ...... _.
A load Imposed C1'I a structure by
sul7sldence of a portion of the
seiland the resulting
cliff e:rentI3l sett!emen t
of Its foundat\or1.
o
< ;rind load » 1- •• '_"e.
<
. loAd often with rapid ch3nges In IIt3gnltuk
.,-___ L-______ ana IocJtlon. Under a dyNmlc 1oad. a
...... - mcvingload
structur-e develops forces In
relatlon to Its mass and ttslT13xlm:Jm
defOrTT13t1on does not necessarily
erection stress
The stress Induced on a
unit or component by loads
appl1ed during the erection
process.
erection I1racing
The temporary bracing required
to secure the units or
components of a building until
perm3nently fastened In pbce.
A kinetic load of short duration due
to If1C.ilng vehicles. equipment. ana
machinery. 6uild1ng codes trtat this
load as a static load. compens.atlng
for tts dyn. mlc I13ture by amplifylng
tl-.e stat1c load. Also called Impact I

impact factor J
A factor by which the effect of a
5t4tlG load Is multlplled to
approximate tM effect of applying
tJ-o.e same load dynamically.
corre5rood to the maximum m31nltuae
of the applied force.
constructlon load
A temporary load on a structure
occurring during Its erectlon.;;Is
from wind or the Weight of
constn.:ctlon equipment and stored
ma';e"als
151
LOAD
I3teI'2IJoaa
A Io3J on a structure,
as a load.
e.1rthqw Io.td
The fOlUS exertea on a structure!1y an

e.1rthqute
A series of 10119 ltudlna I and transverse
vl/1rnlons Induced In the earth's crust !1y
the almlp'lI1OVement of plates along fautt
hnes. The sIIocis of an ea rthquaKe
the earth's surface In the
form of and attenuate
Iogarft:hmblly Mth distance from Its
source.
seismic
Of, pertaining to, or caused by an
earthqua\:e or vluratlon of the earth.
seismic force
Any of forus C3u$td U1c vrmtcry
grO'Jrla motlo1'1s of 3n e;; rtru.U.'l (e.
these :r.otlons are
i r..;t;Jt"!, their horizD1Tt41 at"!
con $Ide r!d to be t M most 1m portant in
epicenta' - .. ........... , ....... ......... ..
A point dIrt:ctIy .rove the hypocenter, from
S" .. the vert.bllaad-
dements of a structure
C...?!1skknb!e reserve for resisting
6<i:!it]cn;J1 vertlc3lloads. an
eartnQ:J3te, the m.;ss of .. s-t-rJcture
develof,s Inertl;J1 force It tries to
reslstgrouna acceleration. From
secorJ 14w, this force ls to the
prodoct of mass and accelentlori. For
design purposes, a stat:lc3rty e.qclv;ii!em
13ter;;1 force, base shear, Is computed by
formula.
which the shod:: waves of an ea rthq ua I:e - ..

hypocenter ....... - .. - ..... ,--...... .
The point of origin of an earthquake, Also
callea focus,
fault ... --......................... - ....... ..
A Urt3k In the earth's crust accompanled!1y
a Jlslocatbn in tile plane of the fracture.
plate • - .... - ............................... \
Anyofthe huge lI'IOV3ule segments Into
which the e4rth's crust Is divided.
viln-aticft
The osclllatlng. reclproca tlng, or
other periodic motion of an elastic
roJt or medium when forcecl from a
posltlon or state of eq ulill.?rlu m.
anteroff1t255 --. +
total JeM Ptdght - - .. {!..
0--
grouna accefent.lon
The In the velocIty of
ground rooremetlt wtth respect to tlme.
High acceferatlons are the most
damaging to a structure, which must try
to follow the rapid changes In ground
movement Juring an
152
periodic motion
Arty motlon that recurs In the sarr.e
form .. t equallntemls of tIme.
harmonic motion
Periodic motion consIsting of one or
more vlmtory motions that are
symmetric aUout a region of eqUilibrium,
as the motion of a vll7ratlng string of a
muslc3llnstrument.
period
The time reqUIred for one complete
cycle of a W3ve orosctnatlon. -'1
0.3 < t < 1.0 SoX.
I
IUtun I of yjPrn.lc n
The tl!re requIred for a to 3
vlmt.cry forc.e to th roug h OM
oscHl1tla1ln t:ke direction
A stl"Jeture's nT.ur31
peMod of t'ibrnton V:llies 6CC01"&ntj to its
helght;i P:.-vC the base and Its dirnenslon
paraliel to tM dlrectlon of the apptied
forces. A re14 Uve 5Uff struc1.<J re tends
to oscfll:r...e r.lpklly dM h.1s. short pM:.d
of while a IT1OI"e
-stl"Jei'...ure tends to oscillate sJcwly and
Msa period. Alsc
pa-iod of
_.- amplitude
The I!14XllTlum dlsplJc.ement from the
mean poslt«Jn during one per\cJ of an
oscln.tlon.
drift 1'<------4--.--
The lateral deflection or 'T"1--""'-'-1 A S1'ring of 3" oscJllatlt\3 body
I \\ I
to wind, e<lrthquake, or \ 11 I
asymmetrical vertical loading. _................. \ t-- \ !
I I To swing 00 and forth 1J1:e. pendulum
\ I .It.enutlng
I
I I
I I
I I
I I
h*-l
I ',_ ... -- L .... lnertlalforcueslstlng
: I ground ;ccelmtJon
I I
1 1

An large vlbratlon In a
system C3 used a re!atwe!y sma"
vlmtc.-y force of the sa me or na riy the
same per'w:ld as the natural perIod of
viUra t Ion of the system.
damping - ......................................... .,..!-! ·- ..
The al1sorptlon or dIssIpation of !
energy to progressIvely diminIsh
successIve oscillations or W3ves
of a vluratlng structure.

t .
u
I
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,
I
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p

I
1"-
!
-
I
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r
----
t :----. weight factor -.--------------.----- ....
'
f.: The total dead load of a bulldln". •
i: Including the weight of ······' .•. -.1
f' stored materials. permanent -
i equipment. and hea..y snow loads.
i Base shear Is directly proportional to
i the mass of a uulldlng: the greater
i the mass. the greater the base she4lr.
,
LOAD
i-----------·
./ The level at which earthquake motions are
. assumed to be Imp-arted to a structure.
A Ir.Jse sear
according to the prolr.lDIe seismic actlvtty
ana of a ¥Ographlc location.
There a 1'8 5 zones In the U.S. with
zone 0 tto.e Ie3st 4Jctlve and Z9ne 4
an are;; close to 3 major fauft
system.
sei,mic coefficient --------..
'\ t {
/,CZI W= V
.-/' , .. /Rw
)-----------I'---f ..:::=::=...,..r.---L-----'- base
''--.----- b1se sht3r' --.-.---... --..:----.. ,

The shearing force developed at the Ir.lse of
a structure Dy the tendency of Its upper
mass to remain at rest while the !rase Is
translated Dy ground motions during an
earthquake. Base shear Is the minimum
design value for the total lateral selsmlc
force on a structure. and Is assumed to act
nonconcurrently In the direction of e;lch of
the main axes of the structure. It Is
computed Dy multiplying the total dead
load of the structure Dy a numPer of
coeftIctents to reftect the cnal'3Cter ana
Irrtensltyof the ground motions. the mass
and stiffness of the structure and the way
these are dlstrJDutea, the type of soI1
underlying the foundation, and the presence
of mechanisms In the structure.
A coefflcIent for adjusting Pase shear
according ta relationship l>etween the
natu,..l perrd of v!l;ratlon of a structure
and that of unc:krlyfng sail on which the
structure rests_ When these periods are
$lmll4Jr. srar Is Increased to reflect
the likelihood of dt:structlve resonances
occumng tn the structure. Also called
pase shear codficient.
,ftc ccefficient
the nature and
of* foonaatlon soil usually Ir.lsed
on a InvtStlgatlon. Ground
m much greater In
anuvlalsoils In rody areas ordlluvlal
soils.
Iiquebcticn
1M sudden bs5 of srarlng re$lstJ nce In a
so1. causing the soil mass to
as 4J
SUlry drift
The rrcrement of one level of a
structure retztlve to the level above or
Pelow.
drift Index
The maxlmum rJt10 of story drift to story
by 3 code In order to
IMfnlmlu to Pulkilng components or
adJ3cent Also called drift
h m It.a tl 011
..-
/
... puilding factor
A coefficient for adjusting \7ase shear
according to constructlon type and
rnaterl31. 3nd the energy-aDsorDlng
capacity of the structural and lateral
force-reslsUng systems used. Base shear
Is Inversely proportional to the energy-
al1sor1:nng capacity of a structure; the
greater the structure's stiffness or
ductility. the lower the Pa5e shear.
horizontal foru factor
ground acceleration
A coefficient used In calculating the lateral
seismic foru on structural elements.
nonstructural components. or their
connections. according to their wef9ht and
----- -----... di5tri17ution of pase 'hear
function. r
story shear --------------------------- .. -... ----f.----H ..... ------J
The total shear In arry horizontal plane of a :
structure subject to lateral loads,
dlstrl!nIteO accor.dlng to the varlcus lateral
force-resisting elements In proportion to
their rigidities. Story shear 15 cumulative
and Increases from tts minimum value at
the top to Its maximum at the
r puilding &eparation
/ The required to avokJ contact
. separated structures under
deflection from selsmlc action or wind
forces.
horizontal torsion
The torsion resultlng from a lateral load
acting on a struc'ture having noncolncldent
centers of mass and resistance. To avoId
destructive torsional effects. structures
subject to lateral loads should De arranged
and Draced symmetrically with centers of
mass and resistance as coincident as
possl!7Ie..ln asymmetrical layouts. bracing
elements snauld distributed with
stlffnes5es that correspond to the
dlstrlbutlon of the mass.
r- _____ _
I --,
I I
I I
I I
I I
I I
I I
I I
I I
I I
..
I
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restoring moment
A resisting moment provided Dy the dead
load of a structure acting aDout the same
point of rotation as the overturnIng
movement. BUilding codes usually require
that the restoring moment De at least 501.
greater than the overturning moment. Also
called righting moment. stablllzJng
moment.
The manner In wh!ch lr.Jse shear Is
dlstrluute<./ the of structure
according to the displacements that would
occur an earthquake. For l>olldlng
of regular shape I'Ittn equal
floor weights and and no
Irregularities In stiffness or mass. \7ase
shear Is dlstrl17uW to e;lch horizontai
diaphragm a\7ove the !rase In proportlcn to
the floor weight at each level and Its
distance from l7ase. This results In 4J
tri3ngular load ccnflguratlon val)1ng from
zero at the !lase to a maximum value 3t the
top. For structures having a I13tural period
of vll7ratlon greatu than 0.7 sec.on.ds. a
portlOn of the tot4ll7ase shear Is assumed
to 3t the top of the
structure to accourrt for the whiplash
effect of seismic forces. For structures
with Irregular shapes orframlng systems.
tne dlstrll>otlon of lateral forces should De
determined according to the relatP.'e
stlffnesses of adjaunt floor levels and the
dynamic characteristics of the structure_
\- overturning moment
An external moment generated at the l7ase
of a structure Dy a IJteralload applied at a
distance a\7ovc grJde. For equlllDrlum, the
overturning moment must Ue
wunter\7alanced by an external restoring
moment and an Internal resisting moment
provIded Dyforces developed In column
meml7ers and shear walls.
153
LOAD
wind load sliding uplift
Any of the forces exerted by the kinetic
energy of a lI13SS of air, resulting In
pressure on parts of a structure
.nd suctlon on others.
The horlzontallTlO'.'ement of a structure In
to a lateral load.
The r;;islng of a structure or port:on of
structlJre In response to an OYertumlng
momet1t or wind suctlon.
6ernaulli . ) dynamic wind pressure -----+)! de5i.gn wind
An express10n of the conservatlon of energy The pressure exerteJ by a movl"9 II13SS of l A minimum design value for the equlvoilent
In stre3 mnne flow, stating thatthe sum of air, from Bernoulli's equation and i statlc pressure on the exterior surfaces
the ratlo of pressure to mass density, the equal to the product of the mass density 1 of a structure resul1;Jng from a crltlc3l
square of the vetodty divided !1y 2. and the of the air and the square of the vebclty at l wind velocity, tqU31 t<) the wind
produa of the gravtt.tional constant and a given height divided by 2. l pressure modified ;.y a
vertlc2l height. rem.l1ins constant. Also ! of coefficients to UCOIJnt for the
called 6emounrs ! effects of exposure condition, !11Jlidlng
height factcr ! h.elght. wlna gusts, and the geometry and
T T
! I
, I
I I
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; 1\.
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I
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A coefficient Incre3slng wind i of the structure t<) the
pressure to 3CCOUnt for the In :.: Impi:'.ging air flow.
wind velocity with height apoye the .... '
ground. .""
gust factor ® .. I""
A coefficient IncreJslng design wind ...........
pressure to acccunt for the dynamic .. ' i .... _ ....
effects of wind gusts.
exposure
One of four conditions
wind pressure according to oktructlons In
the area surrounding a site..
exposure A:. umn areas with
liulldlngs. or rough, hilly terrain;
p,-e,s ure coefficient
I

I \.- exposure 5: sttes. wooded areas.
__....,_ or romng krr3ln;
A cufflclent moJrfylng design wind
pressure to reflect hew the geometry and
ofthevar'cus p3rts of a
struc't<I re a Iter tJo.e tff ects of a n
.Irfiow.lr:w.rd Of posltIYe
coefficlents result In wind pressure while
outw.rd or negative ccdfIclents result; In
wind suction.
l f
exposure c; flat. open terrain wtth minimal
i r--· ··--1 oI1structlons;
.
t---+_-+-.. f ...... exposure D: flat, unobstructed terrain
• J. f.clng I10dles of water.
fa,u,t-mite wind 'peed - ......... _.
The mrage of.
column of air that psses oyer a
o 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 The mOrt open 3 s/U. the greater the 'Nind point. IT'".e3sured in per hcw.
speed 3f1a the resvfting aeslgn iWla pre$tJre.
r
wind 5uction
leeward --- - The pressure exerted wind on
Pertaining to. or the sldes and vertIc.l1l S<Jmus of
racing the "Irectlon toward .. aM roonnal to windward roof
___ -----;¥IllCh the win" wing. surfaces h .. v1ng a less tn.n 30".
?Ji
wlndw3rd normal force method
Pertaining to, l'Ie!ng ln, or
facing the from
which the wind
A design method for 2pplylng design wind
pressure to the primary fr.1me a nd !:>racing
systems of .. which wind
pressures are assumed to act
154
wind pressure
The pressure exerted by wind hOflzontal1y
on the windward vertlcalsurfaGeS of a
pulldlng and normal to windward roof
surfaces having a slope greater than 30°.
slmlo'lt4 norma I t<) all exterior
surfaces. This methcJ may used for any
structure. (,ut Is rqulred for g3 bled rigid
frames.
r3rt. buliJ/rIg$. i'rf'th unuSU3{
or corr:fk:t sh3pes.1tIa fdb{e
suujecttc fivtter ttrma
tunnel td:Ing or C«rf!Mt" fTII)Jaing to
InvtStig' U how tMy rtSfon4 to tJ:t .
of 'Nind
flutter
The rapid oscillations of a cable or
rr.embrane structure caused by the
uroJynamlc effects of wind. Also called
urodytumlc oscilL1tton. '
f.actor
A coefficient for Incre.slng the
values for wind or seismic forces on a
Pee a use of Its large occup.ncy,lts
hazardous or Its
nature In the wa(e of a hurrlc'rIe
or earthquake.
. wind rt.agnrtion pre,sure
The static equivalent to dynamic wind
pressure used as a reference In calculatlng
design wind pressure, sptcIfW In pounds
square foot and tqU41 to 0.D0256 tllMS
the sqU3re of the Uaslc wind
r;; P hlc Iocatlon. Wind velocity
approoches uroas the air IlUSS
parts to flow around an oPstruc'tlon. Slnce
the sum of statlc.na dynamic pressures
remains constant In streamline flow, an of
the In the flow at thiS polrtt of
Is In tht form of static
pressure.
wind speed
The wind velocity used In calculating wind
pressure:. usually the extreme
- - wind speed recorded for a
Iocatlon li"ta starilird height of
33 ft. (10 m) 3rta based on .. 50-year /TIt:ln
occurrence IntetYal. Also called
wir.d veWcfty.
nT! r r rrrrrrrrTT
. .. i -. -_ .. -. -
projected method
A design method for applying design wlr.d
pressure to the primary frarr.e and
of a pulkilng.ln which the total
wind Is con5kfered to a
ccmDlnaUon of. single Inward or positive
presSUit actmg on the-fun
vertlc31 projected area of th.e and
an outward or negative pressure acting 0f1
the full horizontal proJUted are. of the
l'>uildlng. This method m.ily for any
structure less than 200 ft. (61 m)
except for ga!:>led rigid frames.
t. '
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he3djoint --.--.. --.-- .. -.--.---.
The vertical joInt !letween two
masonry units. perpend1cular
to the face of a wall.

A headjolnt fanned I1y
"pplylng mortar to the end of
" IT13SOnry unit and forcing It
In posItion ag3lnst the 13st
masonry unit laid.
collar joint ------------ ---. -- ----- -----
Thevertk:.ljolnt retween two
wythes of masonry.
-----------.-----.
The horizontal joint !letween
two masonry courses.
bed ---.---.-------.-----.--.----.----.
The u ndersk:le of" brick or
other masonry unit. or the
layer of mortar In which a
masonry unit I5laki
clip joint
A Joint made thicKer tha n
usual I" order to level the
course above.
point
wythe _________ j_. __ .. J
A continuous vertical section of II
masonry wall one unit In thickness,
Also. wft.he.
To f11 arul flnlsh the surface of;l masonry
Joint with mortar after the masonry has
been laid. tither toflnlsh the joint or to
repair a defective Joint .
tuck pointing .-.-.----.-----.- .. -------.-.-.-. : .. ' ".,,:. -... :.:
The process of raking out defective mortar •. '., -. ".
from a IT\3S011I)' joint. filling with fresh
mortar, ana too 11119 thejolnt. _
wck and pat pointing .---------- -- ------ .. : '. ':- .. '. ' . .' :. ':.-
of : .' .. .- '.' .: . -- :-'
pointing '1
An Imlt3tlon of tuck and pat pOinting. having ,,1
a fillet made from the mortar of the JOint.
flat-joint pointing .-- --.'.
PoIntlng having flush joints of cornman
mortar.
field
The expanse of 3 masonry walll1etween
openIngs ana comers. usually composed
primarily of stretchers.
\.
MASONRY
Building with units ofvarious
natural or manufactured products.
as stene, PricK, or concreU plock,
usually with the use of
mortar as a ponding agent.
- course
A continuous, usually horizontal range
of brIc1:s. tiles. or shingles. as In a wan
or roof.
range
A continuous course of masonry units
having the same height from end to
end.
closer
The last masonry unit laid In a course.
------ cor!1e1
A or stene projectll19 from
, - coruelio,g

within a wall. usually to support a

An overlapping arrangement of
brids or stones In wh ich t'ach
course steps upward arul outward
from tht; vertical face of a wall_
------------... --------.
A weather-resistant mortar joint
compressed and with any
tao! ather than a trowel.

A mortar Joint finished I1y striking
off excess mortar with a troweL
concave jaint
A ClJrved. hollowed mortar joint formed
by <I r'O'Jnaea par.
V-joint
An .ngul3r. hollowed mortar JoInt
formed by a V-5hapea jointer.
weatMredjolnt
A m0rt3r JoIIIt smoothed I1y pressl"9
the trowel In at the upper eage of the
jolntJormlng a surface that
sheds water re3dlly.
flushjoint
A mortar Joint strud: flush with the
masonry.
struckjoint
A mortar joint In at the lower
edge and slop 1119 In the reverse
direction from a weathered Joint.
rakeajoint
A mortar Joint made I1y removing
mortar to a given wIth a square-
edged tool hardening.
155
MASONRY
m.1sonty --..•.... - ........ _ ................ "
A wall constnJcW of brick or other '"
soI1d rrgsonry units bid contiguously
with aD pin10 solidly filled with morta r
aM wythes I10nded by
ItI3sonry headers or Jnetal ties.
c.1vitywall-·-···-·--·---··-·---.. ·--·---.,
A masonryW2U h2vtng a ana ' •...
"'"
for metal ties ana enclosing an Inner ",
space servtng to prevent penetration \',
bywater. ".
hclng .- '-"---'" -.. -.. -... -- ... -.. -.... -.. -....
An ornamental or protective layer. as '.
the outer wythe of a masonry wall.
backing --. .. --._ .. -...... -.-....... - .. - .. .
Something that forms the pack or ••••• ""-''''1."''''''-
pr-ovlJes SlIpport. strength. or
protectlon from the !7ack. as the Inner
wythe or of a masonry wall.
weep hole -.---.---.---------.. -.-.- -- -.-
A openln4 In a wall
""u. or other constnJctIon
for ar.lnlll! off a<:cumuiaW moisture.
as from GOI'Idensatlon or leakage.
t.aced wan _ ............ --........ -...... --".
A wall a rrusonry facing ponded
to 2 !7acklll! so as to a common
action UMer Ioa4

A veneer sapported l:>y and secured to a
!7acklng by Intans of a bonalng material.
veneer -.---.... -----..... -- .......... --.-
A nonstruaural of stone.
C-OIICI'tte. or tile to a
for the purpose of ornamentation.

- .... ---.-. -----.- ....
A wan h2vIn4 a nonstructlJral facing """
rtbche.d Put not rondtd to a .
structure.
a ncho red veneer
A supported by and secured to a
!7acklng Py r.eans of mechanical
fasteners.
156
economywatl
A brick wan 4 In. (102 rr.m) thick.
plastered and strengthened At
Intervals with 8-ln. (20:3-mm) pilasters
to support roof trusses.
....... composiU wall
.' wythe d1sslmllar to the other wythe or

Amasonrywallh3vlngatle<istone
. '.:' wythes with respect to type or grade
.': :'.: .. : of masonry unit or mortar.
... - tle
A meta I tie consisting of two
In te rlocklng pa rts wh Ich et13171e It to
adapt to Pea Joints at different
elevations.
. .... tie
Any of various con-oslve-resistarrt
metal devices for holding two parts of a
constr-uctlon together. as the wythes
of a masonry wall
uacl: p,-"tel'
r 0 parge a part of a waU that Is not
seen. as Pehlna the ouw wythe of a
cavtty wan In order to exclude air and
moisture from the Interlor of the wall.
panel wall
A exterior n-usor.ry
wa n wholly 5U pporteJ at each story.

A device for lifting a dressed stone or
preca st panel consisting of a
numt>er of pieces fltt:Ing together to flll
a cIovet.a11ed rtUSs cut Into the stone
or panel.
mtjalnt
A wmpressluie joint directly Pelow a
shelf or relieving angle.
allowing for the expansion ana
contraction of a panel wall ana
preventing the weight of higher courses
from befng transmltUd to the masonry
pclow.
, '
·'1 •
t •
I
_I
j
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mortar
A pt..stlG of lime or cement. or a
combll14tlon of both. with sand and
W3ter. used as, Pending agent in
const ... JCtlon.
I
Type M mortar
MASONRY
grouted m3sonry
A wall constructed of "riel: or concrete
I7rIcl: units with all Interior joints being
fliled with grout as the worl:
progresses.
umentmcrt..;r .. ----------
A Ir.ortar made mixing portland
c.e::1t1'1t. 5JM, arid water.
A hlgh-strength mortar recommended
for use In reinforced masonry-pelow
grade or in contact with the earth. as
foundation ana retaining walls subject
I to frost action or to high lateral or
- -I compressive Ioads_
I
cement-lime rrwrt.1r
A cement mor-.... r to which lime Is added
to Increase tts Fllstlctty and water-
retentivity_
m3S<lnry
A proprietary Jr:Cx of portland cement and
other as hydrated hme.
plasticizers. alr-rotralnlng agents. and
only the addition of
5Jna to make cement rrwrtar.
epc'XY mort.ar
A rr.ortar of epoxy resin. a
cat31yst. and f.r!C aggregate.
nonstaining martar
A mortar havll\3 3 low free-alkali content
to :n1nlmlz.e eff\..--rescence or the staining
of 3dJacent masol1ry by the migration of
$OIui7'.e
lime mortar
A mixture of Ii:r..e. sana. and water that Is
mely used of Its slow rate of
hardening arid compressive strength.
lime
A wh Ite or 9 r7y':sh white. C3 us tlc.
odortess so!ld by heatlng forms
of C3lclum as shells or
temperature. Also
C31\ed QIx. caustic lime.
'\Ulcklime.
hydrated lime
A soft.CIj'St3k:r.e powderol7talned by
lime and used In
MI1I9 rncrt¥. p-bster. ana cement. Also
c.olled calcium hydroxide. slaked lime.
grun
Of or to conc:-ete or mortar that
Is freshly set not completely hardened.
fttmix
A or :r.crtar mix that Is easy to
l¥Cft or spread of a relatively high
or nrrc: :.ootent. Also called rich
mix.
!eJn mix
A coocrete or :r«i-3r mix that Is difficult to
1'I(in; or of a shortness of
ce:nent or
plasticizer
An admixture for a concrete or
mortar mix wIth little water.
I Typ85 mortar
, A medium-hlgh-strength mortar
recommenaed for use In masonry where
bond and lateral strength are more
Important than compressive strength.
Type H mortar
A medium-strength mortar
recommended for general use In
exposed masonry a rove grade where
high compressive and lateral strength
are nat requlred_
Type 0 mortar
A low-strength mortar suitable for use
In Interior non-load-bearing walls and
partitions.
Type K mortar
A very-low-strength mortar suitable
only for use In Interior non-load-bearing
walls where permitted by the "ulldlng
code.
grout ------------ ---- -- ------ -- -------'::-_ ..
A fluid cement mortar that will flow -'"
easily without segregation of the
IngredIents. use.:! to fill rt3rrow cavftles
In masonry and consolidate the
adjoining materials Into a solId mass.
lJond
The adhesion "etween mortar or grout
and the masonry units or steel
reinforcement "elng cemented.
joint reinforcement .. ':
high-lift grouting
A technique for groutIng a masonry wall
constructed a story at a time In lifts
not exceeding 6 feet (1.8 m).
low-lift grouting
A technique for grouting a masonry wall
In lifts not exceedlng six tlmes the
width of the grout space or a maximum
of a Inches (203 mm) as the wallis
I7ullt.
_. --- grout pour
The total height of masonry to be ftlied
with grout before the erection of
aadltlonal masonry. conSisting of one
or more grout Itfts.
--- ------. grout lift
An Increment of grout height within a
total grout pour.
cleanout
Any of a series of temporary openings
at the bottom of a masonlj' wall large
enough to permit the removal of de"ris
or obstructions from a cavtty or cell
prior to groutlng.
grouted ma50nry
A masonry wall constructed wtth
horizontal and vertical
"-. reinforcement fully embedded In grout
for Increased resistance to buckllng
and lateral wind ana seismic loads.
hollow unit ma50nry
A wall constructed of hollow masonry
units laid and set with mortar. with
adJaunt wythes I70ncled by masonry
headers or metal ties.
". reinforced hallow-unit masonry -
Hollow unit masonry having certain
cells continuously fUled with concrete
or grout. In which reinforcing steel Is
embedded for Increased resistance to
buckhng and lateral wlna and seismic
loads.
Any steel reinforcement placed In a
bed joint to Increase the resistance
of a wall to cracking.
//'
-_//
157
MASONRY

fragments of Uroken storie or
tht masonry of such stones.

A wan h:wlng discontInuous put
approximately level peds or courses.
ashlu
A sqtared stone finely dressed on
• H fx.es to those of other stones
so as to permit very thin mortar joInts.
158
gallet
To emPed small stone chips In the JnOrt.J:-
joints of rough masonry to wedge I3rger
stones In posltlon or add det.'ill to the
appearance. Also. garrtt.
coursed
A NDbIe wall hJvlng approximately
le¥el Peds and at Intervals to
continuous levd courses.
random 3shLu
Ashlar IT13soory In
discontinuous CO'J rses .
nipple .
A rucw wall pullt of S<iuared stones
of Ij sizes a nd coursed at rNt:ry
third 01" fourth stone.

Ashlar lI"'.Jsonry 1xI1/t of stones having
the S4m(: h&-9ht within e3ch course.
course varying In height.
cyclopean
Formed wt'...n p\cd:s of
stones fitted closely together I'rithout
the use of mortar.
proken nngework
Ashbr masCJnry laid In hortzont..ol courses
of t'arylng heights • .anyone of m3J'
be I1ro(en at tntuvals Into two c r more
COOr5es.

AshlAr masonry having the faces of
the dressea s'".ones raised or
contrasted with the horlzont.l. nd usua1ly
thevertlalJolnts. which may
chamfered. or beveled.
rust«; jo i ITt
A mortar Jolnt paween stones
from the adjxent. faces petween $<ink-en
drafts or Devels.
ru,tk
H3v1ng rougn.lrregubr sumces.aoJ
sunken or JoInts.

AJelnt In ashlar masonry made Py fitting
a projection on OI1e stone Into a routed
groove on the next stone.
"-- cramp Iron
An Iron bar or rod with pent ends for haldlnq
together stone mason ry units.
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gable
A gabie corl:>iesteps.
i?o5S
A stone roughly formed and set In
COrPle5Up
. Any of a series of steplike projections
that terminate a masonry !!able al10ve
the surface of the roof. Also called
crowsttp.
saddle joint .
A vertlcaljotnt raised a rove the level of
the washes 011 a stone sill or copln!! to
prevent the penetration of rainwater. 7
/
pl3ce for 13terC3rv1n9. --- .------- -.-.-.---. _____ _____
in
To f.ls ten a be:l m or stone Dy one
erJ.
.--.-.. -.---.. --- ..... -- ... ------- ..... -______
The part of a stof1e or urick
projectlng from a wall.
1111el - .----.-- .. --. -- -.--. -.- ... -- ................ -- .. --.--:
A R".oIdir19 or drlpstDne OIer a door or
WlnJo,.,., esp. one tha t e:t:tends
horIz.olTta Ily 3 cress the t.op of the
openli\3 ana vertlc311y downward for a
short distance at the sides.
..... ---- .. ----.-.. -.. -....... -- .. -... -
A stone. or one at the stones. formln!!
the 9mb of 3 door or window opening.
-'"
A spb)ed enlargement of a door or
window opening toward the Inner face of
3 \'<311.
MASONRY
capstone
A stone of 3 structure. 3S a
copestone.
-----------------------.. -.- knuler
Any of the stones havln!! a slopIng Up for
supportln!! or formln!! a gable copl"4- Also
called skew.
---........ - .... skewcorl1el
A stone OIerhanglng at the foot of.
often servIng as a stop for tzie
gutters or wall cornices.
,...---------- ... -.-... copestone
A stone farming a coping.
dripstone
A 5tOM moi01ng used as a drip. as or. a
cornice over a wIndow or doorway.

A horizontal course of brk;k or stor1e ftush
with or projecting l>eyond the face of a
oft:en mok:led to ditislon In
tM wall Alsa called l7elt
corc:IDn
A stringcourse. esp. one ""vl!!g lIttle ex- no
prcJxtlon.

A course or Ir.lnd. esp. of II13sonry. !i3Y1"4 a
distinctive form or posltlon.
wztertable
A projutlng stringcourse. or led!!e
placed 50 as to divert I"2lnwaterfrocn 2

sc.a rcem ent
A footing or ledge formed Dy a setv.;clln •
theface of a wa II.
------.. ---- .... - plinth
A continuous. usually projecting CO\.ir5e of
5tof1es forming the base orfouna.;tlon of a
wall Also called plinth COurse.
159
MASONRY
concrete nuSOM)' unit plock
A precast msonI')' unit 'Of portl3nd
ca-oent. flnc and water.
II'IOUed Into 't'3rIous shapes.
A hcllcw or solid
partltton
A concrete unit used In
non-wd-l1earing walls.
a rlCmlnal thld:ness of 4
or61n. (102 or 152 11m).

A ll"t;lsonry unit having one or
Ir10re rounded corners.

A unit usea In
PIe top or finishing
course ol a 1\1311.
Ac.oncre1e NSOflry unit having an end
sbt or ta rt.ee!ve the J3mb of a
dtxr or wfndcw frJme.. Also called J.aml7
£,lock.

rne2
.. "

•.,--, .....••..• :
- ".
'.'. . .. '


A sofld coocrete unit having a


cap 1110a
A concrete rn<l5Or.ty unit having a solid
tap for :ISe as a PQ surUce In the
course of a fourWtIon wall.

control-jornt •.. __ ._._ ... __ ._ .• __ .. __ ..•.. -
Arry of various concrete mason ry units <i'-.. <z.> <::S
used In a vertbl control
joint.
_ ...... _ ........... \
A COI"ICrCte INsonty unit used In \
a!:ocrld a \t'--
depressed sectIo!Iln which reinforcing ' .. :::.,:';:::.
stul can be for emUedment In :,::::...." ....
grout. . .

A masonrycourse groutea and
relnforuJ to senoe as a a
horizontal tie, or a course for
mem!:>ers,
160
open-end 11lock
A concrete masonry unit having one
end open In which vertical
reinforcement can be placed for
embedmeirt In grout.
IIntel17lock
A conarete masonry unit used In
constructing a lintel or bona l:Ieam.
having a U·shaped section In whlGh
reinforcing ste.el can !:Ie placed for
In grout.

A concrete masonry unit having a
portion of one shell removed to
receive he3ders In a !:Ionded masonry
wall
ma,onry unit
A concrete masonry unit having a solid
top and a slotted shell. ana
sometimes a flbrous filler. for
Increased souna al:lsorptlon.
,'umpvlock
A concrete masonry unit having an
Irregular face and surface texture
caused I:Iy the settlement of a wet fl1fx
during curing.
'plit-me VIock
A concrete masonfj' unit. split
lengthwise I7y a machine after curing to
produce a roug h. fractured face
texture.

.. .-... unit having a
special ceramic. glazed. or pohshed
face.
.
. ." having one or more vertical grooves
. . which slmul3te raked Joints.


Arry of various concrete mason!)' units
: :-- :: with a pattern of
ureenl7lock

A concrete masonry unit usea esp.ln
tropical arc;hltecture. having a
h. decorative pattern of tra nsverse
openings for admitting air and
l--:: excItuling sunlight.

concreU 17rick
A solid rectangular concrete masonry
unit. usually not larger than 4 x 4 x 12 In.
(102 x 102 x :305 mm).
,and-lime vrick
A hard.llght·coIored brick made by
molding a mixture of damp sand and
slaked nme under high pressure and
curing In a steam oven.
50lia masonry unit
A masonry unit having a net cross·
sectional are3ln arry plane paranel to
the Dearing surface that Is 75%; or more
of the gross cross-sectionaf area
me3sured In the same plane.
hollow masonry unit
A masonry unit havl"9 a net cross·
sectional area In arry plane paraUel to
the bearing surface less than 151 of
the gross cross· sectional area
measured In the same plane.
gross cross-5Utionaf are.1
The total cross'sectloll4l are; of;::
hollow masonry unit perpendicular to
the direction of loading. Including
cellular 3na reentrant spaces. except
when these spaces are to !:Ie occupied
by portions of 3djacent masonry.
net cross-sectional area
The gross cross-sectlon.d area of a
hollow masonry unit minus the area of
ungrouted COres of cellular spaces.
thickness
The thickness that would be obtained if
the a mount of concrete conta lned In 3
hollow masonry unit wert: recast
without arry cellular spaces. used esp.
to detennlne the flre of a
wan constructed with such units.

The by a
concrete masonry unit when Immersed
In water. expresse.:lln pounds of water
per cul1lc foot of concrete.
Grade N
A grade of loaa·l:Ie3rlng concrete
masonry unit sultal1le for gener31 use.
as In exterior walls a!:lo.'e and l7e1ow
grade.
GradeS
A grac:le of loaa·l:Ie3rlng concrete
masonry unit limited to use al1o.'e
grade. In exttrIor walls with weather·
protective coaungs. or In walls not
exposed to the weather.
Type I
A concrete masonry UI1!t manufactured
to a specified hmlt of moisture cootent
In order to minimize the drying
shrinuge that un cause cracking.

A concrete masonry unit not
manufactured to a speclfled hmlt
molstu re content.
normal-weight Mock
A concrete masonry unit made
with sand. gravel. or other dense
aggregate and weighing fI'IOrtl than
125 pcf(2000 kglm
3
).
trghtwelght 17lock
A concrete masonry unit mac:le with
lightweight aggregate. as cinder or
expanded slag. and weighing less than
125 pcf (2000
,urfau I10nalng
The bonding of a concrete masonry wall
I7y stackl"9 the units without mortar
ana trowenng on a
compound of whIte portland cement
and glass fiber.
1
i
...-J
j
J
I
I I
L
·L
L
L
L
L
I
l
(
"--
.. !' ...

The force Py which atoms.lans.
er groups of are bound together In a
molecule oraystall1ne structure. Also
called chemic.11 Pond.
ionic pOM ----..... --............. ·······-i
A chemical rond characteristic of salts and
ceramic materbls. formed Py the complete
tra nsfer of one or more electron s from ooe
kind of Ian to another. Also called
electrovalent Pond.
p05itive ion
A posltlvely charged Ian created by
electron loss. Also called crtIon.
negative ian
matter
That which oc<:upleS space. Can perceIVed by
the senses. and constitutes the of a
physical roay.
. ...... shell _.--.............. -- .... ---.... - ...... .
Any of up to seven SPherlcal@'
surfaces containing the Q
or'Plts of electrons of .... •
approximately equal energy . \. /
al10ut the nucleus of an ".
atom. .... -""" :
electron --_.---.. _..... --.i...-
A fundamental 0 0
MATERIAL
Matter unique
I7y which it m3y C3tegoriud.
rtom
The smallest unit of an element;hat
can exlst either alone or In
com!?in3tlon. conslstlng ofa nucbls
of neutrons and pw.cns surrour.ded
by OM or more electrcn s bound to
the nucleus by electrical attraC"..lcxt.
ion
A negatlvely charged Jon createa by
electl:on gain. Also called anion.
valence
partlc'.e of matter ••
a negative ... ./0 •• 0 • 0
charge. /' ..r o. atomic numper
An electrically charged atom or group
of ;rt.oms formed Py the loss or ga In of
one or more electrons.
A measure of the capacity of an
atom or group to with
other atoms or groups, equal to the
of chemical bonds the atom
or group can form.
neutrOn _h_ ... __
m
___ • I The
A funaamental partlcle of an atom of a given element. w!rich
having .r.o charge. I equals the numPerof
cova knt bo nd va lence ekc'tron
i normally surrounding the nucleus.
proton ..... ---- ... ---.. .: Also caileJ proton numPer.
A pasttlvelycharged particle f6\ element
A' chemlc3l rond formed by the
that Is a fundamental
between two . {f!f
sh,rl''4
01
p''''oI_.s j 10\ I
An electron located In the outer
shell of an atom that can \:Ie
transferred or shared In forming a
chemlcall10nd with another atom.
consUtuentof an atomic nucleI. (ARBON One of a cl3ss
cannot Pe separated i:tto slmrer
Pychemlc31 means.
composed of atoms h.tvlng an
identlcaf num!?er of protons II e3dI
nucle-JS.
H ®

.' ®
hydro¥" bond

An bond retween an ...
electront9t!ve;rt.om and ;1 hydrogen atom'·· ..
amJy linked to another electronegative .....
atom by a COV3!ent bond.
molecule ----.. -- ....... ----- .. ----- ... -- ... .:.
The smalbt partlGle of a sul>stance that
dlspbys aRor thech3r3Gter1st1c physlc3land
chemlc31 of the su!?stance.
conslstlng of one or more I1ke atoms In an
elanent. or two or more cliff erent atoms In a
compound.
molecular weight
The average Weight of a molecule of an element
or compound C<llcvbteJ as the sum of the
atomic of the molecu Ie's constituent
41toms. Also. C31W formula
mole
The molecubr weight of a su!?stance
In grams: gram 1I'IOIecufe. Also. mel.
inert g35 configuration
The configuration of an
element in which the outer shells of
Its atoms or Ions are filled with the
maximum num!?er of e!ec;tron pairs.
Nature maves;rt.oms ana Ions
toward thiS by
capturlng. surrenderlr.g. or sharing
e!ectrons with ne!ghUorlng atoms or
Ions In an effort to achieve a
relatively Inert state of low energy.
nol7legas
Any of the themlcally Inert
gaseous elements: hehum. neon.
argon. krypton. xenon. and radon.
Also called g.Js.
periodic
A tal;>ular arrangement of the
chemical elements In related
groups. formerly In the order of
their atomic weights and now
according to their atomIc
numPers .•.•... _ ...
OO'frfl i group. eief11.(;t1ts

cluncterlstlc5 and
b<:h;ve In 3 s1mll3r m3nner
way
3re In
ooter s.l,elts.
as a gas or having neither Independent
that Is capal7le of flowing. yields nor volume. possessing
easily to pressure. and conforms perfect molecul3r mo!?1I1ty and the
to the of Its container. tendency to expand Indeflnltely.

!
CCndeJlse --... -.. - ......... - .. - ....... "" '- partlcles.orptrslstence of
'-- . .r-' .... firmness. coherence of

1./
...... ' .. , /' ......
orsolldstate. r •... : .. "1
of liquid or solid Into a vapor. I '. I
The unit mass : I :
of gas at Its point as It l . i
cooaenses to a Ilquld. .' J ... , .. ...... , .. ,/
heat ofvaporiutlon solidify ........ " .
The quantity of hat to
convert a unit mass of liquid at Its To change or convert from a
point Into vapor at the same liquid or gas Into a solid.
temperature: equal to the heat of
condensatlofl. liquid
Matter from the solki or
gaseous states by a characteristic
readiness to flow. little or no tendency
to disperse. and re13tlvely high
IncompreSSibility
heat of solidification
The hei1t liberated by a unit maSS of
at its freezing pollTt as It solidifies.

The quantity of heat required to
convert a unit mass of a solid at Its
point Into a Ilquki at the same
temperature: equal to the heat of
solid rx a tlon.
,
12
,
....... atomk:; weight
The weight of;in atom of an
element lr.IseJ on V:z the welglrt of
the carWn·
12
atom.
met.1nic bond
. A chemlCJl bond char:tcteristlc of
metals. produced by t."e sharfng cf
valenu electrons wh;Ch rnovefreeiy
throllilh the lattice of.a usually
j stab-le crystaHlnc: stn.'Cture.
g
' :9. '9
r.'" ..
... + .. -+
e
Ltttiu
A regu Ia r pa ttern of !sc\1 ted poin:".s
In space the '.xatlon of
atomS. Ions. or molecu!.es In a
crjstal:lre solid.

A solid having a reguLJr'y
In tern .. I sCructure of a ';.Oms. Ions. IX'
moiecub and enclOStd '7j
symmetr.cally arrange..! pi3ne
surface:;.
amorphous
Not cryS1:Jlline In stc.::Jre
161
G
MATERIAL
property
Nt essentbl or d'lStlnctNc attr!l?ute or
qualtty spectfbllyln the
consmutJon of. or f ou nJ n. the

medlaniut
Any of the of a
IT13terial M exhWlt a to
applied forces.
tension
The act of stretchlr.g or stJ of being
pulW apart. In tM elongatlcn
of .n
strength
The capauillty of a IT13terial to resist
the forces on It. esp. the
at>itl-ty to sust.ln a stress
without yIeIdlng or rupturing.
of It1&rials
The stuay of the relationship l?etween
applied external forus and the
I effects produced by
forus In a body.
-"---"-"'-'---"-'---
An app&.d force or
to procItUtenslon In anebstlc rody.
axbIforce
A tensile or com p-esslve foru actlng
the of a
1!IemM- and at the centroid
of the cross proJucl1\4 ax131
stress bal.dlng. torsion. or .
- .... --- .-----.---...:

-me, tensile or stress that
to res!s; 311 mal force.
fa I\?rNI fa anJ uniformly
area of the cross
sectSon. !Jsc c.albi direct 5tres s.
ftOnft.11
ccmprt5*"
The act of shorten in.g or of Pei ng
in a
reduction In size or vo/ur.e of an elastic

--... -.. ----- .... -- ...
An applied force or t.endln.g
to pt'OdtU In an ebstlc

ec.untric fa rce
A fOfU applle& pm f1eI to the
IonglW4inafax15 of a
lnen-Wer M to the centroid of the
cross sutlon. prcJucfll4 and
311 uneven c:ilstrit>ut-lon of In
section. A !sa C41led ecuntric
load.
162
"-. i .---- Exhllntlng the same physical properties
r::: «1' ::0'1
.. ' along all axes.
k:."" • .:.I
J,
Having different physical propertles
along different axes. as wood and other
-'" .-=" fl17rous materials.
/'
"'"::d
stress
1ntet1131 resistance or reactlon of
an eiastlc rody to extemal forces
a pplled to It. c'lU31 to the ratio of force f
to area and expressed In units of force I
per unit of cross-sectional area. Also I
. called unit stress. I
!
The ax13l5treSs that develops at the I
cross section of an elastic body to :
resist the coll1near tensile forces I
.. ____ ._. __ .. __ ._J-: __
The of a unit length of T
mattrlal produced by a tensile stress.
&tr.lin e
The deformation of.11cdy under tM
action of an applied Strain Is a
dimensionless quantity. equal to the
to
the origll12l size or shape ofa stressed
element.
Young', modulu,
A coefficient of elasticity of a mattr131.
expres$lr.g the ratio of longltudlnJI
stress to the correspondlng
Iongltudln.alstraln C3usea by the
stress.
',. Poi,scn',ratlo
The ratlo of lateral strain to the
corres?O"dll19 longitudinal strain In an
elastic body unaer Iongltudlnalstre5s.
I
f
I
I
- :
The ax fa I stress that develops at the l
cross of an ebstlc body to I
resist the collinear compressive forces I
to shorten It. 11
-----.... -.. --
The of a unit length of :r-
material produced by a compressIve
stress.
tensile test
A test for determining the ut:havlor of
a material under-axial tension. In which
a specimen Is grlppea at roth ends and
pulled apart until rupture occurs: the
most common test for structural
materials.
tensile strength
The resistance of a material to
longitudinal stress, II)' the
minimum amount of longitudinal s"tfess
reqUired to rupture the material .
,. elong.nfon
: A measure of the ductmty of a
material. expresseJ as the percewge
Increase In length of a test specimen
after failure In a test.
of area
A measure of the ductlltty of a
expressed as the peruntage
decrease In cross-sectional area of a
test specimen after rupturing In a
tensile test.
compre5sion ust
A test for determining the of
a matulal under axial compressk:ln. In
which a specimen Is crushed untU
fracture or dlslntegr.ltlon occurs. The
ccmpressk:ln test Is used fer
materials slnu their low ten sSe
strc"9th Is dIfflcult to IT1e2sure
accur.rtely.
,train gauge
An Instrument for measurl"9 mInute
deformations In a test
causea by tenslon. compression.
venJlng. or twisting. Also calf&j
exUnscmeW.
I1ulk modulu,
A coefficient of elasticity of a material.
t:tpresslng the r.;tlu a
pressure and the corresponding
fractional Change In volume produced.

The reciprocal of Pun.: modulus. to
the ratio of tM fractfooal change In
volume to the pressure applied to a
substance.
l
u
i
U
6-
r
f
'
r
r-
shea ring force
An Internal force tangential to the
surfau on which It acts. developed a
rolly In response toa shearforce. For

equihbrlumofa rectangularetement
subject 1:<> shear. shearing In a vertical
.. ,.[L
..... -... -- .. --_ ..... .
... _ ...... _ ....... shearing
The force per unit area developed a lang a 1
of an elastic roay to resist a shear
Also called shear stress •
....1 stress.
t-.... shearing str2in .-.. ' shear modulus
I The lateral deformation developed In 3,body A coefficient of elasticity of a rttrterl3I,
In response to shearing stresses, defined 'I expressing the ratio between she3ring
as the tangent of the skew angle of stress and the corresponcl1ng shearing
deformation. Sinu this angle is I strain produced by the stress. Also
always very small, shearing strain Is a ptJre called rtWdulus of ri9laity. modulus
numuervery nearly equal to the sl:e.w aM.3te , of tcrslon.
In radians. Also called shear strain.
:-... -... -.... - ............. -.. coml?lned stre"es
v A set of tensile and compressive
I
res:Jitlng from the superposition of
and bending stresses In the cross
of a structural member. acting In the s.rr.e
+
direction and equal at any point to t·r.elr
3lqebraic sum.
MATERIAL
shear
The lateral defonnatlon prOduua a body
by an external force thatcau5es ex-.e part of
the body 1:<> sltJe relative to an ulJxtnt
part In a direction E?rallel to their pbne of_

-.. shearforce
An applied force producing or talding to
produce shear In a Polly .
Pending
The !?owlng of an elastic Dody as an extern .. 1
force Is appl1ed transvtrSeiyto It.5
Is the structunl mecfuni:sm that
er1"!?les a load to l:re ch3nneled L, a dlrectlor.
perpenalGular to Its application.
I
"._ .......... _ ... _ .. -
-
-
concentration
An Ircrease In stress that develops at
dlsccntlnultles or flaws In a materl31.
Stress concentrations In !1r1ttle rtt3terlals
dev&.op crads which propagate unUl failure.
In ductile materials. stress concentrations
dev&.op local deformations which serve to
rwlstrlbute and relieve the stresses.

A force applled perpendicular to
length of a struct!Jral rnemPer.
benolng and shear. ,AJ.;,o
called transverse load.
• 5u forrendlng

tor,\ue
The moment of a force system Dt3 t causes
or tends to cause rotation or torsion.
tor,ion
The twisting of an elastic rodyaPou't Its
axis caused by two tqU31 and
opposfte torques, producing
stresses In the Polly.
163
MATERIAL

A pPIrk: of the
unit stress values .
and the ClrTtSpondll14-l1nlt strains for .

•. -.-.-.----------- ..... ----
The of unit stttsses for which a
materUI e:xnIDItS el3stlc deformation.
t .. -.· pl.1stic r.1nge :.--.- range
: The range of unit stresses for which a : The range of unit stresses for which a
ddo nn.rt:io n
A wl'I¥ kI the shape or dlmensions
eX a structure from
stress.

m_ater131 exhl!:>its plastic deformatl.on. 1 material exhl!:>lts Increased stength with
: some 1055 of ductility.

1'1 -----v!'-J V-
I i

A tempcratJ' change In the dimensions
IX cia roay produced a
stress Ic:s6 than the elastic hmlt of

I I
I I
I I
:
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
pl.1st!c defortn.1tlon
I
I
I
I
I
A In the dimensions or
shape of a body produced by II stress greater
than the elastic hmltofthe materl.al.
rlgJa under stresses of less than a
certaIn Intensity. The molecular rorlds In a
material that exhlults plastic Ue/uv1or reform
a&r Pelng stressed !:>eyond the hmlt.
The material thus retains a measure of
reserve Also caltea plastJe flow.
r-- ultJnuu strength
--- ......... -----.--- ............ - .... ---r·
The prop:rlY of 3 rn4U:r1aI that ca uses I
to rupWe suddenly under stress i
!'flth nme evl.:knt kfonnatlon. Since I
The maximum tensile. compressive. or
shearing stress a material can \1e
expected to without rupturing or
fracturing. Alsa c311&1 uftint.1U stress.
PrittIe lack the plastic I
yield point
ductile rruterials. they can I
;l¥e no nee of Impending :
I
.. ---........ ----- .. - "-'.
The stress PeyoM which a maried
Increase In strain occurs In a
without a concurrent Increase In stress.
Many materials do not have clearfy
deflned yield points. For these
materials, a theoretlcal yIeki strength Is
calculated from the sUess-strain curve.
The stress which the ratio =- ...
OI'stresstc strain fi:u material
..

fracUJre --- ..
The of 3 material resulting from
the rupturing of Its atomic I10nds when
stressed Peyond Its ultlmate strength.
U)
eb5tlc limit ...... -- ............... - ....... - auctility
A of a
aef0r:n4t1on when
stresse.d ... ithln I;s elastic range.
,nowm -............. -----
The maxfmum stress that can !:>e
appl1ed a material without
causing permanent deformation.
.-.----------.---- .... (JD
STRAIN (In/m.)
The maxirJJm unit
fc.- a the deslgn of 2
a fractlon
hmit.yleki ..... - ebstklty L modulU5 of
c.- u/tlrrgte 5tl'ength. The The property of a
wesses for V3r1ous that enal?les It to deform In
NteNls art: sp«if,eJ Dulldlng response to an appll&l force
cedes. SCodetIes. ana and to recover Its original size
t.ndct as:socI;rtlons. Pased on and shape upon retT'lOVlII of the
and II'Iethods of forc:e.
jlll--.-
and M;terbls. Nso caltea
wnit woricln§ -
- --r-·t
)ield --.----- ----- .. -- .......... "--' .• -- -- -- -- +--+---+--+--+
stres5 necessary produce a
penNnent set In a
of Its original
M tested !n tension. Yield .
5trengti Is useJ to tkttrmlne. the limit
cf ttSefvi'.ess of a materfal having a
p<)nt. Also called
proof str-es s.
__ jl._.[-
-+-f---4--- -( -+'-+--+--4
. --I·---l-'-1--cf------1
-------.--.--.--.... perm.1nentset
A C«fficJent of elasticity oh material
expressing the ratio between a unit
stress and the correspondIng unit
straIn caused the stress, as dertved
from Hooke's law and I1y
the slope of the stralght-bne portion of
the stress-straln dJa9ram. Also caltea
coefflcltnt of elastlcity. ebstlc
modulus.
Juctl1e ;nJ tcug h
The Inelastic strain remaining In a
materIal after complete release of the
stress producing the deformation.
164
The prcperty of 3 material thot et1al11es It
to undergo plastic deformation after \1elng
stressed DeyOnd the elastic nmit and
before Ductility Is a deslralne
property of a structural material slna
plastic f,ehavlor Is OIn Indicator of reserve
strength and can ser;e 3S a visual W3mlng
of Impending failure.
Hooke', L1w
The law statIng th3t the stress on • Dody
directly proportional to strain
produced. provldeJ the stress ekes not
exce&:f the elastic "mit of the mat.t:Nl
u>ughne55
The property of a materl31 that enau!es It
to energy Ddore rupturing.
try the area under the stress-
strain curve derived from a tensIle test of
the material Ductile materials are tougher
than brittle materials.
l -
;
I
l .
i
1;-
I
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L
J
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J
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i.':

expansion
An ill the IxIIk of a IT13terIaI
caused the a!1sorptloo of water or
V6por. Also C311eJ Uulklng.
aas-o rptlon
The adhesion of 3 thin, condensed layer
of gas, hquld, or dissolved substance to
the surface r:i a solid, usually
physical or chemical change In the
ITlJterial
w uthero meter
A device for the weather
re5lstance of a sul7jectlng a
to accemtea

weathering
A proc.ess for exposing a materlJl to
uftmlolet r7yS, Vtdtel' sprays. alid
elements In order to simulate
the 1ong-tm1 effects of sun. rain, and
temperature ch4nge5. Also C3l1ed
uulerateJ
etr.ain-rate effea
trlttle behavior an Increased rate
of load application can cause In a
nonrully IT13terlal
tem pent4re effect
& ImttIe low temperatures
can C3use In a normally ductile
ITt3terial
relaatlon ---.----- -----
;'-" coefficient of expansion
: The fractional change In length, area, or
volume of a material per unit change In
temperature at a given constant
pressure. Also called expanslvtty.

[ _J I
MATERIAL
dimensional stainUty
The property of a material that enables It
to IT13lntaln Its shape and
dimensions when subjected to changes In
temperature Or humidity.
kinetic theory of heat
The theory that the temperature of a
substance Increases with an Increase of the
average kinetiC energy of Its particles when
hea t Is a bsorbecI.
thermal expansion .
An Increase In area, or volume of a
I
: - material caused I1y a rise In temperat.Ure.
thermal contraction
A decrease In length. area, Of a
=====-================ material caused I1y a drop In temperature.
. '
i ___ . ____ . thermal5tress
abrasion resistance
The property of a mattNl that enables It
to resist worn away I1yfrlctlon when
rul7l1ed wft.h another object. Amslon
resl5ta nee Is a of toughness
rather than hardness and Is a necessary
qualJty of flooring materials and surface
ftnlshes.
inkx
A me3sure of the abrasion reslst3nce of
a 1TlJterl31. com manly expressed as tM
depth of or material loss
after testir.g with a abrasive
wheel for a speclfted number of cycles.
The tensile or COOl presslve stress
aeveloped In a material constrained against
thermal expansion or contraction.
thermal shock
The sudden stress a rapid change In
temperature can produce In a material

The property of a material that enaUles
It to resist def0rtn3tlon compression,
Indentation. or penetration.

A scale for measuring the hardness of a
mineraI. Its degrees, In Increasing hardness,
(lre: I, talc; 2.l:IYPsum; 3, calcite; 4, flUOrite;
5, apatite; 6, feldspar. 7, quartz; a.top3Z: 9,
sapphire; la, diamond.
5rinefl numl1er
A measure of the hardness of a rruterl3l
determined pressl"9 a standard stu!
Inllinta a test plea using a standard force
and dlvldlng the load by the area of
Indentation. The higher the numb-er. the
harder the material.
Rockwell number
The decrease In -.'-.

The l'/e3i:ening orfallure of a IT13ter13l
at a stress l7efow the elastic limit
when sul7jected to a repeated series

A measure of the hardness of a material.
determined Indenting a test piece with a
conoidal diamond Indenter, or with a
standard steellr.lll. under two sucusslve
loads and measuring the net Increase In
depth of the Impressions: the higher the
numb-er, the harder the material.
stress In 3 COI'Istralned material
under .. const3nt load.
creep •. ----.--------.--.-.-..... --.--.,.
The !r.ldual and permanent ". h-+!---...-!c:.....+
. tkformatlon of a Pody produced by a
continued appllcatlofl of stress or
prolonged exposure to heat. Cretp
deflection In a concrete structure
continues !:NeT time and can b-e
¥e3ter than the Initial
elastic def'utlon.
i
--;

The IT13xlmum stress to which a
IT13terial can be subJectecl for an
Indeflnlte number of cycles wtthaut
failing.
fatigue r.atio
the-ratio b-etween the fatigue limit
and the tensile strength of a material.
Also called endurance ratJo.
Vickers number
A measure of the hardness of a material.
aetermlned Indenting a test piece with
the point of a diamond using a known force
and dividing the load the surface area of
Indentation: the higher the numl7er, the
harder the material.
165
MEASURE
A unit or stand.1rd of measurement
used tc the dimensions,
,\uantlty, or capacity of something.
metric 5ymnt
A kcJm31 system of weights ana.
adopted flrst In France I7ut
now wldesprtad and universally used In

I nUrn.rtlona I System of Units
An aa;epted system of
c.ofIertnt physbl units, using the
lneter. klqram. second. a mpere. kelvin.
..M c.nJeb as W InsIc units of the
quantltles of length.
tlIM. electric current.
and luminous intensity.

measured
along Its dimension.
. mu,ure
A units for
derived from units


A mt2sure of a pia ne
or surf.Ju.
cuWc 1I1a$UI"e
A un It or S'J'Stem of units for
ro/ume OI'c.paclty.
kriYed froIn units of hne.r measure.
vol&m'le
The sb:e or extent of a three·
dlmensbt31 object or region of space,
IrUSUred III cuPic ulWts.
166
conversion
A t:al7ul3r arrangement of the equivalent
values of the weight or measure units of
different systems.
51 unit
One of the uasle units of the
IntematlonalSystem of Units.
meter •...... ;
The I7asle unit of length In the metric
system. equivalent to '39:37 Inches,
originally defined as one ten· millionth of
the dlst3 nee from the to the pole
me3sureaon the merldbn, bUras the
distance IIctween two nnes on a platinum·
Irldlum I:r.ir preserved at the Int:.em3tlona I
Bureau of WeI9htslina Measures ne3r
Pa rls. ana now a51/2.99,972.45a of the
distance I19ht travels In a vacuum In one
second. APIn-.: m
kilometer
A of length lina dlstance cq,ual to
1000 meters anJ equivalent to 32Ml..8
sea'"
A system of ordered mari:sl3k:.f down
at known Intemls alid used as a
stanaard reference In measuring.
1
·-cemmeter
A metric unltof length equal to 1/100 of
a rneter or 0.39:37 Inch. The use of the
centimeter Is not recommended for use
In construction. AuPr .: em
.• mnlirneter
A metric unit of length equal to
1/1000 of a meter or 0.03937 of an Inch.
APln-.:mm
micron
The millionth part of a meter. Also
foot
A unit of length originally derived from
the length of the human foot. divided
Into 12 Inches and equal to 304..8
millimeters. ft.
inch
A unit of length, 'filth of a foot,
equivalent to 25.41T1I1nmeters.A!7ur.: In.
mil
A unit of length equat to OOOf of an
Inch or 0.0254 mm, used In measuring
the dl3meter of wires and the
thlcl:ness of vtfy thin shut mat.erl3ls.
yara
A unit of length equal to 3 feet or:36
Inches, and equivalent to 0.9144 meter.
AIIPr.:yd.
roa
A unit of length equal to 5
1
hyaras or
16'/2 feet. and equivalent to 5.029
meters.
eJlled mIcromeUr'. S:imPol mu, 1 mile
A unit of distance on equal to
5200 feet or 1760 yards. and equivalent
................... _ ....... to 1.609 km. Also mile.
AI7W.:ml
: .. _ ...... mae
1 A unit of distance used In sea or air
! ...... O .. 21 milo. Al!>d .. ···-i
navlgatlon. to 1.852 kilometers or
a rout 6,076 feet. Also eJlled aIr mite.
are
A metric unit of area equal to !fIOO of a
hectare. 100 square meters, or 119.6
5'1
u
al'ej'3rds.APln-.:a ....... _ ....................... ..
hect.<lre _ ................. _ ........................ .
A metric unit of area equal to 10,000
squart meters or 2.47 acres, Auk: ha
liter
A metric unit of eJpaclty equal to
VIOOD of a cuPlc meter or 61.02 cullie
Inches. AUIn-.: L --"1
.. ure
A unit of land are3 equal to1J6-4-0ofa
square mile, 4640 !Xtuare yards. 43,560
square fU't. or 4047 square meters.
circulJr mil
A unit used prlnclpallyfor measuring
the area of WIre, eqU31
to the area of a circle haVing a diameter
of one mil
mmnitet' r .... · .. fluid ounce
A metric unit of eJp3clty equal to i A unit of lIquld capacity equal to
1f.ooo of a I1ter or 0.0162 cullle Inch. : ta05 cuulc Inches or 29.573 mllhbters.
AIIPr.: ml i Aim.: ft 0%.
...
.-' ..• pint
\
\

I
A unit of liquid capacity equal to 16
fluid ounces, 28.875 cuPlc Inches, or
0.473 liter. Auvr.: pt.
}-.- quart
• I \! A unit of liquid ca paclty to two
: \H 'j pints, 57.75 cubic litChes. or O.946Iit.er.
. }I /' AbI:n-'l\t
.L·/1-': - .
. : gallon
. A unit of liquid ca pJclty eqU31 to 4
.' quarts. 2.31 cubic IncMs. or 3..875 liters.
Al>br.: gal.
"·1.'
l 1
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6-
r .. -
u
r
I

'T"
1
J
T
,1
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J
&e115fty -.---- .--........ -... . .. r
The mass of a substance per unit
volume.
I
spuific volume I
fre rulprocal of densfty. equal to .
vclume per untt mass. !
gravity I
denstty of a substanu i
to the density of another su bstJ nu I
a5 iI st3nd3rd, usually distilled
WJUr for Bqulcls and solids, and air or I
loy,,",.,,,, rO" ,,,... L
pouna
A u nit of force equal to the we4! h t of a
rrt3SS under the aculerat!cn
of gr.wlt)'. Ib
tI-eWtcn - .... -.--.-.---- ...... - .. -.. -.- ... -.- .. -.-
w Sl untt of force equal to the force
rea.u1rea to accelerate a mass of OM
the rateofOl1e meter per
x:caM per Am.: H
.. m
A unit of force and weight equal to the
of, INSS under the
xu!er3tlon of gravity. Abbr.: kg

A unit of presSlJre equJI to the nonr.a I
pressure of alr.;lt seJ level, equal to
1.0025 x 105 Nfm2 or about 14.7 pounds
square !nch. Al?br.: atm.
st-ar..:Urd ztm05phtre --.-.-.--.
A unttof
Fi!'Ssure. hJving a value of 29.92 in.
(roo mm) of mercury.
r...mcsp+.erlc pres5Yre
The exerted by the earth' s
arry given point. usuar!y
ttl terms of the height of a
roumn of ITlercury. Also called
pressure. .. -- ----.

Instrument fQr
Jtlr'-05phaic pres'5ure, used In we3ther
and dettrn1lnlng elevatloo.

,A, 'Jntt of power equal to 550 foot·
,.:;,.;nds per secOM or 745.7 watts

mecn.a niCAI equIvalent of heat
I"e number of units of iYQr'( or
t:l.;31 to one unit of heat. as 7782 fe·lb.
equ31s one Btu. or4.1858 Joules
"- ch eqJJls one
metric ton
gram
A metrlG unit of mass equal to '1'000
of a kIlogram or 0.035 ounce. Al-lbr.: 9
MEASURE
mass
A measure of a body's inert13, ·as
determined by the quantity of materta!
It ccntalns and Its weight In a fteki of
constant gravitational accelemlon.
AUPr.:M
A unit of mass equal to 1.000 kilograms
and eqUivalent to 2.204.62 avoirdupois
pounds. Also calted tenne. Al-lk m.t.
/". kilogram
:' The base 51 unit of mass, equal to the
mass of a platinum-Iridium cylInder
kept at the International Bureau of
Weights and Measures ne3r Paris;
equivalent to 2.205 avoirdupois pounds.
Abk:kg .
pound -------
A unit of Weight equal to 16 ounces and
equlv3lent to 0.453 kg. Abbr.; IP.
kip
A unit of weight equal to 1000 pounds
or 453.6 kg.
ton
A untt of weight equal to 2,000 pounds
or 0.907 metrlG ton. Also called short
ton.
Boyle's law
The principle that, at re13tlveiy low
and a flxt.d the
pressure of a ccnflr.ed!deal gas varies
Inversely wtth Itsvelume.
ffi tld ... : ..

foot..pound
A unit of ener!r{ equal to the won: dane
when the point of appt1c3tlon of a force
of one POUM mO'r'es through a dlstance
of ont foot In the direction of tht force.
Al-lbr.: ft-!17
Inch-pauna
One-tweffth of a foot· pound.
In-l17
... ,"''''',
.... '" \
(. \
1\
: \ ;/,
, \ ... ...- ,
\ '( :
\ I ............ J
............
power
The a mount of wor'( dane or ener!£{
transferred per unit of time, usually
expressed In watts cr horsepower.
work
The transfer of energy produced by the
motion of the point of application of a
force. equal to the product of the
component of the force that acts In
the of the motion of the point
of action and the distance
which the point of application moves.
weight
The graVitational force exerted by the
earth on a Pody. equal to the mass of
the I-Iody tlmes the local acceleration of
gravity.
gravity
The central force of attraction exerted
by the mass of the earth on a rody near
Its surface.
acUleration of gravity
The acaleratlon of a body
In the earth's gravitational ftelJ, having
an approximate value at sea level of 32
ft_ (9.8 m) per second per 5eCO!Id.
pressure
The force exerted over a surface,
me3sured as force per unit are3.
pascal
The Sl unit of pressure equal to one
newton persquar/: meter. Pol
energy
The won: a physlc31 system Is capal7le
of doing In changl:1g from Its actual
state to a speclfted reference st3te.
joule
The 51 unit of won: or energy equal to
the won: done when the point of
appllcatlof1 of a force of one newton
moves through a distance of one meter
In the direction of the force:
approximately 0.7375 ft-Ib. Also called
newton-meter. Abbr.: J
watt-hour
A unit of energy equal toener!r{ofone
watt for one hour and
eqUivalent to 3.600 Joules. Abbr.: Wh
167
MEMBRANE
A thin. flexible surface that carries
IoUs primarily through the
development of tensile stresses.
tent 5tructure
A memt.rane structure by
externally applleJ forces so th3t It Is held
taut 1ltl00r all anticipated
load conditions. fo avoid extremely high
tenslleforus.lI structure
sMuid W relatively sharp curvatures In
oppostte tArectb1s.
net 5tructure
A memmne structure a
surbce of cIo5eIy spaced ca Dies
InsWd of a material.
pneum.atJc
A structure that Is placed In
tension and sta/:IIIIzeJ by the
of wnpressed air.
-=--===---==--:----
structure
A structure consisting of a single
supported by an Internal air pressure
sUght.ly higher than no.-mal atmospheric
and securely anchored and sealed
the perlrnet:ertc prevent Ieakln!3. AIr 1od:s
art: l'eC\ulred at entrances to maintain the
tntern.JI air pressure.
Jlr-infUt.ed ,tructure
A pneunutlc structure supported by pressurized
air wtthln Inflated !1ullding elements. which are
shaped to carry loads In a traditional manner.
whIle the enclosed volume of Dulldlng air remains
at normal atmospheric pressure. The tendency
for a douUle-meml1rane structure to bulge In the
middle Is restr.llnea by a compression rIng or I1y
Internal ties or tlaphragms.
168
reinforcing edge c.1P!e
A
of a prestresseJ memln'ane
stnJct<Jre.
cable loop
A reinforcing edqe tied to
the m3st support of a membrane
structure.
distnlnItlon cap
\ The pr03dened end of a m.st Ofer
.... which a
... st.ructure Is stret.che<i
clible-restrolinea pneumatic ,truct.<Jre
An air-supported structure that uses a net of
caUies placed In tension by the foru to
restrain the memDranefrom developing Its
naturallnfbted proflk:.
\.
L
u
u
u
'.
ingot
A rNSS of metal cast Into a convenlen!
for stange or tnnsportatlori
Wfore further processing.
Hank
A piece of metal ready to De drawn.
pressed. or machined Into a flnlshea
object.
bloom
A 1m of steel reaucea from an In!lot to
dlmenslons suItable for further roll1ng.
blooming mill
A mill for roll1ng Ingots Into blooms.
billet
A narrow. square. barof steel,
forgea or hot-rolled from an In!lot or bloom.
hot-roll

Torollmetalata
I r
· I I' .] permitreGrystalllzatlon.
'. i i hot-rolled finish
• . • The dark. oxidized. flnish
: - _. .. . . oi1talnea I1y roiling metal while hot.
S(;ale
An oxide occurring In a sea Iy form on
the surf.lce of metal when brought to a
temperature.
mill s.cale
A loose coatlng of Iron oxk:ie that forms
on Ir"Oi'1 or steel during hot-roiling. Mill
seale the bond between steel
and In reinforced concrete or
In structural stulwon: enC4sed In

hat trutment
The controlled and of a
metal to dcie'.op certain desirable
phys1c31 or mechanlc31 propertles.
annul
/-.-... -.-.-- die casting
.. / The process or product of forcing
./ molten metal Into a metallk: mold under
hydraul1c pressure to give It a
particular shape odorm.


:...; \:". The process or product of forming a
rrt3terlal Into a I1y
<: ::}. pouring It Into a mold In a flukl state
and letting It harden.
.---.- mold
o
A hollow form or rrt3trlx for giving a
._.. shape to something In 3
-1 molten or plastic stak
'forge
To form metall1y heating and hammering.
cold-roll
To roll metal at a below
that at which recrystal/lzatlon occurs.
50 as to Increase Its unsile strength
. or Improve Its surface flnlsh.
mlllfinl.sh
The striated finish that cold roiling or
extruSion Imparts to a metal surfau.
METAL
Any of a class of elementary
substances, as gold, siIYer, or
copper, all of which are crystalline
when 50lkf and many of which are
ch3racterized by opacity,
conductivity, and a unique luster
when freshly fractured.
--- hat-working
The working of a metal at a
temperature hIgh enough to permit

recrystallize
To acqUire a new granular structure
with new crystals because of pbstlc
deformatlon, as when won:ea after
being heated. 'l.
I
[
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I
,
I f
, ,
I f I
"\
r
-r fo
!
T
I
i
I
1 t \
r r l T "I
I
i
1
I
+-+
I

1 1
f
I
To rtmOfe Internal stress from metal or
glass I1y he3tlng to a below
that of recrjstalflzatlon and then gr3dually
coohng \l1 al1quW or air. esp. to make the
materi31 more ductile.
---.
-- cold-working
quench
To r<1pWly cool a heatai rnetall1y Immersion
In W7ter. esp. to Increase Its hardness.
temper
To Or a metal by
rene;itlng at a lower umperature and
slowty cooling the material.

The tempering of a nmal at a temperature
high enouqh to relk:ve residual stresses.
followed boy slow. untform
g-e,ialUl,tress
Microscopic stress In metal resulting
from non un tform thermal changes. plastic
defornu Clan. or otner aside from
external forces or applications of heat.

To rruke the outside surface of an Iron·
bascQ alloy hard by carourizatlon and heat
treatrrent, leaving the interior tough and
duct,!,:
The process or product of forml"9 a
metal or plastic with a desired cross
section by forcing It through a d'e with
iI pressure ram.
r---- cold-a raw
.... To draw metal through a set of dies to
/ reduu Its cross-sectlonal area
.' without preheating. as In the
fal1r!catlon of wire or tubi"9'
iii drawnflnlsh
A smooth. finish produced by
drawIng metal through a d1e.
','-- ... -.- .. ----.. die
. A steel block or plate h3vlng small
conical holes throu9h which metal or
plastic Is extruded or drawn for shaping
The working of metall1elow tne
temperature at which
occurs. as In
drawing. pressing. or stamping.
169
METAL

A metJI Iron as a principal

&-oft
A auctlle. magnetlc.
white element from willch pig
Iron 2M steel are made. Syml1ot: Fe
ig IroA
Is arawn from a l;>{ast
furnace ana casi Into pigs I" preparation
for conversion Into cast Iron. wrought
Iron. or 5teet
cast Iroa ----------------.----------------
A n.ra. tnmle. non ma Ilea VIe Iron-l:rasea
alloy conto1lnlng 2.01 to 4.51 cart>on ana
0.51 to:51 slilcon. In a sand mold ana
machined to make rna ny pulldlng products.
steel -------------------------.--.--.----
Ar:y of various lron-l:rased alloys having a
C<lrPon Itss titan that of C;lSt Iron
and II'IOI"C n that of wrought Iron. and
qlUl!tles of strength. hardness. and
iCCOrdlng to composition
and heat tre;;tment.
170
smelt
To melt or fuse ore In oraer, to
separate tM metal constituents.
pig
An ol:rlong ITt3SS of metal that has been
poured while stili molten Into a mold of
sa !\d. esp. such a mass of Iron from a
blast furnace.
cast Iron
Cast Iron that has peen an nea lea by
transforming the carron content Into
graphite or removing completely.

Capaple of l:relng shaped or formed by
hammering or by pressure from rollers.
cnl?on steel ... --------------------.-- --.----
Ordinal)'. unalloyed steel In which tlte
residual elements. as carron,
IT13nganese. phosphorus. sulfur. and
sll1con. are controlled. Arry Incre4lse In
carVon content Incre35es strength
.a oJ hardness-of the stu! !:rut reduces
It..S ductility and weldaln11ty.

A nonmetalbc element occurring In a
pure S'bte as dlamond;loJ graphite. or .
a 5 a constituent of coal anJ petroleum.

alloy sUd .------------ ------------------ ..
CarVen steel to which various
elements. as chromium. coI1alt.
copper. manganese. moIyt7denum.
nwl or vanadium. have
added In a sufflclent amount to
okaln partlcular physical or
chemical properties.
alloy
A composed of two or more
metal and a nonmetal.
Intimately mixed. asl1y fusIng or
electrodeposltlqn_

princIpal metal of an alloy or a piece
underlying a coating of another metal.

A farge vertlc;al for smcftlng
Iron from ore. In which com!7ustlon Is
intensified by a CO!Ttlnuousl;>{ast of
air through the futl

A 1ow-C3rl1on steel containing from 0.151
to 0251 carVen. Also called stu!.
medium 5teel
A C3rWn stet! from 0.251 to
0 ..4-51 carbon .

A hlgh-carron stt.eI containing from
0.451 to 0.851 carron.

A hlgh-carkm steel to

hlglHtrength Iow-al/oyetul
Any of a group of steels
c.?ntalnlng less tn.n Ztalloys In a
chemical composition speclflcatr,.
for strength.
ductlllty. a nd resist. nee to corroslo11.

A hlgh-strength.low-l!1oy stu! th .. t
fonns;ln oxide when to
rain or moisture In the lItmosphere. which
adheres firmly to the !:rase metal ana
prottcts It from further corrosicn.
Structures using watnering steel should
a.rnlled to prevent the small arr.ounts
of oxIde carried off rainwater from
staining aajolr.lng maUr1als.
A mixtu:re of Irm ere.

cake
safld residue of walleft after
destructlve distOatlon. useJ as a fuel
'l.1g
5l3g .s iii reskiue boy the smelting
ci Iron ore In;i!71ast

T'he vJt.rtfie.d matte r left ;a s ;a resld us
from the smeitlng of a metallic are.
Also C3!1ed clrlder.
I'
f 1
, I
LI
j
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f
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L
(
L
l
,-
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t
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process or product of one
rnetJl to another. usually to protect
the Inner metal fmn ccrroslort
pickle
An llGta or other d1emiG31 solutbn In
which a metal otject Is dipped to
oxide or other
suVstarlUS.
Ponderlu
To coat with 3 n a
phosplute solvtlcr1ln prepa rrtlon for
appllcatlon cfpalnt. enairel, or
lacquer.
i
nople metal
A metal, as gold, stiver. a!1d mercury,
that resists oxklatlon when heated In
air. and solution by Inorganic acids.
C1thoJe 8 GOLD & PLATINUM
(most noble)
TITANIUM
SILVER
STAINLESS STEEL
8RONZE
COPPER
BRASS
NICKEL
TIN
LEAD
IRON & STEEL
CADMIUM
ALUMINUM
Oeastnoble) ZINC
;lf1CM CD MAGNESIUM
METAL
corrosion
The gradual deterioration of metal by
chemical aetlan. as when exposed to
weather. moisture. or other corrodlng
agents.
galvanic corrosion
An accelerated corrosive action that takes
place when dissimilar metals are In contact
In the presence of an electrolyte.
galvanic series
A list of meta Is arranged In oraer from
least no!11e to most no!1le.
apart two metalsareon thenst. the
more susceptl!1le the least ncl7le one Is to
corrosive deterloratlcn.
anode 4-.. ·_ .. ·· .. ·· .. ·- ._ ... _ ... -.... _ .... cathodic protection
An anode that Is attached to a metal The protection of ferrous metals
object su!7ject to electrolysis and Is against attachment
decomposed Instead of object. of sacrificial anodes. Also called
electrolytlc protectlon.
chrome
To coat or plate a lTletal surface with a
compouna of chromium. Also calW

chromium
A lustrous, h41rd.l>rlttle metallic
used In allay steels for hardness and
corrosion resistance, and for electroplating
other metals.
:'-' ._- g.;alvaniu
.. To (;q.It esp.lron or steel with zinc,
esp. to In zinc to produce a
co;rt1ng of zinc-Iron
hat--dip
The protectwe coatl"9 of ferrous metal by
dipping In a !lath of molten zinc.
gllvanized iron
Iron co3ted with zJnc to prevent rust.
zinc
A ductlle. crystallIne. bluish-white metallic
element. us.ed for galvanizing Iron and steel
and In making other alloys. Sym!1& Zn
tinplate
Thin Iron or steel sheet plated with Un for
protection 3gJlnst oxld3tlon.
tin
A lustrous, \ow·meltlng. lliulsh·white
metallic element that Is malleal1le and
ductile at ordinary temperatures and used
in plating and In making alloys and soft
solders. Symbol: 5n
electroplate
To plate with an adherent meta lite
coatlng by electrolysis. usua Ily to
Incre35e the hardness. Improve: the
durabHlty. or enhance the appearance
of the l1ase metal.

The producing of chemical changes by
the passage of an electric current
through an electrolyte. with
migration of positively arid
cha rg&i Ions to the negative
and positive electrodes.
171
METAL
.
A hot-rolled st:uctural stet! section
h3vmf 6ft H-sbpt with wkle p;1r.1lle1
flanges, the prefix W
followea by the slze of the
. Ir'Iemher. AIsoC311ed wfda .... -----.-. --- -'--

A hot·roIIed wuctural steel shape
simnar to M nat classified as a W-
shape. by the prefix f.A
followed byt!le slze and

.. -- ... :.
slmibr to J W-slupe I7Ilt having
_ of ec:tU31 thickness
3114 typIcaRy.sed as
designated Py the preflx HI'
slze and
member.
5-5upts -.--.--- --------- -- --.-...... .
A hot·rc&a 5'ttu:;turalsteel section •
aft with sloped Inner
surface.s. desl!!nmd by the
prefix S by the size and
of the MnPer. Also calletJ
AmericMl5t.anchrd
America" $brWrd chanMl
A hot-rolled steel sectlon
ha'r'lns a with
S¥ sumces,
prefix cfollowed by
the sIu aM.;.g1lt of the mem \:Ier.
clunMl
A hot-rc&:I steel sectlon
. slmilartoJ C-sNpe by
the preflx I.e by the size and

angle
A hot-rolleJ WlJetura I steel section
having alt Oeslgl13kd by the
prefix l foIIcMej Py thd length of e3ch
and tJ!etr ;hic[ness. Also calW
Iroft.
-.............. .
.... -... ······z::S:,·,··, /
..
paraId qs rtZi 1n contact or
sepmW.

A stnIctml staI sectlon cut from a
W', 50. rx M-sItape having aT·
shape. It Is by the prefix
wr, ST, ex Uf. deperJlng on the
froIt whldllt Is cut. followed
by the size 3fI4 of the
tee
A rolled metal UM having a T-sha ped
CI"OS5 sectloll AlsoC3lled T -bar.
zee •.. ------ ------. ----- -- -- ... --- --
A rolled metal UM h,vlng a Z·shaped
cross sectloa with Internal
'ngles. AlsoC3fk.d Z-par.
par •... .............. .
A sand of metal, esp. one
Oil 5q1r.lr'e. rect3ngular. or other
Simple cross·sectlon31 sh3pe.
172
............... --. '1"-'-'--'" structural
: . A hollow structural steel shape of
rectangular, or circular cross section.. It
Is designated Py the preftx TS followed Py
the sIk dimensions or diameter and
W3n thickness .
$tandard pipe
A structural steel pipe of stand3rd
weight and W311 thickness. designated 3S
Plpe (nomlnallnsk:le diameter) Std.
extra-,trong pipe
A structural steel pipe IncreaseJ
W3H thickness for greater stre"!lth,
deslgl13kd as PIpe (nomll13 I Inside
diameter) X-Strong.
double-extn-strong pipe
A structural steel pipe havfng a wall
thlcl:ness greater than that of extra-
, . strong designated as Plpe (nomlll4l
O
Inside diameter) xx-Strong.
-_.-.-. round
The dlameterof a cIrcle having II
. . clrcumfcrenu equal to the perimeter of a
nonclrcular tube.
r:. fbt sheet or piece of metal esp.
oneofuntformthlckness.
checkered piau
A steel or cast-Iron plate havfng a
6( ... j( j( i:l waffleUke pattern.
&heetmetal
Meblln thin sheets or plates. use.d III the
manufacture of ductwori::, flashing. and


Sheet metal drawn or rolled IrTto
ridges a!1d furrows for addltlol13l
mechanical strength.
.-
' . . ... -. -.
stiff, open meSh or lattice, used esp. as
Iath_
WickpLrt.e
. . - CoId-roIIed sheet steel Defore or
-
cle3nlng. use.d for coating with zinc. tln,
orterne mruL
;_ .. --_._-- PU96

/1' the thld:ness or d13meter of a thin
oVject. as theth!d:ness of sheet metal or
the dlamet.er of a wire or Wtw. Also,
flee-
.... -. P&I96
A cahmteJ for aetermlnlng the
dlameter of wire or thickness of sheet
metal conslstlng of a steel plate with .a
seNs of sta nda ra-slmd notches .a roo nd

cloth
A fa!nic of woven metallic wire, used In
SCIUl1S. sieves, or the like.
hardware cloth
A galvanized stull'llre cloth with a
mesh 0.25 and 0.50 In. (6.4 to
t2.7mm).
-, .n .. _ ••• ' of per Inch In wire


cloth.
wire rope
A heavy rope made of or cont3lnlng wire
strands twisted around a central core.
lJ
u
u
u
lJ·
fUnge
A bro3d ridge or palrof ridges at
a nghtllrI!Jldrom ofa structural
In order to strengthen or stiffen It. - .... -.-. --... -............. --. --";
web
An part of a that forms a
flat, rigid connection two broader.
parallel parts. 3S the of a
structural shape.
)-beam
A rolled or metal beam
havlrI!J a cross section
the I.

J
METAL
,tructur .. r ,tee!
Stul that Is hot-railed or cckHormed
In a variety of standard shapes ant.!
fabrlGated for use
memrers ar elem""ts.
5t-eell1eam
A beam of a Single or built-
up structural steel sect1on.
.. -.... , "pen-websteeIJoist .
A lightWeight, fal:nic3ted steelJalst
h3vlng an open weU. A !I.-Serfes joist
has a wel1ccnslstlng of 3 single rent
lr.lr, runnIng In a pattern
!letween the upper and lower chords.
lH- and DLH-Serlesjalsts have heavier
wel1 ant.! chord meml1ers far Increased
s: .Ij" AIsc,,11ed .. joist-
.....• jol5tglraer
. A trussed girder for supporting open-

cover pLate •.. -... ,.- ... -- ..... -..... -.......... _-.,
A plate fastened to thcflJnges of a plate
girder to Its section modulus In
areas to hlgh-!lendlngstresses.
•... -........ -..... -.......... - .. -.. .
weu steel Joists. .
One of the lIrl!Jles fonnlng the top or
rouom fla rI¥ of a pI;rte girder.
r··--··-·--------·
.- -.-.. pIaU girder
wu pLtte ----.-.... -.. -.. -... -... -.....
A steei pl.1te the web of a plate


A pt.te f.tst.ened to the of a plate
to Ir.cre<l5e Its resistance to
shQrl"!j strtsses.
&tifftnet'

I
I
...
Oneoh
fastenea to each slde of II
to sttffen It against buckllrI!J.
..- 5tlffeMr
I
I
A stlffe:-.er lingle for the we!1 of a plate
girder. pl-oMJ at a poirrt of support ar
under II c.:-runtrited Io3.d.
Intermediate
A stiffe:-.et" .ngle for weI? of'lI
girder, re.arlng stiffeners
for lncre4 reslst3rIU to
compreSS:ve stresses.
WVVVVVVVV\J
-··O'O--O··O·O-O-'O-·Oi
A steel9lrder buIlt up from pL1tes or
shapes thllt are wek:/ed or riveted
..
I70xglrder
A steel beam i1utlt up from shapes and
a hollow. rectangular cross.
section .
... ,. c.astellrted I7eam
A steel beam fa!1rk;ated by dividing the
weU of a wide-flange section with a
lengthwise cut, then
Path halves together at the peaks,
thus Increasing Its depth without
Increasing Its weIght.
173
MOISTURE PROTECTION

ArTY of various vl5ccus su17stances Injected
Into J building join t. curing to form a flexll:lle
I113terUl adheres to the surrounding
surmes ana seals the Joint 3g3lnst the
1'a5539" of air and water.
joint movement ... --- -- ---.- --- --- --- --:-------
The change In Width of a I:IuIIdlng
joint resultll14 from a change In
tempmturc:_
exUnsi1n1ity -------------------+-1-
. ..,..,.. .....
.,
or s111cane capa\7le of elongations up to 251,
used for sealing joints In curtain-wail
systems.
mtdium-r.l"¥ sealJnt
A joint Se3lant of I:Iutyl rul:l!?er or aCl)'lIc
capaUle of elong3t1ons up to 101, for
sealing nonworkllig or rneGhanlc3lly
ostenea joints.
caulk
A Iow-range joint sealant used for filling or
closing a Se3n1. crevice or craa In order to
make It and airtight. Also,


...... .
.. ----------------------------------------------- ------·_-----------1
A n.a1TOW deposit of sealant applied to a i
joInt_
bond fXlI 0---- ----------- .--.-- .. -.----- --- ----- ---j ----.-----
The surfx.e oh l:Iulldlng component or joint I
thzt se:ves 2S asu !1strate for a 5e21a ITt I
and to which the sealant Is llonka. !
I
!
Arry nuteltill that underl1es and serves as 3
i?ase orfoundatlon_
II
0-- ------------- ---
'i1I"f of various materials. as polyethylene
uS«! f", th, adhesion of a
lant to the l:Iottom of a joint.
78

- '- - <\,
!'.' . .: ..
'", : .. ....... ... :
co nstructto n joint
AJolnt !?etween two successive
placetUnts of concrete. often
or aoweled to prorlde lateral
sta!?1I1ty across the JoInt-
\ ....--------------.. -.--- waul'5u,p
A &xl!?le strip of rul7t1er or plastic
InStrtea across a concrete or mason ry
Joint to prevent the passage of water_
exp.ansion joint
A Joint !?etween two parts of .a l:Iultalng
or structure permitting thermal or
moisture expansion to occur without
to elther part. Exp2nslon
Joints a Iso serve as lscbtlon joints and
control Joints-
.--. ----.-- .. -- .. ----. exp.ansionjoint cover
A pref2IuiC41tec.i cover for protecting an
expansion Joint while allowing relative
!1etween the two parts I1eIng
connected_
contro/joint
A contlnuous groove or separation
formed. 53 wed. or tooled In a concrete
or masonry structure to form a plane
of we3kness and thus regulate the
location and amcuntofcraalng
resulting from drying shrlnbge or
thermal stresses.
contr.lctto n joint
A joInt l:Ietween two parts of a
structure, designed to compensate
for the contr3ctlon of either part.
r' ---.-- .. -- -.--. -- .. --.------.- Isolation Joint
, AJornt separatrng two sectIons of a
structure SO that differential
movement or can occur
the parts_
-
.< t
[
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.r'
O
carniu
i The uppermost memver of a
cornu. usually a cyma recta.
cal'01\.3 --............ --...
_: classical ental1l3ture,
typically of a cymatlum, corona.
and l1ed molding.
The sI.a DJike memver of a
c135Slcal cornice. supported Vy the Ped
molJil1<j and crowned by the cymatlum.
Ped - .. -._ .. _ ... -- .. ---._.-.-
The 1r(Jldlng (X of moldings
Imme.d13te1y the coron3 of 3
cornu.
calumni.1tict1
The use or a mngement of
columns In a structure.
.... ---_ .... -
H3vtng two columns on
one front.
tri5tyle
H3v!ftg three columns
on one or e3ch fran t.
tet.-a styte
H.;'rii1.j four columns on
one or each fron"t.- ...

H3v!i1.j flve coIuR1ns on
one Of each froat.

six colurIns on
011e Ofe3ch front. - ...... _ .... - .. ---.-.- ··.-_ ... -·--r
heptJ5tyle
H30r.g seven c.olumns
on O!'e or each front.
oct.astyk
cciumns on
or either front.

Havir.g nine columns on
one or on e3Ch front.
Also. enne.astyf.ar.

10 coIums on
cr.e or an e3ch fror1t.
dode.c.astyte
t2 coIums on
one or either front.


Int.erco lumnUtic n
Tl'Ie Sp3U two adj3cent
columns. U$lUI'.f the clea r space
the lower of the
sh3fts. me3s!M"ed In diameters.
Alsa.3 system for spacing
columns In 3 coIonn3Je 11ase.d on
__... ___ ., .. _ ....... _ .. _._._ .. _ ...... _.
...• frieze
The horizontal part of a classical
entavlature vetween the cornice
and archItrave, often decorated
with sculpture In low relief.
L architrave
l The lowermost dIvision of 3
c13ss1cal ental1l3ture. restlng
directly on the column c3pltals
i and supportIng thefrleze.
L capital
The distInctively treated upper
end of a column. pillar, or pier,
crownll19 the shaft and taking
the weight of the entavl3ture or
architrave.
-- shaft
The central part of a column or
pier between the capita! and the
I1ase. .
,- pase
! The lowermost portion of a wall.
; coIu mn. pier. or other
: structure. uSU311y distinctively
___ and as an
.J architectural unit.
.... cornfceorC3p
._ dado
The part of a pedestal between
the base and the comice or cap.
Also called die.
!"' b3se moldIng
plinth
. .i ! The usually square slab I1eneath
J
--t.J the base ofa column. pier. or
--t- pedestal.
. .......•
,/\ ..... /_. of 1'12 diameters.
..... ...-.......•: .. :.
.:::: •....• ::::( ...-.. ..•... -.
systyle
Having an Intercolumnlatlon
of two dIameters.

Having an Intercolumnlatlon
of 2'/4 diameters.

Having an Intercolumnlatlon
of three diameters.
..
Having ihtircolumnlatlon
of four diameters. Also.
areostyle.
Arly of five styles of classiC31
architecture characterized l7y the
type ana arrangement of calumns
and entablatures employed, as the
Doric, Ionic, Corinthian, "Tuscan,
and Composite orders.
ental7lature
The horizontal section of a cl3ss1cal
order that rests on the columns.
usually composed of a cornice. frieze.
3nd architrave.
column
A 0ilndrlcal support In russbl
architecture. conslstlng of a capital.
shaft. and usually a I1ase. either
monolithic or built up of drums the
full diameter of the sh3ft.
ptdestal
A constructlcn upon which a column.
statue. memortal sh3ft. orUle fie. Is
elm ted. usu311y of a .
comlce or cap. a dado. and a boise.
i

'!F
I
I
I
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accouplement
The placement of two columns or
pilas ters very close together.
179
ORDER
Dorlccrder
The o'Jest simplest of the five ci3sslcal
orders; &c,.oe1opeJ In Greece In the 7th
S.c.;and bter Imitated by the
ftutedcolumn
having no u.se. a plain cushion-shaped
oil square a PacUs. and an
ent.Vlrntrt consisting of a plain architrave.
oil frlezeoftrlglyphs and naopes. and a
cornice. the corona of which h3 s mutu les on
Its sofflt.ln the Roman DorIc order. the
columns more slender and usually have
Pases. the channe!1ng Is altered
or omlttd and the caplt.f consists of a
Pandllke an echlnus. and a molded
.


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.. -'-.-
J
.. -. soffit
The underside of an archltecWral element.
as an arch. beam. cornice. or staircase.
....... -. gutta _
One of a series of small droplil:e
ornaments. attached to the undersides
of the mutules and regulae of a Doric
entaplature. Also called drop.
........ -., ................. -.,.-.-. mutule

I
: A pro.Jectlng flat l7lock under th e CO rona
of a Doric cornice. corresponding to the
rnodllllon of other orders.
i I
two vertic.ll grooves or glyphs on Its face.
____ _ .1- _.
Any of the panels. either plain or
&ec.orar.ea. retween In the Doric
frlez.e.1Jsc called /ntertrig/yph.
taenia ..... --.--- ..... ------.-.-.-.-.- ...... ,
. .......... zophoru$
I
I
A frieze pea ring carveaflgures cf people
or animals. Also. zoophorus.
A raised !rand orMet separatl n9 the .............. '-
frleufrom the 3rcnltraveon a Doric ....... -_ .... - w:;:;:::;uu::;::::;:r u------"!::::J:;::;:::;u::;u::;:::::;;Ju!
ent.Plature.Also. W1Ca.
i
regub _____ .. _ ........ __ ... _ .. ____ . __ ... _.J
A fUIa the In a Doric
entaPlature. corresponJing to a trlglyph
and from which guttae
suspenk.d. Also carled futtae Vand .
.. l1acU5 - ... - .. ---.-.-..... -.----... -.--.. - ... -.......... -... I
Theflatsl.aUforml1l.3 tnetop of a column
Coilpital. plain In the DorIc style, mok:ied ;-...... -.. , .-..
or otherwise en rlchea In other styles..
ecl1fnu, ..... --.--.-.--.--..... -- ... -- .......... j ! I
cOlrcularmold
r
IngSuPJ'Oltrtllng 1,:, II \
vnc; a orlc or uscan a.
: I I' 'I I
II' i
"pItol ...... lto/acolu.... JLl_l ..L
trachelium _ ...•.... - ...... 1
That part of the necking
retween the hypotrachellum
ar.a the capital of a classical
column.
hypotrache/ium _- ....... ..... i
Arry retween the
capital and the shaft of a
claSSical column.
enU,l$ .... -... -.--... -... -.• -.... _-
A slight convexity given to a
coIu mnto COI'l'tCt an optbl
lIlustcn of coricavlty If the sk:les
were straight.
drum
Arry of several cylindrical
stones laid one above 'the other
to form a column or pier.
1
flutlng -
A motif consisting of a series: ___ ---.
of long. rounded. para lief !f'OOVes. as on 1
the shaft of a classical column. ,-.-.---•. -... - .
flute
A rounded ch .. nnel or groove. Also called
stria.
180
(
f

A order of Roman origin.
Pask411y oil slmpllflea Rom3n Doric
charxUrIze.d by an unflutea column and
a plain Pase. capital. and
having no decoration other than
mok:IJngs.
J
1
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J
j
L
u
I
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1 •
order
Ionic order
egg and dart .. -.-...... -.. --............
An ornamental motlf for enriching an ovalo [I D
A cl3sslcal order that tb-ek:Jped In
Greek colonies of Asl3 Mln« In the 6th
century B.C.. characteriuJ esp. by the
spiral volutes of Its capital The fluteJ
columns typically had moI.:led b3ses and
supported an entabl3ture consIsting of an
architrave of three fascias. a .richly .
ornamented frieze. and a cornice
out on egg-a nd-da rt and dentll rndJIngs.
Roman and Renaissance examples are often
more elaborate, ana uSU311y set the VQiutes
of the capitals 45°to tke architrave.
or echlnus. of a cbsely set,
alternating serits of oval and pointed
forms. Also C311ed egg ana tongue.
dentl1 ___ .... _. __ ._._._ .. _._ ..... _ .. .;.. .... .J
Any of a series of closely Sp3ced. sm3ll :
rectangul3r blocks forml"l! a molding or
projecting the caron3S of ionic,
Corlnthl3n, and Composite cornices. r-t r--···-····- volute
fasci41 ---.----..• -... - ..... - ...• - •... ---------,----J:/ Asplral,scroll-Ilkeomament.asonthe
One of the three horizont31 Dands making L..; . f / capitals of the Ionic. Corinthian, and
up the archltr3ve In the ionic order. . . / Composite orders.

A tta5e to 3 ctaSslc.11 colurr.n,
of an upper and a lower toruS separated
a scati3 l>etween two fjilets.
.---_._ .. _-_ ........ _"'"
A deep concave molding two ...... , ....
r @ ... -.--.-.•.. - .... gulclellne through of a
I·:#'. volute In an Ionic capita!, from which the
;
I i spira! form 15 determined.
"tHl"*"I!---··--.. ---.. echinus
-..--
The clrcul3r moldlJ1g under the cushion of
an Ionic capltall:>etw6e11 the volutes.
usually carved with an
pattern. Also called cyrnatium.
·······-········fillet
A n3rrow part of the surface of a
left between adjoining flutes.
/'
- •.•.... - ... - ........... - apophyge
fillets. Also C3l1ed trochnus. . .........
•. <'
)
A small. concave curve joining the sh4ft
of a classical column to Its base. Also
called apophysIs.
._.-......... --•••••.• _-... --...... - •••
A large convex. semicircular motdlng.
comrr.cnlyfound directly aDove the pilRth
of the ttase of a cbsslc3l coUJmn.
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- ..• modillien
..,. • An om3mental uracl:et, usu311y In U-.e form
"" J JLll
Yo'
f 1l1' " r n . T 1 of a scroll with acanthus, used In
Peneath the corort3 of a Corlnthi3n,
Composite, or Roman Ionic cornice.
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...... helix
I .//.. A spiral ornament. as arry of the vOOItes

Issuing from a C3ullculus In a
-u ,//

/ifW!t. _.-..... - .. -...
.. ' .. --- ....
, .. " .'1 I A 1 11 Sprln9·Alsocalledcaulcoie.
acanthus _ ................................... /
Corlnthi2n order
One of the flve classical orders. popular esp.
since the of the Renaissance but
Invented the ancient Romans. In which
the CorInthl;n order Is modl&d
supulmposlng four diagonally set Ionic
volutes on a of Corinthian 30nthus
leaves.
An OI'T13ment, as on the Corlnthi3n
capital, patterned aftu the I..rge.
toothea leaves of a Mediterranean
plant of the same name.
The most ornate of the flve cl3sslcal orders.
devek:Jped by the In the 4th century
B.C. used more extensively In Roman
architecture, slmll3r In most respects to
the Ionic usually of slenderer
proportions and characterized esp. by a
detp bell·shaped capital decorated with
acanthus Ie3vesand an al1acus \IIf"...h
concave sides.
181
ORNAMENT
gl'2ffiti
or anwlngs spray'palnted or
011 • f'\J P/Ic sumce. 35 a slaewa 11:
CK lII'4§ of a Wilding.

produced cutting or
through 3 sum", layer of paint
or to I'M'4la of contrasUng
ccIcr. ------------_.- .-.-••••.•. _ ..
tt'IOSJic
A CK p.ttern made l1y
Inby1ng SI1aI. colored pltGes of tile.
cr gUssln mortar.
-'--'-................ _ ........
Ord cI SoTIiI of colored In3rVle.
use.d In wort.

Cciored #ass cr enamel. esp.ln theform of
Inlnt.rte squ.res. used In mesa Ie won: ..
rd"tef
of. orform from the
Ibt on which Is formeO.
ClVo-rdievo ........................... · ...... -.. · ... · .. I ..
Sculp'tn In which the highest points i
of n::deied fOl"lTlS are PeIow or livel wtth
SlJrf'3a. AlsocafIeJ sunk relief.
...... _- ..................... _ ..................... - .. -,
Sculpta-al re:Ilef In which the modeled forms L.
project froIn the by at least
h3lf;hefr Also caRed high relief.


r:W aM Also calleJ demfrellef.
Ulfrdief.
.. -................. ........................ ,
reI1d tit.7t projects very slightly .
from Also C311ed basso·
rd£evo.1cw r&d.

An C3r1l:J oremrossed In low

182
munl
A large picture on or .pplled
dlrectly to a WJfI surface.
fresco
The.rt or technique of on a
freshly spre3d, moist plaster sUrUce
wtth up In water or a
hmew.ter mIxture. Also. a picture 01'
design so painted.
_ ... opus seetile
Any mosaic of utarly cut mateml
opus Alexanarlnum
A form of opus seetHe having a
geornetn:; pattern formed with few
colors. as and white. or d3 ri::
green a na red.
vennlcut.um
A mosaic arranged In W4Vfng
nnes reseml1/Jng form or tracls of a
worm.
mo,aic
A mosaic made l:>-t fine.
dellcately colored 5toneslnto a white
or marVle s!Jrf3ce .
. .:. ..................
A decomlon orormment by
cuttIng outa design ana fastening It t.o
pleceof rn.T'..erl31.
Inlay
To decorm I7y pieces of wood.
ivory. or the 11:" Irrto" surface. USU4r1y
at the level.
TI
: ;r ....... _ ....................
1 design In relief.
. !J ] -:l.i --.... engrave
To carve; cut. aretch designs on a hard
I J 5urfau. as of rnet.i!. stone. or the end
grain of 1YOOd.
Intaglio
A flgure or design Ir.::lsed Into the
surfar.e of a stone or metal plate so
that an Impression yields a figure In
relief.
openwork
Omamental or stroctural Work having a
tattlcelJU nature or showing
through Its substance.
'tr.:/--- .. ·· fjllgru
Omament31 openwori:: of or
Intricate fflagree.
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An artlstJc composltlon consistlng of forms
or motifs Porrowed from different sources.
counterfeit. or false. as an
archttectunl orrurnent that is added
s uperlluousJy or Ina P P rap rlately.

A cormrrtlort31 figure uSU311y having flve or
mort: po1nts r.Jdbtlng from a center. often
used as a" ornament 3nd symPol
SUr of D3vY
A hex;a;r:am used as a syml70l of Judaism.
Also C4Bed M.1¥n David. Mogen Davk:f. ---.....
hex3gnm
A slx-pomted stJrIll:e ftgure. formed by
sides of a regular
lntoequil3teJ"31 tri3ngles.
glol')'
A clrcle. or surroundlng J"3dIance of
'llght,2s;J h31a. nimPtJ5, or aureole.
*
----...... - ............................. r.==t---=:::::::,.. __
A disk Of" ring of raa'bnt Itght arouna or
aboYc the tradtlonally symDollzlng
tM of a divine or sacred personage
In p;llnttngs and sculptures. Also
cafbf c1m!nJS.

A clrc\e of tight or rad13 nce SUf"I"O(J ndlng the
or Dody In Pie representatlofl of a
5W'ed p5OfIJ¥.

An eIltpt!cJl EX'lnW figure used esp.ln
t3riy Christian art 35 an em17lem of Christ.
Also C411d nunJorU. --.-.. -- ..... - ..... .

A Chrlstbn ,lnd syml701 formed
!1y the first two letters of
the Gre.e!: word for Christ. Also C31!ed
chri$l'T\C!\. -.---.-... -..... - ..... -.-.

A ralseJ or suu rectangular panel on a
wall tre;rted or ornamented
wtth lnsaiptlons. or sculpture. _ .....
tablet
A flat stab or ptaque h.1vlng a surface
QL-_____ ---' 0
for or an InSCription. 0 r----------j 0
G
t>earing a figure orom3ment In \''; 0 /
cartolJCne , )
An anI 01" 00i0ng. convex surface.
u!XIally surrotJlIdea with ornamental
for rec.civ1ng a palnud or low·
relief dea>ntlon. AI.$.J. C3rtouch .• "-'
grotesq.ue
A decorative style char3ctetized I1y the
fantastic and comblnln!J of
Incongruous human and animal forms with
foliage or similar often distorting
the natuJ"31 Into caricature or al1surdlty.
.... - .... ntic
A grotesque sculf1ture of animal. human. or
foliated fOfms. as a gargoyle.
_ ...... mask
An often grotesque representatlon of a
head orfau. used as an architectural
ornament. Alsocalfed mascaron. .
..... griffin
A mythological animal typically having the
head and wings of an eagle and the and
tail of a lion. AlsO. griffon. gryphon.
r······ .. griffe
/ An ornament projecting from the round
; base of a column toward a corner of a
square or polygonal plinth. Also,called spur.
pallflower
A medieval Engnsh ornament suggesting a
flowerofthruorfour petals enclosing and
partlallyconceanng a 17311.
cross
An object Of figure consisting essentlally cf
an upright aotd a transverse at right
angles to each another: often as a
symbol of ChristIanity.
.. latin cross
crossed near the top by a shorter
horizontal bar .
.... -.. - ..... --.-.. _-.. -.. - Celtlc cross
A cross shaped flke a 13Un cross and having
+
IntersecUon of the shaft
. .-.- .... - GreekcroS5
A cross conSisting of an upright crossed In
O
the mk:!dle by a horizontal of the same
o 0 ._ ... ____ ... _. __ .. _ cross
O
,...n, A cross whose four arms each termlrt3t.e In
V a crossb3r. often with a small Greek cross
A cross formee having the outer f3ce of
each arm indented In 3 Y.
cross formee

___ ...... ::::1:::: qU3dmt.
A cross haVing arms of equal length. each
expanding outward from the center.
183
ORNAMENT
motif
A ana l"Uurrlng shape. form.
or cobr In a design.
cMcter ------.---.------.------------.----
To INrt or dt:tor2te with a squared
pattern.
i-etlcuLtte --------.. ------------------

or out of one ' , .
al'lOther. 0I'"IgIn31ly used In the Middle
.. ", ' " !,' : -
' . . . .:
regular OYerlapplng of ules or shlngles.- .. ,
herril19bone ------------ _ .. -- .. ----
A pattMI consisting of rows of short.
paral1elllnes which In any two adjacent
rows slant In opposIte dlrectlons, used
In masonry. parquetry. and weaving.
chevron ..
A v-shapea pattern used In heraldry
ana as

An ornamental zf4zag. as In"a molding.
fret .---------- ----- -. ---.- ----------.--- -.---- - =il
A design contalneJ within a
Innd or Parder, ccnslstlng of repeated.
often geometric figures. Also ca lied Uy
patUrft.
murtdet- .--. ---------------------.--.-..
A runntng Of113l'T1tf1t consisting of an
Intrlc4i'te variety of fret or fretwork.
Venetian derrtl1 •. ___ . __ . ___ . _______ . _______ . _.: __ ..__._...iI ........ _
Any of a senes of snuH recta ng utar
PIocks aftMmlng with sloping surfaces
on an or moratrtg. .
5Cr011
An ornament havl"9 a spiral or
convofut.eaform resemuUng a partly or
Ioosdy rolled parchment.
V1ttvvbn &Croll ---'-"'--' -----.-.. -... ----
A of scrolls forming a stylized .
I .' .....

riuron or scroll. ada pt.ed to receive an
Insc'i'tlon. Also. vandtrol. l7androle.
5trapwort _._ ... _ .. _._ ... ______ .. ____ . ___ ... _lI' ••• II" .....
Ornarnent4tlon composed of folded.
crossed. and Inurlacea uands.
sometlmescut with foliations.
184
folima
Ornamented with foils or representatlons
of foli3ge. Also. folL1te.
. ... -.. - wruth
A decorative Pana or garland of flowers.
or other orna It'.ental materia L
----.. --· ....
An omament having a generally clrcular
parts reseml7llng a flower
or plant. Also. rose.

.' dogtcoth
Any of a. series of closely spaced. pyramidal
..' om.aments. fonned sculptured leaves
rad11tlng from a ra!seJ center. used esp. In
::::- e3r1y English Gothic architecture .
.. ,
A complex and omm design that employs
flowers. foltage. ana sometimes anllNl ana
to produce an
pattern of Interlaud 1Int:S.
Wllf5-tcngue
A having pendJnt.
elements carveJ In rellef against a flat or
I curvea surface.
...
Any of a series of curved projections
forming an ornamental
:._ "'_' _____ ' .,. purfle -
.... To a shrine or tal;!ernacle with
I miniature archltutural forms So as to
produce a lacy effect.
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arrls - ................... -- .--.. -- .. -.. -'.
A shJrp or rtJqe fanned Py two .....
surfues at exkrior angle. .
Also called rend ..
pullnose
spl3y - .... -.--.. --.- .. --. ---.- .. -- ..
A surface that an oblique angle
with another.

areas. Also called list.
pillet
Any of a series of closely spaced
cyl1ndrlcal forms omamentlng a

hollow or cornice. -.---.. --.-----
ccve - ..... -.. -.--...... --.---.. --.. -...... - .....
A COfIC3Ve surface or molding. esp. at L ... _ .... _ ._ ......
the tnnsltlon from W3H to uillng.
C3Vetto •. --- ........... -- ........... - ........ ..
A concave molding a n outline
that approximates a quarte-:" circle.
conge
A conC3Ve moIdlng having the farm of a
quadrant curvlri 'away from a given
surface and terminating perpendicular
to a fillet parallel to that surface. Also.
COf\9u. ---......... -..... ''''-' ........................ - ........... - ..
09u
A molding having a profole of a double
CUrie In the shape of an elongated 5.
Alsa called gull ....... " ................... ..
cym.1
A projecting moIdlng having the profile
of a douVte curve formed by the union of
a convex line and , concave nne.
cyma recta ......................... .
A CYm.1 the conC4ve part
the convex part. Also
called DoriG cynu.
cymJl rt:YeN.1I _ .. - ... - ................... _.
A cyma having the convex part
projecting thewr.c.3ve part.
Also called cynu.
mk ....... -..... _ ... _ ......................... .
A small pendant molding forming a drip
and casting a deep shadow. as on the
soffit of:. cornice. Also called bird's
l1eak.
prace ............................. .
A projecting moIdlng having a profile
formed by two Q¥eS symmetrically
disposed about an ,uris or fillet. Also
called keel.
profile molding
An outline of an objeGt formed 0f1 a vertlGal
plane passed through the ol?ject at right
angles to one of Its prinCipal horizontal
dimensions. -"1
Any of various feng. narrow. ornamental
surfaces with uniform cross sections and a
profile shaped to produce modulations of
light. shade. and shadow. Almost all
moldings derive at !east In part from wood
prototypes. as In claSSical
architecture. or stone prototypes. as
In Gothic architecture. By extension. the
term now refers to a slender strip of wood
or other material having such a surface and
used for ornamentation and finishing: Also.
meld. mOtJldlng.
Iulfround
A molding having a semlGlrcular cross
section.
--.-- .. -- 'llJ.1rter round
A convex molding whose section Is a ,\U3rter
chrcle .
.. -. ovow
A convex molding having a profile
approxlmatlng a 'tuarter section of a circle
or ellipse.
- ....... - Po lUI
A convex. rour.ded molding. Also. 17outel.
Powtet
-'- g3droon
. .- . .- Acanvex molding elaboratelycarvedwfth
rudlng or lnaented with notches. Also.
§Odrocn.
- ... -
A convex molding having pointed leaves or
scroU)¥art at regular Intervals.
--. .. _.
A wnvex molding having the form of jl rope.
. convex molding usually having 3
continuous cynndrlGal surface.
: "<' . '. . . :/ A small moialng usually semicircular
. . .... .' In sectlon.

.. -.... - 2SU2g3J
'::-;"
. u3gUetU .
A small convex molding of semicircular
. section. sma ller tha n an astraga!. Also.


A convex molding having the form of dls1:s
. wtth spherical or elongated
beads.
....
A molding having theformofa row of pe3r!s
or pe3ds. Also called lIead molding.
PaumosUr.
.. - .... - reeding
A parallel set of small convex moldings for
ornamenting 3 plane or CUried surface.
185
C;>RNAMENT
trim
The flnished woodwcrl or the lit used to
rordtr, or protta the edges of
openln4s or sumces.
cornice ...... -.... -.-.. -.... -
A molded that
crowns a wan or other constructlon. or
divides norlzontafly for compositional
purposes.
meld •......... - .. -.-................ .
A molding a from
wtrlch can be Also
c*d picture rail.
pLrteI'3U _ ...•. -._ ...........•... --... - .......... .
A raM or shelf ftxed 3 long a 1'1'311
and to hold platts. esp. for
01"1UIMTt or displAy.
chlirrail--.--........... - .. _ ................. ,
A horiwTt3l molding on.1n Interior 1'1'311 .••.
tMWS of ,ha'" from '"" \
",
...........• crown molding
Any Om.-l mental moldl"4 terminating the
top of a structure or kcoratlve feature.
".
DO

To attach or fasten a molding to a surface.
kerfing
Making a series of parallel saw cuts
partway through the thickness of a piece of
wood to enaVle the piece to bend toward
the kerfea side.
::::,
;;!f--'- I7and, as one along the top
of an Interior wa II, Immediately !1e1ow the
cornice, or a sculpturea one In a
on an outside wall
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= ",,'m and th, "''' ' r
DO. .00
r-- r---
ffi
I--I---
,-................. _ ........ - ... .
An 3rove the pUnth
plfbr.CX'W31l
_ .. -_ .. _ ....... _- .. _ ... _ .. .
A roarJ or mcIdI"4 conct;1hng the
an Interlor 1r.I".1nd the ftoor.
Also mopVo.ard. 5kJrt.

A as a qlQrtu round.
covering the joint between a baseroard
the ftoor .. AJso ca 'b:f N se •...... . ...... -' .....•..... ;
broken ptdiment •... "-"" .................. .
A pecfllrC'!t its cornices
it!temJpW at the crown or apex. the
often Peing filled wtth an a
or other ornament.
•............ ,----.... ---.. --....... .
A crdecoratlve band
framlri a rect4"4u13r door or
window openlr14.
retw'I
of.1 rnoI.::i1"4.
projeGt:lon. or other at an a Ie.
to ,",in part.
·--·----1
DO
DO
00
DO
...... _ ........ _ ...... -}
ancon
A or console used In claSSical
archlt«t.u to su pport a com Ice or
the enta (Net' a dootway or
window.
:ltop
A a
molding cr charnfet'.
....• plinth
/ A pftnth for stopping the architrave of
: a door or window arove the floor.
186
b me
A frame 3round a doorway or niche.
two columns or pilasters on a
base supporting a pediment.
plinth
A flat, plain mtmper at the rottom of
an archltr:ave. dado. or
DO
I---
DO
i--
DO
f-- ,--
DO
"-- -
- -
SWJn·5 petIlment
A InUen pediment having an 0U'tl1118 fonnea
I1y a "..!rof S-Curves to the
horizontal cornice at tM eMs of the
pediment ana rising to a pair of scrolls on
either sIk of the center, where a finial
often rises between the scrolls.
coronet
A pedimental ornament wrought In relief
over a Window or door.
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PAINT

1M degree of luster of a dried paint
film. In order of gloss
from hlgl! gloss, semigloss. egg shell. to flat.
pigment
A
1
.>.. A finely grouna.lnsoluble substance
. t}i::-. suspended In a liquid vehicle to Impart
17inder color ana opacity to a paint.
A mixture of a solid
suspended in a liquid vehicle,
applied as' a thin. usually opaque
coating to a 5Umct for
protection and decoration.

a l1r\lliant shun or luster.
tfi2mel
Arry p3intorvamfsn drying to a very
smooth. hard, usuaOy glossy finish.

H3Y1ng a I1Oder.1te. satlny luster.
a flnIsh InIdw3J' Detween high
loss ;3 nd /JS() called sztIn
finish.
eggshe«
HavIng tittlt or no gbss. producing a
flnlsh It1Idway semlg loss and
flat.
fut
Without gloss or sheen.
The nonvolatile part of a paint vehicle
that ponas particles of pigment Into a
coheslve film the drying process.
&Olvent
The volatile part of a paint vehicle th3t
evaporates during the drying process.
thinner
A vol2tlle liquid usea to dilute paint or
va rnlsh to the cleslreJ or proper .
COf1slstency for e35e In application.
minerai spirits
A vol3tlle alstlll3t1on of petroleum. usea
as a solvent and thinner for paints ana
varnishes. ,
turpentine
A caIorIess. volatile all ol7t3lned by
dlstllling oleoresin from various conifers
colorfast ana useJ as a thinner ana solvent for
Having cdor that will not fade or run '. i .. paints ana varnishes. Also called 011 of
with 'tIi'2Sh1/1§. age. 01' exposu re to .. "" ! /'. turpentine. spirits of turpentlM.
il9
h
: esp. -., '"
utinlcray ". . .... ".
A I"4IJ' of Ii9ht, as ultraViolet. th3 t'" ,... ...
effects. as

dlslrrk.gratlon of paint coatings.
photocl1emicll
Of or to the chemical
utlon of radlant energy. esp: light.
c.over1¥
A of the are3 over which a
gal\o!1 of p3int ffU'J be spread ;3t a
given thlcknGSS. u$U311y expressed
In 5<.1uJr6 feet per
power
The ability of a p;llot film to conceal
arry naris. p;mem. or color on the
to wfllch It Is applied. Also
calted power.

A paint or
fOrTTltlbt.ed w!th ru st·lnn I Dltl n 9
pigments to pm-entor reduce the
corroslOfl of 1"e"..4l sm'aces. Also
cal1eJ paint.
paint
A paint formulated with
slllcOfle. poly.-llTJi chloride. orother
sUP-stJnce to reduct: the flame·
spmd of;3 cocrbust$1e material.
paint
A pa Int fonnul3ted with
reslrts to withstand high
tempv;it<Jres

A comlrlna'tIon of one or mort: coatll19s
for ccmpatllrlllty wfth each ather
ana the surface to which they art:
as well as suitability for the expected
and desired decorative effect.
gL1zecoat
A thin CC3t of transparent color applied to
enhance the colcr of a painted surface.

A thin. sometimes pi9inented coat awlled
to a finish C03t to Improve its luster.
topcolt
The final coat of paint applied to a surface.
Also called finish C4.1t.
undercoat
A primer or C03t applied to
hide tM ccfor of the substrate and Improve
aaheslon of the topcoat.
ground coat
or basecoat of paint Intended to
show through a topcoat. Also callea
,round color.
l1a,ecoat
A first coat of paint or other liqUid finish
appl1ed to a surface.
primer
A \r.IseGOat applied to a surface to Improve
the adhesion of subsequent coats of paint
or varnish. Also called prime coat.
&U1er
A basecoat applied to a surface to reduce
the of coats of
paint or varnish. or to prevent bleeding
the finish coat.
+

A liquid In which pigment Is diSpersed
before apphed to a surface. to
control consistency. adhesIon. gloss.
and duralrliity.
oil _______ --l.) oil paint
Arryofvarlousolt-. organic liquids. A paint In which the vehicle Is a oiL
as Ilnseecl 011. that ox/alzts ana
ha rdens to form a tough elastic film
when exposed In a thIn l3yer to aIr.
alkyd I't'ln _------4) alkyd paint
Anyofa group of synthetic resins A paInt In which the vehicle Isan alk)ld resin..
derived from a polyvalent alcohol In
reactloo with an organiC acid. usee! ep01:J paint
chiefly In adhesJves ana paints. A paint having an epoxy resin as a
i1lnderfor Increased resistance to
corrosion. and chemlca!s.
latex --------.....\) IaUxpalnt .
A water emulsion of synthetic rul7ber A paint having alate:-c Innder that
or pl3stlc globules ol7t3lned by coalesces as water evaporates from
polymerization and used In paints the emulsion. Also called ruDDer-pase
ana adhesives. paint. waur-l7ase paint.
dye ------------4)
A coloring material that A solution of ttje or suspension of plgmerrt
Imparts color by a!1sorptlon. In a vehicle. app!1eJ to penetratearJ color.
W3ter stain -1 wood surface wtthouto!:>sc
uri
l19 the graIn..
A penetrating 5"..3ln made I7y t-··· penetnti"9 stain
dissolving dye In a water vehicle. A staIn that per..etrates a wood sumce,
leaving a very thin film on the surface.
spirit min
A penetrating stain maae I7y
dissolving dye In an alcohol or spirit

A stain made I1y dissolving dye or An 011 stain corrt.lnlng plflments c.opable of
on min. J .... pigmented stolin
suspending pigment In a dryIng 011 or the graIn and texture of a wood
011 varnish vehicle. surface. Also called opa'lue stain.
copal _________ ...!o)
A hard. lustrous resin ol7t3lned from A !'quid preparation consIsting of a resin
various troplc<ll trees. used chiefly In dissolved In an 011 (olt varnish) 01' In
makIng varnIshes. alcohol (spirit varnish). that when spread
and allowed to dry forms a liard, lustrous.
'par usually transparent coating.
A weather·rtSlstant varnish
made from dUI7IUle resins and hnseed
or tul19 011. Also called nurfne vamlsh.
polyuretUne
An exceptionally hard. abraSion·
reSistant. ana chemlcal·reslstant
varnish made from a pl3stlc resin of
the same name.
---------...!o) shellac
A resinous secretion of the female of A spirit varnish made I1y dissolving
the I3c Insect. used In makIng shellac. purified lac flakes I" denatured
alcohol. Also called shellac varnish.
Chlne,e lacquer
A natural varnish outalnea from an
Asian sumac. used to produce a highly
polished. lustrous surface on wood.
Also called Japanese lac,\uer.
lacquer
Any of various clear or colored synthetic
coatings conSisting of nItrocellulose or
other cellulose derivative dlssolveJ In a
solvent that dries by evaporation to
form a high-gloss film.
187
PLASTER
A compositfon of gypsum or lime.
W4iW, sand,.and sornet;imes hair or
other fWtr. appUed in a form
to the surfaces of walls or ceilings
In .a plastic state and allowed to
h3rden and dry.
gypsum
A I7asecoat plaster of C4 !cir.ea
gypsum mixed with S3nd.
various aaattives to control :;5
and wafting 1\U3I1tleS.
calcined gypsum
Gypsum heated to drive off of i'; s
chemically com!7lnea waw.
plaster of Paris
Calcined gypsum In white. p""'OeryfC17',
containing no addltIves to c..:r.t.rol the
u.seforgyp5'i:r!
as an addltlve In "me pl3st.tr. 2nd as 3
matertll for arname:':"tJl casts.
three-C03t ------------,
P\;Isterwori:: applle.::f In three sucasslve
coats, a scr.atch ccat I1y a
brown C04t and a flnlsh coat.

A flnlsJl coat In plastering. conslstlll!J
of lime putty to wfllch plaster
Is to control the set1:lng time
ana
pbstel'
A spectal!y gypsum plaster for
mixing I'I'ftIt Rrne putty. fonnubted to
provide c:Ither a '\uIcl:-set or a slow-
set for a. flnIsh coat of plaster.

A ftnJs.h of lime and
plaster, troweled
to a smoot11. elense finish.
lime JXItty
Quicklime slaked with sufficient water
to fOt'll a tj,1ck plI5te. Also caled
pb5Urer't pvtty.

T r3demart for a mnd Of white
anhydrous plaster
prodtas an exceyUonally
flnIsh.

.. .mer of Cl)'staBiutlon
removed.
whltecog
A flnlsh coat of lime putty and white
pbstel', troweled to a
smooth, &ense finish.
finish coat
Theftnal coat of p!3ster.
either as a flnrshed surface C)' n
a !r.Ise for decoration.
slclmcoat
A thin levenng or finish coat;f
plaster.
.. -.-.. ------....... ..
A ready-mlxed gypsum pbst.erapplled
as a very thin. one· or
over a veneer I7ast. Also callea thln-
coat pta.sttr.
plaster
A plaster contatn.ing
vermiculite or other porous nuterlal
toenhanu
188
gypsum
;.. soft mineral hydrated calcium sulfate.
as iI retarkr In portland cement
And of gypsum plaster.

A fir.e!y of pure
white and translucent, used for
orn31T'.ental oPjects and wort.
.. .• two-coat
lIPp!lea In two coats, a
fol1owea !1y a flnlsh COlIt.
brown coat
A roug leveling coat of
pl.a:sUr. second coat In
th p!ast.er or the base C03t
In p!ast.er applied over
gyp$iit:1 bth or 1TI35Onry. Also called
c.aat.
Iimepbster
A of lime. sand. and sometlmes
a flPer. used as a plaSkt'.
cement tem pu
The addltlon of portland cement to Orne
p/4ster to Improve Its strength and
dura!7lltty.

Arry plaster coat a pplied the
finish caat.

1M first coat In thru-coat plaster.
which Is scrat.ched to provk:le a Detter
rond for the second or In-own coat.
IurawaD
A lr3seroat of ntat gypsum plaster.

A gypsum u.sec.oat plaster having no
admixture except hair ar otherftkr.
used for on-the·Job mixing with

wood-fibered pla'ter
A I:'IIfI-ml.xed gypsum Insecoat
containing coarse for
gre4W InJIk. strength. ana flre
reslst3 nee, used nat or mixed with
to obt3ln a lr.lsecoat of
hardness.
pond pU5Ur
A Insecoat plaster containing
a sma" amount of nme and chemical
to Improve bond of
succudlng coats f.o ncnporoos

9Y!"um-perllte plasur
A ir.lseccat pbster containing
periJte as an aggl'e9te to reduce Its
and Its therm31 and
ftre resistance.
gyp5um-vermlcullte pb5ur
,.. baseccat plaster containing
vermiculite as an aggregate to reduce
Its weight ana Incre;ase Its thennallina
fire resistance.
ready-mixed
Plaster that Is formubted and dry-
mIxed !1y the manufacturer. requiring
tile addttlon of water at the JoD
site.
f
I
I
I
[
I
rr
renderi09 C03t
The first co;rtof plaster on A
Nsonry dAIso C31!eJ rough
coat.
._ .... - .................... +_ .. + .. _ ... #" .. -1.
A wet. rich .. of port13 nd cement
ana san.d thrown onto a smooth brick
or surf3Ce and .Itcwed to
h3 rden to prcrt'IJe a for a first
of pbster.
key
A grooving or rou.:Jhness appl1e.d to a
surf.;c.e to lItprove tts roM with
.notr.er SiJrbce.
me!di"9 plJ:ste r
A pl.aster llsc:d In ornamental worl
conslstfng offlndy ground gypsum and
hydrmJ hire.
running nw&d _ ... _ ................... .
A tcnplate cut to the
!lacked With wood. and
l>etween temperary
grour.ds or Mes to form 3 plaster
the .ngle a wall
ana ullIr-1- &,0 cartea meld.
hoNe
The support for sheet·
1"r1et31 of a running maid.
pargeti"9
Fine or:'.3fT1e1rtJ1 plasterrrorl:. esp
extd.cr p{3sterrlorl: designs In
low relid. Also. parget
PLASTER
, .. _ ............. 5tue<:O
l A plaster composed of portlana
Of" masonry cement. sand. and
hydrated mixed with water and
applied In a plastic state to form a
!tard covering for exterior walls.
portia nd cement stUcc<)
Stucco made with masonry cement or
with portland cement mixed with less
than by volume of lime.
-portland cement-lime stucco
Portland cement stucco to which hrr.e.
Is added In an amount greater than
by volume to Improve the plasticity of
the mix.
.Ibarium
A stucco used In times. 1113,u
from powdered marble and lime mortar
and often pol1shed.
into naco
A finish ccat of plaster made with whfte
I113rble dust to reulve a fresco..
$C3gliola
Plasterwork Imitating granite or marole.
sand-flcat finish
A textured flnlsh ccat of plaster containing
sand. leveled and smoothed with a &nf
....• &atfinlsh
,:, •. ...i,:·;'.:;':l A fine-textured stucco finish produud by
with a C3rpetor rul:rPer·f.ae&:l
float.
dau17lng
The process of giving a wan a rough flnlsh
by throwing plaster agaInst It .
....... pePple dash
An exterior wall finish produced by
throwing ana pressing small Into
unset stucco.
_ ..... roughca5t
An exterior wall finish composed of a
stucco mixed with fine pebVles and dashed.
against a wall. Also called spatur dash.
189

L1ih
Any of a number of sulbb'e surfaces
for receMng pbsterwort as gypsum
lath, metal lath, wood lath. masonljl,
or
wood IJth • _______ . __ . _. ______________________ ... ________ i-_- •. _- __ -.-..
The ulhe$lon of pIJster to its Pa5e
producea mech .. nlc3l or chemical means.
metalbtls
A plaster Pase fal1nc.W d exp3Mea
metal orofm fabric. palnteJ or
A thin, strip of wood used with
other strips to form latticework. a
for plaster or stucco. or a support for
slates or other rooflng material
furring .. ____ ... __ ._._. ____ .. ---- - .. ,
The attaching of wood strips or metal
channels to a wall or other surf.1ce. as to
provide an e'l'e:1 Ua5e for lath or a finish
material. or to provide an air space
between a W3n ana a finish material.
galvanlzeMorcorroslon resistance. , '.' ,;
!
stiff networt with diamond-shaped
- . .
n1rlath An expanaea-met;1I bth h2v1ng V-5haped
ribs to provide greater stfffness and
ptnnlt wider spacing of the su pportlng
fr3 m Ing IT1eft1bers.
lath
A ril1lath usea (}It( stuljolsts 35
fonnwori: rorconcme s/aj,s, or as lathing
In plaster
------------------------
or woven-
m M Is dimpled to Sp:iCe ltse!f
from the supporting surfac.e, a
space for die keying of plaster or stucco_
.. wfrebtJa
or woven-wire faurlc, usually with
a pape!' 17act1ng. used as a Uase for
pI4ster
... ------.-----.
up;aMea-met.1lor wire lath having a
of perforated or in:lkilng paper,
used as a nse for pbsUr or stucco.
C<lrnet' bth .------- --.- ----- -- .. ---- .... -. --------- ----.
A strip of expa nded-metallath !lent to
form a 90
0
angle. use.d at an Intern31
con'oer to cruls III plastering_
Also called comer rdnforc.ement.
!tripbth .- ......... -. ------.--.- --. --- ·----'r'I'.W-MrW
A narrow strip of expan&ed·rnetallath for
reinforclngjdnts In gypsum lath or
Junaures between ctiferent types of
pbster 1r.1ses.
5Cnm
Coarse cotton, flberglass, or metal mesh,
for and reinforcing a Joint or
as a Inse for plastering or painting.
gyp,umbth .- .. ------------- .. -.. -------.-.
Gypsum roard having an alr-entnlned
core bceJ with aj,sorWn-t paper, used as
a !r.Jse for plaster. Also called rock bth_
perforated 9YP'um bth
Gypsum lath punched wIUt small holes to
provloull1eChanlcal key for plastu ..
in,ulltlng gyp!um lrth
Gypsum lath having an aluminum foil
Uacklng that serves as a vapor retaroer
and ref1ecUve thennallnsulator.
venurl:ta5e
Gypsum lath having a spulal paper facing
for receiving veneer plastu.
190
.' .. :
mechJ nlea I J,onJ
The physlc3l of a plaster coat to a
plaster or with another plaster coat
rougheMd Py scoring.
ponaing .. gent
A applied to a suitable
sul>strate to impreves Its !?ond with a
sucettding layer.

The aDsorption of water from a finish coat
of plaster by the or gypsum 14th.
resulting In a better Dond.
:: r··J-.. - ground
.- .-_. ,..-/ '.', A st,;p of wood or a metal pead used at
> ..:..-..,-.. an as a for plastering to a
.' given thJc1::ness and as a stop for the


A strip of wood. plaster. or metalappNed
to a surf.1u to plaS'tt:red to serve as 3
gUide for making a true surface and
plastering to a given th1cl:ness.
----------- ---------.-.--.--. "a5e screed
A preformed metal screed for

A ptrforaW metal screed for venting a
conceaW space behind a plastered
......
A prefom-te.d met.1 screed applied (]m
Jolnts In gypsum 13th to co:ttrol cl'3Cklng.
Installed to
. . rel1eve shrinbge. or
1. structural strts-ses wtthln a large
plastered or stuccoed area.

A

protect an external angle In plasterwori:
or a g:ypsum board surface. "Iso called



. . . __ . ______ .. _._.
A cormr forfannlng and
reInforcing the curved portlon of an
3rched opening.
.<,--"
.,/ A preformed metal strip an -
• expanded or and·
variously shaped ends. useJ as a grOuna
and kl5kengthel! 2!".d re!llforce the
edges of pl3st.erwori: or " gypsum Dema
surface.
L
I
J
j
J
I
1
I
L
b
rounded edge
& groove
..... ::;. :.:;i) (d ..:;/ ':":" :.;.;
}5':: .: .. .. -.: ...... :. '.:.:':':
-·.·.··:· .. /-.:,:, .. '.'; ::.::
joint compoulkf ........... -.- ............. -.
A pasty compound for embeddlngJoInt
bpe. fltnng k1kntatlons, ana flnlshlng
the joints In a board surface.
joint tape - ................ -.-.- .. ---- ...... ---,
A strip paper, paper-faced cotten, or "
plas;lc mesh used with Jaint compound
to w;er Jolrits sheets of
gypsum board.
PLASTER
wallpoard
Any of V3rlous sheet matertlls used In
a wall or celling as a for
paneling .
.. - gypsum poard
A sheet rruterlal having a gypsum core
faced with paper on each side, used for
walls or as 13th. Also called
drj'Wall. plasterboard.
Sheetrock
T rademan: for a of gypsum roard.
..... , .... type-X gyr-ium uoard
A gypsum boord havfng a core
containing additives for InGreased ftre
reslsta nee .
...... --- backing "oard
An Inexpensive gypsum board usee! as
the lr.Jse layer In a multilayer assemPty
for Incl'e3sed rigidity, sound Insulation,
and ftre resistance.
'-'" card-oard
A gypsum boord I-In. (25.4 mm) thick.
used as a !?ase In solid gypsum-mrd
partitions and for hnlng shafts.
-.-- - prefinish.ed poard
A gypsum boardlt3;t1ng a deco;.atlve
vinyl or prinW paper surface.
r-----····--·--··--·- foil-l7acked gyp,um "oard
: . Gypsum Po<ird having an aluminum foil
backing that serves as a vapor
and as a rtfIectlve
when the foil n..ies a 3/;, In. (19 mm)
minimum air space.
. -.---.. - gyp,um ,nutblng
. A gypsum board a flre-resl$bnt
core and faced with a water-repellent
paper, used as exterlor sheathing.
191
PLASTIC
Any of numerous synthetlc or
n.1tur21 organic materials that are
mostly or
thermosetting polymers of
molecuw- weight and can
mokltd. extruded, or drawn Into
objects, films, orfitament6.
casting •.. -..... -.. ---------........... -
A method of sha ping a pbstlc oPject by
pouring the mmnallnto a mold and
allowing It to harden the use of

!now molal,,! - ... -.. -... -----................... --... -..... - ... -........... ..... .
A method of forming hollow W<ll'e by
@t.:.:.:. ]
wplng the Jltltenal wfthln a mold. . : '. '.':. .... .'

rendering It flukf In 3 cham!1er a nd:
then forcing It under pressure Into a •
closed mold.
Q)mpre,,u,n moldi1\9 •............. - ..... '
A method of forming *nnosettlng
pbsUc l!y a maY CII J1;, forming the
Nterlalily hQt and pressure.
.
A method offorinlri *nnosettlng
p/2sUc l!y softening It in one cham!1er
kfon, It Is forced Intc an Jc:fjacent mold
where It Is cured under aM pressure..
thermoforming
A method of a sheet
heatli19 and forcing It against the
contours of a mold he:at ana pressure.
forming -.---....... -... - ... .
A mahod of thennofoml"9 a plastic sheet
forcing It against the contours of a mold
with compressed air.
vacuum forming - .......................... .
A mahod of thermoforming a plastic sheet
Vy evacuatl"9 space f,etwun the sheet
and the contours of a mold.
192
resin ( ... -..................................... acrylic rt,i/'I
Arty of numeroLlS salla or semlsolk:l . Any of a cbss of thermopl3stlc resIns
organic substances prep3red by for or molding plastlc parts
polymerIzatlon ana with fillers. that are except1on .. transp:3re:1t. tough,
stal1illurs. and other components to and res.lstant to wmner and chanlcats,
form plastics. or as the main In
filler adhesives. and cau!l:l"1 compouMs.
A re!at1vety Inert subsbnce added to Lucite
modlfy the Pulk. strength. he3t T I'3dema rI:: for " m rJ of tra n sp rent
resistance, ele.ctrlcal resistance. or acrylic resin.
wori:lng properties-of a resin.
,ta17f1izer
A suVstance adJed to prevent or retard
of a when
exposeJ to the ultraviolet raalatlon or
other environmental conditions.
plasticizer
Any of V2rious substances aaaea to a
resin to Increase Its wori:al1illty and
flexll1iUty.
cat.1ly,t
A sul:lstance that ca uses or accelerates
a chemical reaction without Itself
undergoing a permanent change In
composition.
calendering
A method of producing plastic film Or
sheeting the mater/al
a series of revoMng. heated
rollers.
,hettlng
A form of plastic. having a
thickness very sma" In proportion to
Its length ana width.
film
Sheeting navlng a nominal thickness
not greater than 10 mils.
Plexiglas
fO(';a mnd of light.
transp-ent. we3ther·resls t3 nt ac ryHc
resin.
polycarWnaU
A tough. thermopl.asUc
Its nlgh·fmp3Ct strength
and use.a for $4fety
glazl ng. a rJ h3 rdw41 re.
Lex.an
T raaemali: for a !:on rid of h
poIycarro, .. te used for
windows.

A tough.1I.;1rt. and iblble
u5e<J esp. In the form ci sheetlr.g .. nd fllm
for dampprooflng. and as a
vapor retarder. Also c.l1ea
polypro prieM
A toIJ4h. U1at Is .. nt
to he;rt .. rJ chemlc.1ls and used for pipe
ftttings. ar.a
carpeting f1Pers.

A hard. toJgn. thennop!ast:<c that
Is easily coIoreJ .. rod moldeJ. exp or
rolleJ Inta

A used for /T1;1Klng piastlc
pipes and hardware products tJ..3t
tough. rlgLd, and reststJ nt to hat 1M
chemicals. AbW.;ASS
vinyl
ftexJVIe
I!1adefrotn resln.
polyvinyl
Any of a cl2ss of thmrcpIastlc res.71 s
fonned by a
vinyf AI5c c. Sed v1nyf resJn.
polyvinyl chloride
A'whlte.
widely u56d In tM numtu re of 1\Jor
caverings. insulation, and piping. AZ?r-.:
PVC
polyvlny{ ,
A thermoplasUc resin used the
Interlayer of s.afety
ny(on
Any of a c!ass of the nr.oplas tic 5
cnar.IGtertud Py ex-.....eme touqMes5.
strength. arJ elastldty and of
!1elng extruJed Into .• na
shuts.
1
· ..
" #..
... :
'-il
f
I
l
l
l
I
L
f
,
La
r
i
L;
'1'
i .
"::." .. '.
. ..
wrmosettlng
A pl3stlc M Pecomes rigid
heated and cannot De softened again.
Also called

Arry of various t:hennopla stlc or
thermosetting resins used In flexl!7fe and
rigid fooms, elastomers. and resins for
salants. adIIcsNes, and C03tlngs.
polyester
Arry of a gl"Ollp of thermose«lng resins
used In the of plastics anJ
te:xtlte fll:>ers..
temperature
The maximum temper2ture at which a
pf3stlc can continuously employed
without a notfcea!7le reduction In arry of
Its Inherent properties.
5Oft.enlng pcint
The temperature at which a plastic
changes from a rigId to a soft; state:
.------.--- -
A reWlXUd with glass fJ!7ers
and usea II kansluunt roofs and
hts, bc:lng:s for sa ndwfch panels.
,lid molded pkImi>lng flxtu res.
Dacron
T r3demari:: for a mnd of strong. wrlnkle-
t.a nt po/'jesttr flDer.
Mybr
mndofstrong. thin
t15eJ In photography.
r:x.ardlng t3peS. and e\e:ctrlc.of Insulation.
tpc1:Y resin
Arry of various resins
cap3Ple offcmin.g tight Cl"C:Ss-nnked

aaMslon. and high
wroslon ana chembl used
esp. In surface C03t1ngs and adhesives.

I-.rry of a class of resins
by !n+.mctk1n of meLomlne
ana used for molded
products. and surface

phenolic
PLAmc
ruuber
A rruttrl31 m3de \7y chemically treating and
toughenIng natura! rubber. for Its .
el3 stlclty. nonconductlon of electricity. and
resIstance to shod: and molsture.
J...-...................... ruul1er
• A highly elastic solid substance.
essentIally a polymer of Isoprene. o!;rtalned
\7ycoagulatlng the milkyjuluof rubl>er
trees and pf3 Also called India ruPM-.
rubber
A light. spongy. cellular rubDer ItI3de by
foaming I3ttx before vulcantzaUon.,·

The treatment of ruul>er wtth sulfur and
heat to
and durability. .
'-•• ".r..- • ............ - :lynthetic ruuber
tamirate
A product ITI3de by uniting two or more
byers of IT13terial by an adheslveorother
rr.t417S. 35 plywood a'ld plastic /amInate.
'. plJ.5t1c
A hJrd surfacing rrutertal consIsting of
layers of paper
wtth melamine and phencUc resins. fuse.::f
under .and pressure.
An ef3stomer similar to natural rubber In
propet"tles and uses. produced-11y tM
poIymerlz3tlon of an unsaturated '.
hydrocarPcn. as lnstyIene or isoprene. or by
the copolymerization of hydr0c3 rrons With
styrene or InJtadlene.

Any ofV3rlous polymers haVing the elastic
properties of natural as Irotyl
ru!7ber or neoprene.
butyl rubl7er
A synthetic rubPer having exceptional
resistance to sunlight and unusually low
gaseous permeability. produced Py
polymerizing InJtylene and used In
meiOmnes and l'r.lterprooflng barrler3.
Butyt
T raJemari:: for 3 mnd of butyi ru!7!;rer.
neoprene
A synthetic rubPercharacterized by
superior resIstance to oils and sunllglrt.
and used In paInts. roofing memmnes.
flashing. !!askets. and
silicone rul1l1er
Arry of a class of h4rd. he.t·reslstant
resms formed by the
with
and used for IT'.okled
P"""Aucts. adhesives, ana sumce
AlsocalW
... -......... tamlrt4te
A rubPer rrude from sllicone elastomers
and noted for Its retention of flexI17IBty.
resilience. and strength (Ner a wide
temperature ra"¥.
enerrte
T for a gi.ilna of d4ri:: phenolic
I'e$ln. by Dr. Ltc In
and for reu!vers.
eb:;trIc Insutators. ana
I.3rdw.1re.
Ure.Horm ..
Ant of Y.1ricu:s synthetic
re:Jn ltilde byc.ondenslng urea wIth
Jnd used In
ho.i$lngs, devices. #dheslves.
and ccgUngs.
,.
. A plastic laminate molded and cured In
the of pressures from 1.200 to
2oCOO psi (34 to !40 per 54 cm). used
for wfaclng countmops ana
....• tam/ute
A plastic laminate molded ar..:l cured with
a IT!3xlmum pressure of 400 psi (28 kg per
Soq. m). used In vmlc3lanJ low-wear
applications.

T raJemari:: for a of plastic laminate.
:-
i Any of.a group of polymers contaInIng
1 .alternating sAlcon .and oxygen atoms,
: characterl:z.e& bythemial stability.
: chemical Inertness, and extreme W<Jter
1 repellence • .and used In adhesives.
; lul7r1cants. protective coatIngs. and
'1 synthetic rubPer.
193
PLATE
A rigid, planar. monolithic
structure that disperses applied
Io.Ids In a multidirectional pattern,
with the loads generally following
the shorttst and stiffest routes
to the supports. .
plate action
The, manner In which an appllea load Is
transmitted to the supports of a plate
In a multidirectional pattern.
A pUte c;n re envfsloneJ 15 1 series of
.'
corrtJnuously ;/ong tlreHmgths. _ ................ '
As m IppIIeJ load Is trlll5l1litteJ to the
supp0rt.5 througlt of one beam
st.1'. the Io3d 15 JIstrtvteJ over the entire
pIm Uy wrtlcll sIsez tnnsmittU from
the ddftcttJ strlpto upurrt ................ .

t'M5tlng of transverse 5t:rip5. whose
torsIorul resl5t3nce 1na'ea5eS the overall
of the pIm. T1Ierefore. whIfe
Pending ;nJ shear trlnsfer111 appfIeJ load
in the JirutJon of the loiJeJ be3m stnp.
sbar Ilfa t:r.1n5fer the load at
ridht 1ngles to the 101deJ strip. .. - ........... -
contlnuou, plate
A plate extending as a structural unit
CHef thru or I1'1OI'e supports In 3 given
dlrt.Ct:lon. A contlnlJOU$ plate Is subject
to lower bendlng moments than 3 series
of dlscrete. simply supportea
foldedpllU
A plate structure composed of
thin. deep elements joined rigidly
along their boundaries and forming
sharp angles to mce each other
against later.al pucUng, The
resulting stiffness of the Cross
sectlon enaUles a folded to
span relatlvefy long dlstanus.
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Each plane Peh3Ves1s1 beam In
the longltudlnll dIrection. • ................. .
Vert/c;l diaphragms or rigId frames stlfftn a
folJed plate against deforTTl3tlon of the fold
profile.
A pl3te 5hould Pe sqUiirt or ntarly sqU2 rt
to (;f1SUrt that It two-ny
5trocture. As 1 plate becomes mort
rut1ngu16r th1n square. the
actlon decreases lnd 1 5ySt.trn
5p3nnlng the 5horterJlrtCtlon develops
sitU tile shorter strips 1re stiffer
1nd I gre3ter portt.m of the 10M.
. :
curved nus which follow the . G\iJ j
lsost4tlcs of 'the structure. n _
In the short the span 15 reduced
fold lCtlng 151 rigid support.
1505tatlc,
of principal stress Ir.dicatlng
flow of I1endlng stresses 3M 3 long which
torsional shear stresses are zero.
;.- Transverse strips 1S1 ccnt/tIU0U5
bc4m supporteJ 1t fold points.
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I3mella roof
A va ulte4 roof composeJ of la mellae
a crisscross pattem of parallel
.rches skewed with to
space. ----------------,-------- .'
13 m ella
One of the relatlYely short tlml1er.
mebl OI"rtlnfOlUd'concrete elements
form\n4 a bmelb roof.
InCfU5/T7g the be3riroq areJ of the 5IJpports
Incra5.ts the num:.erofmemf?t:rs Irrto which
15 trJnsfcrml and reduce5 fcrcesln


A thrt¢-dlmensloll3l stnlcWral frame
on the r'.gldlty of the triangle and
composed of I!r.ear elements subject
only to teTtslofl or compresslon_
The simplest untt of a space
frame!s;;l twahedron having 4 joints
and 6 str\JCtur;l1 merT1Ws. As with
plate structures. the Pay
for a 5p<1ct fr4lme should squ3ril or
nearly square to ensure th3t tt acts aL!l
a two-l'r.1ystructure. Alsa called
space truss.
PLATE

A framework of crisscrossing beamS
connect.e.d at their Intersections by r191d
joints and dispersing an appl1ed load In
two dlrectlons according to the physical
propertles ana dimensions of the ream
elements.
An be.1m tkments partlcfpm In C3nyfng ;
load through; combination of rending and
t¥tfstlng. If two right angfes to
each other are /dMtlc1l. they share m .
;ppW load equally In rendlng.1f the Pt:a!ns
have difftrent lengths. the shc.rter
C4rrles mere of the Io3d sInte the
stlffr.ess of 1 is Inversely prr>pcrtlon;l
to the of /tslength an4 a Io#d gmdy
follol'l5 the pth of Ie3st rt5I5bnu to
5IJppcrt5. For ex;mple.1f two PeaI715 h;vu
spm f7tkJ of 1:2. their stlffnesses wi hare 1
ratio of 1:8. Ccnsequently. the shorW- beam
Itfn C3ITy % of the load. 1M torslcn31
reslst3ru ap/nst the t;r,fstfng
Induced I1y the bmJlng ofa be3m
/urt:;;ses the stiffness of the grid.
195
PLUMBING
The system ofpipts, valves,
fixtures, and other Jlpparatus of a
water supply or system.
wmr,upp!y
1M S4rpp1y d purlflea water a
eotmUIItty. usually IncIudln4 bclhtles
for st«lng and this water,
as reservoirs a M pipelines.
aq,uifet ---..... - .. ---..... .
A fornutlon or
conducting ¥QUndw31:er. esp.
W2ter1a usal1le
to or wefts.
arte5bnwell
A wei In which water rises under
pre$Sijrcfrom a pt:r1MIPIe stratum
OIerbid Impennea rock.
waUrtawer
A tower Into which water Is pumped
to a height sufficient to 1I131ntain a
desired for to
customtrs. or forflteflghtlng ..
drawdown
A lowering oftht water surface level.
as In a well or the by which
the groundwater !eve/Is lowered as a
result of pumping.
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..... __ • corpol'2tion ,top
/ A valve controlling the flow of water
• ,"" or gas from a rrt.iln to a
:' Also callM corporatfon coct.
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waurm.1ln
A II13In pipe or condult through
which a putnlG or community
water system COITVey5 W2ter to
;;III seMce connections.
196
curp cock ....................... --..... :
A control valve for shuttlng off tM
water supply to a In case of an
emtrgency.installta In a water service
and operated by mtans of a long
key InStrtea through a curb Pox. Also
called curir step.
c/mm
A reStrVolr or tank for storing or holding
water or other liquid. as rainwater
from a roof. for use when reqUIred. •......... -.................. - ...... .... ...;.·.:
wrt.er tre4tment
The act or process of making water
more potalne or useful as by purifying.
clartfylng. or soften Ing.
.- cun,pox
! A vmlcal enclosure with a remova!1le
/ CIJItr providing access to a curb coa .
I Also led Buffalo box.
pIpe .....
A pipe wnnecting a to a water
or gas main. usually Installed by or
under the Jurisdiction of a utlnty.

A natural or artlflclal pl3u where Is
coIJectea and stored for use, esp. for
supplyfng a communlty.ln1gatlng 1ml. (X'
furnishing power.
raWWl"Ur
Water that reqy Ires treatment
i:1efore It can bf"'used for .::lrinklng..
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&hutoffvalve
Arrt valve for shuttlng off the flow of
water or gas from a supply pipe.
w.iUr meUr - ....
A device for rne3surlng and
recording the qUJntlty of water
that passes through a pipe.
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gravity water system
A w.w supply and dlstributlO11 system
In which the water source Is set at a
height sufficient to maintain adequate
supply pressure throughout the water
dlstriMlon system. Also called
dowrrfud distriinstlon system.
€ he.ad .--_ ... _ ...... __ ................................ -..
The at the lower of two given
points In a llquIJ. expressed In terms of
the vert1ca1 d1st3nce between the points.
Also C311ed pt'Cssure head.
drop
A loss of head or fluid pressure !?etween
two polnts of a pipe or across a va Ive. due
to hydraullc friction.
fixture unit
A untt fer the pro!r.;!71e demand
for w;rter Py a plumPing fixture. or the
pnml7\e dJsch3rge of i1qutd waste from
the flxture. equivalent to 7'h gallons or
one cuM; foot per minute.
wata - .... -........ 1
An appai.itl.!s that removes calcium and
S<llts from hard water Py Ion
In order to give the water more
sudslng .. Wllty wrth soap.
hardwaUr
W.ter COlTtalnlng dissolved sa Its of
or magnesium ana forming soap
la ther ,..ith difficulty.
PLUMBING
waur5ystem
A system of pipes. valves. and fixtures for
dlstrl!7utlng and using water In a bulk:llng.
...... -......... -...... ltranch
Any member of a piping system
other than a main. riser. or stack.
.._ ... _ ... _ ....... - riser
A vertical pipe. conduit. or duct In
a utility system.
main
A principal pipe. conduit. or duct In
a utility system.
---.-.... -.--t-----!.-l--++..::..-..1.----l
".- - ... --.. - .................. -............. expansion I1end
• An expanslonjolnt of pipe and plre
.. _ ..... - waterheatu
An electric or .. s appliJr,u for heating
water to a te1r.pef'3ture Detl'iun 120'1' and
loW'f (50't arj &O't) aM storing It for use.
fittings permlttl/19 thermal expa nslon to
occur Ina long run of hot·wmr piping.
Also called expansion loop .
..- ...... - .. hc,e lnl7l7·
./ A threa&ed ext-erlcrfaucif.as for
attaching a garden hose. often .attached
to the stde of a house at arout the height
of a sill Also called hosecocl sillcock.
faucet
A device for controlll/19 the flow of a 1lqt:1d
from a plpe l7yopenlng orcioslry an orIflu.
Also called spfgot. tap.
flew pre&&ul'e c
The fluid pressure In .a supply at a
fa ucet or other outlet while the faucet or
outlet Is wtde open ana water Is ftowl/19.
expressed In psi (Nfm2).
mixing faucet
A faucet having a single outlet for water
from separately controlled hot-water and
cold·water taps. Also called mixer.
.... aerator
A sieve like device for mixing air the
water flowing from the end of a spigot.
faucet
A faucet haVing a thermostatlc311y
controlled valvdor malntalnln9 the
desired water temperature re.q3
r
dless of
pressure or flow.
197
PLUMBING
P fum In"9 fixture .
AIry of V3 rio.; s rtUptacles for
receiving W4iW from a system
and the liquid waste Into
a dr:;lM3ge system.
ware
!?all cock
A device for regulaUng the supply of water
In" flush tam: by means of a hollow floating
which by Its rise odan shuts or opens a
supply valve. Also called float valve.
Plumbing fixtures. as slnG and toilet
mJde of vitreous china. porcelain
e:13me1. or e.1art'lded metal-l
!

reverse-trap
---....,.,='"'. A toilet rowlslmllar to the Siphon-Jet.
. having a smaller water surface and trapway_
______ J
ned to rtt3Crea to
from " wall
wrter h.1mmer
The corlCusslon and I13nglng noise that
resu/t5 whtn a l'OIurne of m.er moving
In a pipe stops or loses
IT'()-mal t.u m.

water cia set
A future consisting of a ceramic rowl with a
hinged seat ana lid and a device
with used for def'ecatlon
and urination. Also called tenet.
valve
A ",lve that supplies a fixed I\uantlty of
W3ter tcflxtures for flushing purposes
when actU3ted Uy direct water pressure.

/ A vertlcal panel of waterproof
_
...
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:/ material a"ttached to the wall uenlnd
a countertop or stovetop to protect
Ilqulds_
A comp3rtment In" system 0
I:
2irg.1p
The ctar vertlc3l dlstanu
petloieen the spout of a faucet or
other outlet of a supply pipe and
the flood level of a receptacle_
COIl"'f'resses arJ to I
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overflow
An Mlet. pipe. or receptacle for
exu:s5 liquid.

A flow of a liquid to the usual
desired dlrecUon.

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flood level
The level at which water would
1
::W rim of a plumbing
-.-- .---- --. - -

l?idet
A Uaslnllke fixture to pe stnddled
for Uathlng the genlt3ls and posterior parts
of the 1Iody.
urinal
A flushaUfc fixture used by men for
urinatIng.
toilet partition
A panel forming an enclosure around a
water closet for privacy 1n a puullc lavatory.
l?athtul?
An oV!ong tub to Imhe In, esp_ one th2t !s a
permanent fixture In a Uath room_

A Uatn In which water Is sprayed on the
I10dy from an overhead nozzle or

gra17l7ar
A Par at"t3ched to 3 wall rwr a Uathtu!7 or
shower to provk:le a hand grip for a
who Is Imhln4-
receptor
The shallow P3se pan of a stall shower.
lavatory .
A bowl or PiI$ln with running water for
washing th" face and hanas.
A of orcont.a1nl1t3tea
lIt7W from a pIu fixture Into it
supplylr\4 W4iWaue to
In the
'-,------------- ----------- 51nk

A 'r'lilve for flowing liquid. as
from Its dtrectlon.
Also called pacl:flow valve.
flow rm -------------.-------------------------
The of from a plumbIng
to the tat.allltlmkl' of
galkxls per dIvk:Ied
by 75 and expressed In fixture unlts_
198
trap .------;
A U-shaped or $-shaped section of
dnlnplpe In whloh Iltiuld remains
and forms a seal for preventing the
passage of sewer gas without
rifecUng the normal flow of waste
water or sewage through Also
called air trap_
drum trap'
A cylindrical trap closed on the
l?ottom and having a cover plate
for access. usually Installed on the
drain line from a l?athtuu_
A Pastn, as In a kitchen or laundry,
connected wfth a water supply and draln3¥
system for washing.
df'po'.1f
An electrical device In the anln of 3 sink. for
grinding foOd wastes to be washed clown
the al"3ln. Also disposer.
launary tr.:y
A deep sink for washing clothes_

A deep sink used In janltarl3l wort Also
called *pslnle.
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roughing-In
Tht: or process of Installing all
parts of a plumulng system that 1'1111
Pe conce31ed. usually to the
foct<Jre connecUons.
v;dve
Any devlce forcantroliing or stopping the
few of a liquid or 93s by a movaDle part
tn .. t Cpt:r1s. p3rtlally obstructs. or shuts
3 paSS3¥. pipe. Inlet. or ootlet.
........ t···· plumUing wall
! A wall or paMlon containing
! vertlc31 space for a plumulng
: st3ck. Also calleJ stuk
f partition.
... closet bend
r A 90°501/ fltting Instai1t:J
i di,ectly Deneatn ;; ..... close:.
developed length
The length of a
along the cf the
and pIpe flttlngs.
..• molded insuLrtlcn
Thmnallnsulatlon premokled to
fit aroond pipes arJ pipe
PLUMBING
pipe
A hollow cylinder of metal or plastic used
for the of water, steam, gas. or
otl1erfluld IT13terial.
t1
pipe fitting
A standard part. as an el&ow, unlan, or tee,
for cannt:ctlng two or more pipes.
Pena, Alsocallt:J ell. el.
("\"1 . /' drop elbow ,

I An elrow hav!ng lugs for attachment t<> a
wall or jolst. Also called drop en. .
.--.----.-- 'weep fittill9

A pipe fitting haVing a large radius of
(
curvature.
. _ .... _. return pend
V
A WO·vendlna pipe.
j .--_ .. --- plpeflttlng for making a three-
wayJolnt.
draptee -
A tee having lugs for attachment to a wall
or Joist.
........ --... sanitary tee
A tee having a curve In the 90°
pipe In the direction of the main.
.... - ........ -.. -.. --.-.. - ... --.- ........ -

t;ansltlon to channel the flow from a vranch
---- pipe flttlng for joining aln-anch
pipe wtth jI main, usually at a 45°angfe.
fht part of a valve casing through which
stt:m passes and th at forms a guide
3M se;;ll fortM stem.
•.... - ... -........ -.................
part or surface of a valve on which the
s:.cm Is closea to stop flow completely.
VlIlve _._.--.-- ...... --.--.--................. - ... .1
A valve with a gfa!rolar PDdy. closed Py a
at$ on an In an Intema:
...... n.
¥U valve ...... -....... -.......... -.......
A shutoff valve closed Dy Iowerini,J a
\'r"Age-shaped gate across the passage.
v.alve
A valvt: having an ooUet at a right
ar.gletothelnfet .• - ... _._ ... -............ ... •••
valve
AK<lsherless v;llve opened by aligninCj
hde-s In a disk. cyllnkr. or Pall.
mixing valve
A .,..lvt: forcontrolnng the relatlve
a :T1O'Jnt of hot and cold 'rV;l ter admitted
from separate hot-water and coId'water
Rr.es.
check valve
A .,..lve permitting a liquid or gas to flow
In OI1e direction only. -:
'/0"'"",
-.. - sanitary cross
A CI'O$S a slight curve In ea<;h of the
OO·transltlons to channel the flow from
mr.ch plpts In the direction of the IT13ln.

pipe for bypassing another pipe .
...' - -- ... . . .. .• nippk
to fit Into • A short length of pipe with thrt:ads on t3ch
op:1 :r ' 0, t:nd. used for joining ccupllngs or other pipe
part. " ... fittings.
.0,0
fenute ... -.. ----.-,,'. ccupling
Hmog , ?rt A shol1length of pipe having each end
Into whW;h jI threaded on the Inside, used for joInIng two
part fr..s.. of the same diameter.
[[
' incre.aser
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. A ccupllng Increasing In diameter lit one
I end.
--- reduur
A coupllng decreasing In diameter lit.one
end.
'-"'-"-'-'" union
pelf-and-'plgot ---... _.
A pipe joint IT130e by fitting the \ lL----I-..-,
end (splgat) of one pipe Into the
A cou pllng device for connt:ctlng two pipes
neither of which can re consisting'
of two Internally threaded t:r1d pieces wh leh
are tlghtent:J around the pipe ends to I:>e
joined, and an externally threaded center

enlarged t:r1d (l1ell) of another
pipe and sealing with a caull:lng
compound or a compressluie ring.
gasket
A rUDDer or metal ring Insertt:J
petween two mating surfaces to
make the JOint watertight.
--- t-·
A. """.ally ,h, .. Je<I flttl'g
.. , .... _ .. :::endofaPlpt.
An Intemally threaded flttlng for enclosing
the end of a pipe.
199
PLUMBING '.

A of pipes. tr2ps. and other

W2ste W3ter. or I'2mter to. puullc
or a priv4lte hclhty.
anin
Arty pipe or chanrel by w.b...lch a 15
off.
vent 5y:;tem .• 5tack vent
A system of pipes supplying a flow of f The extension of a soli or waste stack
air to or from a dl'3lnage system or j a rove tile hlghtst horizontal al'3ln
provldlng a clrcui3t1on of air within the f connected to the stack. Also called
system to prot.ect trap seals from f: selt vent. wastt vent.
siphonage ana !;ad: pressure. : L..-.'
: r V."'-Grj
! A group of two or more sImIlar ./
f :, plumping fixtures dIscharging Into a .,/'
I \ common waste or soil bl'3nch. .......
fixWr-e drain ---.. -.--............. - ..............................
/.r-" .-....... --
\
flxture to .1 junction wtth a \

----.:..L..._.:..-.
k_ .• ..... .
vent
A pipe a draIn near one or more
traps to a vent staa or stack vent.
relief vent
A vent th:ot provides circulation of a Ir
Petween a ar3inaqe and a venting system b'j
connecting a vent stJd to. horizontal
al'3ln !1etween the flrst fixture and the $Oil
or.waste stack.
... - loop vent
A circuit vent that loops back ana connects
with. stack vent Inste4d of a vent stack.
. common vent
A single vent servln9 two drains
mnch drarn connected at the same level. Also called
A dr;aln one or more ftxtures aU.11 vent.
to;a soil orwastest;acl ... ·-_·-··········-·· .. " ......................• - ••• i. - ...
..! ..... ,.
A vtrt:lc.1 waste rpe I circulation of alrtoorfrom any partofa
HUrrWeroffuors. I dl'3lnage syste-m.
.... - .• vent
A soil pipe. - .-. -'-" . -.- ., •....•• -.--:. •• .. =-:: .. :: .. :--:. .. .. = .. = .. :: .. ::. A vent one or more Indtvtauai
pipe vents with a I'e1rt staci: or stack vent.
Any thedlscharge from ....... individtJ.11 vent
wata' riuls to A vent connecting a fixture draln.to a rnaln
draill or 1Iulldl"!l sewer. . .. _ .. _.,- or mnch vent. AIsoc.1le.d revent.
wa5te stack -"-
A waste ptpe.

Any carT)4n§ from -
fixtures
closets or urln4ls.
iMirect ¥Q5U
A M Is cOnnec--..ea
dire.. "tJy wItJI • 5)'5te!:\
Into It
trapped
_ ....... - ...... - ............................ .


neve- i!:ss than fl. (2.4 wt?1ln
which tile horlzont.;l mnch al'3:ns
from or.e fioor are connectea.
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f.1B ---.- •.•. --.--.••. --.• --.-..... - •.• - ••....•.•••.•..•. -"'--j
The downward sbpe of a pipe. c.ondult. I
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orin Incfoes per foot. I

J..n oversized functlonlng Path as .
J so« orlf3Ste vent .•. _-....... - •. _ ....•...• _ .•.•. -
c1eanc-ut - ....... _ ...... - ...... "'" .. -...... -....................... - .. _.
A pipe a rmovaule '-
acuss to. soIf or waste pipe
for Jns.pectIon or
sump pump --.-•.....• - ........................ .
A pump fix the
accu mulatlons of Iquld from ;a su mp. T
,ump
A pit or rtScmOIr seMl14 .1S a ara in or
for W2ta' or other I1q u-lds.
Invert - ......................... - .................
Th e Iol'o'ffi pol n on the In terlor of
.1 or 5eWef wf.c:re the

200
l1uiiding drain _.'--'
The lowest p2rt of a dl'3lnage
system that receives the discharge
from sell ana W2ste st.cks Inside
tM walls of .i7ulldlng and It
by gravity to tf.c: I7ulldtng sewer. Also
calleJ house draIn .
pullding trJp •.• __ .•• _._J
A trap Inst.11ea In the 17u1k:fl"9 dl'3ln to
prevent the passage of sewer !faStS from
the pulkllng sewer to the aralnage
system of a I7uJldlng. Not all plumull19
codes require a I7uIk:flng trap. Also called
house trap.
-.. - circuit vent
A vent two or more tr.Ips ana
extending from III front of the fixture
connection of a fo.orizont4lmnch to the
vent stack. .
.... - vent
A vent Installed on the sewer side of. trap.
... ,. continuou, vent
A vertical vent fortT'led Dy a continuation of
the drain nne to whk;h It connects.
,.- fre,h-Jlr Inlet
! A vent pipe fresh air Into tM
f dr2l04ge system of j connectea
! to the pu11dlng dnlln at or the
i l1ulldlng trap.
,",Raing &eWet
A drain connealng iii i7ulldil14 drain to a
putnlc: sewer or prtvau treatment bCIRty.
Also called hGUM MWet" ..... 1
. _ .......... -.. -... -..... ,.
A pIpe or otheJ: conduit. usually
underground. for c.rTJ'lng off sewage and
other liquid waste to a treatment plant
or other point of dIsposal
5anitary
A sewer conveying only sewage from
plumbing fixtures and excluding stonn
water.

The IlqulcJ waste contaIning 3nlmal or
vegetJble matter In suspension or
solution that passes a sewer.
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A l3)'C1' of matter that rises ;
to the surbce of the sewage In a !
sep-tlC tallL ;,t
cle2r space ---__ _
PLUMBING
sewage pt3nt
Structures .nd appurtenances for
receiving the dIscharge of a santta ry
drainage system and reducing the org4nlc
and !1acterlal content of the waste so as to
rencler It less offensive or dangerotJS.
The dlstance retwten the vattorn of !
the l3yer of scum and the I1ottom of
outlet In a septic tank,
sluage eftar space
The distance retween the top of the
s.l!:dge anJ tM I1ottom of the outlet in
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stuage
Sed1ment th3t settles" out of sewag e,
a semi-solid mass on the
t>ottom oh septlc tank. .. -------------------

A covered pit for receiving the sewage
from a house. having a perforated lining to
af1cw the liquid portion of the sewage to
!exh Into the while the sludge Is
rrt1lneJ In the pit to undergo
decomposltlon_ Cesspools are no longer
;;.c.c.eptal1!e as a means of sewage d1sposal

A pte that Is lined with a perforated
to a How effluent
cc&ctea from a septIC tank to seep or
Ie3ch Into the surrounal"9 soil sometimes
septic tank -----j
A covered watertight tank for recelvlng the
discharge from a Inllkllng sewer.
out the solid organic matter which Is
ducmposeJ ana purified I1y all3erovlc
ana allowing the clarlfled liquid to
discharge for final disposal ----------.--
as a substitute for a dralnfleld_ --------:
fitter
A fllterforcleanslng w.teror
effluent. con51stlng of l41yers
of coarse stone. coarse gr:wel. and
$4 rod finer toward the top,
r
I
sub-5urf.ace sana filter .---------- ---- ------ --. '-: _' - .; .-; :'-' -, " . 1"-' .•. " .


A sequtnee of aPsorptlon trenches.
a D-sor-ptloo beds. or seepage plt6 so
am ngt.d the total effectlve
a area of one Is utilized
Defore effluent flows Into the next.

A test for determining the rate.t
whlch;l wlllavsorv effluent. made
by the rate at which the
water level drops after a hole Is dug In
the soli and filled with water.
i
j: ..... __
i
dosing cham17er -1
effluent , ____ J
A chamver of a I3rge septIc tank employing
slphonlc action to automatically discharge
a Ia rge volu me of effluent when a
predetermIned quantity h3s accumulated_
liqUId sewage that has tre3W In a
septic tank or a sewage treatment plant.
-------1-
I
: I I : l
: : I : : !
.-.--- grease trap
. A tank Installed between a kitchen and
a house 5etIer for retaining and rerr.cvlng
grease from waste water. Also cail.ed

,--'" distri\1ution box
, A Vox through which th<: flow of df..rent
from a sept.lC tank Is dlstrlvutea to the
dralll3ge tiles of a dra!rrfleld. Also o lid
diversion l:>ox.
_- .... dr.ainfield
An open area containing an
al1sorptlon trenches throogh which seytlc.
tank effluent from a septlc tank rttry seep
or leach Into the surroundlng soG.l.J:so
called al1sorption field. fi.dd.
I I I I I I
I : I l: avsorp-tiontrench
: I I I I . A narrow trench 12 to 36 In. (.305 to
I : : :: . ,._/ 914 mm) wide containing coarse ag:;re-
___ --L--___ ..L-- __ ..... ___ .J,. ___ _4 g3te and;l dIstrll1utlon pipe through
i which the effluent from a septic Is
To cause water or other lI!\uld to
percalate through something. so as to
dissolve out solul:7le constituents.
allowed to seep Into the sofl

A trench wider than :30 In. (914
containing coarse and two or
more dlstrlVutIon pIpes through ,,'hlch
tM effluent from a septIC tank Ny seep
Into the surrounding solt Also callt-d


Drain tileslakJ with openjolnt5 or
perforate<! pipe having
openings for the dl5trlvutlon of the
effluent from a septic tank. Also ca f1aI
dlstrfWtlon line,
drain
hollow tile bid end to end with
joints to disperse effluent In a dra 1rrfle1J.
or to drain water-saturated soil Also.
drainage till.
201
REINFORCED CONCRETE
Concrete in which steel
reinforcement is embedded in such a
maMer that the two materials act
in forces. Also
caned l1hon Jrme. ferroconcreU.
reinforcement
A system of steel !ms. stn ods. or
wires for al7sortrlng shearing.
and sometimes corr.::r-;::ssNe
stresses In a or
structure.
rtinforcingpu -. _ .. - ............ ""'-"
A stttl Ua r for reln{:' c.oncrae.
U$U311y speclfltd Py : numPer
to Its eighths of
an Inch. AIsoC31le(;
deformed bar' . - ... -....•. -.-.....
A relnforclng with
sumce deforrr:.. )!15 to develop 3
greater Pond¥--
/.!
./
plain concrete
Concrete havln9 no reinforcement.
or relnforcea only for drying
shrinkage or thermal stresses.
ferrocement
Constructed of Umtnt-5ana mortar
over a wtre mesh thAt h4 s l>een
preshaped (}Ief' a mold.
I
f-
te",ion ;eir.: '-;emen1;
Relnforceme< to 3DsorP ...•.•.•.. ,
tensile stre:: .

Relnforcerr-
com prtSs ,.
:'clnforument
,iesigned to a PsorV
"A-tSses.
!
i
ttnsion -_ .......
!
f
. ... -_ .. __ .-.... cracked
....... A concrete section kslgred or analyz!.d
..•..•..... on the assumptlon th3t concrete h4s r.a
resistance to tensile stresses.

J
i L rtSl5tIng couple
A c.uses the stress :,
a concrete member to e:r:cud tens;le
stren!)th of the concreu
i
i. .. __ .... _._ strtS54strlbution
L .. _. __ ...... -.... _ 5traln Jlstn'Pution
202
effective are.1 of co xrm
The area of a concrete section
the compress.,n f;oce a rtd the w.tWJ
tension
effectlveart4 of reinforcement
The product of the Cl'O$5·sectior..;:
area of reinforcement anJ the cosine of
the angle Paween Its d1rectlon and the
d1rectlon for wtllch Its effectlveness Is


of
fc effectll'e ma of
concrete a-t arr; of 3 reinforced
concrete memt>er. expressed as a

concrete
with dispersed.
rarukmly oriented fl!1ers of glass or plastic.
gfrc
for glass·flber·relnforced

_ ...
A grJ of Iongltudlnal and tr"3nsverse
steel wires or bars welded together at
all p:;;nts of Intasectlon. usually
sped'oed the $lze of the grid In Inches
and wire g3u¥, Also called welded-
wiN!
17a lJ r.ua se.ctio n
A In which the tension
t-heoretlcally re4Ches Its
specif'oed yield strength as the concrete In
compresslon Its assume.d

ovtmfnforce.d
A cor.crete section In which the concrete
In corrres.slon re4cnes Its assumed
strain Pdore the tcnslon
reinfor-..a1ent re3Ches Its spec!f'led yield
stre:r* This Is" d3ngerous conaltlon
since of the SoXtlon could occur
Inst.irltaneous!y w!thout
undeminforced
A in which
Its specified yield
s Defore the concrete In
comFresslon Its assumea
strai!1. This Is a deslra!71e
cond'rt,.,lon since of the sectkin would
De po,. brg.e deformatlons. glvl"9
prior .... mlng
ancnorage
I'r"ans . .3S emPedment
len!)th Of' koo(ed Ir.ars. for
tension or compression In a reinforcing
bar on exh side of a critical sectlon In
order to prevent rona hllure or spnW"4-
criticJlS«tlon
The sectiao of a flexural concreU: member
at a point of m.ax!mum stress. a point of
Infltctlcn. or. ?'lnt within the span
where !73rs are flO longer needed
to resist stress.
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we!? reinforcement
Reinfvrcernent conststl/11 of Pent Pars
or stlrrups, placed In a concrete peam
to resIs t dIa 9Oft31 ten s len.
-'
tru5511ar
A longitudinal Par Pent up or down
at points of moment reversal In a
reinforced concrete peam.
.. -·····-·····l1entbar
.' A longitudinal Par Pent to an angle of
5O"or more with the axis of a
concrete perpendicular to ana
Intersecting the Cl"3cklng tlut could
:,.------------ ------\ occur from diagonal tenslen.
-, or ,,,",,"-klop
: :: pars placed perpendicular to the
, • ' longitudinal reinforcement of a
concrete peam to resist the vertlcal
component of diagonal ten51on.
diJgorul un5ion --;
The principle tensile stresSt:s acting at an
ar.qle to the longitudinal axls of a beam.
vertlcJll reinforcement
relnforument placed In a
W1Crete column to aDsorp compressive
stresses. resist bendl/11 stresses, and
the effects of creep and shrinKage
fn the column. The effectlve cross-
sectlonal of vertical relnforcement
shO'JIJ not l>e less th3n 0.D1 nor more than
0.06 tlmtS the gross cross-sectional area
of the column, with 3 minimum of four #5
for tied coIumr.s and a minimum of six
15 for spiral columns. .-.. . ........ --- .. .

A spl1ce for transferring tensile or
compresslve stresses from one
Ior-jlUJdlnal u.r to another. made !1y
b pplng their ends for a length
!r.lrc::l13meters_ ..... - ..
b1.Itt5ptice

u.rto another. made!1y
their ends together and
C011nectlng In a positive ... _.-...
wdaed 'pllu _._ .. - - ----.. ../
A l>utt splice INQe by arc-weiJlng the
l>utted enas of reinforcing bars.

l>utted ends of two reinforcing pars
\'11th 3 meclunlcJl fastener. 3S 3
sbeclJmp. _
l1end 0---·--"
A displacing a section of
longitudinal bar to 3 posltlen parallel
to the orlglna I Pa r. used esp. In the
reinforcement of concrete
co1umns.
-.
p

'. ...
;.
.'
....
t.

..
.".
· "
:
·
'.
."
; ..
;'4' .,
"0
·

:.
..
4 '.
.-
I
I
tied column
A concrete column reinforced with
vertical Pars and InalviJuallateral
tieS. lateral ties shou!c::lluve a
diameter of at least % tn. (9.5 mm).
spaced apart not over 43 tie
diameters. 16 bar diameters. or the
least dimension of the column
sect len. Each comer and
lonflltudlnal bar should be laterally
supported !1y the bend of a tie having
an Included angle of not more than
135", with no bar being more than 6 In.
(152 mm) clear from such a
supported b3r.
top bar
of the longitudinal Pars
serving as tenslon reinforcement In
the section of a concrete !lea m or
sla p subject to a negative mom en t.
l?ottom l1ar ....
of the longitudinal !r.lrs
serving as tenslon reinforcement
In the sectlon of a concrete bea m
or slab subject to a positive
moment.
REINFORCED CONCRETE
relnforcedconcreu ueJm
A concrert beam designed to act togetner
with Iongltudlr.al and wep reinforcement In
resisting applied forces.
,·Iongitudinal reinforument
ReInforcement essentially paraHel to the
horizontal surface-of a slaD or to the tong
axis of a concrete beam or column.
deepl7eam
A reinforced concrete pe3m havl/11 a depth.
to-span ratio greater than 2:5 for .
conttnuous spans, or 4:5 for simple spans.
subject to nonhnear distribution of stress
and lateral buckling.
T-l7eam
A monolithic relnforced concrete
construction In which a portloo of the sl3b
on each skie of a beam acts as a flange In
reslsttng compressive stresses. and the
portion of the peam projecttng below the
slab serves as a web or stem In reslstl/11
bending and shear stresses.
reinforced concrete column
A concrete column designed to act
with vertical ana lateral reinforcement In
reSisting applied forces. Relm"orua
concrete columns constltutlng the principal
so pports for a floor or roof shotild have a
minimum diameter of iO In. (254 mm). or If
rectangular In section. 3 minimum thickness
of & In, (203 mm), and a minimum gross area
of 96 sq.ln. (61935 sq. mm). -
laural reinforcement
Spiral relnforcemtnt or lateral ties placed In
a concrete column to laterally ;estraln the
vertical reinforcement ana pre-.ent !?ucl:linl

d.; -- -...... -.. - .• 5pir.11 reinforcement
I _, lateral relnforcemtnt COi1slstl/11 of an
evenly spaced COlltlnuO'Js spiral held flrmly
In piau by vertlcJI spacers. 5ptral
reinforcement shou iJ hJve a d14meter of at
least % In. (9.5 mm), with a mJXlmum
center-to-center spacing spirals of
'16 of the core diameter, and a clear spacing
retween spirals not to exce.ea 31n. (76 mm)
nor l1e less than 1% In: (35 mm) or 11/2 t1rr1eS
the size of the coarse aggreg3te.
compound column
A structural steel column erlC3sea In
concrete at least zVz In. (64 mm) thick.
reinforced with wire mesh.
__ .......... __ .. compo5fU column
A structural steel column thorcuqhly
encasea In concrete reinforcedilith Doth
vertical ancl spiral reinforcement.
203
REINFORCED CONCRETE
reinforuJ concrete sbv
A rlgtJ plalUr 5tnIcture of conc;rat
kslgned to act wttfI principal
ana StGOn.:bry

()M-WZj sbb .... -.---
A slap ri unlfonn thlci;ness
reinforced ., one dlrec1:lon ana cast
lIttth parallel supporting
/:Ie3ms. ()r,e-way sblls are suttal1Ls
only for spans.
5bb ____________ ._._._.
A slap by
wflich In tum are
supported Py pmry !7e3ms or
glrkrs.
principal re!rtforcemeltt •. -.-- .. -.- -.. -...... ··--·-····-·····1
Relnforcemetlt deslgneJ ta a(,sori1 the i
stresses from applied loads and moments. !
5hrink.agt reinforcement -----...... - I
Relnforcement placed I
principal relnfOt"Ult1ent In a one-way slab to . i
absorb the stresses resulting from .
shrinkage or changes In temperature. Also !
called umperature reinforcement.
i
.-------------.- .. --.--------.--.
A concrete sbp cast
II'Ith .a seres of closely
spaced p!ru whldlln tum are
supported by a p.; ral'd set cj !Jc:ams.
slabs.re as a series
of parallel and econotnlcal for
lI'Iedum sp4rlS to lned!um !ive
baas. Also joist sbl7.
topping
A thin layer of hlgh-qualJty concrete
placed over a concrrn base to form a
floor surf.ice.
bonding layer
A thin layer of mortar spread on a
moIstened and prepared exlstlng
concrete surface prior to laylfi1 a new
concrete 51317.
...-- ... ----.-- .. -.--- ------. --.-. distribution rll7
, .••• -.. A rip formed pcrpendIcular ta the joists
.' of a rlW?ed ta dIst:rIl7uta
load concentratkms over a area:
one r,ulred for spal15l7etween 20 and
:30 ft. \6 and 9 m). and two for spans

.---------------- .. ---. ------. Joist l7and
A llroad. shallow supportIng for a
slap Is econom Ic .. I to rorm
Its depth Is tM same.as tim of
tr.e joists.
;-.--.. -.-.-.. pan
: A reuS3!?le metal or ftl1e rg lass moIJ
n
" use4 In forming a rl!roed avarbJUie
In stana.ra 20- and (508- .na
762·mm) wlJthsana a variety of

two-waysbb --.-----------------.---.----.--
A c.oncm.e stlp cj IlllIfonn
reinforud n twodreaJons cast

or IQIIs on fair sides. Two-wzy
are fa- N:iIum spans

,ub
A reinforced 51. extending
as a structural unit CHef tnru or'more
supports In a g!Yen d!rectIon. A
conUnuous s./Jp Is subject to lower
/I'1O!I'1ents th4n a of
.dlscme. slll'lply supported slolk. ..
o u
204
u o
paMi
A portlon of a refnforce& concrete
rouMea on all sides \ly the cente1ines
of columns. beams. or walls.
I!J -. [In
panel
-=1f"--y------:-f---nr- A strip running In eachdlrectlolTofa
:!: 1 1 Ii: two-wayslal7. within which moments
-"--'-r--'--"'--"'I-" - perfoot are assumed ta !Ie constant.
1.1: : ,I, .. -., middle strip
!II l ; IiI A panel Strip. one-half panel In width
Iii: : I·' and symmetrical arout the panel
.. .ll.. ..... _.l .. -..... -- .. -......... -i... ...... -.. H: .. - cenURlne.
II: l j Iii .-.-. column 5trlp
.. A panel stripoccupYfng the adJ3unt
I I quarter panels orl roth sides of a
III·: : III column centullne.

I
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:!,
punching shear
The potentially high-shearing stress
developed by the reactive force of a
column 0113 reinforced concrete slau.
shearhe3&
The ovtm>tres5ed region of a reinforced
concrete slab rt a column support.
drop panel ... --.-- .. --... --.- ----. ----j--
The portion of a flat slab thickened
around a column or column caplt31 to
Increase the Its resistance to shear.

.-
column capit.11 ----- -.--.------.-...
The head of a column su pport for a flat
sbb enbrgeJ to Increase the plate area
In sheoIr.
exterior pMI
A Fnel of a flat slab having at least one
e&ge which does not adjoin another panel. ---:
!nUrlor panel
Any panel of a flat slab that adjOins
othu panels along all four edges.
REINFORCED CONCRm
futpL1te
A concrete slab of uniform
reinforced In two or more dlrectlorl:s ana
supported directly by columns I¥rtMut
or girders. Flat plates m
for short to rneJlum sparlS with reb"tivel';(
Il:lht live loads. Since there are rIO column
capitals or drop panels, gcva-ns the
thicl:ness of;l flat plate: •
futslal7
A flat plate thlcl:ened at tts cotUll"'w'
supports with column ca plt3 Is ar.a drop
panels to increase Its shear and
moment·reslstlng capacity. Fta-t are
suitable for heavily loaded spans.
mushroom construction
Fl3t slJb construction utHlzlng c...iumn
capitals ana drop

A two-W3y concrete sIa b r*s
lt1 two dlrectlons. W3ffle St.DS m to
carry heavier loads and span
distances th3n flat Supportjrlg
and drop panels can I;le by
omtttlng dome forms In se!ecte.d 're4S.
dome
A square met31 or pan LI5e.d In
forming the of a W1ffle slab. m!l:.aD!e In
stand3rd 19- and 3O-ln. (483- artJ 702·mm)
Widths and a variety of
205
REINFORCED CONCRETE
concrete
Concrete reinforced !Iy pretenslonlng
or postta5lor.lz'!J hlgh-strength steel
tendons Withlll their elastk; limit to
actively resist a service road. The
tensf18 stress.eslll are
tr3 nsfrnt<:! to the concrete.. placing
the entire Cl'OS5 section of a flexural
memPer In compression. The resultlng
compressNe c:ounWact the
stresses from the
applied the prtstrtssed
me1I'1Per to less. C4rty a gre.ter
load. or span a gT'C2ter distance n a
conventionally remfurced memPerof
the same sht. proportion. and welght.

r 0 Introduce stresses to a
concrete In order to
counter3ct the st.resses thn will
f1"OI'1 an applltd ta.d.
preUn,lcn ............................... .
r 0 a concrete meml7er !Iy
the mnrorclng tel'laons
the concrete Is cast. The
tendons are first streUhe!:f petween
two alluw.ents untU a predetermlnea
tensl1e force Is Concm" Is
then C4st In fonnwork ,roun4 the
tenJons and fuJi cured. the
tendons are cut, ,nd the tensile stress
In the tenJons are transferred to the
c.onaete til I"OU9h bond stresses.
tendon
A hlgh·strength sted strand or
for prestressing . •. _ .. _ ..... :
stnnd
A caine composed of hlgh-strengt:h
steel wires twisted aPout a core.
.......... "'" .......• aputment
. A structure fer ;;r.chorlng the
o tendons In the pret.enslonlng of-a concrt".<:
lr.emDef.
;-._ ................ anchor
1 A mechanical devIu forlocllng a
i tendon In position ana delivering the
force to the concret".
! per.n3nently Ir1 a me 1t1Pt:r er

casting l1ed
A long horizontal slap 00 which a n um!1e1' of
concrete memPers may pe
prestressed. fOl1T1ed. and cast
slmultar.eously.
; ............ juking

fcxu e::t..er1"...ed temporarily by 3
jaclln the prest<tssJng of a cor.crete

j4ck
A hydraul1c for stretchIng and
In the prestressing of 4
concrete member.
initLll
tc1sile: fcxu!n the reinforcing
transferred to a concrete member at the
tlrr.e of stress1"4

A reductlon In Inttlal Pf'tStres5
from the effects of cmp.
shrlr.&:a9t. or dast:lc of the:
concm.e. of the
ste.el friction losses from the
curva-ture of ar. pea tenaons. a rJ sllpp3 oe
at PIe ancoor.f¥S.
firul
The th3t exists m a
concrete mtn1Per.-fter all
losses k1 prestress luve occurred.
-effective tr-e s s


: :. .... - comPIneJ
The prestress In a prestressed .
conc.rete tM effect of
the weight of the: memPer exc!udlng the
effect of arry load.
p.ut-ul
The prestressing of A member to ..
level of stress such tlu t IlOmlna!
stresses exist at deslgn or serviu loads.
,. -. -- _ •• c •• - •••.•••.•••••••• dead load strtsses .................... - live/oM strtsses
206
l
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REINFORCED CONCRETE
...• po5ttensicn
To prestress a concrete mem!:>er Irt .
tensioning the reinforcing tendons after
the concrete has set. Unstressed tendons
are placed In sheaths before Is
cast In formwon: around the tuPes. After
the concrete has cured. the tendons are
clamped on one end and jacked against the
concrete on the other end until the
required force Is developed. The tendons
are then on the end and
the jack removed.
1?onded posttensioning
Posttenslonlng In which the reinforcing
tendons are Ponded to the surrouitcllng
concrete !1y Injecting grout Into the
annular spaces around the strands.
unbonded
Posttenstonlng In which th6 annular
spaces around the reinforcing tendons are
not grouted. allowing the tendons to move
relative to the surrounding concrete.
shuth
A tube for encasing tendons In a
posttenslonecl member to prevent their
bonding to the concrete during placement.
pre-posttensicn
To prestress a concrete member!1y
pretenslonlng same of the tendons and
posttenslonlng others .
. -....... --.. - concentric tendon
. A tendon luvfng a straight tr;;jectory
cofncldent with the centrokfalaxls ofa
prestressed concrete memrer.

tenSioned, the tendon produces a
uniformly dlstril7utecl compressive stress
across the section thn counteracts the
tensile stress from ben.::l1ng .
. - ......... - .. eccentric tenacn
.: A tendon havlng a straight trajectory nat
colncldent wtth the centrold3laxls of a
i +\ ,
prestressed concrete memrer. When
tensioned. the tendon produces an
eccentric foru th3t
reduces the compressive stre:;s across
W. section toth<lt produud by bencIlng
alone.
WJ
The concept of prestressing a concrete
with draptd tendons.
theoraic311y rt:Sultlng In a state of zero
under 2 given loading cone/ltlon.
/----.. dr<1ped tendon
: A posttenslcnlng tendon having a
parabonc trajectory thn mirrors the
dlstribuW gravtty load. When tenSioned.

./ momentdlagramofaunlformly

variation In applied pendlr.g moment along
the length of the member .
..... -- .................. - ......•
A pretenstonlng tendon that
approximates the curve of a draped •
tendon with used
In the pretenslonlng process since the
prestressing foru does not allow for
draplr.g the tendon .
. '. ........ - ........... harped tendon
One of a series of depressed tendons
having '/arylng slopes.
207
ROOF
The external upper pf
a f,uitding.lndudingthe frame
for supporting the roofing.
flnroof
A roof no or OM only
a slight pltcls so as to drain rainwater.
pitchtd roof
A roof havln! ooe or more slopes..
hip roof .•. __ .. _ ........... _ .............. .
A roof having sloping ends ana sides
meeting projecting angle.
Also. hipped roof.
curproof
A roof dMded 011 each side of the ridge
IrTtc two or more slopes. as a gam!1re!
or ma rt53rd.
nta"'trd •...... - .... _ ................ _ .. .
A roof havI"9 en each side a steeper
lower pm and, shallower upper part.
Also roof.
I7utterfly roof ................. , ...................... -: .
A roof having two slopes; each
descending Inward from the eaves.
roof - ............................... _ ............... -
A roof h2v1ng a slngle sk¥.
lean·to .: ........................ _ ..... .
A shed roof with the higher end
al7uttlng a wan or larger I7ulldlng.

A shed roof prqectlng from a wa II or
the side of a I7ulla1n<j. as to shelter a
door. Also called Jppentlce. pent.
pentlce.
208
: .. _ ....... _.-...... pitch
/ The slope of a roof. commaniy
;' expressed In Inches of vertical rise per
/ c----------- .. ----- ::01""_"1",,_
i i The measured height of a sloping roof
from the eaves to the r'.aqe.
.. t-. horizontal distance from the eaves
I to the of a sfopi"4 roof ..
paviticn roof ... - ...
A PY'"3mlJal hlp roof.
.......• gal7le
A roof having a hipped eM
a ga Also c.;11ed
Jerkinhud. shreadhai
...•.. - ....... gaml7rel roof
./ A roof divided on t4Ch side Into
a shallower slope abo.re.ii steeper one.
..-._ ......... - cur"
The a rris retween an upper a na a lower
slope on a gam!1rel or roof.
.. •. _ ....... ralnl:oow roof
. A 9!11e roof In the form of a Proad GothIc
arch. with gentfy sloping convex
,'- I:rarref roof
. A roof or havl"9 a
semlcyllndrlcal form.
... ,awtaoth roof
A roof composed of a serlts of small pmrd
roofs of trlanguiarcross sectlon. u$U4ltf
asymmetrical wlth the shorter slope glnd
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An In a roof Of' ceiling. glazed
with a tr3nspamrtOf'transluunt
rnaterl3l for admitting daylight.
f3U
The IncUnea.llsually projecting edge of a

monitor
A raised COfI5t ruction 5tr;i dan the
ridge of a roof. having windows or lowers
for IIghtlng or a 17uilding. _.
The lower edge of a roof. Also. ........
As; 7\
//1",
/ . ,
(, : /-'r
I' /" I
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,addle ......... -.:
A connectlng two higher
elevations of a roof.
cricket •. _ ............................. _ .. -
A sm.;a11 roof for dlvrnlng r3lnwaw arounJ
a prcjectlon. IS a chlm ney. on a roof.
Pox gutter
A gutter built Into the slope of a roc{
aDove the cornice. __ ... __ ., ._.-..

A ro..rd laid to the g utter on a
sloping turned· up
eJge of the rnetJlllnlng. Also calteJ
layer l10arct
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.-- 1\
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\{.,//
gutUr ... - ...... - ... _ .. _. __ .... _ .... _ .. b
A a section. ftxe.d W
to the eaves of:a I7ulidlng.
lunging gutUr
A gutter bstcned to the ends of r.oft.us
or to a fuscl;uttne eaves of aroof. -.--..... - ..
gutter ha"¥r
A rr.etal strap or bracket for 5U pportlnq
arJ gutter ..
spike-arld-ferrule
A Ionq·nat1·and·fonr.e.d·metal slee-,e for
fastening <I gutter to the of <I reef.
ROOF
............. _ .......... , rkfge
A horizontal nne of Intersection at the
top l1etween two sloping planesofa roof.
. ........... , .. _ ..• valley
An Intersection of two Incllnea roof .
surfaces tovmd which rainwater flows .
.. -........ hip
. The Inclined projecting angle formed I7y
th(: Junction of two adjacent slOping sides
ofa roof.
dormer
A projecting structure l7Uilt out from a
sloping roof. usually housing a vertical
window or ventilating louver.
cheek
Either of two similar sides ofa
proJection. a s a dormer or 17uttress.
shed dormer
A dormer h.-wIng a shed roof.
.. - .. - ...... - gaple dormer
A dormer having a gable roof.
............................... ···link dormer
A large donner that houses a chimney
or Joins one part of a roof to another.
eyel7row
A low aonner having a roofthatlsan
upwardly curvtng contlnuatlon of the
main roof plane.
....... roof drain
A drain to recelve water
collecting on the surface of a roof ana to
discharge It. Into a leader or a Mwnspout.
....
An opening In the SIde of 3 as
In a for draining off r3lnwater.
gutter
A cha nnel of metal or wood at the eaves
or on the roof of a Pulidlng. for carrying
off rainwater. Also called eaves trough.
.. --...... leader head
The head of a downspout connected
to a scupper or gutter .
... ' ...... down,pout
... A vertical pipe for conveying ralnwat-er
down from:a roof or gutter to the ground.
Also called dralnspout.l-e.14er.
5hoe
The 17ase of a downspout. curved
outward to direct the flow away from
the wall .
... 5plJ'h plock
A precast concrete having a
.::--....... : depressed. splayed surface. placed at
.. the base of a downspout to disperse
_ '. ", 7""jj rainwater that woukl otherwise erode
the soil.
209
ROOF
douWerocf
A roofil •• s a
beaII and purilns. m us.e.d .s
supports fur common
ra&rs. C4IW roof.
king pest _.-._.- ............................ -....................... '.
A vc:rtbl from tht a rex ta tht \.
rou.om of. plUhed truss. .' ....

A pas; t\?t.Ches or i.i iseJ a re3S
for ana supportlng the fet"t of
Inclined 5tt1rts. Also
.
.'-.-.-.. -. purlin
:- A Iongftudll13! meml1trof a rooffrall1e for
supporting common rafters the
ridge and the eaves. Also. purfll14S. Also
C3l1ed ratul".
5ubpurUn
A structural memper for C3 rrylng
roofing I!13Ur13ls. supported!1y and
runnIng at right angles to pur/Ins.
--- .... ----.. , common raftu
A rafter extendIng from a wallplatc to ..
or rldgebearn ana h3v1ng no
functlon other than to support sheathing
and cavenng of a roof.
.. ,. poleplm
A !;team perpendicular to the ends of t18
I1eams In • trussed roof and supporting
common rafttrs nea r theIr lower ends. An are;;! of. post for su pportlng
theftm (/ a strut or ma.
kingtru55
.. ----.• princlp31 rafter
A pItched truss havIng a post.
auxili3ry r3fter
A rafter a principal rafter
... -- ... -- .. -... -... - .... -........... -.... --.---,.
A t:le uniting taps of .. / '<>"
,,/ "
I7e.1m..
'I.ueeQ post ------------.--... ------ --- .--.,c-"'..r,.-N-:>£---.-"'i

set Jl5t:.nus from th.e a p6c of •
piUhed tnIS5.

A horlzoWl tJmber for connectlng two
=-c:mbers to Uep them from
lp<lrt. as;;l the
prit1clpal r7ft.ers In. roof truss.
./
A along ana r--- ... ----.-----/
of a I\uterl truss and
feet of 1:he ,\ueen posts.
hammer po1t - ..... -.... -... -.... "--' ........ "--"---'.
A th6lnner of. ....
mud a corlar be4rn \.
aOM s-pp:rl a po.Jr"'- '
..... -.--- ....... -.--... -,.
One of P* (/ si10rt me:mt>trS ".
attacheJ die (/ a plinclp2l i.ifter
UIe b-d of W41U pIN. "sea In
of a tic be;am.
--.--------- ... ----.. -__
.----

A projecting h.xUontally from a
IQd to bear the weight of. cantIlever or

--------... -- .. -- .... --.-...

A truss having tw0'1ueet1
posts connected Dy a stl'3lnlng piece.
A vertlcat tlmber supporteJ at ftslower
end (,y a and carT)'kl4 at Its upper
end a hallWler or
roof
A roof supported Dy hammer !:>eams.
210
A diagonal mem!:>er of. roof principal
usually forming part of. truss ana
supporting the purllns on which common
rafters rest.
principal
A member In a framt structure upon
which adjacent or similar members
depend for support or
arch hace
A curved usually used In pairs
to support a roof fume and give the
effect of a n arch.
cruck • .J
One of. palrof naturally curvea timbers.
forming one of several arched frames
supporting the roof of an old Enghsh-
cottage or farm l1ulldlng.
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A Pam for supporting the upper ends
of at tilt riJ¥ of a roof.
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tap cut ------------- .. --- .. ------.--------
A plum p cut at the upper end of a rafter
where it !lutts against a rldgeboard.
plumu
direction.
stepping off ------- .--------.-------------- ----------------.----:/
A of determining the length of a
raf'"...er with a framing square.17y marXlng an
Increment of angular length for each foot of
hortzontal rurt

A relJtlvely short mcket or cantllever
for the ovema ng of a roof.
Also "lied bffp!ue. ·-------1

EIUIer of the en.:! rafters In
plrt of a g3 PIe roof til a t

"",,11. -----\.
Varge L. _____ .... outrigger
A palrof I'3fUrs supporting the part A!leam extendlng outward from a main
of a gal7le roof that projects !1eyond structure to support the projection of
the I7I.e W3l a floor or roof.
ROOF
riagel10ara
A horizontal timber at the ridge of a
roof. to which the upper ends of the
rafters are fastened. Also called
ridgepole. ridgeprece.
roof framing
The act. prcx;es5. or manner of COnstructing
the structural frame of a roof.
couple
A pair of rafters connected!;y a call3r
or tie beam. Also calleJ
/'--'- ---- ---- .. -----.------.... ---. -: collar
cellingjcist - .. ..!
A Joist for carrying the finish
ceiling of a room.
knee wall
A horizontal tlm!1er unitlng t,.,.o Opposl%
common rafters at a point t-.elow ;he
usually m the upper h3ff of the rafter
length. Also called collar tie.
r------·-··--· rafter
Any of a of SItl3I1. par311e1 beams for
supporting the sheathing a,..J covering of a
pitched roof.
A short wall supporting at some
Intermediate posltlon along their length.
.. -------- bird's mouth
./ A right-angled notch cuton
...- underslk of a rafter to fit Of er a
/ .. ,. Iongltudirt31 memw. as a wall pl3te.
seat cut
A horizontal cut at the lower end of a
rafter th3t allows it to rest 00 and !Ie
connecteJ to a wall plate. Also called
foot cllt. pIaU cllt.
jack
Having 3 length or height less than that
most of the others In a frarr.e.d strurnre.
asaJad: raft;eror troS5.
J3 ck r3ft".er
length of the roof slope. as lXle meetlng a

Any rafter th3t Is shorter t.1an the fun
hlp or II va!ley.
\ valley jad
A Jack rafter extenJlng from a valley rafter
to a ridge.
V4111ey I7fttr
-- A raft.e:r connecting the rld¥ to the W4R
plate a tong a valley.
cripple jack
A rafter jolnlng a hlp to a va Also C311ed
aouPk j..tck rafter.


AJack: rafterextendlngfrom; W411 plate to
a hlp rafter.
hiprafUr .
A rafter forming the Junctlotl of the sloping
sides of a hlp roof.
l1acKlng .------------- ... -.. ---.. -- .. ------ ...... -./
A !1<nrd. often carved. attached to A given to the outer and upper edge
the end of a ga!ne roof. of a hlp rafter In order to allow sheathing
Also called veTgePoard_ ---.------: to fit the top of the rafter without leaving
a trbngular space !1etween It and the
sk:k of the roof covering. ..'
cheekcut ... ---- .... -.. --- .. --- ..
An oblique angular cut at the end of a jack
\ rafter ena!1l1ng It to fit tightly against a hlp
, "I"" Alsocall<d sid< cut.
aragon beam
A short Pe3m receMng aM h&1ng the foot
of a hlp rafter to counteract tts thrust.
Also called dragon rue.
dragon tie
An angle brace for supporting one end of a
dragon
211
ROOF
r---------- --- sheathing
My of v;; r"oJs w.wrt$l5t. nt ma terlals.
sbtts. or tlles. bid on a roof
to shea Cf dnln nlrooter.

A thin. of wood.
nt..erbl sbte. or
conaete. bid In rows to cover

Boards or structural p;;nels. as plyrYood.
fa s tentJ to the fra of a wall or roof • s
Ua5e for cL-ufdlng or roof1ng_
panel clip
An H-5haptJ metal aevlu for
sluts of plywood roof at
unsupported Jolnts_ .-;
t.l,e roof • wa lis of Pu 5. -. - -. -- --.. -. - . -- -.. -. t==;r==il===:;;::==G:=:==;;;====='
Un II rication
The over.J of or roofing tlles
to fonn;a weathertlght
covering.
---.-----.. ------------------ ----.- --.---.....
The of units. as masonry. p=dJ:==r====:Jb==;;;===Jb==;r==:J
shlngles. or to ensure that vertlcal
FiniS are root ccml1'lUO'J5 In adjacent
courses.. Also calleJ joints.
E± -.
--------------, underl.1yment
A weather-reslsta nt material as
felt. for coveting and protecting a roof
deck Defore shIngles are appfled.
------------., fbshlng
common lJp •. ... -.-.-------...
A method ci l;iying by offsetting
An addltlonall3yer of underlayment
cemented to roof ded to prevent
meltIng Ice and snow from Packing up
under the rooflng a long the eaves.
alternate c..."'Jrses one-ha If the width of a

'\.

Of' expo!d to the weather _ .. -.....
lIrf.en iI Also .

-------------._-_._-------------_ ......
Tl-.e which slate. or
rocfI"'9 ano-"r.er In the second
COIJI"5e ...... lt_
. __ ._---_ ..... _.
A course Q' of roofing ma terIa I
of a roof.
•..... -- ... -- .. -- .• --.-.
top c..Jt.)r$t of shlng1cs, states. or
rooflr.g ul.es to a rJ¥. cut to the
requlreJ .. \ .'
•. ------.--------00-----.-···
One of the *..tr'IUU CO\.lI'"SeS of shlng Ies
Of slJte lWith $horte:' or longer

CCUrH .---.---------------------- -.--
A ccurse cI laid JII'lth the Putts
a or one adjacent.

A aouPle of Of' utes laId at
the foot of J roof slope Of' • vertical
stCtlon of
,t,a C-C'JNe
first of sldtes. or
e4Ves of • roof the
first WJr5e Is !dId.
212
drip edge· .-- .-.------.---.-- -. --.:
A metal moldIng placed along the
eaves and rakes of a slopIng roof to
allow rainwater to drip free.
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...
ice dam
A Irollaup of snow and Ice along the e3Ye
of a sloping roof.
Dutchbp
A method of laying shIngles Py
each shingle over OM to the side
and one !?eiow.
sldelJp
The distance I;>y which a shingle. $bte. Of'
tlle overlaps an one abng
Its side ed¥. Also called endUp.
ccverage
The amount of weather protection provided
11)' the overlapping of or slates.
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ue
A unit for measurIng materials.
equal to 100 sq. ft. (9.3 54 mJ of cove<¥
shingle
A composition shingle h3vlng an aspkaft-
Impregnated felt trase. surfaced on the
weather side with colored mineraI gra nu
In a hot aspbltlc
fillergbs6
A composition shingle an
\:7a56. saturated with asphalt
and surfaced on the we3ther side with
colored wamic granules.
valley
A va/ley for1n&:f 11)' overbpplng
ccursesof shingles In alternate d1rectlon:S.
Also called I.1ced woven valley.
open valley
A valley at whIch shingles or slates are rm
laid to the exPOS!!1g a nn of
sheet metal or roll
__ -. valJeyfushing
A wide strIp of sheet metal or rooflng felt
for linIng the va lIey of a roof.
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ROOF
plue L1PeI ----.------------- dime",icn
A prtmlum graJeof red ceclar shingle of
heartwood.
red IJPeI
Art Intermedl3te grade of red cedar
shingle Imlng a Imltea amount of flat
and sapwood.
l1L1ck bDel
A utility grade of red cedar shingle.
o

A row of wood shingles laid along the rake of
a sloping roof wfth the Mts projecting
outward to give an Inward slope to the
surface shingles. Also caned under-cloak.
spaced sheathin9 ---------- ------- ---- ---------- J..-' .-
R.ooflng roards bid some distance apart to
provide ventllatlon for l'I'OO<f shingles and
sh3kes. Also caned open skip
sheathlng_
f'ostcn hip -------.------------------------;-.------
The weaving of shingles at the hlp or ridge of
;i roof. Also called 5cstcn ridge_
weaving
A method of on adjoining
surfaces of a roof or wall $0 that shingles
on each face lap each other alternately.
fascia
Arry l1road, flat, norlzontalsurface. 35 the
ouUr edge of a cornice or roof.
\-... - fascia l70ard
return -
The COfltlnU3tlonof 3 cornice around
the end of.Oil house.

A method of b)i114 roofing sIa tes with
the diagonal of tHe running
horizontally. AIsoC311ed drop-poInt

hcneycomu flbting
Db go 113I In which the tails are
cut from the rooflng slates.
I10x cornice
A projectit1g, hallow cornice of
!:>cards and r03iW to rafters
and Iockouts_ Also called cfo cornlu.
A wide roard set vertlc.ally to cover the
lower ends of raftc-s or the Joint recween
the top of a wa" a rid the projectlng eaves.
Wood shingles cut to a uniform s1zt.
random shingles
Wood shlnglts of uniform length, Mof
random width.

A thld shingle splltUng a
short log into .. numPer of tapered radial
sectlons_
tapersplit shake
A hanaspnt snake tapered by reversing
the l11ed with each spilt. .
shake
A ta perspllt hzvlng a spilt fau ana

",-- straightsplit,luke
\\ A hanasplit shake of uniform
''---- f,utt
The thid:. usually exposea eM of
a wood shingle or shake_
;- sprocKet
:. A strip of wood ftxed to each rafter at the
eaves I" oder to extenJ a sloping roof Wfth
;:I flatter pitch. Also callea cocking pieu.
- rafUrt4n
The lower, sometllT1¢.5 exposed. end of
;; rafterthJtovem3ngS3 waiL
.-- tail cut
A orT13 menta I cut at the
lower eM of 3 rafter tail

An e3Ves overhJng exposing the ends of
rafters a nd the underside of the roof
Also carlea open eaves.
-------- sized
RoofIng sb"tes of uniform width.
ranacm,uu,
RoofIng slates of V3l)ing width, often
laid In dIminishIng Also c;a r!ed
rUst«;
------- head
The end of a roofing 51&.
open slating .... :=;=;====rr==r-l=
A method roofing slates with
spaces adjacent ules In a
course. Also called spaud slatJng.
tail

One of ;:I number of cour.x:s of rooflng
slates that dlmlnl$h In exposure, and
sometimes width, from the eaves to
the ridge.
The lower. portlon of a
roofing slm.
t ... slating lUi!
A copper nail haYIng allrge, flat head and
3 medium-dlamond-shapea point,
esp. for flxlng slates.
213
ROOF

Arty of VlIrious Ct.y or concrete
tlles for a roof.
field tile -------.. ---.-------------,
One of tl1es covering ""-,_
the 11131" expanse oh roof. -

A convex tlle for .......
the hlp of a roof. ',,_,
Also oiled pon1\rt tllt.
eaves _. _____ ._. ____ 1
A first course of shingles. slates.
IY' tiles on a roof.
--.-.--------.-.... --
A row of slates or tiles placed on ana
projecthlg OYer the of a
gal;le,
rUIge tile
A canvex. 500".etimes decorated
roofing for caverlng the ridge
of a roof. Also oiled crown tife.
nuti1e --... -.-.-.--.---------,
A We forT!1ed to cover the -.•...
r3l:e ola sloping roof.

A., L -5haped rooflng tile for COferlng
hlp. or ,..ke of a roof. Also

o·t1-canning
1l-.e wavfness of a
shea metal sumu.
- ... .;
A roof COo'erlng of corrugated sheets of
galvanlu.-J iron. steel. aluminum.
fi!:>ergbss. or reinforced plastic.
roofi"9
A roof CCfering of copper sheets.Jolned
by st3na1ng seams.
tinroofi"9
A roof COtering of IbIPle tinplate or
ten'.qlate.
,-tarter tae --.. ------.------.
A rooflng Ule. usually shorter or plainer
th.'ln thefie1J utes. pl3ua under the
course tc give It:i proper slope.

A rounded C4 p for CC\'erir.g
t.l"e ridge of:i roof .•.
nola-down cUp -------......... --.-
A metal clip for securing of
shut rnet3t
,-
overcloak -.-----.----.-.---.. -., .. -"
The part of a sheet of metal roofing
thzt fa ps C\'er a sheet l1entath it at a .//
drip or Se4m.
ul\4krcloak -----.-.... -- -------.-. --/
k>wer of metal rooflng at a
drip or seam.
,.---------- tile tie
A twisted wire tie exter,alng from the e4ves
to the rid¥ of a roof, to which tiles
are secured.
---. missIon tile
A tapered. semlcyllndrlcal roofing tile bid
convex side up to overlap flanking. similar
tlles laid concave side up. Also called
Spanish tlle.
---------.
A tapered. semlcylindrlcal rooflng laid
convex side
\----.--.-. Ugula

. . . - -. Atapered.semlcylindrlcalrooflngtllebld
.. concave side up.
,,----'--- pantile
A rooflng tile having an 5-shaped cross
bid 50 the downturn of one
C\'ertlps the upturn of the next In the same
course.
Cl2
-I ... pan-and-rolltiling
· J A system of roofing tiles consisting of
tapered. semlcyflnarlcal tiles C\'er!applng
the flanges offfat unMrtlIes In the same
, course.
... -... ---.--.-.... --.-. interlockIng tile
tilting fillet
A flat. rectangular roofing tile having a
groove along one edge that fits rNer a
fu"4e In the next tile In the same course.
------.--. 'hingle tile
A fut. rectangul3r roofing tile laid In an
C\'erlapplng pattem.
.. -.... -
A norlzontal wood strip on which roofing
tiles or sl3tes are hung.
A wooden $trip of triangular section
usea to the edge of a Qoul>le
e4ves course and ensure that the tail$
of the lowest tiles pea tlghtly on each
other. Also C<!llea arris fillet.

.......... .------. lock
.......... , ../ AJolnt l>etween two pieces of sheet metal
, .... made by foWlng up the adjoining edges
.' against each other. folding them over. ana
futtenlng the Interlock.
.._...J.--.
••.•••• •..•..... A joint l?etween two pieces of sheet I1'Iet.i l
-"'''' ... made by foldln!! up the adjoining edges
••••••• . 3g3lnst each other. then folding their upper
\" portion over In the SJIT1e direction a numPer
'. . oftJmes.
r--:"'-' l1atten ,eam
.. "" : AjoInt 1?etween two of sheet metal.
... : made by turning up the adjolnlng edges
against a patten and locking them In pI#ce
with a metal strip placed over the lr.Itten.
......
.-...... roU,eam
Ajolnt two pieces of sheet met4lln
the direction of fall of a curved or sloping
roof. made Py turning up the adJoining-edges
against each other; then !:lending them
around to form a cylindriC<! I roll
.,·-17eaa
An edge of sheet met31 stiffened by pending
and futtenlng a narrow strip or rolling the
edge Into a shapt:.
Mond metal
c1ezt--···-- .............. -........ -......... -.- -.... -.-.- ........ .
for a mnd of an aJJoy
consisting mainly of nickel and copper.
214
A strip of met41 Of' wood attached to a
surface to restrain or support an
e!e",ent or me1:';u.
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Hypalon
r"deman: for a hana of chlorinated
polyethylene.
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fluid-applied roo&g
A continuous for roofs of complex
geometry. ofan elastomerlc
material as neoprene, Hypaton. or butyl
rubrer, appl\e<J In multiple coats with a
roller or spray gun and curing to form a
contlnoous membr.lne.
structul'3lllt5ubting roof duk
A cement!tlcus Insubtlng of
cr wood
ronded unJer pressure wtth portland
cement. having a factory-finished
underside for use on roofs with exposed
reams.
EPDM
Ethylene propYlene d1ene mOflomer. a
synthetlG rubl1er manufactured In sheets
ana used 35 a rooflng memmne.
ROOF
..... -- -.---- .-- ... -.. -... -- .. --. single-ply roofing
••• -.... A shut of el3stomerlc llUteri3las
,"" necprene, EPDM. or PVC, fm1ng
:' fused by heat or a sof.'ent. ftxed to a roof
/ det;.k with adhesNe. rneciunlc3lfasttners.
! Or by the weight of a grave! st. A lso
,.......".6.---.,....-..-........ ..,.......--.-.......... _____ .,.......rv called ru
-=----;,/ elasUlmeric
I f
I
Having the qualltles of natural
ruL1>er.
'-... - gravel SUlp
A metal strip with a vertical runge for
retaining sumcI"4 and •
preverTtIng leaks :around the of a
I7uItt·up roof. .
r--- membrane rocf
; A slngle·ply rooflng

from sunlight ana extremes of
tempmture by a layer of board
. .i Insulation ana an aaaltlonal !ayer of gravel
.
. selvage
.•. "-;' The edge of a sheet of roU rooflng th .. t is
..-- / of granules anJ most of the aSpflaft
coaUng SO as to provide a rond
with the lap of the next shut.
-------.------- ...... roll roofing
: A roofing m.oter131 consisting of f e!t
saturated with 3:Sphaft artJ surfaced on
the weather side with a asphJft
mlxeJ with mIneral or glass ana a
coretin9 of minerai gr3nules.
bitumen
Any of 'r'3rious mixtures of irydrocarrons
occurrin9 natul"Jtly or from C04l or
petroleum. as asph31t or coal tar, used for
surfaCing roads. and rooflnq.
Before appllcatlon. the semisol1d rrtit'".er
must re dIssolved In .. sotve:rt. emulsif'.ed.
or hea ted to a liquid state.
asp 1'13 It
A Drcwnlsh-Dlad mIxture of
obtained from aeposr-..s or as a
petro!etJm by-product. used for paving.
wa terp rooflng. ; na rocfln g.
coal t.ar
A viscous. bbcl: !lquld formed during the
dlstIlbtlon of co.l uSe.a for p-alnts.
waterprooftng. .na roofing_
... -
rigId bo3rd fnSul3tJon .-------. --. ------ ---- --- ---
A layer of gravel serving to protect a
memml'le from mech3 nleaf
aUr3s\on ana uptrftlng wind fof'ces.
cold-proceS5 roofing
A roof covering conslstlng of layers of
roofing felt or synthalc faD ric bonded and
s.ealed with a cold application of an asphalt
mastic or cement.
roofing bond
A guar3ntee Uy a surety compa ny that a
roofing manufacturer 1'1111 repair a roof
or covering under the conditions
listed In the bOtld1ng contract
.,----. cap shut
A shut of coated. feft.
used as the top ply In al7uitt-up roof.
.. -----._---- ..... ,hut
l1uilt-up roofing -----._.\
A contInuous covering for flat or low·
pitched roofs. COMsIstl119 of altematln9
layers or piles of rooflng felt and heated
Dltumen. surfaced with a cap sheet or a
lJyer of gravel or slag In a heavy coat
em!1edded In bitumen_
A feft with asp'.JltarC04I
tar for use as the first ply In layInguf
a roof.
roofing felt
A matted. fibrous m3terlal
with a bltumlnoos material b- increased
tcughness and resistance to
Also called roofln9 paper
215
ROOM
A portWn of spau within a
l7\Jlkfing. by walls or
from other similar
spaces.
,nteroom
Art outer room to a larger,
room. often used as a
--.-.•• ----.-•• --' ....
In a hotJSe, ., .... " ••). 11
hate!. or ether A!so called haiL ....
corridor
A ItilITOW passageway orgallery ? ...
c;oonectlng pzrtsof a building. esp. one ".
lnt-a which several rooms or apa""..ments \;..
open. .. "
5uiU
A connected series or roup of rooms
to be used together. --.... _ ... -
open
A floor pbn no My el1(;losed
spaus or dis tinct rooms.
216
.-...... alcove
. A recess or small room connected to
orfonning part of a13rger room.
.- vestl"btllt
.... A SIr ... n entrance h.R the outer
. doer 3M the Interior of a house or uUIk:llng.
function.al groupin.g
A of fumlture arranged
3CCO!'ding to funct.lo!1 a nJ use.

A close, often CO!TIp3Ct c.orrespondence
an.:! the
fonn or structure of the enclosillf space.
A room or Pulldlng for puullc
gatherings or entertainment.
.•
A rel3t1ve!y narrow room or lull,
esp. ont: for puU/1c use and having
architectural Importance Its
SC3le or aea)ratlve treatment.
enfiiaae
An axl3l am ngement of doorways
connecting a series of rooms sa as to
prov1.de a vista down the entire length
of the suite.
A fre.e and unrestrained arrangement
of furniture groupfngs that does not
neusS3 rlly correspond to the form or
structure of the surrounding space.
;,
l
1
1-
J-
1--

The physical volume Of' of a solid
voia
An empty space conbJned within or

.. -------
refuge
A r'.Ju affording shelter. protection.
or SJfety from danger or distress.

A JU of rest and tranquility
centu
A point or place upon wh'w;h Interest.
activity, or emotion focuses.

-.- 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

focus
A central point of attraction,
attention, or activity.
ROOM
space
. The three-dimensional field In which o17jects
and events occur and relative position
and direction, esp. a portlon of that fleld
set apart In a 9lven Instance or for a
particular purpose.
Euclidean space
Ordinal)' two- or three-dlmenslonalspace In
which Euclid's definitions and axioms apply.
Also called CarUsian spau.
place
A physical environment having particular
characteristics or u-sed for a partlGular
purpose.
am Ina nce
The mood, character, or atmosphere of an
environment or milieu. Also, amlrienu.
animated
Full of Ilfe, activity. moverr.ent. or
outlook
A vlew from a particular p!3ce. or the
place offering a view.
pro5pect
An outlook over a Of' In a particular
dlrectloo, or the pl3ce that comma ods
such a view.
217
ROOM
Jdjacent !5pau,
Two spaces al7UtUng or contiguous
with each other. esp. when a
common \:>ounaary or rorder.
linked spaces
Two spacesjolnea or connected by
a third space. .
interlockin9 space!5
Two spaces Interwoven or Into
each other 50 as to form a zone or
fIekf of shared spau.
em17eaJea spau
A space enveloped or IncorpOrateJ as
an essentl3l part of a space.
DID
I I
0
:···,:·'
··e····:
':." .'
: ..
•• 0'
L,i;.:::.,
-
lineM organiut1cn
Spaces extended. amnged. or n'Q-n.n'Q.nn
along a hne. path. or gallery. - X. .I -
centralized organization _.
Spaces gathered a rout or coming
together at a large or dominant
central space.
rub I organlutlon
Spaces fie 1'3d11 or rays
from a central spue or core.
grkf organization
Spaus organized with reference to
a rect3ngular system of lines and
coordinates.
or9anization
grouped. collected. or gathered
""=':1 toc3ether and relateJ by
proximity rather than geometry.
218
........ .. ..

00000


DDDDD
DDDDD
[bDO

.. D
.:" :',
DO
':;::· 0
D .,
D
, .. - transitWn
Moyement. passage. or chanItA fro
one form sta"A ':1'" m
• I<C>. or place to aneth
r------- .. tT'.
...
A nne or 113 rrow pa rt where an
area begins or ends.
: .. __ .. thrtshcld
or point of entering or
""'jlnnlng.
path
A rout.e or ccurse along which
movement occ
h
UI'S. or the pattern of

l
I -
i
L<
memirr;ane ,tre55eS
The compressive. tensile. and shear
stresses actln!J In pia ne of the
surfau of a shell structure. A shell can
sust3ln relatlvely large forces If uniformly
applW. Because of Its thinness. however.
a shell h3s little !lending resistance and
15 unsuitable for concentrated loads.

A rigid cylindrical shell structu reo
elliptlc paraboloid
A surnu ¥nerated by sI4:llng a vertical
pa",t,.ob with downward curvature alonfl
a perpend1cul3r pararola with downward
cumture.lts horizontal sections are
e!!1pses while Its vertical sections are
p3r3bolas.
If tilt length of 3 barrel sheD Is three or
times its trafl5llerse span. It as 3
deep Pe.m tWth 3 ()JrveJ sectIcn 5p3fl111ng In
the IcngltuJWJ afrectlcn. EJges are
5tIffeneJ with Pe3mS or adjoining sheDs.
--)
thin shell
A shell StnJcture constructed cf
reinforced concrete.
If It Is rt/3tI..-dy sOOrt.It exhibits archlib
action. TIe rods. rlglJ frzmes. or
the like are to courrtenct CM
OIltwara thrusts of the arching action.
hyperbolic paral1olold
A surfau hy sliding 3 parabola
with downward curvature along :iI parabola
j,;lth upward curvature. or a
smi9ht hne segment with Its ends on two
lines. It can considered to both
a translatlonal and a ruled surf3Ce. Also
called hypar.
SHELL
A thin, curved plate structure,
shaped to transmit applied
forcesi7y compressive. tensile,
and shear stresses acting In
the plane of the surface.
translational surface
A surface generated by s!ld1ng a plane
curve along a straight line or eNer another
plane curve.
cylindrical surface
A surface generated sItdlng a straight
line along " plane curve. or vice versa.
Depending on the curve. 2 cyflndr1c31
surfau may circular. ellIptIc. or
pararollc. Because of Its strai9ht bne
geometry. " cylindrical surface c.an
regardea as being either a translatlon3l
or a ruled surface.
paral1oloid
A surfau all of whose Intersections by
planes are either paraPolas:ilna elllrses or
para ro!3 5 and hyperbolas.
,addle surface
A surfau having an upward curvature In
one dilUtion and a downward curvature In
••..............................
I reglons of downward curvature exhiln-t
I archhke action.
··r····· while regions of upward curvature !7eh4ve
I as a cable structure. If the edges of the
, surface are not supported. peam !7Mlar
may also Pe present.
anticlastic
Having opposite curvatures at a given
point.
219
SHELL
rvIetJ&umce
A gener.lted I1y the motion of a
line. of Its hne
a ruled surbu Is generally
I.'!<Isler to form and wn5tnJct th3 n a
robtlorul or translatlonalsurf.ice.
.....'.
conoid .... _._.//./
A ruled surface gene:rated I1y sliding a
hne with OM end on a straight "lie
se.gment2nd the other on a plan" curve.
Depetldlng on the culYe. a may !?e
circular. einptlc. or paraPolIc. -
roUtlon.1
A sum", generated I1y rotating a
pbne culYe about an axis.
,urface
A rot3t-i0n31 surface I7y the
revolution of a circular arc auout a
....
eUiptbl ,Ul'bu
A surface generated I7y the
revolution of a half ellipse a
!
hyP ... IooIoLl •........ _ .. .1
A sulfa", a finite center witJ1
certain pia"" sectlons thn are
hypetVoias and others are
circles orenJpses.
syncla,tlc
Having similar curvatures at a given point.
vertical axiS ......................................... ___ -4-_-
parapollc ,urface
A rotoltlonal surface genelOlted I7y the
revolutlon of a par.ilrola arout a
vertlcal2xls. . ..................... .
2.20
j
U,ru, ........................ .1
A doughnut·shaped surface generated I7y
the revolution 012 circle about an e;xterior
hne lying In Its plane.
one",hM hyperl7olold
A ruled surface Py slldlng
Inchned nne se.gmen-t on two
horlzonbl clrcfes.Itsvert1c31
sections are hyperl1ol3s.
j
I !
I !
I j
I
1
l
1I
encroachmetrt
The uruuthorlztd extension of a
l>ulldlng.or part thertcf. on the
property or of .nother.
--_.--.... --- ....... -.--.. --.-.-
The mlnlll1um required distance from
evtry structure to the property nnes
of a lot. e:stal1lshed by a zonln9
ordinance to provide for air. light.
solar acuss. and privacy.
curll cut --'---'---'-'-'-'-.
A depression ill a curP provkll"9 "'"
vehicular uce:so from a street to a
driveway on prtnte property.
wntraa limit
A perimeter _ est;J1:7Rshed on the
In the contract
documents the Poundaries of
the site <lV31bb!e to the contractor
for constructlon purposes.
overvuraen
W 3Ste e;arth .na roo:;k Oo'erf:ting <I
useful mInerai deposlt.l7edrock. or a
deposit of SJnd. 9ravel. or rock neeaea
for constructlon. Also called l:7urden.
te,t it
A smaft pit to examine the
exlstlng son ccnaltkms and determine
the depth of W3ter tJ b1e at a
propased l>ulldlng slte.
shori"9
A system of shores for bracln9 or
supportl"9 • l'I3l1 or ather structure.
shore
A temporary supporting strut. esp. one
placed ovllquey against the slde of a n
excavatlon. furmwoO:. or structure.
SITEWORI<
Work done at a sij;e in
preparatlon for a construction
p:oject. as excavation, sheeting.

-- -- ---n
I --. r-············-····-··········-·-·-·----·- .. ----! . :
'---'--\"'-: ,··--·· .. ·············1 I {.-.. -L--.. -;-... -site
" I l The geographic location of a
shoring. and grading.
-".
,
,.-. I
I . tonstructlon p. roject. usually deflned
I t>y 1eg3lboundarles.
I I'
I --.. property me
I lOne of the legally deflned ana recorded
14;, H
Doundarfes of a parcel of land. Also
ca lled lot line.
I :
. •. _ .... _ j L ___ ,-'-- held t>y spectfled persons
--"'-"" .. -.-........... -..-.. : JJ' or the public to make IImltea use of the
__-.-.--........... j I land cf another. as a right-of-way.
------ I
patter poard .. --.. //
One of • numPerof bc.aras set
horizontally with vertlcal stakes to
support the strln9S outlining the
foundation plan of 3 prop05ed
l:7ulk:ll"9.
.-.--- - --.- - _ •• 0"" ---'" --
-------
-- .. -0 _ ...
.. -·groundbruking
The <lCt or ceremony of preaklng 9 round
for a new construction project.
e3r'thwork
The excavation and emlr.inkment of.
earth In connection with an engineering
opmtlon.
exc3V7tion
The Q!4gln9 and removal of e3rth from
Its natural position. or the cavity
from such removal.
tieback
A s-t..eel rod or tendon attached to a
deadrun or a rock or soil anchorto
prevetTt lateral l71O'Iement of a retaining
W<lfl orformwart
raker -.-.-------------- .. --------- ----------- .... -
--_. __ ...... shut pfle
Any cf 3 num1:7er of timber. steel or
precast concrete planks driven
side t>y slde to retJln earth or
preve:1t water from seeping Into an
exc3't7t1on. Also called shath pile.
An IncRneJ short: for supporting a wall.
Also cal1eJ r.KIng shore.
flying ,hore .
A horlzonta I stro t fixed and
supportlng two walts a Dove ground
level.
ccfferbm .----.--- - ... --._/
A wa enclosure constructed
unaerw2tuorln soil
ana dry to .IIow access for
constructlol1 or repairs.
dewater
....
.
A of boards Joined together
side b:i side to retain the face of an
exC3Y7tlon.
soldier pile A H-sectlon driven vertlcaily Into
the ground to support horizontal
or Iaggl"9. Also called soldle ..

I
L·-tremie
To remOt'e W3terfrom an excmtedJoO
site. uSli4lly by drainfng or pumping.
existing w;ter tJble
-t+- .+----1 - - ----
A funnellike device wIth a pipe or tu!:>e
for deposttlng concrete
boil
An unwanted flow of water and solid
ma tter Into <In excavation. due to
excesslve outside W3 ter pressure. Also "
calted UIow.
APys,jnian well
A perforneJ p!pt: driven In to the
ground for pU1l1pln1 oot collected
ground water.
--------
'-.... /-
/ .. - water tJble after pumping .... '.
wellpoint
A perforated tube driven Into the ground
to collect water from the surroundi"9
a rea so tt can be pumped away. as to
lower 3 water table or to pre-.. an
excaV3 tion from fi:ling with t.er
slurry wall
A ccr.cre-te waf! cast In a trench to
serve 3S sheeting and often as a
penn3nent foundation waf!.
constructed t>y excavating 3 trench In
short lengths. ft"ln91t with a slurry of
and water to preVent the
slkw3f!s from co"apslng. setting
reirrfOlUTrlent. ana placing C011CreU: In
the trench with a tremie to dlspl3ce
the slurry.
221
SITEWORK
fill
To I'2lse an existing grne with earth.,
or other or the ,
rnat.erbl usea In Pullalng .. ----.-- --.-------. ------.---' ..
up the Ieve! of an area.! ".

GI'O\JI1J aut has ralseJ to 3
higher level !:y with hard ruDPIe.
is stone or mien prick. Also called
rrt.1<k-up grooM.
Pcrrowpit
A from which sand. gravel or other
canstructloo mzterl3lIs for use
as fill In anot1'ter location.
cut.3M fill
An operation In which the
lTlOVea to
another rutlon ana used as fill

.... - .. - .... -.... -.-.--.---.-.-----.---- ... --..... -------'.,.-
The elevation at.3rfi specific .....
point on a con5tnIctlon Site. esp. where
the r()IJ nd IMtetS the foundation of a
/>Jsc cal1ed §rad4
,. .. "
-.-.-.-...... j.
The elevatlon of the orIglna I ground
$umu or grading
Also nrlura'
grade .-........ - ..... ---.- .. --- .
The of w;ols.lawns. or
SIIt'faus
orgraalng
opomtions. Al:so. finished grade. ,
J,.elowgraae -.-.. ---.---- ··-·· .. ···--.. ·--l----
Occurring or situated!:>elow the 1
"m« of "" ! "",oJ. I
I
underpinning
.r·-------·. rough grading
,. : The cutting. filling. ana sh3plng of earth
In for finish gradlng.
---.---. fine grading
The precise graal"i! of an area ailer
rough graQing to prepare for paving.
seeaJng. or planting.
grade nake
A stake man:lng the amount of cut or flll
required to the ground to a
specified level.
. controlled fill ,
All material that Is placed In laye.rs.
compacted. and tested after each
compaction for moisture corrtent, depth
of 11ft. and Pearlng capacity
additional layers are placed.
vertkal curve
A smooth paral10llc curve In the
vertlcal plane for conMCtlng two
grades of different slope In order to
avok:! an aprupt transition.
Ptnch Ur"1'aCe
An
across sloping ground with a steep
drop on the downside.
------ .. -... -... -.-----...•
j 0 reflll an eXcavation with earth. stene.
or other material. esp. the space a round
exterior founaatlon walls.
eu1lgraM
surface upon which 2
p2vement. concrete slab. or foundation Is
A should bostai;lkt. anln
well a rid relatively free of frost action.
-"-'''-'''' needle
A short Peam through a wan 35
a temporary support while the
found3tion or part Is repalre-d.
altered. or strengthend Also called
17e.1m.
......
i An u prig httlml1er for supporting a
J dead load during the structural
; alteration of 2 i;lUIJalng. esp. one of
A system of SlJpports that enaDles an
exlstlng fO<Jn.btlon to !:>e r'ePullt.
strengthened. or detpened. esp. the
SlJP?Xt requIred wben a new
exumIon III adJdnlng property is
than existIng found3tlon.
I two supports for a needle.
___________ J
222
;
I
-oJ
.J
I
...,
I
.. .oj
!
I
.."
, ..
SITEWORI<
,wale --------- ------ -... --... -. -.- ----- -.. ---- ----- -------- ---
runoff site arain3g8
A shallow depression formed by the . Somethil14 that drains cr flows off,.s The surface and sullsurface drainage of
l!1t.ersection of two ground slopes,
often designed to direct or divert the
flows off the !Jna In streams. a site In o rae r' to prevent the ccllectlon
runoff of sumu water_
+ l' 1 '1 1 r-
of th,
springs, brgely of surface : j :. i . -; . T: :' r
... __ . ____ .. __ ... ;l ___ .. i -' ;-j:
The process by which groundwater Is! '. - ' .. : - _. I':
absarbtdlntothewatertal:rie- -1 : i
'" .... .... ..............
----.-
which the earth Is saturated wtth " .' __ .: - --. ">
wa ter. . . , . - '-' . :
perched It ..,
A I
above the noot13l watertal:rie by an
ImpeTYlouS byer.
culvert
A drain or p3sslng under a
rwdorskbral\:. --------'.
box culvert ..· .....
A rtlnforcea concrete culvert having _ "- ... -', _ .
a fectangul3r cross section. 7/-"" , -.
.. ---- . ./ .. -. (" "". ..: "
A corn; rete OI"II13S0nry retaining 1';311 ' ... ' ......
3Uhe Inlet of a drain orcufvert:. "" ...
e:1od'l'!all -----....... ------ -.. -.----...... -... ;-- -.-:-- .. ----: /-.. ····l,-..-:...--.......r
A concrete OI"lI1asonry retaining wall I . >/
;otthe outletofa drain or culvert. l,://
building ,term ar3in --.... :
A building drain forconveylng
rainwater, groundwater, or Similar
dlscha rge to a Puftdlng storm
sewer or a comPlned sewer. Also
called 6tom1 drain.
hnding ,term -.
A drain conr.tC;.Jng a storm
drain to a storm 5e'l't'er.
sewer, or otl-.er point of
Also called M.c-Jse storm
;
I
"'"
of excess surface water or -
gl'OtJnawater_ .
surface arainage
The grading and sumclng of a site In
order to divert rain ana other surface
water Into natural drainage pattems
or a storm sewer system_
cutcff
A wall or other structure Intenaea to
elIminate or reauce percolation through
porous strata.
• .. -... ---.+ .. - curtain drain
A drain placed l1etween the sauru of
I
water and the area to l1e protected.
Also callea Int.erceptlng drain.
L ..... _____ .. _. ____ .. - unaerdrain
L_. ______ A perforatea pipe Installed In porous fill
to draw off groundwater.
.............. Frencharain
A dralr!3ge trench filled to ground level
with loose stones or rock fragments.
subsurface drainage
An underground network of piping for
conveying groundwater to a polnt of
disposal, 35 a storm sewer system.
Excess groundwater reduces the bad-
carrying capacity of a foundatlon soil
and Increases the hydrost3tlc
pressure on a l1ulfdlng foundation.
-"-'- .. - ........ -- areJ araln
A drain for collecting surface water or
rainwater-from a I1asement floor or
paveaare3.
-...... -- .... -.. -..... "'" arywell
A dralr!3ge ptt linea with gravel or
ru!1!71e to reulve suriau water and
allow It to percol3te away to
.UsorPent earth underground. Also
called wetl.
---- manhole
A covered h<l!e through which a person
may enter a sewer or drain .
...j ...... catch

.'.i A receptacle for the runoff of surnu
,: i water, h3VIng a l1asln which retains
I
l
: -
A sewer for conveying rainfall
aralned from roofs and paved
5uri.uS. A'rso called storm drain.
sewer
A sewer cor.veylng !loth sewage and
rainfall from roofs ana
pv'ed
heavy se.d1ment refore tt can pass
Into an underground drainpipe.
223
SOil
The top layer of the earth's surface,
consisting of dis i nttg rated rock and
decayed organic matter sui'ta!1le for
the growth of plant life.
-.-....... --.----... --....... -... --.. -.
The fertile surface layer of soil as
d1stlnct from the suPsolI.
... - .. -- .... -------.----... - ... --.
The or la)-er of earth
immediately l1eneath the surf.lce
sart. •
permafrost
f'erennlally froun subsoil In arctic
or SUDarctlc regions. Alsa called

soil analysi5
A process for determIning the particle-
size dlstrfl1utlon In an 5011, or
sedIment.
organic scil
Soli containing a large amount of organic
)..- matter. usually very compressll7le and
having poor load-sustaining propertIes.
profile
A d!3gram of a- vert\wl section of soil from
the grou nd su rface to the underlyfng
material snowlng 3 succession of horizons
developed I1y weathering. deposition. or
roth.
of soli or Its underlying materiJ/
J
-- --- series of relatively dIstinct
m'7"""r:-rr77""f7-rr.r-:777?'7""Tn7i found In a vertical section of 13nd.
.' ·d ..
.. " . .
.,
o "." ".0
·0 ",.
" .. - .
. d,' D
,unum
A single red or layer of sedimentary
earth or rock having the same
composition throughout. lyIng l1etween
l1eds of another kInd .

A numerlc.1I cl3sslflcatlcn of soli Dy
texture. used by the U ..s.i?ep2rtment of
Agriculture: (l) gravel (2) sana. (3) clay,
(4) loam. (5) loam with some sana. (6) sUt-
loam, and (7) clay-loam.
boulder
A large. natur:ally rounkd roct.ly!ng on
tM surface of the ground or partially
em!:ledded Iii It.
col:rPfe
A naturally rounded stone. smaller than a
!:ootrlder and brger than a used for
rough paving. walls. and foundrtlons. Also
called col:rf,festoM.
224
grave!
Sman peDVles arJ stones. or a mixture of
these witIt sand, fol1!'oed either nzturally
or I1y crushing rock. esp. such
that will pass (76 mm) ana be
retained on a No. <4 (4-" 111m) sleve.
cru,hed gravel
Gr:avel luivlng one or more fractured faces
produced by mecnanbl crushing. 6
crul5hed ,tone
Stone having well-defined edges
produced Dy the rruhanlcaf crushIng of
rocks or Doulders. Nso called Cf1.IsM.d
rock.
pea gravel
A small-d1ameter, natural gravel. usually
If 4 to 3fe In. (6.4 to 95 mm) In slzt.
screened to speciftcatbn.
pepple
A sma". rounded stane, especl311y one
worn smooth I1y the acUon of
'-1r.a
A loose, gr:anul3r mate:r!31 resulting from
tJ1e of rxks. conslstlng of
graIns smaller grnel Put coarser
tJ1an $lit.
S.1MCt.y
A naturallycuurrlng sand
often used as a \7ase or sul1Dase
having a rout 101 clay or Just enough to
make the mixture tightly when
compacted.
silt
loose sed1mentary material consisting of
flne minerai particles l1e"tween 0.002 mm
0.05 mm In diameter.
cby
A natural. e3rthy matertJl that Is plastic
when IMOIst M hara when flred and Is
used for Mlng tilt:. ana potte.')'.
composed I113lnly of floe particles of
hydrous aluminum less than
0.D02 mm 1n diameter.
cL1yloam
Soli cootalnlng m to 40t clay and 2O'.t

I1entonite
A clay formed I1y the decomposition of
volcanic ash. having the a!111lty to al;>sorl1
I3rge a mounts of water and to expand to
several Its natural volume.
loam
A rich soil contaIning" rdatlve/y equal
mIxture of sa rJ and silt a sm,lIler
proportion of clay ilnd organic
loess
An unstratlfle.d. cohesive. loamy deposit
deposIted I1y wind.
l-
I
I
....
I
l..:ool
'.

The levas of water content defining the
the different states
of of a plastic or cohesive soli.
lIS !1y standard tests,
lait ................... -.. -... -.-.... -.---
The expressed as ;,I
Iry which a soli
fmn , to a liquid state.
Indd -.- .. ----.--------.. --...... --.
The nurnen:.1 d1ffertn<:e I1etween the
/!quid hllit and the plastic limit of a soli.
pWtlclinit -------------.---.---.:------.--
The W3tercontent. expressed as a
of dry weight. at which a soli
lcses Its pbstlclty and l7eglns to l7ehave
as;,l sol1J..
pl.a5tlc soil
A soil M can rolled Irtta '/8 In. - (32-
mm) diameter thre3ds wtthout cruml7l1ng_
---------- ----- -- .. ---- .... ----
The expressed as a
Iry at which a
rtJuctloII m W3ter content win nat cause a
further dt:cre3se In the volume of a soli
nuss.
• -'.0
l-
l- I-
l-
l- I-
I-
I-
I-
f- l-
I-
f- II-
III--
III
II-
lil-lI/
i--
[J I-

I'- I--
I--
I'- I--
l-
I'- I--
l-
f- l-
f- l-
l- f-
illf-III
I-
1-1
f-
II
1111- III
10-
'-I
i--
II
!1If-til
f-
II 1 i--! 1 (

AIry §rnd. S3nd. 0- sUt that exhibits
01' plastlclty_

The propc:rty of a porous nuteri31 tha t
ail.uwsa 95 01' lIqula to pass through Its
pere sp3CtS.
--------------------------- .. ------
;..rry SOil true allows the :.' , •
r'!la ttvefy free morelT1em of wakr,
seil ---- --- -- .. -----.-------------
Arry soli, as clay, h3Ylng pores
t.:xJ small to permit w3ter to pass except
b-j slow aGt'C'1
geotechnical
Of or pertainIng to the practical
applications of geologica/science In civil
engineering.
foundatIon investigation
The Investigation and classification of a
foundation solfl7ased on observation and
tests of material dlsclosea by l7or1ngs or
excavations to obt3ln the Information
necessary for the deslgn of a foundation
system. Includln9 the shearing strength.
compressluUlty. cohesion. expansiveness.
permeal7l1tty. ana molswre ccnterrt of the
soil. the elevation of the water ta!lle. and
the antlclpated total and differential
settlement. Also called su17surface
Investlg3tfon.
SOIL
mectunlc,
The I7ranch of eMI englneerlng that deals
with the mechanical f,ehavlorof wnen
compressed or sheared. or when water
flows through It.
soil stnJcture
The arrangement and aggregation of soil
particles In a soli mass.
core
An undlstur17ed. cylinarical sample of
earth or I'OCk otrtalnea by means of core
drill and used for analySis ana testln9 of
l1earlng ca paclty. Also called poring.
-- -- cohesive soil
Soli that has consldera Pte strength when
unconfined and air-dried. ana Significant
cohesion when SU!:I!T1ergd
-- cohesionle" soli
Soil that has little or no strength when
unconfined and air-dried. and little or no
cohesIon when sulnnerg.ed.
compaction
The consolidation of se.dlment by the
of cmrl:tlng aeposlts. 01' a similar
compression of soil aggregate. Or
cemerrtltlous material by roiling. tamping.
or 503\;Jng. '
optimum moisture conUnt
The water content of a SOt1 at which
maximum denslty can attalMd through
compaction.
penetration
A test for measuring the density of
gra nular soils ana tMconsi5tency of some
clays at tM rottom of a
recordIng the number of Plows reqUired by
a ha mrner to advance a st4ndard sod
sampler.

The unit load reqUIred to produce a
speclfled penetration Irrto a soli at a
specified rate of penetration.
shearing
The of a so" that enaPteslts
particles resist displacement with
respect to one another when an external
force Is applW. largely to the
coml7lned effects of cohesion and Internal
friction. Also called resistance.
225
SOLAR ENERGY
COMtoInt _.--_ ................... '-'-""-'
Tnt ave:rage rate at which radiant
from the sun 15 by the earth, equal
.ltitude
The angulareievatlon of a
celestial roay a !love the
horizon. _ .. - .....
..., .....
.. --- path diagram
/ A graphic deplctlon of the path of Sun
/ withIn the sky vault projected onto a
: pl3ne.
summer
Thetl",,", of year, on onDoutJune 21, wMn
the sun reaches Its northernmost point on
the celestlalsphtre. rruri::lng the
of summer In the northern hemisphere.
f equinox
! Either of the two times during thayear
! when the sun crosses the oftht
; celestial equator and the of
d3y and night are evetjWhm
oc.;urring a Pout March 21 (vernal
equinox or equinox).ana
SepUm[,er 21 (autumnal equinox).
- ... - .. ----... -----... - winter
Thetl",,", ofye:ar. on or a Pout Decem bet 21,
when the sun re3ches Its scuthernn-.:;.st
point on the celestial marking the
of winter In the northern
hemisphere.
_.-._ .. _ .. ---..... - latitude
430 6tu per hr. per SIt. ft. (1.94 cal per
min. per sq. em), used In calculating the
angular distance north or south from
effects of solar rad1atlon on lroiIJlngs.

A house to morv and store
sobr hat III order to su pplement or
replace conYC11tlonal heating methods.
,y,tern
A system solar
the prWrtal7i source of he3t.
5y5tem
A soIa/'"hQtJng system iJslng mechanical
tne2ns, as solar collectors, t.1nS. or pumps.
to collect, store, and dlstrll7!1te solar

or1ent.atlon
The pbcIng of a building In relation to the
path of the sun, either to niaxlmlze the
amount of heat gained from Solar rad13tlon
the widest months. or to minimize
the alr()Unt of heat gained In the wannest
months.
226
,oL-ir collector
A dev1ce or system deslg ned to use sola r
radlatlon to heat an al1sorPer through
which a transportlns medium, as air or
water, Is circulated. Also called ccI1ector .....
the tl<\uator of a point on the e.rth's
surface. IMe.3syrea In degrees along the
rnerldI.an through the point.
meridian
A gre3t circle on the e;;rth's surface
passing through Doth poles.
.,,-_.-.... _-- .. -
The angulardlstance e3st or weston
earth's surface, me4surea from the prime
",,",nabn at Gtunwlch. England. to the
meridian of a glvtn point arid expressed
either In degrees or a correspondtng
difference In tlrr.e.
, I
I

l
l
1-



b
L
L
----------_ .. ---
A of t<lrth placed against one or
a bUIlding as
extremes In

drumwall --------- ----------
A st.rl of blJck. drurr.s
pl3ced on the Insldt of a window wall to
sol3rM3t and then release tt
slowly Into the Interior of a
----------------.---. -',
A .. I '"
tM amount of solar ht3t ,.--- -,- -.,-
and tha-t 41 window. -:
of II1OV3 U!e horlzonta I or
fins controfb:l manually or
OIutomatlc3lly wtth time or

-'-'--'" --.--------- --
A !f"3nually or electrlca Ily
controlled exterior Vet1 et 13 n pH n d
for a b-ultdlnq Interior
from solar gain and
SOLAR ENERGY
passive 5CL1r-heating.
A solar-heating system using a InJlldlng's
design and construction and the M4ltunl
flow of heat to collect. store. and
dlstrluute solar energy. with minimal use
of fans or pumps.
-----------.-.--.. ---------.---.. Trompe wall
A glass-fronted exterior masonry waif
that ausorUs solar heat for radiation Into
the Interior of a InJlldlng. after a
of severa I hours.
5OIo3rlum
A porch. room. or gallery
used for sunuathlng or for therapeutic
exposure to sunlight.
,unroom
A porch or room oriented to
admtt large amounts of sunlight. Also called
sun parlor. sun parch_
,un deck
1 A roof. balcony, or terT;lce that I:s exposed
_-41 to the sun and used for sunbathing.
--------.---------.:;---.-.
.. Any of various exterior devices
of fixed horizontal or vertical fins angled to
shield a window from direct sunllght_
W- ...... ---.---+--.
A screen. usually of louvers, placed on
outside of alnJlldlng to shield the windows
from direct sunlight.
-··--t·-·-···I··· .. 5OIo3r ureen
A panel of miniature external louvers for
shading a window from dtreGt sunllght and
glare while allowing a high Mgru of
vlsltnllty. d3yllghtlng. ventilatIOn. visual
daytime privacy. and Insect protection.
227
SOUND
The senSAtion stimulated in the
organs of I7y mechanical
r3al3nt energy transmitUd as
longitudinal pressure waves through
the .air or other medium.
&0 una wave
A IongltuJlnal pressure wave In air or a n
elastic medium. esp. one producing an
audlUle senS3tion.
wave
A dlstumnce or oscllbtlon that transfers
energy progressively from point to point In
2 medl tim 01' space without adv3nce I7y the
p<?lnts thtmselves. as In the transmission
of sourul or
waveform
A graphic representation of the shape of a
wave, ol1talned by plotting deviation at a
fIxeJ point versus tllI18.
.'
w.1Velength -.-......... - ............. , ...
In the direction of
propagatlorl of a wave, from arry one point
to the next point of corresponding phase.

A particular point or sta¥ In a periodic
or process.
.'
.'
.'
.'
amplitlJde
The maxlmum aevl3tlon of a wave
or alt:enutlng current from Its
average value.
fffituency -.-....
The numbtr of cycles per unit tlll18 of a
mve or osclllatlon.
hertz
\
\
\
\
\
\
\
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
/
/'
""-y/
/
/
wavefrorrt
I
/
;'
The 51 unit of eG\ual to one
cycle per second. AVln-.: Hz
fundamenbl .. _.'_"_'"'' •••• m. __ ..... , pitch
which a vlln'atlng ! ',,---- __________ -------/ 1 The preaomlnantfre.quencyofa souna
or system wlU freely oscUlate. 1 1-+: as percelved !1y the human ear.
A surface of a propagating \YdVe
composed at arry Instant of an points
having klentlcal phase; usually
pt:rpenalcular to the dlrectlo" of
propagation.
Also called futkUmentaf I-"uency. : :
.. : . : octave
harmonIc .... -....... -...................... ,.. ! _-----_ ; Thelnteml twofrequenctes
A vfmtlon h3vlng a frequency that having a I"3tlo of 2:1.
Is an 1fTte4ra1 mu!tlpleofthat of the : '---------' i
fundall18ntal :
l1ai1d
A 1'2"¥ of W3velengths or frequencies
between two defined limits.
...... /.r .... _ .... t::::j>
.p«<lohound i /
The velocity of sourul traveling / r
throU9h watapproxhnate!y 1087 ft. --......... ! .. ,/
(0.3 km) per second at sealevel. /' a
throU9h WlIW at approximately 4500 ft. --.--j'./ f------------
km) per second. .... , •..
Doppler
An apparent shift In frtquency
when an acousU: source an4 listener are In
motion relative to e3ch other. the
frequencY Inc re4 slng' when the source aM
approach e3ch ather and
aecreaslng when they move a part.
--------.;
throU9h wooa atapproxlmate-/y 11.700 ft ........ -.. -
... -.-.-..
(5.5 km) per second. V
228
.1
1

: I
I
l.-
I
Itt-
I
lr
L
L
L
L
L


§
'e



"'-
t!

.s

VI

.s
""
§

10-
2
10-4
10--0
1(J-6
10-
10
10-
12
10-
14
10-
16
157
loudness
A sU17jeCtNe response to souM
Indlcatlng the of the
auditory 5efls3t1oo produced I7:i the
of a sound wave.
phon
A unit for the apparent
loudness of.a sound. equal In number to
the deci17el5 of a l000·Hz reference
soundjudgea 11y Oil group of listeners to
17e equal in Iouaness to the gIven 5OUnd.
501le •. ".,.".,., ................ - ........... _ .. ,
A unit for the apparent .
loudness of Oil 11y Oil group
of Ilste:ws to equal to the loudness
of a l000-Hzreference 50lJnd having an
Intensity of 40
deci!1el····.·-·.··.·····.·· .... ····.· .. ····.·.······:
A unit for expressing the rel3tlve I
pressure or Intensity of sounas on a i
uniform scale from 0 for the Ieoist :
perceptl171e 50Una to abouH30 for the 1
threshold of pain. Autn-.: d6 1
Oecibel masiJmntnt /s oo.a
logarithmic SC31e SInce Inmments of
5O!JTIJ or perceived
.as wilen the r.atJo Mween
suuesslYe ch3nges In Intensity rem3in
c0nst3nt. 1M ImIs of sound
5OlJf'Ce5, therefore. C3f1not be .aJ dtd

e.g .• eo 18 + eo dB = 63 dB. ntJt t20 dB.
I
!
V

SOUND
hearing
The sense by which sound Is percelvM.
Involving the entire mechanism of the
Internal. mldale. aild external e3r and
Including the nervous and cerebral
operations that translate the physical
operations Into meaningful signals.
; ........• threshold of pain
equal loudness contour
A curve the sound
pressure level at which sounds of
120 The level of sound Intensity high en0U9h
to produce the sensation of pain In the
human ear. usually around 00 d6.
different frequencies are judged 11y a
group of Ust.eners to equally foud.
31.3 62.5 125 250
5a)
1000 2000 4000 XOO
cycles p!T (Hz)
audio frequency
A m.ge of frequencies from 15 Hz to 20,000 Hz
audiPl.e to the human e3r.
16.0c0 32.000
I
auaitory btigue
Physical or mental weariness caused Py
prolonged exposure to loud noises.
hearing 1055
An Increase In the threshold of
audl!lllity. at speclflc frequencies.
caused by nannal agll19. dl5e3se. or
Injury to the hearing org3n5.
threshold of hearing
The minimum sound capa171e
of stimulating an audltory sensation.
usually 20 rnlcropascals or zero dB.
50una inU""rty &cund &cuna powe1'
rate 1t which acoust\c flows The dlfferenu the actu31 The amount of 4ICOUstIc energy
through a IM::Ilum. expressed In W3tts per pressure at arry poliTt In the fleId of a radiated Py a SOIJIU per unit time.
square sound wave and the static pressure at eXpressed In watts.
.......... __ 50una inUn5rty level that polnt. expressed In pa$Ca!s. &cuna power level
Sound Intensity measured on the decll7el 50und level The accustlc power-of a source.
scale. eqll3l to 10 times the common Sound pressure me.asured on the de<;lbef measured on tM decibel scale. equal to
of the ratlo of the sound scale. eq1l31 to 10 times the common 10 tlrnes the common logarithm of the
Intensity to a refmra intensity. usually logarithm Gf the r:atlo of the sound ratio of the acoustic power to a
10-
12
watts fl'!T' square I'I'teter (10""16 watts pressure to a reference pressure, usually referenu power. usually 10-12 watts.
per sqll3re 20 mlcropascals.
logarithm
The exponent power
to which a t>356 numPer must 17e
raised to arrive at a gtve:1 numl7er.
common lagamhm
A logarithm h:wlng a 7.156 of 10.
mlctopa5C3i
Ont-mlltlonth (10-6) part of a pascal.
SymrocJ.iP.a
&cund level meter
An electrical Instrument for rne3SU ring
sound pressure levels. r 0 compensate
for the way we percewe the relatlve
loudness of different of
sound. there are three Mtwon:s: A. 6.
and C. These networi:s weight the
recordings for different frequenGles
and coml7lnc the results In a single
reading. The A·netwon: scale. In dElA
units. Is most comrnonly used since It
discriminates 3g3lnst the lower
frequencies. 35 does the human ear at
moderate sound levels.
229
SOUND
JC.OusW
The mnclt of physics M
tnnsmlssicn.
of sound.

The '\ U2Wes or wracterlstlcs of <I
room. or concert haD *.4t
ktermlne tM audlPiI1ty of speech C1"
fldeIlty of II'1l1slcal sounds In tt.

A r:Ntr or behlnd ;a nd

reflect the sou"" the
audlenu. -" ...

A nona bsorptIYe surface ,from which
Incident sourJ Is refIecW. uSea esp. to
red1rect sourJ In a space. r 0 I1e effective.
a rtfIectlng surface should have a least
dimension equal to or greater than the
wavelength of the lowest frequency of the
soond being refkted.
acoustical c!cud
, One of a of acoustlc panels
Installe.:J celling of a concert
hall to reflect 50Und for Improving the
acoustic ,\uattty of music. --:
_.-..... _- ... -
analysis
A aetalle.:J study of the use of a bulldll1!3.
the Iocztlon and orientation of Its spaces,
posslUle sources of noise. ana the deslraL>le
acoustical environment In edch usable area,

The planning. shaping. finishing. and
furnishing of an encloseJ space to estaDllsh
the acoustical envlronlT'.ent neuss.ryfor
distinct hearing,
acoustic.11 treatment
The application of a bsorrent or refIect.lng
materials to the walls. and floor of
an enclosed space to a Iter or Impro'ie Its
acoustlc properUes. '

--._ ... -.- sound

Soun.:f directly ana
through tM;alr.
Iivs

;an audit.orlum orccncert
dud
re:scaance. as a room fret
from echoes aM
!OQndproof
Imperrb15 to ,udllk sound.

The and prOO"93tlon of
sound produud Py vim :ion.
vfVrmon
A lnductJ In one body Py
of e:octfy the same perW
In a Pody.
direct ",una _ .... _ . .1
Alri?ornt scund traveling directly from a
source to the listener. In a room. the
hUlTI3n 63t' hears direct sou/lJ
I1efore tt sound. As direct
souna loses intensity. the Importance of
ref\ecttd scuna Il1Greases.
reverl?eratia n
The persistence of a sound wtthln
a n enG Ios&:I space. caused !1y
muttlple refIectlon of the sound
100 Its source h<as stopped.

.s 60
........ decayrm
attenuzt.W n
A decrease In or pressure per
unit area of;a sound W2ve. occurring as
the from the source Increases
as a result of al?sorptlon. or
spreading In three dimensions.
]
loa
4(}
§
The rate of decrease of sound pressure
20
, level after Its source has stappea. usually
expressed In decibels per second.
o
230
r"eVerPtrn.wn time
The time In requlreJ for;a
souna ITI3k 1n an enclosed space to
diminish Py 60 decibels.
Airborne sound waves bent by
dtffr.Ictlon arouna an <*stxle
In their path .
.. -.- rdIected sound
The retum of alrrome
sound after 3 surface. at an
angle equal to the angle of Incidence.


...

, ...... :::.. ... 0·······
". ' .......••..•• :::. . ..... " ..
echo
The repetition of a sound produced by
the reflection of sound waves from an
c»structlng surface. loud enough ana
received late enough to be perceived 45
dlstlnct from the source.
flutter
A rapid sucus$lon of echoes C3u5e4:llly
the nrlIectlon of sou nd waves Ir.Icl: a rid
forth'Paween two paralld surf.aces.
wtth suff1clent between each
reflection to cause the to j,e
aware of separate. discrete signals.
focusing
The convergence of sou na waves rtflected
from a conc3Ve surface.
L
L
t-
l .
L


.so
]
{

.so

;:,

90
MJ
10
60
50
40
30
2f)
10
j
/
/
i
1000. 2CXXJ
octave hnJ center fr.-4'etlcies In fa
;-............. - .. noise crittria curve
. One of a series of curves representing the
sound pressure level across the frequency
spectrum for 17ackgrouna noise that should
not In various e11vlronments.
Higher noise !eYels are permitted at
lower frequencies since the human e4lr Is
less 5alsltlve to sounds In this frequency
region. Also called He curves.
SOUND

Any sound that Is unwanted, annoying.
or d1scor&3nt, or that Interferes with
one's hearl"!! ofsornethlng.
:-- redllC'tWn
; The perceived difference In sound
: pressure levels Petween two enclosed
spaces. due to the sound-lsolatlni
qualttles of the separatlng barrier as well
as the al1sorptlon present In tM
room: expressed In kclbels. .
-_.'"' _ .. _ .... ---- .. ___ i __ ----.. -----
.moJtr7tdynolsy
background ltiel -j
3fPr'OllJITI3te thres/loIJ of for nol5e
The level of amble.nt sound normally
present In a aPave which speech,
music, or other sound5 must be
presented to be he3rd.
,tandil19 W3Yt
A wave In which the amplitude of the
resu ltarrt of a tnnsmttW a nd a reflected
wwe Is flxed In tlme and ranges from zero /.
at the nodes to 3 maximum at the
antlnoaes. ;
Interference _"'_'_ ._ ........ _ .. _ ........... _ ............. j
The pMT1OIreI'Cn In which two or more Ilght
or souna W3'I'eS of the same frtqlJtncy
wmbine to re!m'orce or cancel each other.
the of the resultl"!! W3ve relng
equal to the algemlc or vector sum of the
amplltudes of the combining waves.
.. P5Crptio II ccef&lent
A measure of the effk:lency of a
aPsorVlng sound at a
equal to the
fractional part of Incident sound
energy at
the lTt3Wbl ..... --.. - ...................... - .. _ ..
reduction coefficient
A measure of the souna-al:1so"vlng
efficiency of a equal to the
average of the a coefficients
of the lTt3ter!4l to the
nearest 0.05 Jt four frequencies: \
250. 5OO.lOOO. and 2000 Hz.
'.00
.90
M
.70
.60
.50
.40
.J()
.20
.10
/
125
/
/
/
./y
250
white f- ..... -........... --.--- ................. 17ackground
An unoVtn.lslve sound havfng the The sound "9""311y present In an
same intensity for an freql.le1lCles of a environment, usu311y a compostte of
Uand. to rrt3s( or oVI1ter3te unwarrtea sounds from both exterlor and interior
sound. Also called wnru SOuM. sources. none which are-distinctly
ldentffial7le the hstener. Also C41led
sound.
".r--

-
r-
1000 2000
---
4000
..
The Interception and conversion of sound
energy Into heat or other form of energy
the struCture of a materl3l.lMIsurtd
In salrins or al1sorptlon units.

A unit of sound al1sorptlon. equal to
sq. ft. (0.D9 54 m) of a periect!y
al1s:orPtIv" surface.

A unit of sound al1sorptlon. eqU21 to 1
square meter of al1scrptlve
surface. Also calleJ unit.
in C}cks $(Cord (Hz)
231
SOUND
I:5cbtlon
The used and
.
of alrPoc-ne ana
structure-rome SCAlna from one room to
interior
of J Also c.IW SCUM .

A path for the transmission of sound
other than through a floor, wall, or ceiling
assemPly, as along such InterconneGtlng
as ductworl: or piping.
• irPol'M tra I\$m is,jo n - ............. -.. -. - '" ... -f--
Souna tnnsmlUed wheft a surfoau 15 set
Into by the ittrn.:iItI"4 air
waves.

SounJ transmitted throogh the sana . .
of J stndurc as a result
01 dIrea pf1ysIc3l contact or Impact. as
or footsteps.
loss
A Jne3SGre of the perfom3 nce of a
assembfyln
thetransmls5lcn of airborne
souM..' to the In soona
passes the Nterlal
ex' wfIeft tested 1t a R one-third
l:rand 125 to
.
T7ww fM;t.ors enlunce tJJe 1l rJtIn§ of 3
seprztton Intc


A
a PulkIIng ex
assembfyln the
tnn5ll'lls5bn of sound. eqU41 to
the of Its 11 at nine test
frequencies.
ace ustlc; mass
ResJst.nce to the transmIssion of sound
C3usea by the Inertia and elasticity of the
transmlttln9 general. the
ram .na more dense a 11ody, the g rea ter
Its to sound transmission.


.s


,-lQ
:
is
20
: ::.
• 11'1
. "
eta" •. _ ... _ ........ ! to
A mll'lg ri the perform3nce
oJ J ex ccn:structlon
In preventll'lg the transmission of
sauna. &erivea the
bbcrafory n curve fex' the mzteTtIl or

APW.:5TC
plenum barrier
An acoustic Darner erected In a plenum
(Net' a p3rtltlon to reduce sound
transmission I:>etween adjoining rooms.
vlbmion Isolator __ .i
A resilient I73se for mech3nlcal
equipment. Installed to reauce the
transmission of vl!n-aton and noise
strocture. Also
called Isolation mount.
inertL1l7locK
A he.l't')' concrete Ir.lse for vmtlng
mechanical equipment. used In conjunction
WIth vfl",rtlon Isolators to Increase the
mass of the equipment and decre4se the
potentia I for vfbratory IT1OVement.
di5<:Ontinuou5 c;onstructWn
Arry of several constructlon
the use of studs or reslllent
mountings. for breaKing the continuity of a
path which sound
II't1y !Ie tr3 nsmitted from one space to
another.
Tbe IHfhertie STC 17tJr.I. ,.ezt<r tile
5CUJJ-IscIztky • qffie f'IUt:erUI cr
Mopetr SfC
of1O; I'IOf'fTi3f constructton bs SfC
I7tiIfS fl'CIIff YJ 6O;!p«bI Is
60.
---,---- -0 p,rtitlon

Stnscturt-borne scund by
as footsteps or the
of furniture.
Impact Jrt,ubtIon
A of tJle performance
of • constnlctlon In pre'fflTtlng
the transmlsslon of ltnp<Ict noise. Am-.: IIC
The "'4hertlle oc rztJn§. the mex-e Is
The
nc rltinf repbas the IJ5d Imfnct
(HR) XId Is
to the I« t7tJng +51 J6 for; gMtr
const.roctJon.
232
" ",----,-"
' .... -..:.._--,.
75
65
.s
l

11'1
11'1
t
45


35·

25
It')


c--,
<::)

It)
·35
45

..!!
\)
t:



-S

t

<::)

<::)

'"

one·t!-.ird octJ'It End urrUr frequency (H.zj
: A partition for reducing souna
transmIssion Pe'twetm rooms. frarneJ with
two rows of stllds arranged In
zigzag fa5h1on and supportl"9 opposite
Qces of the pa rtItIon. sometlrnes with a
flPerglass bbnl::a
mounting
A system offlexlVle attachments or
supports th4t penn Its room surfaces to
vfmt.e nornully witholIt transmtttlng the
vfmtor)' motions and assocuted noIse to
the supportl"9 structure.
.---- -.
A metal channel for the resilient mounting
of wallboard to studs or joists, used In
sound-lsoIatlng construction to reauce
the transmission of vllmtlons a nd noise.

A flexible met31 device for the reSilient
mounting of wallPo3rd or to
studs or Joists. used In sounc/·lsol3Ung
constructron to reduce the transmission
of vibrations a nd noise.
,.
r
l
handrail
A raIl providing a handhold and
-----------------'L servlngasa support at the side
-.....!!! a stair or platform. -:
'. :
" 1
,
,
" !
hi1droom --------------------- -- ----------.---- ---
The clear vertlcal space from the nosing
" ;
'i.,.
:,
: ,
of a stair tre:aJ to any overhead
ol>struct1on. usually required by Utilldlng
codes to at least 7810. (2 m).
st.Jirhead
The top or tap lanalog of a stairway.
.-----... --.- .. ------.-
The measured height of a stair
SUp or a of steps.
. ,
: ,
,
,
,
" ,
,
"
"'1
L ___ _
,------.----.-.-
STAIR
One of a or series
of steps for from
one level to another, as
In a
i The horizontal upper surface of a step
In Ii stair. on wh Ich the foot 15 placed.
:---.- nosing
: The usually rou"jed edge of a stair
tread that extends over the riser.
_.' riser
The vertlcal face of a stair step.

raking rl5er
A riser that Is Inclined Inward to permit
mare footroom on the tread I1efow.
+---+----- stairway
A passageway from one level of a
to anather \7y a flight of staIrs.


stairwell
A vertical shaft or opening
COfltalr.lng a stair1'f3Y.
I3dder
A structure of wood. metal. or rope.
of two sklepieces
Joined at Intervals by t:rars or
rungs. forming Ii means of c!1mbing up
or down at an angle of pitch Wtween
7Soand 90". ----.-. "- .---- -- ... -- .-. -- -- ... -.
nJng -------.-.-.. ---.
One of the crosspieces,
usually round&!. forming the
steps of a laader.
ship'sladaer
A fixed stepl3Jder having an angle
of pitch Petwurl 55'and 70'. -
usually equipped with handrails.
run __ . _____ . .J
The horizontal distance
successive risers or l7etween the first
and last risers of a flight of steps.
---
A conUnuous series of 5tepsl7etween one
f.oo1' or landlog of a Uulkllng and the next.
.-------- .. ----.-.------------- .. crfticalangle
:" The angle of pitch a bore which 3 5t3ir
is consldered to l7e uncomfortal7le or
unsafe. usually
ratio
The preferred ratio the riser and
tread of a stalrstep. specified by either of
two formulas:
R+ZT = 24 to 25;
R x T = 72 to 75.
·i----·--·· prrlerredangle
: For a ft4Jht of stairs. any angle of pitch
; 25° and Ot'. for a ramp. an
. angle of pitch less than
;-' nmp
! A sloping floor, walk. or roadway
! coonectlng two levels.
!
'upped ramp
A series of ramps conne:cted by SUps.
.--"'--' -.. -_.- helicline
A curved ramp.
233
STAIR
5traight-run _ .... -.. ---.--.
A stair exttMI"4 from one level to
,nother wtt:hout turns or winders.
fllet
of the steps In , stra Ight
flight cl5taIrs . • - ... -.---... - ..... - .. --... --.-.....
stair .----........ --.-.... -.,
A a tum. !
ronslstln§ straight flights ;
connected (,y an Intemn Ing Ia or !
, of wInkrs. Also caRed L stair. :

pace

A flight of stairs having no
turns or winders.
I3nding
A Petween flights of
sta Irs or the floor at the foot
or head of, flight of stairs.
.//,---+1 ,\uarterspace landing
! A squart IandlngwnneGtlng
t two flIghts of .. staIr. Also,
/luarterpau landing.
--- ---
walking nne
A hne 18 In. (457 mm) In from the
centerllne of "' ha ndrall. along
which the run of a winder Is the
same as a flier. Also called Une
of traveL
'::.-.... - halfspau landing
.... A landing ronnectlng two
i'''''' winder
'1 A more or less we.dqe-sha peJ sta I r
1 step for changIng dlrectlon.
i kitt winder
The central of three stair winders
:a 9O"turn. -I
--------
A r.l1std step or platform. esp. one
5eIYlng as a binding or resting place at
the end of a flight of steps. Also
cal1ea foatpu.
r------,-.,---"[1r--rr-l....--,rr-n-'-:n flights of a half-tum stair.
:\ Also, landing.
.. tml5b1r
...
A l8O·ortnl"OlJgh two
ri9ht angles at an Intervening bndlng.

A half-return of two
stral§ht flights immediately s1de by
side and c:ormect-ed by an Intervening
bnJIng.
dcul7le-l5ta It
A half-tum stair hMr-9 two
landings, each offering
.. 90'"ch211¥ of direction. --... - ........... -.
three-,\uarter-tvm .-.---.. --.---.. ---.. -.-- .--..... -........... - ......... -
A st.aJr M\ulring a three-qtl3rter tum
for contlnued ascent or
winding mlr
My stair ccnstructed chld1y with
as a geometrical or spiral stair.
circubr 5blr ........... , .•
A stair having a circular plan.
fptr"'Sbir ______ ._ ... _. ___ .. _..t..: ......... __ .... _
A drcubr stair having
wincing around and
po,. a untral post.
newel .. _ ...................................... c::: .. ;;;;. ::=.==:;;3
A central post from which the winders
of, spiral staIr radbte.
234
I
I
dou17\e-retum ---
A stair havlnf one wfde flight
from main floor to an
ntel'1T1ed1ate landing. and two
s4k flights from that lanalng
to the floor

// .
// /.:
/ I I
I ____ _

I" .
I
,------' . __ .,._ .... -------
....
"-...
17al3ncea step
Arry of a series ofwlrJers so
amngeJ that 2"e nearly.s
wIde at the Inside of the stair as
adjacent fliers. Also C3f1ea dancing
sUp. d.1nclng winder.
elliptlwll &tair
A wInding stair h3ving an eWptIC3l1y
shapeJwel.
stall'
A wlnalng stafrccnstructed aroun4 a
Circular or elliptical well without the
use of newels ana often no landings
floors.
.\ ... , ......... r .. -·· .. wre.1the
\ ..... "..... A CUlVed section of handraIl.
, "
l ..-.-... wrt.1the piece
: I A cUlVea section of a staircase strirl4
I
I
l
STAIR
landing tread ....................... - .... - ............. ".
A l10ard dlrectly over the uppermost riser In ...
string 5talrc25e
One of the sloping roards running
alongside a stalrc:.1se to support or
COlt< ends of treads and risers.
Also oiled stringer.
.3 flight of stairs. having an II13tchlng
that of the noslngs 011 the stair treads.
w.1l 'tring -.-.--.--.. - ... -.-... - ...... -.- ............. ,.
A stair string set against a wall. ",
usually notched or housed.
c.arrilge .-..... --- ................. -. --.-
An InchneJ Pea In for supporting
the of ;J stJlr. Also called
hors.!. rough

A stair having a housed string on
both stdes SO tbt It may ve more or
less completely fklJshed Vefore velng
set In Its fln.lloc3tlon.

II sta Ir string reaMng the enas of
risers ana treads In a series of
housings. Also ct05e4 ..
;apron .. --.. ·.--.-.... - .. - ..
A he3der the ends of stair
strings. and the joists of
b n.dlngs. Also calb:l pitching
-r---·· .. ····· .. · .... ···-.. ·
A plate for anchoring and
aDsorVing the thrust of an Inclined
as a stalrcarri.lge.
niling
A of one or more
horlzontal ralls by spaced
Uprights or !:>a lusters.
,
,t..1nchion ...... - .. --...... - ...... - .....
An upright post or support. as In a
wiMow or
p.lltStl'3de
A with
balu5ter .. - .. -.-.. -.-.... --......... .
Arry of a numrer of closely spaced
S\Jpports for;l Also called

newel drop •.. _._ .... _ ... _ ... _ ....... _ ... ,i
An doI'fnward projection of
;I r!eWel post. oft.e:rt through a soffit..
S-rletynoerng - ... - .......................... .--.• ...-
A naslng havIng an alms1ve. nonslip
A tread h3vlng a roughened surface to
prevent slippIng.
wai5t
The least thickness of a reinforced·
COI1crete stair slap,
r;amp
A short concave slope or bend. as
OM cannectlng the higher and lower
parts of a stair railing ata landlng:--
A
Its supporting mmework,
casIng. and h3ndralls.
open-string st3lr
A stair it3vlng an open string on one or
roth sides.
....... open string
A string having Its upper
t:dge cut to the profile of the treads
and risers. Also called cut string.
:ltalrro"
face string
A metal rod for holding a stair
carpet In place against the .
.Iwttom of a riser. ---1
Theouttr string of a staircase. usually
of better materl31 or finish than the
carrl3ge which It covers. Also called
finIsh string.
bracket .-..
retum
A continuation of the rounded nosing
of a tre;ad I1eyonJ the face of an open
string .
.. -.-- 5tring
An ornamental plea: filling the angle
Petween a riser and the overhanging
edge of Its tread.
An open strI"9 having the vert:cal
edges of the notches mitered with the
ends of the stair risers.
.-....... - ....... curt.iJ
A horiz.ontal spIral tennllt3tlon to the
lower end of a stafr rail. Also calbf
volilU.
.--.---.-... -. curbit step
A starting step having a scroll
termlnatlon to one or Path enas of the
tread .
...
The term 11131 fe;ature of a newel post.
often moldeJ or turned In 2 decoratlve
runner.
..-... -.--..... -.- newet
A post supporting one end of a hanaraU
at the top or bottom of a flight of
stairs. Also called newd post.
open-rtur
A stair havl"9 open spaus
sucuss1ve treads. alloWing light to
pass from a!xlve .
............. ...................... open
.,/ An space I1etween two
successive treads.
.. pan tread
A steel pan rw:Mng a concrete fill and
s.t:rvlng as a trt:3d or as a comDlne.:J
tread a nd riser.
235
STONE
Rock or 2 pieu of rock ,\U3rrled 3nd
woried into aspulfic size and slupe
for a particular purpose.
rock
naturallyformeci
by the aalon of bQt or W3ter ant.!
In fragments or lar¥ II13sses.
rock ------------... -..;
A class of n::d fonned by the
of stDlrnent. as bmestone.
s.ndstone or shale.

A sedIt1e:ntalj' roct funned chiefly by the
accumubt10n of orpnlc renulns. as shells
N caaI. conslsUng It13lnly of calcium
ana used as a stone and
ill the IIGfImcture of lbne.
tnvertine
A of bmestcne deposited Py
W4ters. esp. hot springs. soIJ as nurtie In

dolomite
A IItnesfone rich In carPoMate.
ooliU
. A Dmestone comp0se4 of smal round.
grains rcsemPling fIs& roe. A lsa
c.Iec:I 11M stone.
UndstoM
A roc;l: cooslsttn§ of sand.
usually C\uartz. cemented by
various suPsf.anctS. as silica. clay. or

bfues1:oM
A flne-gramea. argillaceous
sandstoRe that splits easily abng
planes tofonn thin slaPs.
mWMtcM
A redd:sII-Prown s.ndstone quarried and
used extensively as a I7ultdlng II13terlaL

A soft rock contJlnlf14 a high
proportlon of tJlc. used as dimension stOM
for hea1hs. tJ PIc tops. anJ carvea
ornaments. Also called stutlU.
236
metamorphic rock ----
A class of rock that has uMergone a
change In structure. texture. or
compostUon due to natural OIge:1cles. as
and pressure. esp. when the rock
becomes harder and Il1Ol'8 crystamne.
ItUrble
A metamorphic rock ofcl)'stJllIud
hmestone. ccnsl5tlng 1I'.alnly of c.alclte or
dolomite. capal7le oftal:lng a high pohsh.
and used esp.ln architec1;ure and ,
The presence and dlstrlWtlon of numerous
minerals account for the d1stlnctwe
varleg3ted appearance that many marl1les
have. The commercial tenn Includes many
dense hmestones and SOI!lC: coarse-grained
dolomites.

A dari:-grten. mottled serpentIne that
takes a high polish and Is sold 3S a marple.
Also. verde antktue.
,bU
A knse. fll1(7-gralned metamorphic rock
fortned l>y the compression of va rious
sediments. 3S clay or shale. having good
cleavage alon9 parallel planes.
,\uartziU
A compact. granular metamorphic rod:
consisting essentially of ttuartz, krived
from sandstone.

A or fohated ·metamprphlc rock
comsponaing in composition to granite. In
which the mine rats are arranged In layers.
IgMOUS rock
A cb ss of rod: formed by the
clj'St4IrlZ3tlon of molten
as

A very hJrd. ccarse-gr3Jr.ecJ lqneolls roct
ma
J
:11y of quartz.. feldspar. and
mlcJ I)( other colored mlnen!.s.

A voIc.anlc in composltion W
USU3ty H3ci: with a bright luster.
and tr.iInsparent In thin p1eces.

A to ne4r+j bbci: mlner3l wpper
a highly poIIshetI veneer
ana for om3 mental artlc!es.

A II'IIr«.11 or rod: COIlslstlng of hydrous
s!lIc4te. usually green In color
and appe;annce.
l
l-
l-
L-
L
L
L
grain
The granu13r or appearance of a
stone.
,
vedding pllne .-.-........ - .......... -....
The surfau that sep"rates one
str.ltum or bye- of st rat1f1ed rock
from ;lOOtMr-.
cle.w3¥ plane _ .... --- ..... _ ... - ..... -
A smooth surface along whleh
rocks l'rII tend to sp!lt.
e;plit-hua
a stone finish produced
by splitting to the Peddlng
planes..

Arry stone, as hmestone or
,\uarr!eJ or
esp. one that cuts well In
all directlons.
carved werk .- ..... _. -.... - .... - .. - .....
Han.d-cut features In bid
or st.one masonry.
ca5tstoM
A mix rI concrete wtth a
fine storie havlng a
surfx.e ponshed. or molded
to slmulate rut.lral stone.
Iwnedfinish •... - ...... _ ....... .
A srnocth stor.e finish having little
or no gloss. obtak1ed by ru bblng with
an abraslYe.
work ..
A stone fx.e of Cf)'StJ1line texture. as
of m3r.k or grJnlte. grourtJ and buffed
to form J g!4/ssl1ke surf3Ce. Also caned
glassed surface.
'\ \'1

STONE
building
Any stone suItable for use In
Pulldlng construction, as limestone,
IT13rMe, or granite.
..... ' fieldstone
Loose, unflnlshed.stone found 0f1 the
surface or In the soli, esp. when used for
building. as In ell)' masonry.
... -. dimension stone
Quarrtea ana squared stone 2 ft. (€itO mm)
or mare In le"9th ana width and of
speclfled thickness.
dressed stone
Stone worked to desired shape and
smoothed on the face.
: ....... _ .. _.- ... pitch-faced
Noting a stone having all arrlses cut In the
...------------t---, same plane and the faces roughly dressed
wtthaplek.
draft
A line or border chlseleJ at the edge of a
to guide the stonecutter In leveling
the surfaces.
L._ drafted margin
A smooth, uniform IT13rgln i'!on:ea around a
: .. stone face.
L._ sunk draft
A margin of a stone set below the rest of
the face .
... - boasted &umau
A stone flnlsh obtained by chiseling
roughly parallel grooves across the face.
--. batted ,urface
A scored stone surface made with a
mason's chisel after the surface has
been rub17ea smooth. Also called
tooled surface.
237
STRUCTURE
A st.Ple of stnJctural
elements destgntd ana canstructed
to function as a whole in supporting
and transmitting appntd loads
SJfeIy to the grouna without
exueding the allowable stresses
in the members.
linear ,
A structural member a length that
domll13t.es Its other two dimensions.

Of or to a structure or .
stroctur.al memDeI' a shape
/

A S'tnlCture or 5tructlIr.almtmber that
external focus prIm3 lily
the and of Its
material as a De:im or column. frame
\'eCt<)r-actNe structure ----------------------------.
A th3t
forces prinurlly through the composition
of tension and compression memDer'S. as
.a truss.
rtructu""
A that realrects external
forces prilT'4rily abrlg the contlnulty of
41 surface. as a p!.ateor shell _._. __ ,-_ ....... __.. _________ :- ____ --- __ . __ .- ..... -.- .... ,-.•. - ... ---. -.--.---- "-

One of tnt const:ltue:1t pa rts Into which a
m:zy rtSOlved I1y analysis.
hH.ng .a unlt4ry and
J unique loeh3vlor unk!- an appl1ed load.
.238
,
memller
A structural member SUDJect prfmartly
to compressive forces. --tt-=· CI

A structur.al memDer prtmarfly
to resist IongltuJlnal compression.
uMlon meml1er
A structural member subject primarily
to tensile forces. ____
tie
,umce
A structural member having a length ana
width that dominates Its thlcl:ntss.
f
i
_._J
OM-way
Of orpert.lnlng to a structure or
struaural member a Ioaa·cjrrylng
mechanIsm that acts In one direction only.
twO-way
Of or pertaining to a structure or
structural memrer havIng a Ioaa·ca rrylng
mechanIsm that acts I" two or more
dll'e(;tlons.

rJ
rJ
I
.J
I
,..I
I
1...1
l."
V
I
lr
I
!
l,
J
I
M
,tl '""
,/ i .""-.
/ .
. \.
/ \ "'-. .
" . :
,tructural unit
A d1scrett struG"Wre or of
structur.il members formlng;1 spatial
volume.
...... .. . '\1//
'. j: ./
: . ! A major spatial division. usually one of;1
: su\es, marltd or part!tloned off by
principal vertlcal supports of a structure.
t.-ansition structure
II meJi3Ung Detfleen two cr
drffererrt stnJCtural patterns
!Structural grid
A grid defining the princIpal points or niles
of support for a structural system.
regubrgrid
A structur.il grid havlng regularly
rtpenlng Pays In two dlrectlon.s.

A 5truCtural pattern consisting of t .... o
grids offset from each other ana creatlng
Interstltl3l spaus tM bays.

Irregubr grid
A structural grid Irregularly
!lays In one or more directions.
!Slipped grid
A structural grid h'-lYing points or lines
of supports spaced uniformly In one
dlrtctlon Put val)ing In the other.
STRUCTURE

J _I ,
: :1 :
1 i
I
&tructuralpattern
The arrangement of prinCIpal vertlcal
supports for a structure, whlGh
Influences the se\e:ctlon of an approprtrte
a"" esbPllshes the
possllnhtles for the ordering of spaces
ana functions.
STRUCTURE
structural
T'he preuss of
slzln4. and proporUonlrl4 the members of a
system In ordertc safely C3rT'j
a given set of Ioac.ls without exceed1rl4 the
stresses of the materb Is
DDDDDDO
.a1Icw .. stress
A mOOd fi:lr sizing arJ proportJonlng a
structllral r<:mper on the
2SSUmpU::Ja that the savice load will not
skts5 *.e I'I3teriaI Its allowable
st.resse:s. AI:sc ailed dtslgn.
design. woroni

A klad used In structural
kslgn computation s.
i .'
DL=P;L=@
\ ..
a tlowa 17 Ie Ioaa
A klad the alloW3!?le
at a crltlc3l StCtlon
of a metT1Per.
uftJ.mm rtrength
A rna/IodftJr sizing arJ proportioning a
nanpt:(' on the

the natt:ial Its ufUlT13te
A'6o fxtored load
Iaad-bctcr kslgn.

Struct..lral does!;n on arry
chose-n nm!; of 1..'Sefu1r.ess. as el3stlc
ftmlt, pl3st(; nmit. or limit.
DL = FL = ®.: X FS
\\
,.
,.
r'
strvfu load
The IT13Xlmum load a may!:>e
to support during Its
usefuillfe.. BuIlding codes specify minimum
service loads for va ric1JS uses. occu pancles.
types of constructlon. and environmental
conditions. Also wari:lng load.

........... , ...... , hcto'D".rety
A load to the sel"YU T'I1e ratio of the maxlrnum stress
load by .. f3ctcr of S4fety. structural member C3l1l'1'1thstand Ul the
!.Jso C2IIec:f uft.Imat.e load. maximum stress for It In the
use for which it Is kslgned. Also c.ol!ea
5.1fety bctor.
,tructunl f;anure
Any cond!tb1. AS fnctwing.11ucI: nng. or
pl3stlc ddormatlon. renders a
struct.Jral or plnt
1oad-C2rry1ng
functloo forll'f1lch it W15
240
structural
The process of determinIng the 3blllty of a
structure or any of its constltuent
memrers to safely carry a given set of
loads wtthout material distress or
exceSSive deformatlon. given the
arrangement. shape, and dimensions of
the members. the tyPeS of conne:ctlons
and supports utilized. and the allow3l7!e
stresses of the materials employeJ. For
an exIstIng structure, thIs Is
also known as str-Jctul'al
'j
. J
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J
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t
f
I.
load trace -------
The process of modeling how a structure
collects. channels. and redirects the loads
resulting from exterrtill forces through the
hierarchy of Its memrers to the foundation
and underlying solt Tnt USU311y
starts at the roof level wtth the smallest
metnPers actually picking up the loading ana
proceeds by tracing the loads through each
collecting memPer. Tnt re3CtIons of each
memrer to Its loading Pecomes forces 011
the metnPer$ It. Also called
load flow.
trivut.1ry are3
The portion of structure contriputlng to
the lou! 011 a structural t!ement or
memPer. Also called ccntrWutcry area.
ttibut.1ry
Channeling Into somtthlng mare Inclusive.
STRUCTURE

. .

. . .
i .
. .
. : : .
tril7lrta Ij' lea d
The load on a structural element
memDer coUe<;teJ from Its tripubry area.
r--- load strip
The triPl1t3ry area unit Itngth of a
supportlng structural memrer.
.. - ... -....... primary mem17e1"
• A structural to the
staplllty of a structural whole. Also
called rn.1ln mempeT.
/'._ ........ ve3ring
- A point. surface. or mass th3t supports
weight. the area of C011tJct t>etween a
Dearing memt>er. as:l t>eam or truss. and a
column. wall. or other support.
ve3r1ng
The stress deveJopea t>etween a
memPer and an underlying support. equal to
the quotleT1t of the magnttuk of the forces
transmitted and the area of contact
the two eI.ements.
I
I I
241
STRUCTURE
'upport coM ition
The Nnner In which a
rne:mber Is and connected to
other affecting the nature of
the rtactIYe forces devebped on the

point ohttp po rt
A point Oft a structur.11 member at which
Its reactIoft to a load Is tr2l1$111ltted as a
forutoa supporting rnetn!1er.
.. --.. - ... -.... -.. unre5trafned
fixed-end connection -.-...... .
A rig ld joint con the end of a
stnJctur.11 memw to a support.
242
A structul'3l meml1er permitted to rot3te
freely a rout a polntol support.
plnjoint
A structural connection that allows
. rotation but resists translation In arry
direction. Also called hlngt joint.
pinned ccnnectlpn.
pin
A slender rod driven holes In
adjacent parts to !up the parts
together or to permit them to mcve In
one plane relative to each other.
rtgtajoint
A structural connection that Nln'talns
the angular relationship tM
joined elements. restrains rotation and
tr2nslatlon In any direction. and pr'OVk:Ies
both force and moment reststance. Also
caltea fixed connectlon. fixed joint.
rigid connection.
roller 5UppOrt
A structlJl'3I support th"t allows rot.;tIon
rot resists translatlon In a dlrectlon
ptrpendlcul3r Into or iW4Y from Its bee.
Also canea roller joint.
C<1ble
A calXe anchorage tit<lt allows rotat1on
rot rests ts tr3 n$latlon only In the
dlrectlon of the cable.
anchorage
A me3ns for P\ndlng a st.roctur.11 rretrJ,.er
to another or to Its founaztlon. often to
resist and hori.w1t31 folUS.

I
l
! I
I .
U
u
L
L
L
L
L
L
STRUCTURE
,t3bility
ability of a structure. when dlstUm:a
from a condition of m by an appfled
load. to develop Internal fcrces or moments
••
lrteralst3pmty
The ability of a structure to resist
I3teral forces without sliding.
o.'ertumlng.l1uckllng. or collapSing.
In-aced frame ",
A structural frame of linear"
lIot:mbers maJe rigid Py ;1 system
of dlagor13 I members.
diaphragm
A rel3t1vely thin. rigl.d structural
member capal1le of withstanding
shear when loaded In a dlrectlon
para !let to Its pl3ne.
I ] --
111 fJ down under a n applied k:l3d without a
ch3"ge In length of arty lna.vidu31 member.
".
IaUral17raclng
l

St3!nllzlng a structural ag31nst
_____
_ A structural element for posltlonlnq,
supporting, or restraIning
I
I-
the members of a struct1.:nl frame..
al3gOnall7racing
A system of Inclined memWs for mclng
the angles between the rrenbers of a
structural frame and ensuring the
stabilltyofthe whole.
5W3y17race
A dlagonal memberfor mc:r.g ;1 st.rtJcture
I3teral forces.
. -_._- cro'517rulng
A palroftransvcrse for st.ob;:tzlng a
structural frame ag.olnst
When using cables. two are
St3!7i1tze the structure
forces from either dlrectiorL For
c:flrectk:m. one cal1le wUl opmte effectlvely
In tension while the other w01.:ld simply
tnJclde. If rigid braces are a certain
degree of reaund3ncy Is lrT'y'oIYed situ a
meml1er Is capal1le of the
stn.Jcture. Also. X-l7radrtg.
... __ ....... horizontal diaphragm
. A rig Id floor or roof plane as a
deep beam In transferring lateral
forces to vertical shear .,....rtS.11raud
frames. or rigid frames .
..... _ ...... - ... 5he.1rwall
A vertical diaphragm acUr14 35 a thin.
cantilever Deam In
i3uralloads to the ground
243
STRUCTURE
regul.u 5tructure
A structural system Dy the
sym mttrIca I conflguratlon of mass ana
later. I and
having no significant d1scontlnuttfts of
stiffness or st.rength. The effects of
1ater.1 forces on regular structures may
!?C detmnlned Dy static Inethods.
wall
A structural system of
vertlcal planare!ements for supporting
grnity loads ana shear wans or lmleed
frames for r:eslstlng lateral forces.
Wucture
A structural system charac;t.crizeJ Dy arry
of plan Of' Irreguiaritles, 35
a soft Of' d story. a dscontlnuous
shearwattordlaphragm, or the "
asymrnetrIc:allayout of InaSS Of' lateral·
force reslstlng elements. Irregular
structures ¥ner.l11y rettulre dynamic
In order to determine the
torsional effects of lattn I forces.
-----------.... -.-..
The by<M of m3SS Of' lateral
f01U-reslstlng elements. resultlng In
noncolncldent centers of mass ana
rests'bnu and C3uslng story drift at
one end of the structure to more th4 n
the of the story drifts at roth
ends.
fra me 5ysum
A structural system ccnslstlng of a
tnree-d1melJ?lonaI array of
Interconnected linear members that
functions as a complete. s.eIf-
contained u·nttln supporting gravity
loads ana she.ar walls or meed frames
for resisting lateral forces.
center of resi5tance
frame
A frame system designed to resist
lateral fOfUS primarily by flexure In
the and JOints.
The centroid of thevertlca I elements of a
lateral force-resisting system, through
which the she3r reaction to lateral forus
acts. Also called center of rigidity.
reentr.lrrtcorner ----.. -..... - ................. -.. _-.. .
DOD
DOD
DOD
ODD
DOD
DOD
DOD
The plan com'Iguratlor. of a structure and
Its latml
beyond a comer slgnlftc3nt1y
!rcaterthan the plan c2bnensIon In the
SiYen OIrectlon. A reentn/1t comer tends
to produce &Ifl'erentlal h.7tIons
different portions of the structure, "
rcsuftlng In beal stress concentrations at
tM COt'TIeI'. Solutlons IncIuGie provldlng a
seismic joint to the Irolld1ng !nto
simpler wpes, tying the Irolidlng together
II"oOre at the comer, or splaying
the corner.
joint •.. _ .. - .... - ........ _- ............. -.. .
A joint th4t physically separates two
adjacent 1ro1ld1t1g masses so that fru
vlln-atory movement In each can occur
Independentfy of the other.
244
r- dUJI system
A structural fer reslsUng lateral
forces, combining t-I.,e ducUllty of 3
moment'res!stJrtg m rr.e wtth the" rigidity
of a shear wan.
" ......• ecurrtric
A structural for
forces. 1l'.3 the ducUlity
of a frarre wtth the
of a brn.ea fr3 :ne.
y
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F
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l-
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t
It

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ptrionted WPe
A structure h3ving perimeter shear
JIr.i ils lrith less thA n 301 of the su rface
:om by openings.

A tJJ be structure having clo$ely 5 paced '""'-'
ccWlnn5 by
reams.
---------------.----------.-.-
A framed structure tled together by
• 5)'$ta1 of dbgonal mus.
tuPe c.
A structure h3ving trussea
wag fnres of widely 5p3ced columns tied
by dbgon3/ or cross /mlcl"4

A structure having
frarr.esof closely spaced c/1agonals with no
....
---.------------------------------.-.---.----,_
An of narrow tu Des tied d1rect1y .•••
to exl! atI'er to fonn 3 lnOdular stniCtUre
that bd13ves lie a mu/"tlcellular rox girder
Mort
tu are som.etlrnes prorlded In the lower
of :0 t;lR structure greater
resistance Is needeJ.
struct1.lre •. ----------.-- ....
A w-JCUJre hAvu19 an inner praced
t.u a4.:W to to
l!r.pror'e Its she3r 5tlffness In resisting
foru:s..
b-ract4ccre --.--------- --,.'
1-.:1 sm-ice core br.3ced to prcvlde
stiffness In reststlng latenl

ilrt.erM damping
T.".e th3t II41tur.li1y occurs 65:0
or plastlc
from the InternJl fr1ctlan

from the friction two
parts (frictlonal - --- -- -.
or from the resistance of a fluid
5-'xn 3s:olr (mcou5

TI-.e shApInq of. tall to create
t-:rt-Jk:nc.e which cross-wind 11ft
tc oppose cross-wind dd1ectlons during
wlnJs.
ttl, b1J knee
Il1ct.icn of che 3crn05phere
CCj,'""Jctat:::J by ur'-and·c!own current5
.
,-,
.--It""""
,..-\---

H Ir-


STRUCTURE

A high-rise structure having perimeter.
I3teraI foru-reslstln!! systems Inter11311y
braced fly rlgldfloor diaphragms. A tube
structure acts as a cantilevered Peam
In resIstIng lateral forces.
,bmp
To cause a decrease In amphtuk of
successive oscillations or
mech3nism
Any of various viS<:Oelastlc aevices
typically Installed at structuralJolnts to
3bsorU the etlerrJ generated by wind or
forces, pt'O!Jre5Slvely dlmlnlsh
, or vl17mory oroscllbtory
rnotIons, ana prevent destructl'r'e
resonances from occurring,
L _______________ -- .. -- .-.....• tuned damper
A heavy mass moonte4 on rollers and
att3ched to the upper portlon of bll
pulfdlng with spring dampIng mechAnisms,
an Inertial tendeMGy to n::rruln at
rest ana thus counteracting ana
dissipatIng arry movements.
pa5ei,oLttlon
Isol3tlng the I13se of a l1ulldlng from the
ground with dJmplng mechanisms to allow
the superstructure tofloat 3S a l10dy
and alter the natural period of vll1r.3tion of
the 50 that It Is from
that of the grouna. thus preventing
des tructlve resonances from occu rrinq
245
SURVEY
To atUrmlne the ex.1ct form,
boundaries, extent, ana position of
J tract of land by Unear ana angular
measurements and the apF"Catlon·
oftM principles of geometry and

true north _-.. ---........ -..J
The direction of the north pole from
1I given polnt.
.. //'
//
nugnetic north ----------..
North liS Py the north-
pole of the magnetic needle
In 1I compllss. .
/
/'
rnet.e, 3na l70unas
. The property hnes or bounda rIes of a
parcel of bne.
plane ,urvey
A survey In which curvature of the e4r?l's
surf.lce Is Ignored. and all distances
horIz.ontal angles are assumed to Pc
projectea onto a horizontal pI4 Moo
survey
A survey made to esta PIlsh the length
and Dearing of roundary nnes ana the
are3 of the tract bounded l>y these t\r.cs.
cad.a5tn1 survey
A survey showIng rouna..rles and
nnes, USU311Y ln4ae to .CI'e4te
land units suitaDle for transfer of
ana l70unds
A !ega I term for the 170unaary Ilnes of II
parcel of laM as used In deeds and
or west of a true or /
north or south direction. / ,r .... -. survey
.. -:I ; / A system of lana survey In which the
pLat
A pia n or II't3 p of land In a city, tawn.
section, or subdlvlslon.lnJlc;atlng the
location ana boundaries of Individual
properties.
n:lmuth __________ . ________________ .i cour5eaMlengthofeach boundary Une of
The angle of horizontal deviation. _____ •• " ./. a parcel of land are called out at
measurea clockwise. of 3 Pealing r·· "'( a known refmnce point and woti::lng
from a standard dlrectlon. as from '"" around tM periphery of the plat until
I A
,urvey plat
A ie9al the 1oc3t:C:\
boundaries. ana dimensions of a tract IX
parcel of zoning and
commission approvals •.
easements a nd restriction s. a nd. for a
subdlvlslon. the tlnes of stred.,
blocks, and lots. aM the numbering arJ
al menslons of each lot.
Intersection are recorded 5l'3phlcally, /' The compass dlrectlon from one reference
on a Np and liS dau Ina ub!tt poIlrt to the next for each of
·----··----c .. ---··-------· ... - I" and-roundssurvey.staW In degrees.
point for a metes-aM- . mlnuUs. and seconds as an angular
rounds "'''''Y- ",st ...... ,oc 0", no.<II or
legal de$crfption
A wrttten description of the Ioc3tlon .. rJ
boundaries of a specific parcel of Ia nd.
!:rased on a survey IX.
rectangular system of or made
with reference to a recorde.d plat.
rect.ang r system
A system of land survey !:rased on a
rno.:1i&4 9rid of north-south principal
me.rldlans and e;a st· west baselines.
Also C1lIed government system.
.
On.s of a series of aMsions numbered east
or from a guide II'1eI"IdI2n In the
of SIJtYftj ana
consistlng of a row of townships that are
IWlT1Pered north or south from a ....... .
.._ ... '._ ...... .
sysUIn approxbl1atefy 6 54 mL
(932 m) 36 sections.
&«t!cn
One of the:36 subdiviSions of a
township. approximately One square
mite (2.59 S<t km or 640 acres) and further
suPdlv\ded Into flJlves. C\U3rters. and
C\U3rter'1
lUrters
. ----1
1
"-.......
246
. -....
..............
._ .. _ ... _ ..... _ .. , princip;1 meridian
In the system of survey, a
reference nne estaPllsred
at a for a large
area of land.
.... ---.. -----.- ....• guide
In the rcct3ngular system of
north-south hne
com:ctlon hnes at 24-mlle
Intm'3fs to the eas;and l'I'eSt of
princIpal
• ........ ........... -I-;-.... ----.-.. - ... -.-
--+---+---1---+'--+---' The princlpal e;a S;. west reference nl18
for an a re3 In UIt rectangular system C1f
survey.
t··-.. ·- .. --·· .. ·-····-- correa.lcn 11M
: An east-west reference bne Ioc.tea at
24-mlle \nt.erv;a Is to the north and south
of a !:rasel1ne In the rectangular system
of survey. estaPllshea to correct for the
convergence of meridians and equalize
ea st· west distances.
-........ -.... - .......... -.. --. range line
In the rcct3ngular system of survey, a
north·south reference line locaW at
6-mlle lITtervals between guide
meridIans.
j
l
l
l
l
l
I
...
bel
A device for true horlzorrt.1
or dlrectlons by the of
a P-.JWte In a rowed glass
filled with a lcohol or ether. Also called
spirlt.level --.----... ----.-.-. "'-'-
.artffi,ci.·d he rizon
A 3S a surf:Jce of mercury.
5tJIdia --...... -.. -.----... -' - .. ---.,- ... -.. -:
A of surveying In whJ.;n dlstar;c.es 1,
are re;ad l7y noUng on a
gr<1dUJte4 rod Intercepted by two
cross hairs mounted In the

A red ;;nd white dJsl: on rod Uut ,
the and reading of
rod.
rod -_.-.-... -.. _- ..... "'-"'_'-"
A str..:ght pole or conspicuously
marU.d wtth grnuatlons.;;f\J used In
the Petwec1 a
point 011 the ground .n.:! the tine of sight of
a level Also called levelll\9 rod.
sWi.JroJ.
cturn
A d1st4 ;x:.e-measurlng devIu
of 100 rr.rul nrn:s of
Guntde cluln
A d1st4na-me;;surlng devlu
of 100 Malllnks and a tata Ile11gth of
66 ft. (20 m). Also called
ctuln.
en.ginut"9 cluln
A d1st4na-lTIasurlng devIu conslsUng
of 100 Irlet3ll1nks and a tot3i fe11gth of
100 ft. (30 m).
.
datum .. _ .. .i
turning point .-..
./
./
./
Arty kYd surface. line, or point used
as 3 refmncdrom which reratlons
are lT1C3surea.
A point tempomlly located and marked in
order to estaUllsh the elevation or
of a surveying Instrument at a new station.
l'\

----------- \\
\
,
\
,
\
\
SURVEY
trllauration
A method for determIning the relative
posltlons of three or more points by
treating these points as vertices of a
triangle or triangles of which the sides and
angles can be measured,

A trigonometric methO<l for determining
the position of a poInt by takIng rearlngs
from the end poInts of a 1r.lsellne of known
\ I or measuraule length.
, I
.....··----····-r-····-····- ba$eline
/ A line of known length and posItion from
/ which points or other lines may be '
-__ f estaWlshed.asacornerofa!1ullding
structure ora property line.
oJ-
"
"
transit
A surveying Instrument. as a theodolite.
having a telescope that can Pe reversed
by turning In a vertical plane. used for
measuring horizontal and sometimes
vertical angles.
thecdolr\:e
A precision Instrument having a
telescopic sight for estaUllshlng
hortz.ontal and sometimes vertical
angles.
a 1Id.1 de
The entire upper part of a transit or
theodolite. Including the telescope. its
supports. spirit level. horizontal cIrcle.
devices. and the spindle.
.... circle
__ .. _ .. .1
A preclsel:i kx3te.d reference point
which a Instrument Is
cenured. Also C3lled Instrument
st.ttlot1. ut '1J p.
A circular plate, graduated In degrees.
minutes. and seconds. and flxed to the
base of a transit for measuring
horizottta I ang Ies.
. -... - plummet
\.
A device for centering a tnnslt or
theodolite over a reference point. used
In place of a plumu rou In a strong wind.
leveling
A procedure for the
difference In elevation Uetween two
points by means of a level or transit and
a rod. Also c.111ed dffferentl.allevellll4.

The vertical distance aUoVe or uelow a
datum.
elevation
The elevation of a certain point relative
to a speclfled datum.
profile
A vertlc3l section of the ground surface
taken parallel to a survey hne.
L'bench nurk
A marked point of known or assumed
elevatIon. usually on a perT!13 nent
ouject. from which other elevations
may be estaUllshed,
247
TEMPLE
An eaifict or place dedicated ta the
worship or presenu of a deity.
,acrea
Of or fa re«glous oUjll(;ts, rites,
or practices, 2S opposed to the StCul3r or
pr0f3ne.

Of or fa the temporal or worldly
the sacrea or spiritual. Also,
profane.
,!
menhir .
\:'t ..,·1
A prehistoric mon urnent consisting of an
upright megahth. usually standing alone uut f'
sometlmes allgnea with ers. .-................... ... ..
meg4l'rth ':1 .
A very brge ston used as found or .. \i!:' .
esp.1 ancient construction wori:.
monolith 'l'll .
A single Plock of stone of COI1slderal?le
often In the form of an ol>elisl: or column. . . .
...
A temple-tower in Sumerian and Assyrian
archlteGWre, l7uitt In dlmlnlshlng stages of
mud bnd: with M t<essea wans faud with
l?umt In a 5<Jmmtt shrine
or reached a series of ramps;
to of StJmerI3n origin. dating
from the end of the rnHlennlum B.C. Alsa
zillirat. .
Tower of BaDcl
A temple·tower preSiJmed to be the
Babylon, which no
survtves, tt was seen and
clescMuea by the Gr--A h !stori3n,
Herodotus. In the 5th century 6.c.:
°ArJ thq SJIJ to oro! Let us mate
britt iII1J burn It t/lawghly. And they h3d
brld: for5tone, zr,J sime forrnor1:Jr. AM
tMySlIJ, Let us J;:r.;!J 1 city mh
t;(>p IJt'ItQ heiwen; 3M let
us nuU 1 rume.1est we be 5CZttt:rtJ
z/:IroU upon the b Ct of the wfrofe earth. •

uma'5U
The monument31 SkX1e sculptures of
hurrun-he3deJ. Irolls or nons that
guarded tMerTtr;;rus to
Mesopotamian pC.us and
cairn
--'---.... :-... --.-.... dolmen
A he2p of stones pnea'up as a monument,
or bndrT13rt. Also, cam.

A mtg3llthic toml7 of the Neolithic and early
Bronze A¥S fauna In the 6ritlsh Isles and
Europe, cans/sUng of a roofea I7urlal
narrow entrance p4ssage,
covered by a tumulus: relievea to have !leen .
used for successive f3mily or cl3n l?urials
a numrerof ¥neratlons. Also
chanWer !lrave.
shiligrave
A of the Aegea n cIvlhzatlons
cOf1slstlng of a deep rIl(;tJngular cut
Into sloping rock and a roof of timber
Of'stone.
248
17eehive tamp L ....................... dromos
A su!7terranean tomu of the A long. &up passageway Into an
Mycenaean clvllizatlon consisting of a ancient
circular chamuer COIered by a cor!1eled
dome and entered by a wailea passage
through a hillside. Also callea thows.
A prehistoric rron ument conslst1/t9 of two
or more fa rge stones supportl/t9 a
horlzont415to1'ie $l:.ol1, found esp.ln 6rft3ln
and Franu and lI$U3fly regarded as a
t.n1ithon
Two supporting a
horizontJl st..ol1e. called trlIlth.
5tcnehenge
A rnegaRthlG erecud In
early Bronze Age cZ700 6.C. on
Plain, Wlttshlre, conslstll'o4 of
four concentrlc of trllithons ana
menhirs untered 3rOlma an a ltar stone:
!?elleved to have Peen used by a sun cutt
or for astronomlc31 oDsemtlonS.
l .
I
I
L'"
I I
! I
!
I
11
I
u

An tomb m3de of mud
!1rlGk. plan wtth a flat roof
Jlnd from which a shaft
le3ds to cmdergroond offering
--------------_________________ _

A Sm3" ehamPer Inside a mastaDa
containing" statue of the deceased. ------
ur.teU5
The of;he S3Cred asp, depleted on
the ancle11t Egyptlan rulers
and kttIes as an em!?lem of supreme power.
pluraoh
Arry of the rulers of anclerTt who
were to and had
al;>solute power.
roU-cut tomb
A tamp hewn out of red,
only an front
WIth dol rt In"terl:lr cha of which

of stone left In the form of sollJ pHl3rs. ._
_/

.. ------------/
A bit, sh3ftof5tcnethat
bpers as tt to a f"iT'lmldal point,
ancient Egypt as;l sacred
symPol of the $lin-god Rland usually
standing In pairs temple
entr.lrlCeS_
OsirL.Jn cofumn
An ;lncltnt column
the sculptured
of Oslrls. the of de3th
and resurrectlon_
necropolis -_.-_.--_:-
A h1storic Irortal ground, esp.
a 13 rge, eI3 bor.rte one of a n
ancient city.

A ccncave molding having an
outbl'le that approxlm3tes a
qua rter clrele.
r- cavetto cornice
i A elta racteristlc cornice of Egyptian
; con.."-lstlng of a I3rge cavetto
. with vertlcal Ie;ues and a
roll molJlng !;elow. Also called

pyIon-.. -
j
A InOfIU men-c.f gateway to a n ancient
Egyptian temple. conslstlng either of a
pair of tall J'YI'3mlds and a
doorway Detween them or of one such
masonry mass wteh a doorway.
often with painted reliefs.
propYton
A freestarJ<llng gateway having the form
of a pYlon and precedIng the main gateway
to an ancient Egyptian temple or sacred
enclosure_
H3thor-headed .--------------------- -----------
Notlng an Egyptl3n column having
astes capital the head of Hathor. the
Egypt!an godckss of love and happiness.
often represented with the head or horns
of 3 cow_ Also. Hathoric
TEMPLE
pyramid
A massive m3sonry structure havIng a
rectangular lr.Ise and four smooth. steeply
slopIng sides facing the cardinal points and
meetlng at an apex. used In ancient Egypt
as a to contaIn the Irorlal chamPer
and the mummy of the pharaoh. The
pyramid was usually part of" complex of
uulldlngs within a walled enclosure. IncludIng
mastaDas for memuers of the royal family.
an offering pel and a mortua ry temple. A
raised causeway led from the enclosure
down to a valley temp\l: on the Nile.
purlflcatlon rites and mummlflcatlon were
performed.
syrinx
A narrow rocl:·cut corridor In an
ancient EgyptIan temu.
-----.
A of an Imaginary creature having
the DoJy of a hon and the head of;l man,
ram. or hawk. COtI!monly pl3ceJ along
1Venues leadIng to ancient Egyptlan
temples or toml1s.
hypostyfeh311
A large hall having many columns In rows
supportl"9 a flat roof, and sometImes a
cltrestory. prevalent In ancient Egyptian
ana Achaemenkf architecture.
, ...... .
A raised ceremonially
connecting the valley temple with an
ancient Egyptian pYramid.
cultumple
An ancient Egyptian temple for the
worship of a detty, as distInguIshed from a
mortuAry temple_
temple
An ancient Egyptian temple for offerings
and worship of a deceased person. usually a
deffied 1:1"9. In the Ne,., f:Jngdom. cult and
funerary umplts had manyfatAJres In
common: an of sphlnxeslQdlng to a
tall portal guarded !7y;l towering pylon, an
axial plan with :.1 colonnaded foruourt 3na 3
hyposty!e hall set before a dark./lJrTOW
sanctuary In which stood a statue of the
detty. ;lnd walls laVishly decorated wtth
pictographic Qrr1ngs In low or sunkml relief.
Ma rry of the ITt3 jor temples grew Uy
accretion due to the pious amu!tlons of
successive pharaohs. who In the
afterlife and were determined te create an
endurl"9 reput4tlon through theIr uuUdlngs.
New Kfngaom
The period In the history of ancient Egypt,
cl550-1200 6£ .. comprfslng the lath te
dyna$tles: ch3racterfzed!7y the
dominance of Its capital at Theues.
'-''---- palm capital
,-J-----. An ancIent Egyptian capital shaped
IIl:e of the crown of a palm tree_
--- low, capital
An ancient Egyptian capital having
the of a lotus 17ud.
249
lnelProti
A !lulkillf or un It of a
ltulldll1j. rectangular
with a he3rth
and a p«dt. o(t.,n of columns In antis:
In Greece since
times .. believed to Pe the a lUSt« of

Greelctala*
A as a shrine fa the ancient
Greek fOIl to wnom It was
Since the temple was not
1nt:enJed for IIrtenuI worship. It was
wtth 5p'da1 rt'9d for effect. It
stooJ 01 a of three or mOf'l7
steps. Mth a cella, containing the stoatue
of the aad front and re3r porticoes.
the whole surmounted Py a low
roof coverea In terra-
cotta or ltarble tiles.
albr
An eIevaW pba or structure upon
which sacrIflces are offered or Inctnse
ill worship. or before which
rel\glous rites are performed.
cetb ---------------.... --.----
Thcs prlIIdpal clt.mber or encbs.ed pa rt of
a cbssbl teI1p/e. where the cult Image
was I:ept. Also called MOS.
'-Tc/£ ;'
.. -....
.. --.......... agora
:/ A rrt3rtetplace or pu!7llc In an ancl¢m
/' city. usually surrounded with
·f· i.. IxIlldlngs and and used
/..... --..... as a for populJror polltbl
/ ,toa
An ancient GruI: portico. usually detached
and of considera171e length. used as a
promenade or meeting pl3ce arourld pubi1c
places.
(J
....... pronaos
An open vestibule l1efore the cella of a
. classbl temple. Also calb:! antlcum.
roo- acrourlum
! A pedestal for. sculpture or
I
temeno5
In ancient Greece. jI piece of
reserved and enclosed as a
sacred piau.
5tela .
An upright stone slal1 or pillar with 3 c.rvc4
or inscribed used as a InOrnlrnent
or INM. or as J commemorative ill
the f3ce ofa Also.
.
A wide. gal1le surmounting 3
i ornament at the apex or at each of
i tilelowercomersof3pedlment.
Also called JeroUrion.
t. .. _ acropolis
Th6fortlfleJ high area or citadel of an
anclerrt Gred: city.
_ .... --.- .......... .


etyfobU
A course « N5OI1ry fonni1g
boa row Of columns. esp. the
outennost cdonnade of a cb$slcil temple .•.. _,
.... __ ... - .... _ ...... _.-.
A solid IIi1S5 rI NSOI1ry \
¥OUnd brei aI seMlIf as fourWtlon \
- 6tla,
A sculptured of a !TUn used as
a column. Also calltd Ubmon.
[2\.
ftoor alld of J
tempk podium. .
... - caryatid
A sculptured female flgUn5 used as a
column. /<Jso cartea

fu porbP4e sanctu3ry In which the
Hebrns C3f'Tied the art of the covenant
ttl 1ie Jesert untl1 the !lulldlng of
the T mpIc of by Solomon.
... -.... --........
The chamber In the 171!7flca1
aad the r emple In Jerusalem
where tfIe art of the COVCIUnt w.5. kept.
Also Nnctum 5.1nctcnlm.
Art of tM Ccwenant
The chestc.owlnillf two stone b!nets
InscrlOeJ the r en Ulmmandments.
carried by Heln-ews during their
ck:sut wanJerlngs after the Exodus.
250
Temple of50lomon
The flr5tTemple of Jerusalem. completed
c950 6.C. by artisans under
the direction of f\Jng Solomon and
by NePuch3Jnezzar II In 586
6.C. Based on CanaanIte and Phoenician
prototypes. It was oblong In shape. and
consIsted of three maIn parts: an outer
hall the main sanctuary (hekhal).
and the holy of holies (deVlr). all
decoratea with massive carvlngs In Ivory.
gokl. and cedar.

A ltulldlng or place of asseml1ly for
Jewish worship and reI1glous
Instruction.
I1lmah
The platform In a synagogue from wfirch
services a conducteJ. Also called
.almemar. vem.a.
Holy Ark
The calrlnet In a synagogue In which the
scrolls of the Tor.Ih kept. set Into
or against the wall that faces toward
Jerusalem.
I
1
l
l
L

=-
;...
l'
r


I

;:.
'{
*
....
Jt
PJ,mca
A l;irgec*long hall of
ana puUl1c plJce In
a
untnl space Ilt I7y a clerestory and
COt'erta by tlmPer trusses. and a I'lIlsea
a semicircular apse fOf'the
triPunal The Roman lnslb servea as a

tn1>unal __ .. _._._._ ........... _ .. __ ... _ ...... _,
A I'lIIsed platform In an Ar.clent RomAn
fOf' the seats of ln31Istrates.
AIsa.tri11une.
arch
A lI'1011umental mt1T1Ort.l uxted
astride the line of mmh of a victorious
army Its procession .
.trch order
The columns aM entablature
an arch. as In 3 t.-11,1mphal arch.
clithl'3l
Of or perblnlng to a temple
Is roofed over.
hypethr31
Of or publnlng to a cl6ssol temple
that Is \II'f1cOy or to the sry.
Also. hyputhral
__ ._ ... ___ ........
H2V\r.g columtlS 1t the skks..
• II

.!

[]
· .
.;:
·
. .Ii
·
. jl
e\:
II

.!
Ii
.'
"
• I

I
..
I
tj
I
•• ••
I
..
TEMPLE
for\lm
The public square or man:etplace of an
.nclent n city. the center of Jud1c1a1
and Iroslness afulrs •• na a place of
asseml7/y for people. usually Including
al7aslllca ana a temple.
pantheon
A ded1cited to qll the gods of a
people.
cenotaph
A monument erected In memory of. .
deceased person whose remains are Irorled
elsewhere.
. -... -.- mcnopteron
A clrcubr having a single row of
columns surrounding a central stl'UCture
or a courtyard. Also. moncpteros.
B
--------·- In Inti,
H3v1ng two cc1umns In from: between antae.
.• '.. ../"-._ .... _- r pier or by
thlcl:enlng of a projecting waiL
-.-.-.-.--.- ........ --.- pro$tyle
Havfng a por>..lcoJn the front only.
J pte .... I
WIthout;] colonnade along the sides.
"-
Prostyle on roth fronts .
- .... perfpteral
a single row of columns on all
sides .
.-.... -
A colonnade p3rallel td:' but apart from
the cella.
_ .......... pteroma
The passage retween the pteron and
the cella .
251
TEMPLE

A or pbceof pup{1c
worshf.}Js<J called NSJId. mU5Jk1.
m.aarasah .
A Muslll school arranged
around J and attache<l to a
I!1OSqUt. bind from the 11th century on
In AIt4tc113. and Persia. Also.


The open of a city. used 3S
a or paraae ground. esp.ln
huJla mdtbn.

A court or serlesofcoorts serving to
. sheIur a from Immedlate
contaa II'ItIt secular kli1d1ngs.
mlmbar
A i2 • mosque. reca lUng the three
which Muh.mmad addressed
his folklwers ........ -_ ........•........... - ..... -

set. Mecc2. Also. 'l11Tlah.
khb.l:tUh.
mlhrn .. __ .. __ .. _ ... __ ._ .. _ ..... _ ..... _
A niche or p30d In a mosque
the oJPIa.
MecCJ
A ctty .. Saudi Ar3!?!a. of
Mult,l!W'IJJ and splritu31 center of Isla m.

A SM3I. stone In the
of the Grea1: at Mecca
cont4l1*14 a sacred I7Iact stene and
by Muslims as the House of God.
W objective of their pilgrimages. and the
poIrrt whick they turn In praying.
J.Js<J.

I
::
.

t W

I

r
i-.•


i


............ _ .. - ........... _ .... _ .... -..
An Inn .. Neat ust for the overnight
of C3ravans. usually having
a large CQUt'tyard enclosed by a solkJ wa II
.nd through an Imposing gateway.

pyraaid
A IT13SOCW'y NSS hiilVlng a rectangular I1ase
.nd fow and faces
In a apex. used In ancient
Egypt Jnd pre-CoIumblan Central America
as a torb or a platform for a temple.
252
\ .. - minaret \-_. iw3n
Islam
The religious faith of Muslims. on
the teachings of the prophet Muh4ll1mad,
the central themes of which are retlef In
the one God. Allah. the existence of
Pa,-,d1se and Hell. and the un Ivers. I
Judgment Day to corne. Also called
Muh.Jmm.Wanisll1.

Ofor pertaining to the law. religion. or
clvillz3tlon of Islam; a believer In Islam.
Also. Moslem. Muslem.
Muh.1mma&
prophet and founaer of Islam. AD.
570-632. Also. Molumm&l.
'-........ A lofty. tower A large vaulted portal opening
to a mosque. having stairs onto thec.cntral courtyard of
Koran
. leading up to one or II'1Ore a mosa,ue. Alsa. Ivan. liwan.
The S4lCr-ea text of Islam, revered as
revebtions made I1y Allah to MuhamnW
through the angel acupted 3S
the foundation of islamic law. religion.
culture. and polltlcs.
projecting Inlconles from whi:h
the muezzin C3nS the
people to prayer.
.. ·· .. ···· .. ·_·····sahn
Thec.cntralcourtyard of a mosque.
-. . ...... _ ..........
An 3rc3ded hall of 3 mosa.ue.
melon dome
A l1u11?ous dome. found esp.ln
islamic architecture.
.. ..... - 5bl3ct:lU worle
A system of decoratlon In Islamic
architecture. formed by the Intricate
corVellng of Imcl:ets. squluhes. ana
Inverted pyr,amlds; SOIT1etltnes wrought In
stone M more often In pb5ter. Also
called wort.
pendenttVe &racketlng
having the gener.al fonn of 4
In MoorIsh
arch Itectu re.
m:hocr:h
An openwort screen or partftlon
an area for prayer or 3 tomb In • mosque.
tal1lero
A rectangular. strongly fumed pane!
overh3"9S a talud. An orI9lnal contrit?utlon
of r ecUhuacan an;hIUcUire. this ta Ulero-
talud waslnWduCed cAD. 150
to dlffmntlau the of stepped
pyramids and altar platforms. It Is widely
\..... copied throughout Mesoamerica. WIth
regional variations.
t.1lud
In Mesoamerican archtteGture. an outer
waR that slopts Inward as It rises. The
talud first appeared cM)()'6.c. at Vie Olrne:c
site of La Venta.ln Ta!1asco st3u, Mexico.


L
L
L,
L
L
Hinauism
The domlltant religion of Indl3.l:rased upon
the relJ910n of the original Aryan settlers as
expoundeaanaevolved theVed3s. having
J diverse body of phIlosOphy and cultural
ana a large
pantheoo symbollzlng a supreme pelng of
lnany foms and natures. Buddhism Is
outslde the HIndu tradition but Is regarded
as a related religion.
pantheon
The of&blly recognized gods of a people.
Vedas
The aides; s.acrtd wrttlngs of Hlnaulsm.
composed I1etween 1500 and 000 B.C.
Incorporating four coIlectIans hymns.
prayers. and hturglcal formulas: RIg-Veda.
YaJur-Ved3. 5ama-Veda, and Ath;ma-Veda.

A freestanding memorial pillar In
Indlan archlW;ture. carvea
inscriptIOns. religious emblems, or a
!4so. ttamWla.
lit
A monolithic st3mPa, as distinguished
from one built up of stone courses.
vihara
A 8uddhlst 1nOII35tefj' In Indl3n
a reI! tt:ecture often excavated from sond
roc(, consisting of a central pillared
chamPer surrounaea Uy a ver.indah onto
l'I'fllch open snull sleeping cells. Adjacent
to this cloister was a courtyard
the main stupa.
c:h.dtya
A 6uddhlS; shrine In Indl3, usually carved
out of solid rod: on a hillside, having the
form of an alsled Paslnca with;l stupa at
one end. _.-... _ ...... __ ... - ..
wat
A Buddhist monastery or temple In
Thailand or Cambodia.
Khmer
A peaple of Campoala who esta Plished an
empire In the 5th century A.D. and
most of Indochina from the
9th to the 12th centuries.
tTt3ndira
A Hindu temple.
-l ... - ..
rath

TEMPLE
A Hindu temple cut out of solid rock to
resemble a charlot. Also. rath.1.
viman.
The sanctU3ry of a Hindu temple In which a
Oelty Is enshrined.
.:--.-.. ----------........ - .... --... ------- ............... ---....
tee
A flnl3lln the form of a
conventionalized umbrella, used
on stupas. topes, and pagodas.
,Uteri
An umbrella-shaped flnl3l
symrollzlng dignity. composed of .
a stone dIsk on a vertical pole. """
toraIU
An elaborately carved, ceremonial
gateway In lndi3n and
Hindu an;hltecture. h3vlng two or

three lintels between two posts. .. ---""
veaika
A railing enclosIng a sacred area.
3S a stupa . ..-·· .. · .. _·_-_·_·_·· .. · .. -1
rf?i\

t
The pulrous stone finial of 3 slkh3ra .
............ _.-
A tower of 41 Hindu temple. usually tapered
convexly and capped by an amalab. Also.
sikra. .
mand3p3
A large. porchlike hall leading to a Hindu
temple and used for religious dancing and
music.
L ... _. __ ._ ... __ ._ .• gopuram
A monumental. usually OM13te gateway
tower to a Hindu temple enclosure. esp. In
southern India. Afso, gopura.
..... - Dtupa
A Buddhist memorial mound erected to
enshrlr.e a relic of Buddha and to
commemJr.ite some event Or m3rt: a sacred
Modeled on a funerzry tumulus.1t
conSists of an artificial dome-shaped
mound on a platform, surrounaed by
an outer a:nPulatory with a stone vedlb
and four toral13s, and crowned by a chattrl.
The 113 me for the stupa In Ceylon Is d.19C17a,
;lnd In nPet lind Nepal. chorten. Also called


A re11glon Uased on the Four Noble Troths,
originated In 1ndi3 pyGautama 8uddha and
later spreadlll9 toChll13. 8urrna.J2pan.
nPe't, ana parts of Southeast AsI3.
Four Nol7leTruths
The doctrIMs of 8uddha: allltfe Is 5lIffering;
the ca use of suffering Is ceS53tlon
of suffering I:s possi11e through Nlrvan3 -
t.ie extlnctfon of cravfng; Nirvana can lie
reached through rnental3nd moral self-
pu rific3 tIo n.
Buddha
Tttle of Gautama 5lddhartha c56.}-c48.3
B.C .• lndl3n philosopher. religious leader. and
founder of Buddhism. Also called Gautarrt3
Buddha.
253
I

cfC't
CT'C'
TEMPLE
pag()(b
A 6uddhlst temple In Ule form of a square
or tower with roofs projectlng
from each «Its many st«Ies. erected as a
metT1OI'tIl or to hoY relics. From the stupa.
thelndlan prototype. the pa90da
changed n form to rc:sem171e U1e traaltkNl
multlstoried watch towt:r as It spreaa with
to China a!1CA Japan.
were InIUally oftllni?er. \1IIt from the 6d1
Ct:Ittu'Y 0II.1¥ert: II'IOI"e frc:q uently of or
possibly due to Indtan Influence.
paitou
A monumental gateway In Chines"
architecture. a tra!1eatea fonT1 of
stone or wOOf constructlon with one.
thru, or five ana often !loki
projecting roofs, erected as a rnemori31 at
Ule entrance to a palace. or sacrea
place: rebuJ to the indIan tor;lnas ana
U1e tori!. Also. panoo.
zhonglcu
A bell tower or pavllion In Chinese
architecture, located at the right of
a city gate. palace entrance, or forecourt

gulou
A large drum tower or pavilion in Chinese
archltecture.locatea at the left slk of a
Iingd40
The spirit way th .. t from the south
g3te to a royal torr.i1 ci the T ..
Itntd wlth stone ana sculptured
anlrT'l3lana hurrun figures.
lang
A dynasty tn China. AD. 613-007.lttlrUa
by temtorl31 expa rcslo1. the Invent-Ion of
printlng. prosperoliS trade. a na the
development of pW..ry. Also.
Yunga"9
A large Buadhlst rnmstlc center 1'\
roorthwestChlna. De.gt.n In A.D.%<). where
there are numerous Qve temples. e;uh
having a shallow. Mkhaped Inta-1.or wtth
a cent.r31 of Buddha f'wrUd
b-j two smaller c.onc.ept of
into cliffs Is bdleved to have
to China from Indla /-Js().
of, umpl', 'i
city gate, entrance.orforecourt
c:Iougot1f _.-..... ---.......................... - .... "'\-'--"
A lmackefsystem used In traditional ....,
Chinese CXIIStnIctIon to roof .....
tM eaves outward, and .
support Inferior ceding. The
rAa triallfular 1:2etJ frame In
chir.eso
necessary to multlply tho numl7er of
suppor1O Dftder the order to
reJuce the nunWer of pillars ttl Is woula
normally require, thcl area of support
affon:Jed each pillar was Incrc:ased
Irj Ule Also. tou-kung.
41rtg .----... ---..... - ..... - .... .•
A lever ann In traditional Chinese '.
construab1, pIaceJ parallel to the
rafters aM r2bI at an to
the fCll"US applJea Py the
Inner anJ outer purlins. The ang supports
the purlln Py me.ns of a
and Is pinned at
the Inner end 39lnst a purlln.
254
_ .. -'-' gong
.' A cantilevered Dradet!n tr3dIVor.21
Chinese construction. Also.
...•
....... -.. i .. -.-.- c:lou
...... _ ... - .. -...... A Dlod In
construction. Also. tcu.
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TEMPLE
Ut!Il.IOgl--...... - .... - .... - ......... --............ _ ........... .............. _ ......... _ ........ ..
The short woodetIlrlllets placed at . ;
Shinto
to the rM¥ of 3 Shinto shrine. ;

ch19I .... ··---·····-·--.--.-.. - ..... -.-. .,.. ... ·· -
The Indigenous religion of Japan, rn .. rked .
by a cultle devotion to aelt1es of rt3tural
forces, ancestor worship. and venmtlon
of the emperor as a desundant of the
Sun·Goddess, Amaterasu.
The ftnIal fonned by the projecting.
lr3 rge Poards 2t each encl of the ridge of a
Shinto shrine.
... - ...... ----..... - ........ - ...•....•. -....
A SXrta po5t in Shinto architecture.
by hl.lln3n hands.
N3.g.lN:"Zukuri _ ... -_._- ._ .. -.........
A of Shlrrto shrine, based on the
lse prototype. M with the front slope
of the roof extending to form a canopY
0V'et';he staIr; this space
evaltuaDy Into 3 pl'3yer
room fOf' 't'I<l1"Shipers.

A styte of shrine. characterized
lry a hipped roof (;Xtendlng from the
maIn roof, (Her a centrally placed
erttnnu stair at one ga!ne end.
iuiden
The h3n of wors.iip of 3 Shinto shrine.
u5U4I1ly In frcm of the honJen .•.. -........... /
hcn.den /
____ -.-...::....of_3_S_hl_nto ShrlM:.//
l... ... _._ .... biro
•.................... i
An .pproach two gateways that
are r>Ot 50 that It Is nec.essal)' to
ITtJ ke sha rp eurn to pass from the first
thr"C\J1h used for privacy In
or for security In
f ortffic3 tlons.
terii
A monumental, freestanding gateway on
the approach to a Shinto shrine. consisting
of two plllars connected at the top by a
norlzontal and a lintel al>ove It.
usually curving upward.
The covered !lallery surrounding
a precinct of a Japanese temple
or shrine.
.-,.
Shimmet·zukurl
A style of ShInto shrine eTI1l>odyfng the
original style of Japanese l>ulld1ng. before
the Introduction of Buddhism. It consIsts
essentially of a small unpainted
rectangular structure raised 3Pove
ground level on post5lll5ef'ted directly
Irrto the earth. A railed veranda '
surrounds the structure at floor leVel. a
freestandln!j post each gable end
supports tM ridge, and the bargel:103rds
extencl outward from the thickly
roof. fonnlng chlgl at each end.
.... kada
An half for In .. Japanese
Buddhist temple. In which sacred texts are

to
A Japanese pag0d3 enshrfnlng Buddhist
holy rtI1c s.
s-orin
The crowning spire on a Japanese pag0d3.
Golden the sanctuary where th¢ main
kept In a Japanese
Buddhist temple. The Jodo. Shlnshu. ancl
Nlchelren sects of Buddhism use the term
hondo for this sanctuary. the Shlngon ana
Tend3l sects use chudo. and the Zen
uses Msuden.
rund.1lmon
. _____ The principal SOt!th gateway to a Japanese
temple or shrine.
.......... - chumon
The Inner gateway to the of a
Buddhist temple.
,noro
A stnJcture from which the temple PeR Is
as one of a pair of sma tl,1dentIca1.
symmetrfG.oi1y plaud In a
J"panest Buddhist temple.
l1ut5u
A representation of Buddha.

A I1rge representation of Buddha.
255
THEATER
A of a lnJilding, or
outdoor area for housing dramatic
present.1tJons. stage entertainment,
or motlon-picture shows.

An opeII-w t&e.ter, usu.11y out of
the sbpe of .. hillside a tiered seating
are2 around and facl"4 a clrcular orchestra
lneW by the stene, a for the
actors'lISe.
orchenra _ .. _-_._ ....
fu clrcubrspace In frorrtofthe stage In
the anclcm reserved for
the cI1orus.
choru
The group d actors III ancient Greece
M as Jn3jorpartlclpants In or
romnentators on the min actlon of the
drama.
,une ___ .. ____ ... _. ___ ._._._.
A structure the audience In an
ancle:r; Gre.et: Ple3ta". forming tht:
Inckground Pefore which perl'ormances

!
_____ . ____________ . ____ .. _ . .!
fu front part of the stage of an anclent
Gru:k or-RDman theater upon which the
actors perfonned.
Jfb.
gradill
One 0( iii StrIes of steps ortlered sea ts.
as In an ampl1tthe3te1'. Also. gradlM ____ -:
Jmphithater
An Gv.iIlor round l1ulldlng with tlers
of seats around a central arena. as
those IISed In for
gladiatorial and

256
podium _____ _
A raised platform enCircling
the arena of an ancient
Roman amphitheater.
on It the seats of
spectators .

.. _. ___ ... ___ .... ______ parodo5
• One of the two side passageways to an
ancient Greek theater. !1etween the
and the seatJng area.
which the chorus enterea the orchestra.
.' ____ . _____ . ___ parascenium
,--- velari:.lm
Either of two wings flanking and
projecting forward from the skene of an
anclent Greek theater. containing
apartments for the actors.
----.---. dlazoma
AIl aisle Petween the lower lind upper
tiers of seats In an ancient Greek
theater, concentric wtth the orchestra
and the outer wall and communicating
with the radial aIsles.
····.-_cerci'
A wedge-shaped sectlon of seats
recween two stepped passageways in
an ancient Greek theater.
Ro man the.rt.er
An open·alrtheater modeled upon
that of the ancient Greeks. 1M; often
on level grountl WIth colonnaded
g311er1es. a semicircular orchestra.
and .a raised stage I7acl:ed I7y an
e!at>orate arChitectural structure:.
---_ orchestra
A semicircular space In the front of
the stage of an anclent Roman
theater. reserved for senators and
other spectators.
A canvas 2Wf1lng dr.iWl1 over an
ancient Roman amphitheater to
protect tilt audience from rain or sun.
---_ ... _-_ .. _.-... -_ .... __ ..
vomftcry
A large opening. as In an ancient Roman
amphitheater or stadium. permitting
large numVers ofMIe to enter or
leave. Also. vomftorlum ..
5upercclumnlrtlon
The of one order of columns
a!1ove ano1(her. !Jsualfy with the more
ela!xJrate orders at the top.
1
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The of seats In a theater,
st3alum, or ather place of
c.ontinerrbl seating
A theater sating pfan In which there Is
no center;alste, Put with wkIe spacing
row of se3ts to permit
proscenium stage
A stage that Is framed a proscenium
arch.
proscenium arch
The arch that separates the stage from
the auditorium. Also called
\\ ..
..
e:JSe of passage. ------ --.--- ------- ---- ---- --. - ------
THEATER
".
theater
A theater or concert hall In which the
seatlng Is arranged around or on all four
sides of a central stage.

Ilitii areru theater
A theater with seats arranged 01'1 it least
three sides around a central stage. Also
A or along sectlons of
seats In;l the3ter. ;ludltorlum. church, or
ather p1ace of
l7lin& row _____ ... __ .. _____________ ..... ___ "./'
A row of seats having Its first seat at a
side aIsle and Its last seat at a side wall.

..-
I \ called thUUf'-fn-the-round.
i ,II thru,t stage
-1- A stage that extends the
proscenium arch and Is usually surrounded
f on sides l>y seats.
J! .,
The part of ;I theater 00 the stage side
of the proscenlum,lncludlng the stage. ;----------. spotlight houselights'
wings, and storage area. .. --.. --------- -- ---- ----- ------1

. A strong. focuf>ed \;>eam of light for
calling attention to an person,
or group on a stage. Also called spot.
The I3mps pl'OYldlng IllumInation of
an auditorium or the seating area
of a theater.
gridiron --- ----.... --- ----. --- ------ ---------- .. ---
A stell arove the stage of a
thaW. from which hung scenery and
equipment are manlpulate<:!_ Also called
grid.
flies .. -- :.
The space aAA-e the stage used chiefly
for storing aM tunglng scenery and
equIpment. Also called fly loft. '
I fire curtain
A curtain of aSDestos orotherflreproof
rnaterl3l that can ve loweredjust Inside
the proscenium arch In case offlre.
sealing off the Uackstage are3 from the
aualtorlulT1. Also called safety curb In.
::,'., Inoidge -------------------------------.--- .'----:
A g3flery or pbtform that C3n raised
: :------------------------------------ barkr
te-clmlcbns and sta¢tands. :
A It3rrow curtain or strip of painted
canvas hung above the stage to mask the
flies and form the top of the stage set.
or over;l sbge ar..d Is used l>y Ji ..-
:
.i.
lighting units. Also carted pipe 1?.rtten. / /1
-.- .. ------.-----.. -----.-------.--. teJ6er
A drapery or flat piece hung .cross the
top of the to mast: the
flles and. tcgether with the tormentors,
frame the stage
fLit .. --------.--------------------------------.. / ...../
A piece of scenery conslstlng of a wooden / ; .. ".-,
frame. usually rectangular, cevered with ". / .... //
Ilghtweight Dcard or fa D ric. -""" ('/ /
I .
orchenn ,hell .... --------------------------.---.-- .--- .... --- '-"- 1 /
A structure that I I
closes off the files ;Ina wfngs of a stage I j
to form a performing are3 for music. I /
LII
5tage -----------------------------------------
1M pl3tfonn. usually raised, 00 which
perform In a theater. Also.
the pl3tform all the parts of a
theater Uacl: of the prosce.,lum.
drop stage -- ----- --
A stage floor that mOles vertically on an
ekvator. so that one set can quickly
replace a not he r.Also called flft stage.
..-
----------_ .. ----.----._./
\
.---.--- .---.-.----.. ------.--- - ----. tormentor
A curtaIn orfrarnec.f structure used
dlrectl-j Pehlnd proscenklm at each
side of the stage to screen the wings ana
sidelights from the ;ludlence.
--.---. ------ ------.---------- .... --.---. aacurbln
A curtain for closlnfJ the proscenIum
opening Petween acts or scenes. Also
called .. ct drop, house
____ b ______ . orche,tr;a pit
The space reserved for mUSicians.
usually the front part of the maIn
floor, sometimes wholly or partly
under the forward part of the stage.
apron .---.: \---------------- .oo.---, footlights
The part of a stage floor In The row of lights on the front of a stage.
front of the curtain line. usually set In a trou9h. nearly 011;1 level
wIth the fut of the performers.
257
THEATER
opeu house
A theater devoted ch Iefly to the
puPlIc performa nee of opera s.
front of the house
The parts of a theater that are on the
audience side of the flre wall
wing balcony
The part of that extends along
::""waIl5 of," auditorium. -'!:.:
A private seatIng area for a
small group of spectators In I
a theater or opera _+__--:..--4_
palcony
A UlJt projects orer the main
floor of a theater to accommodate
additional pecple.
gallel)'
An upper fi.cc1" projecting the
main floor of a theattr or hall.
.- .... --.-.. ---- ..... -. peanut gallery
The rearmost and cheapest section
of seats In the uppermost l'>alcony of
a theater.
, . .,;._ .... ,Ight liM
. - Any of the lines of between the
spectators and the stage or Playln9
area of a theater or stadium.


A curved or circular division of seats
In a theater. houSe. or the like.
usually the flrst gallery, originally set
apart for spectators In evening dress.
backstage
The area l7ehlnd the proscenium In
a theater, esp.ln the and
dressing rooms.
(
room .: .. ,i
A room for use In gating dressed. esp.
one for performers f;.!d:sta¥ In a
or television studio.
greenroom
A lounge In a theater. concert hall. or
Pr03dcastlng studio, for use Py
perfonners when t./Iey are not 0" stage.
258
i
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_.j
The enUre main-floor space for
spectators In a theater or auditorlum.
:"parterre
The rt3r of St3ts. ana
sometimes a !so the of the
main floor of a tht3ter, opera house, or
concert haL Also C3lled f'M'luet
r .... -····-· .... ··--·-.. ·· ........ auditorium
; The space set apart for the audience
In a theate:- Cl' meetlng han.
"'--. mezzanine
The lowest l>a!cony or fooma pa rt of
such a l>alcony In a theater.
grand tier
The first of boxes Immediately
3Po.'t the parterre In a large opera
house or theater.
tier
One of 3 numper of 9a1lerles, as In a
tht3ter.
.. .
.-----------a - ........... --.-.-.-.----.---- !coPy
;
1 A 11311 as a P3S5J¥r'f.iy or
i._ wing
The platform or space to the right or
left of the stage proper.
runway
A narrow platform or ramp extending
from a stage Into the orchestrll pit
or Into an aisle of an auditorIum.
• S:J waiting room at or Ile3r the entr.ince to
• a theater. hotel. or apartment house..
::I I Also called foyer.
lounge
A large puPlIc room. as In a
theater, hotel, or air terminal. often
havIng adjoinIng washrooms.

The office of a theater or stadium .t
which tickets are sold.
m3r'lUU
A tall projection aWie a theater
entrance. uSU4lly cootalnlng the name
of a currently featured play or film ana
Its stars.
I I

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p.1nel •.. - -- - ----- --. -- .-- ----------\
The space wttnln wet> of a truss ""
any two points on a ""
chord and a pair of "'.,
joints Of a single joint on an opposite ...•

panel point
Ajolnt uetween two or more memt>ers
of a truss. A truss must be loaded only
at Its p1nd points If Its members OIre
to be to axial tension or
compresslo11_}.Jsa C3lb:l node. --._- '-'-'--"'''''
pJnellengtb . ".
The space 00 chord of a truss
maae
Py principal with
chord.
i
UTO-foru .. -;
heel
The lower. supported ttId of an
timber. r*"..er. ortrus5.
A truss 1MTlP-er ttut U1eoretlc31ly
carries dlrect loa.d and
omlsslan would not alter the stability of
truss
":,
A structure formed Dy trusses. While rigid r \
,., Its own pbne. ;I truss must be In-aced In '-'
• perpenJlcubr dlrectlon to prevent
fa ter31 Pucl: n ng.

The of a thin compressed dement
of a structural rr.emkr, leading to failure
of the ,.,hole.
r··-·-----··---· chord
Either of the two prlnclpa I members of
a truss extenaing from end to end and
connectecl by web members.
web
The lrTte9ral system
connecting upper and lower chords
of a truss.
\
\
i
shoe
i
i
A rearing plate for supporting and
resisting the thrust of a truss or girder.
TRUSS
A structural frame based on the
geometric rigidity of the triangle and
composed of linear mem&ers subject
only to axial tension or compression.
planetru55
A truss an of whose members lie In a single
plane.
trussing
The rigid members forming a truss.·
5U!1ject to axial forces proportional to
the rise of the truss.
governs the size of compression .-
meml7ers. while tensile stresses at the
weakest points. usually at the
connections. control the size of tension
members.
-----.. ----..... -.. -.. '. panel load
I \
I \
/ \
I \
I \
I \
I \
" \ I I / \ I
, I I \ I /
',II \1 ,,/
(!
A concentrated load applied to a panel
point of a truss . .To prevent seconaary
stresses from developing. the centrok:lal
axes of truss meml7ers;lna the load at a
joint should pass through a common point.
direct
The tensile or compressive stress th.-lt Is
constant through the depth of a
structural membtr to axial
tension or comprtSslon.

AdditIOnal and tresses In 2
truss meml1er rtSultlng from an eccentric
conrteCtlon or 3 joint flxed ag.alnst rebtlve
rotation. While trusses are assumed to
have Idea l!zed pin connections. truss
connections In reality may be rotted.
welded. or riveted. Imparting a degree of
rig fdIty to the joInts .
. rever5.11
A change!n the force of 3 truss member
from tension to compression or vice versa
caused !7y a change In the loading pattern.
..... .• counterPrace
A truss member sul7ject to tension or
compression unaervaryfng load conditions.
funicular tru"
A truss havIng an overall shape derived .
from thefualcular shape far a particular
set of loads. The Interior of a
funicular truss are zero-force
which serve only to compression
members they will carry forces If any
changes occur In the pattern or
magnItude of the loads.
259
TRUSS
,

e:tt.entil fc,r-".lS N

fDlIow:J PjtM

for tiJe rnar:m-
forc.=s 3t jonts.
260
Since only zxiJl
forcts Zf'e tr.lnsm/tt.eJ from
one member to ar.otUrzt
the joItTts, the I1f
member forces C*tI be In I+f1
p3l"36d to the truss
Worting from tf'rI?
points. a thinl poIrrt of
C3n be W1Jtld by
projectSJg force lines of
JJrectJon.
f
metha-d of 5utlo ns
A for del:e:r.ninrng.member forces
In a truS5 by thUquili!?rlum of
any porrun of the t-r'JSS assem!?IJ·.
M.1xwefi di2gr2m
A graph Ie method for determln Ing the
Ngnit-ude and ch. r.acter of the
In the rr.emrers of a
JesIg.-.4U panel 5p3Ces.
wMe desfgn3te mas
of the vectors.
Ikmber fI:>rcts are Pr'trSely
proporttoni to the r:se of a tross.
method of joints
A method for memver forces
In a truss I7y con5lJering the equlnvrium of
the various jOints Ic:Ie3llzea as points In
free-!1oQy diagrams.
G
R,
Bow t5 notation
The ofla!1ellng the spaces
forces or their lines of utlon
with letters, each force !;IeIng IdentlfleJ
I7y the two letters In the
spaces when proceec:llng In a clcx:t:wise
IT13nner around a joint.
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piUhed truss
A truss having InclIned top choras.
TRUSS
flattru'5
A truss having parallel tap ana bottom
chords. Flat trusses are gene .. not as
efficient as pitched or I10wstrlng trussts.
Also called paralltl-dwrd truss.
lS1S1SJSJZVVI7I .
rafter
A wood truss used In fram
a roof. usu.1Iy prmlnicated
of 2x45 anJ b6s jOO1ed I'll n
toothedpbte
connectors.
crown pest
Arry In a pitched
truss. esp. a king post.
Pratt ""--__________ -.ll
Of or pertainIng to • JUt or pitched truss
having vertlc31 web memDers In compression
and dl3gonal we!7 memPers!ll tension.
Howe I
Of or pertaining to a JUt or pitched truss
web fn tension and
di3gonal web In compression.

tr1I,sedJoist
A I19htwelght. flat wood truss used In
framl"9 a floor, usually prefabricated
of 2x4s and 2x6s Joined wtth toothed
plate connectors.
.
'---y------. Warren
di3gorut
An IncnneJ web lMT1!7er Joining the
top and bottom chords of a truss.
Of or pertaining to a pitched truss
having Orily Indned web memDer5.
:---
\ An lncnned we!:> memDer Joining a
. chord wtth a main

A truss h3v1ng more than two web
Ir.trtlbers raJlatlng from a common point
on the rottom chord.
I
A truss having to
the length of wcl7
toward the calurilne of the 'part
L
A truss a bottom chord
r3!sed a!7ove the level
of the
A pitched truss hav!rtg tension
exterIdlrtg from the foot of
exh top chord to .an IrrterInedlate
poUrt on the opposite top CMrd.
""''t

_____ --'1
A tlmw!;am stlfferd boy a
c.omlnl'.3tlon of truss rods
ii nd eltha compression struts or
susper.sl.on rods.
.. ----.--.---------.------
A plate for unlt!ng struct.Jral
members meet1r,q In a
Also called gusset pl3t,e
Of or pertaining to a f13t or Dowstrlng .
truss having Inchned mem!1ersformll19
a series of equ llater3 I trl3ngles. Vertical
web sometimes Introduced
to redUC6 the panel lengths of the tcp
chord which Is In compression.
,-I ----< tru"
A truss havfng 3 curved top chord meeting
a straight rottom chord at each end.
truss
A tlmDerrowstrlng truss.
trus,
A truss h.vIng roth top and I1ottom chords
curvl"9 upward from a common point at
each side. Also called camelback truss.
r--- trus, rod
! A metal tie rod serving as a tension
memPer In a truss or trussed !leam.
composlU trus5 •
A truss h3v1ng Umber compression
members and steel tension mem!lers.
261
VAULT
An arched 5uucture of stone. urick. or
reinforced a uiling
or roof a hall. room. or
whoity or parti311y enclostd space.
; ... - .. -.-...... -... --....... -.... _.-.... key course
: A wurse of keystones In the crown of
262
-, ......... -.. ;
A dlstJnct. slenkr. vertical masonry
fe;ltIJre engaged In a wan or pier and
supporting orfelgnlng tD support an
arch or a rll1bed vault.
2 masonlj'vault.
, ..... ---.... --------... vaulting ccurst:
A horizontal course forming the
aDutments or springers of a masonry
: vault.
L _____ ._ .. transverse arch
An arch for stiffening a Darrel vault or
supporting 2 groin vault. '
r--'--
1 . A Pay two transverse arches
I", vaulted structure.
5Ince It behms as an arch extended In a third
Jlmenslcn, the Iong/tudlna/supportlng walls
must bvttrts5ed t(1 younter3Ct the thrusts
of the archIng actIon.
I
1---...... i?uttres,
I
An external support built tD stabilize a
struGturs by opposing Its outwara thrusts.
esp. a support built Into (lr
I against the outside of a masonry wall
.;--- -.--- flying 1?uttre"
/ An Inclinea bar of m3sonlj' carried on a
/ segmental arch ana transmitting an
./ outward ana downward thrust from a roof
.: or vault to a solid buttress that through
Its mass transforms the thrust Into a
vaultlng 5hili
vertical one. --\
•• ---•. -....... -....... -..... - ... ..
A subordlnau vertlc3l structure
Unninztlllf In a pyramid or spire,
. used esp. In Gothic archltecturs to
add welg ht to a buttress pier.
pier --_ ............ -.... ..
The part of a pler that rises to take
the thrust of a flying buttress.
Jmcrttument h .. "-",_,,,,,,,,,,,,
A sloping top on a \1uttress or \ ..
projtctlng plerto shea rainwater.
no51ng
A projecting ed¥ of a buttress.
A shaft that leaas tD the springer of a
rlu or group of riPs. either rising from tht:
grouna or from a carVel at a greater
height In the face of the nuSOMIj'.
corbel vault
A vault canstructed carbehng caurses
of stone masonry. The resulting stepped
surface can Pe smoothed orcurvea. but
no arch action Is Incurred.

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rrel v.ult
A VAult a semicircular cross
section. Also caRed cradle vault.
wtlMl vault, ¥Qgon vault.
groin
. conical vault
A vault a circular cross section
that Is largerat one end than the other.
rampant vault
A va ult from an abutment
higher at one side than at the other.
VAULT
annular vault
A barrel vault hJving a circular plan In
the shape of a ring.
One of the curvea lines or edges
which two vaults meet.

.. -.. ' tripartite vault .
: A compouna vault for covering a
" : triangular sp3u, formed by the
groin vault
A compound vault formed by the
Intersection of two vautts.
arched ca!ltd
groins. Also catted V3u\1;.
weD
A su:fau framtd Py the
ribs of a V<lutt. -',
hn vault
.At Y3 wit com posed of ;a numbu of concave
cC1'1C1da1 sections, usually four, springing
from the corners of the vaulting
ribs
rut from the springing like the
fr;;mewon: of. fan.
}--.- Intersectlon of three barrel vautts.
underpiUh vault
A compound V3lJlt having a central
vault Intersected Py vaults of lower
pitch. Also caned Welsh vault.
rwvault
A va ult supporte.:f by or clecorated with
arched dlagonal ribs. Also. ribPed Yauft-.
...... q,uadrlpartrte vault
A rlu vault divided Into four parts by
dIagonal ribs.
sexpartite vault
A rll7vault divided Into six compartme:r.:s
by two d13gonal ribs and three tranSv'er:e
ribs.
rip
///
stilted vault
A compound vault having a
vault springing from a
higher SO that the rk:Iges are at
the same height.
key
The l:eystone at the crown of an arch
or at the intersection of two or more
rips .• '"
/:\
Arry of several archlike members suppor;ing
a vault at the groins. deflnlng tts distinct
surfaces or dlvtdlng these 5U rfaces Into
panels.
." , \
arc --_ .. _ .. __ ... __ .. _ .........• / \
\
A rIl7 sp3nnlng the Iongltualnal axis of a rib \/
vault and tt Into !rays or . . ....... '---,
compartments. Also called np, /: .....
tierceron •........ _._ .. __ ......... -. __ .. /
A rll7 springing from a point of support on
either side of the oglves or transverse rik
ofa rib vault. Alsocalle.::l IlTtermedlau np.
--.--.- ......... --.-...... -.....
A rib a wall parallel to the
longitudinal axis of a rib vault. Also ca lied
wall ril1.
cloister vault
A compound vault formed IIyfour caves
meetlng along diagonal vertIcal planes.
Also called coved vault.
:---- rU:lge rib
A horizontal riP marking the crown
of a vaufUng compartment.
.. ogive .
A riP crosslng a compartment of a rib
vault on a dla¥nal. Also called
nb. 9ro1n riP.
-., ..
!

lieme
An ort13mental. knoblike projection.
as a carvea keystone at
Intersection of ogfve5.
pendant
A sculptured suspended
from a roof truss. vault. or cemrTg.
Also calltd drop.

,tar vault
A vault having ribs. !Jemes, or
tlercerons arranged In a star·shaped
pattern. Also callea su/lar vauft-.
An ornamental vaulting rib other than
one springing from a pier or a rldqe rib.
263
VISION
the;let or power of
sen5ing with the eyes.
&ee
r 0 pac.elve with the eyes. The act of
seei"41s a and creative process.
It 15 capaP-leof &ellveringa three-
dimensIOnal perctptlon of the II1OfIng.
changing 1m3¥s which make upourvlsual
world. There are three steps In the swift
and processing which
In ,t. ""'g" we see. --1
I
t ....... reuptlon: 0tJr eyes ....... ,-... visu3I fmures _ ................. Irtferenu: on the b1sIs tlfthese extracted
klput In form of l!glrt. . from this Input. fe3ture5. Infcmlces made 3bout our KOrld.
l1inocularmicn .-.. _ ...... - ..... -.
The thru-dimenslonal stereoscopic
vision from use of both
eyes at the tllM.
"
' ...
....... - ........ -.--... ""
Inwara tcfocus on .. point. ..... "
.....
..... ,
The which the hUlTl3n
changes focus for.ol1ects at various
dlstanus. im'01v1"4ch<a"¥5 In the
shape of the Cl"'jstalnoe lens. 1

dlrectlon of an ooservea oljea C<lusea !7y
a change In the position of the oUserver
that provides a new hoe of sight.

to of the spatial
relationships a:nong oop;ts wft:hln the
fleklofv1slon. -_._-_ .. _.-..... -.... . .............. --_._ ..•
orientltfon
The ability to Wxm oneself In one's
environment .nth referenu tc time.

Yi5U4t literacy
The to apprehend and
pictures. dl'2wfngs. or

eye
Appreciative or dISCriminating VISU31
perception.
optical - .......... - ......... ----f----r----<
A peruptlon ci visualsUmuh that
what Is perctlved In a way
different from tM way It Is In re3tlty.
264
,.
,,/
./
/0
,. '.
,. '.
,. ..
./ \ ..
fitld of vision _ .. \
,.
,./
,.
The etltJre f\e!a enalmt'3ssed the
hum.an It Is tnlnea In arry
par-xulir direction. Also caned visual
fletd.
angle
The
sulrtenas at *'e point of oI1semtlon.
lI'IeasureJln mlnuteschrc.
visual cortex
The portion of the ure!n-al cortex of
the In-aln that recdves and processes
Impulses from the optic nerves.
visu.;12CUIty
Acuteness of v15Ion 25 determined
by 2 comparison wfth the nonnal
abillty to certain at a
g!Yen dlst.a nee. IlSUaIly 20 ft. (6 m).

The a17i1ity or power tc see or m3ke
fine distinctions.
.1,pect
Appeal'3nce tc the human eye or
mind.
j
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carr.oufu¥
The of a form or that
occurs when Its pattern.
textu re, or coIor.Itlon Is slmlla r to that
of Its SlJrTOundlng field or l1ackground.
\
A Pl""Cf"!rty of perception In which the "\
mind's for meaning Irj •
Imagining .na projectlng known or
familt3r l1T13geS onto the seemingly
pattern until It
flnd.s 3 m3tch whIch rrt3l:es sense. This
atte:r1pt to COOIplete an Incomplete
paturn. or find a meaningful pattern
emp.-..-dkJ fn a larger one. Is In
4Iccord;;}nu with we alre3dy know
or Ct-r'"'tCt to see. Once seen and
u r.ders t<xJ. it Is dlffic u I t to not see

tlimil4rity
A prcymy of perctptlon In which there
Is 3 wokncytogroup things which
h;we visual ch3racterlstlc In
com."roCl""l.4IS a slml13rtty of shape. slz.e.
color. or'..etTtJtIon or det3ll
•••••
•••••
.: ....
•• •••••
•••••
.0.0.
.0 •. 0.
.oeo.
eoeoe
•••••

m tc¥ther. to the exclusion of _. • e _
those which are further away.
ectrt.inurty • • • • •
A of perception In which there
Is a which
the same line or In the
same directlon. This 5e3rch for
contlr.:;ity of line and dIrection can also
lead to O<Jr pc:rceptlon of the simpler.

f"t4irdless of how dIstant they
are. bJ1ng to the of a class
of as Imlng uniform slz.e ana
con stJ rrt color and textu reo

A perception In which there
Is 3 t.enkncy for an open or Incomplete
fig ure to seen as If It were a closed
orcomplet.e and staVle form.

. :\ -./
.' .I_,S

• e
+
successive contrast
A phenomenon of visual perception In
which Intense exposure to one color or
value leads to the sensation of Its
complement. which Is as an
afterimage on another color or surface
viewed Immedl3tely thereafter.
afterirrt3ge
A visual sensation
that persists after
the stimulus that
ca used tt Is no Io"¥r
operative or present.
VISION
perctption
The act or faculty of .pprehendlng by
means of the senses or of tr,., mind.
visual perception
An awareness derived Irj the visual
system In response to .on extern..ol
stimulus.
_ ..• figure-ground
A property of perceptloo In which
there Is a tendency to see parts of a
visual field 35 solid. welh:leflnea .
otjects standln9 out against .. less
distinct l7ackground. .
figure
A shape or form. as determlnea t.y
OtItlllltS or exterior surf.lces.
ground
The rececl1n£j part of a visual f1ekl
agaJhst which a Is perceived.
Also called background.
!imultaneou!
A phenomenon ofvlSlUI perception In
which the stlmulatlon of one color or
value leads to the of Its
complement. which Is projected
Insta sly on .. Juxta posed color
Of' value. Simultaneous contrast
Intenslfle5 camp1ementary colors"ana
shifts an .. logous colors tcw3ra each
other's complementary hue. esp. when
the Juxtaposed colors are Similar In
value.When two colors of contrasting
value are Juxtaposed. the Itgfrtercolor
will deepen the darker War while the
darker color will lighten the lighter ooe.
265
WALL
Any of vari0tJ5 upright coostructions
presenting ... continuous surfau ana
serving to enclose, asvide, or protect / I I \ \
an area.
/'
vearing wall .
A wall capal7le of supporting an Imposed
load. from a floor or roof of a InJIWlng.
Also called load-bearinf wall •.. - ... --......... -.:
wall
A walt no load other than Its
own weight. Also called non-toad-
W31l-......
ca rrtc11 •...
A
feature from a
corner of a Pulta!ng.
pil4s-ur .-........ - ..... -
A rectangular fmurt projecting
from, w;lll a ana a !7ase
and as a column.
!
.-.... -.--.- ......................... .
A column l1uilt SO as to truly or
ronJed to the)¥;ln before which

retum wan _--.- o. _ ••••••••••• _ ••••••••• --•• - •••• - ......... 0.· - ••••.••• ,
A short w;l1 perpendictJ br to the end of
a IongerwaL
pier
A structure. as a
seaIon of wad between two openIngs or one
supporting the end of an arch or hntel
_____ - ----0---- _______ ___:

member to relieve Its load. Also C311ed E
rellevfn9 If'dt.
lirrtd ... -- ........ -- ......... -- ... -.... -.- ..
A the :
door or window openIng.
umpl1te
A horizontal timber or st.one set In 3 wall
to receive and distribute the pressure of
a gIrder or bam. as (Ner an opening.
Also. tempkt.
266
,-... - ......... - ............. exUricr wail
A wall formIng p3rt of the envelope of a
InJlldIng. havl"9 one face exposed to the
to earth. Also c.11ed
exUmatwali.
,1"-"'." .•• Interior wall
.,/ Any wall withIn a InJlJalng. entirely
....... / surrounded by exterlor W4i 115.
0/ partition
An Irrt:erlor wall dlvldlng a room or pa rt of 3
Pulldlng Into separate areas.
partition
An interior wall carrying a st-ructuralload.
Also called lo.1d-bearing partition.
partition
An Interior wall supporting no Ioaa other
Its own weight. Also called non-load·
p.1rtJtSon.
$creen
A or fixed device. esp. a
framed COI15trtJctlon. deslgne4 to
divide. conce;al. or pror
- movaple partition
A partltlcn cap;a17le of I1eIng movea to
different loC3tlons. Also called
demountaPla partttfon.
coping
I " A flni5hlng or protective C<lp orCOUr56 to
i 3n exterfor W4lfl. usually sloped or curved
\ .......
\ ........ , .. - - copIng
\ i .0-.--: ....
; \ A coping that slopes to either side of a
\ ./' Also called
............... -......... par .. pet
A low. protecUve the edge of.a
term.e, balcony, or roof. esp. th4t part
of an exterior w;l1I, fire w.all or party wall
that rises arove the roof.
.. -.-.--.. -.. -, ... --...• gal?1e W3U
- -.. A waH or crowned by a gal1ie,
--.'.-.. ' ............. - ... wan
party wall --.-... :
A wall Jointly ccnt1guous
structures, upon a line dlvIalng
two parcels of I3nd. of which Is a
separate rt31 estate entity.
-- ..
A foundatlon- wan tha"t encloses a
usa Ple area under a
plinawall
A wan having no WIndows. doorways,
or other open Inq s.
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,I ...;.·
f
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11



A house constructea with a skeleta I
framework of t1mrer. usually sheathed
wtth siding or shingles.
corner I7race _._...;
A dl3gonal bracelet Into studding to
reinforce the corner of a fra me
structure.
let In
i 0 Insert Into the surface of a stud.
wall Of:,the tn:e as a permanent
addftlon.
comer post ..... -.• --.--------------- .----..
An ;asseml7ly of two orthru studs
splW together at the Intersection
of two frarnecl walls to provide a
nailing sumu for flnlsh materials.

A nJrTOW wood strip flxed to the
corner of a frarnecl paMlon to
provlk a surface for flnlsh
materials.
firestcp -------.-----.--------------'.
A rlUterial or member !roUt Into a \
fl.lme to I1lbcl: a COTlce31ed \.
hollow space through which a flre ".
might from one part of the
!ro11.d1M§ to another.
ledgerWip
A pleu attached to the face of a
Deam at the bottom as a support
for the ends of joists.
M17Pon .. ________ ._ ------.---.----. -. __ .J'-
A thin. I;Io3rd let Into
s tuddlng to carry the ends of
joists. Also called ledger. rippand.
rIPPon strip.
balloon frame .. -- --... -.. --'-' _ .....
A wooden !rolldl"4 frame having studs
that rise the fun height of the frame
from the sIR pl3te to the roof pia te_
wlthjolsts nailed to the studs and
supported by sills or by ribbons let
Into the studs.
plate 1110cking
Any of various hOrizontal tlml:>ers laid
flat across the headsof studding or
upon floors to support JOists. rafters.
or studs at or near their ends.
wall plate
A number of small wood pieces
Inserted to space. join. or reinforce
memrers of a !rolldlng frame. fill the
spaces between them. or provrac a
nailing surface for finish materials.
A horizontal member built Into or laid
along the top ofa wall to support and
distribute the load from joists or
rafters. Also called raising plate.
top plate .... --- ..... -....... -.... -.-....... ------
The uppermost horizontal meml:>erof a
framed wall on which joists or rafters
rest.
/'
anchorbolt •... --.-- ...
Any of various rods or rolts ". .•..• E
;'L:··:·
. "
. ,.
.. ".'
. -'
.. ·4:
embedded In masonry or concrete
to hold. secure. or support a
structural member.
sill sealer ...... -.. -.- .. -..... -......
A reslhent, ftln-ous material placea J
a sliland a foundation wall /f"'.
to reduce alrlnflltratlon. ,/
termfU .. ·-·······./
Sheet metallnstal1ed atop a
foundation wall or around pipes to
prevent the passage of termites
. .
- b '_.
WALL
...... _ .. stud wall
A wan 01' partition fr.lmeJ wtth stuas
and factd wtth sheathing. siding.
wallboard, or plasterworX. Also caW
stud partition.
.'" stud
Any of a series of slender. upright
memrers of wood or tne't31 fonnlng the
structural frame of a wall or p-artltlon.
-... cripple
Any framing member chat Is shorter
chan usual. as a stud above a door
opening or relow a window sill
.-- center--to-center €
From the centerline of one eIe:r.ent.
member. or part to the centerline of
the next. Also callta on CCT'tu.
.... $OkpLtu
The \:>attom htficntJ I me m per of a
ftamed wall upon which a row of studs
Is erected. Also called shoe. sole.
soIeplece.
platform frame
A wooden !rolldlng fr.lIne h3vir..J studs
only one story high. rt-gardless of the
stories each story on the
top plates of the st.ory or on the
sill plates of the four-dation waft Also
called wc:sUrn frame .
.... -.- ......
A dwarf wall for sU Pr«t1"9 fIo?,. joists.

A wall less than a fullstor)' In hd.3ht.
5111
The lowest horizontal of a
frame struGture. resting on ana
anchored to a fourWtlon wart. Also
called mudsill. sill ptru.
.- .....• l1ox,iII
A slH for a tlvlldlng frame. composeJ of
a plate resting on a foundation l'f311 and
a joist or header at the outer td¥ of
the pl3te. as well as 3 soleplm for
studs resting either dlrectly on :he
joists or on the rOu.,Jh flooring.
l,fII
A slll for a tlvllcllng fr.lme. composed of
a plate resting on a foundatlo:! ""n and
a 10lst or header at the of
the plate
267
WALL
!Siding
A we3tMrproof material as shingles.
boards. or units of sheet used
for sa rf.ulng the exterior walls of •
mme !7ulldlng.
comer 1?oard
A roard against which siding Is fIt1;ed at
rake
A bOard or molding placed along the
sloping sides of a gal7le to cover the
ends of the siding ....... ''-: ..
5huthing
A rough covering of Poards. plywood. or
other panel materials appW to a frame
structure to as a base for siding.
flooring. or roofing.
.- 5tructur21&huthlng
the comer of a fr3 me structure. ............. _ .... ;.
Sheathing capal7le of bracing the plane of
a framed wall or roof.

A Slmfll70ard or strip of wood used for
varloos uulldlng purposes. as to cover
joints mrds. support shingles or
rooflng tiles. Of' provide _ Da5e for
l10ard 3nd l1atten
Siding consisting of wkie boards or
pljwood sheets set vertically wtth Putt
joints covered by u.ttens.
colonbl
5JdJil! composed of plain. square-edged
twrds bld horlzontaRy so that the
upper o.'erlaps the one PeIow.

A series of pancls •. esp. decorative wood
panels.joIned In a continuous surface.
surround
t

. I '.1' i
.....
A sheathing of Doards applied diagonally
for lateral strength.
i10arding
A structure of boards.
or s u!riloorlng .
.... paper
Arty of various papers. felts. or slmlbr
sheet material used In construction to
prevent the pass3g6 of air or motsture.
vertica "QI"9 ... _ .. .l
Siding consisting of matched
roards applied vertically.
i'
OO
cl3pboard
! A long. thin board with one thlcl::erthan
the other.laki horizontally as bevel slJ1ng.
shiplap
A flush. overiapplngJolnt. as a ral7ret.
Petween two boards Joined
Also. the boarding joined wtth such
O'IerlapplngJolnts. "
bevel siding
Siding composed of ta perea Ltoards. as
clapboards. laid horizontally with the
thicker lower edge of each board
O'Ierlappln!1 the thinner upper edge of the
Deard uelow It. Also called lap skiing.
flLl5h panel
A panel having 3 surface In tht same
plane as tfie surrounding frame.
o
Dolly Y2rden siding
Bevel r30reted the lower
edge to recelve the upper edge of the
board relow It.

A F'nel h3vlng a center portion thlcl:er
than the edges or projecting above the
surrounding fume. Also called fielded

)/
drop siding
Siding composed of boards narrowed 3 long
the upper edges to fit Into ra l*ets or
grooves In lower
horizontally with their uacks flat 3g3lnst
the sheathing or studs of the w;;r/t Also
called novelty I"UstJc skiing.
sunkpaMI
A panel h3v1ng a sumce recessed Pelow
the surrounding frame Of'surface.
An enclrclklg bo de areaOf' r
..............
I
portion. Section. or dfvlslon
.. mlnscot. celbng or c:Ioor. esp.
S41rface sunk below or I'2tsea
the surrounding area. or
panel

ohwa
ofaff'J


by a or rorder. -_ ..........
atwood paneling. esp. when
NJln$COt
facin4
:overing
vall.
the lower portion of an Interior
.....
... -
n ...... - ..........................
"ullio
, vertic
al member dividing the panels In
-a11l5COt

lYe/'?'rtIon of an Interior wall
ado
1elo
ilenfa
,eupper
'3ilpa
ced or tre3ted dlfferen tty from
section. as with paneling or

R'''-'-
I .
I
I
!
..... '1" ..
- ...... -
. -'
.'
.. -'

=
',-

--
. . J
me
1
r .. ·_· .. - .. · .... ·_ .... · ...... • flU5h
APe3dhavlngltsoutersurfaceatt:hc
same level as the adjoining sumces.
1" ... - ........................
1 A bead that projects a Dove or Deyond the
; adjoining surfaces.
i ;0 .... _ ................. C\ulrk .
• A gcoov .... .cot< ""kling' !><1J ...
ffifu\\\\ :::a
lng
from adJmnfng'members or
: ..................... Polutlon
./ A raised molding for framing a panel.
Oooli'r'ay. or fireplace. esp. when the
mutlng surfaces are at different levels.
Also.lrilectlcn.
j
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3r1Chor -' _ ... ;'
Arry of V3rlous rret.ll used In
curt.;aln wan constructlon to secure a
fr.1 Of' pa ne! to bultdlng s tructu reo
usually for 3dJustlT'.ent In three
dlmenslons.
ttnltsystem
A C\lf't.4ln Iv.ifi system conslsUng of
pre3sserrWW. wan units
..... hlch IT!3'j be pregf3zed or g lazed
3f+..er InstJlI.aUon.
pand system .-._ ............. _ .......... ' .................... ./
A cu-rt..ln waH system conslstlng of
pm'Dr1'I1td met.t cut stone, precast
con.cme. or p3ndluJ t>rlck wall units.
l'rh Ich rt13Y be preglned or g l.azeJ after
... 1tatlon.
column·ccver-ana-spandrel system 1
II curtJln w311 systaTlln which vlSlon·glass !
liM units are
5wpporUd l7y 5f13nJrel beams between
columns cI.Jd with caver sections
WALL
.-"-" curtain wall
..- ,. An exterfor wall supported wholly by
-r--- l
g
-
irt
--,.-.,.-.-......,.,..,......,..·· .,.".:. ..,..., ... ',.-..:.,....- .. ....,. .. "., .. t-) .
A hortzontal member spanning welg t ana wlna aaS.
retween exterior columns to support t----7
wall sheathing or cla-dd1ng . •.. _ .......... '-"-'.
mng .. ..................................... --.-........ -_
A material placed In an \. -.
opening to the p3SS3ge offlre, .... t--}

.. ... .. ..• .. ..
3S uetween a curtain wan and a spandrel • 1
__ ._;. JIll
.... -.. ····· ............ area In a multlstor:t frame
and supporting tneotIter edge ofa lnJlidlng. between the sill of" window on
floor or roof. one level and the head of a wlnaow
backup wall Immediately below. Also, spandril.
An assemlny of materials used behlna
a curtain wall to provkle the
of fire-resistance .••.•.. - .. _- ...........

stlck s)"tem
A curtain wan system In which tuuuf3r
metal mullions and ralls are assembled
pJeci by pleu on-site to frame VIsion
glass and spandrel units.
.--.......... spandrelgl1s5
An opaque glass for conceahng the
structural elements In curtain wall
ccnstnJCtlon. proJucea byfusJrIg a ceramic
frIt to the Intenor surf2Ce of tempered or
heat·strengthened glass.
unlt-3nd-mulllon synem
A curtain wan system In which one- or
two·stor)'·hlgh mullions are Installed
l7efore pre3s5emblea wall units are
lowered Into place behind the mullions.
The framed wall units may Pe preglazed
or glazed after Installation.
269
WALL
ret.1lning W311
A w.n of tre3t.e.a tlml1er. I!i3S0flr)'. or
for holdlng In place a 1n35S of
earth. A w.1I C211 f.l1I by
overtumlng. or seuRng. Also
C411ea waR.
5urc!lJrge
An addltlooal or excessive load or
Irorden. 35 that of the earth above the
b<el of the top of a retalnflo.g wall ..... _- . ______ .
toe··---·"!'
The forwa ra. lower tip of the base of a
footing or retaining wall extended to give
!?roader Pealing and greaUr
-......

W3n ----------------',
A rt't4lnlng of reinforced -.._------.
"'''' ...
or re!rrforcea masonry.
C4ntlievmd from ana securely tied to 3
spre3d footing th3t Is shaped to resist
overturning aM sl1J1ng.
cn17Uing -. - ... ___ .. _. ___________ . __ . __ ..... .
A system of for ret.1lnlng earth or
sora .. lld1ng lT1CY'edorhavlng Its
;c·\Hldatlon rdnJltt. Also C41ieJ
c.r.bworl
;n'b
,
:':mbers. or or concrete rnemPer5
;;f $Imlbr form.. asseml:>led In laj'ers at
angles. often filled wtth earth or
s tones ;rod used In the constroctlon of
'':lI.maatlons .nd retaining walls.
---...... ;
p Iva nlud wire b.sl:et filled with
.0f1es and used In coostructlng an
Jt ment or retaining structure.
o
de3dm.1n
A log. concret.e Plock. or similar mass
uurled In ground as an al1Ghor.
rlprap
A layer of stones thrown
together Irregularly on an
slope to pm-cnt erosion.
revet
fo face a sloping surface or
emuankment wIth stone or other
material.
revetment
A facing of masonry or other sultaple
material for protecting an
empankment against erosion.
.r---__ .• ccunterfort
...- A triangular-shaped cross waU tying a
concrete ret.olnlng \'(311 to Its Dase at
regular Intervals. built on the of
the I!13terial to be retained In to
stiffen the vertical slap and add weight
to the Da se.
i7atter
A l:r.ichard of the face
of a wall as It rises.
!
gfMty wall .-------j
A Nsonryor concret" retaining waH
that resists overturning and
the sheer weight ana YOlume offts ctilss.
'--.--.--.-... -.•
A type of gravity retaining wall for.r.ed
loy stJcklng modular. interlocking
prec.ast concrete units and filling the
voids with crushed stone or gravel.
Also called cellular wall
- - - ------------ ---. t.1rth tle17ack wall
- - - - - -- A retaining waif of precast
- - - - --- concrete panels fastened to long
_ _ _____ gatvanlzed steel str.lps extending Into
a compacted soil UacHlll
-- =:::: =::::=------ --j

The maxImum height at which 3
vertlcal cut In 3 cohesive soil will
sbna wlU,CtJt shoring.
;-------
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/
The maximum sIop6. rne3surea In
/
/
/
. . from the horizontal. at whk;J,


/ .......
/
', ___ • soli binder
A plant that prevents or Inhlplts
erosion Dy providing a ground cover
and forming a dense network of
roots that hold the soil.
. _--.--' loose solid wll remain In
..•.• -- place without slidlnq. .
angle of ,ride
The minimum slope. measured In
from the horlzont.1l at wh!ch
loose solid material will begin to silk
or flow.
soil5ta17i1iur
A chemical admixture for
malnt3lnlng or Increasing the
St3!1lnty of a soli mass.
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window IUIit
A lI'taC!8bctureJ assem17ti of a mme.
S.ilsh. and necessary hardware.
wlndowopenlng. "',,_
sa5h
The fhe.d or I1OV3 m meworX
ofa which
panes 01 are set. -----".
-\--
---...:.
',,-.
A wood COt'eriIlg the g.3 p
a or wlnao,.; f,..me
;and th6 mson ry reveal Into which the
Is set. Also c;alled staff peaa.

The CNer. window Of" a
window frame
The fixed mme of a Window. consisting
oftwoJam17s .• head. and a sill. ---'1
.....
., .....
Jna In3sonrywalL ----.. --------- ---.-------\
drip -----,,;::-,v---rr-----rr
Arry of vr.ious t:b1ces for
,..fnwrtef so as to teep It from running
down a If3ll orhlllng onto the slfl of an

drip --'.-- ... ---- -'-'-' .. -..
A CNer an exterior
and
t7lnwater.
.. ---.----.-.... -------------.--... ---
A the tnm at the
top arJ skksof a dcor or window.
__ .. __ .... u_u _____ .. _______
The hor!zx;m.ai mtn1Per at the 173se of a - __ _ _=::.. ___
winDow esp. the \edqe for-mea Py -
Sl.\Ch a mnboer.

SlJrf.ce of a !1ulldlng memrer.
as a orcoplng. slopeJ to shed
r.afnWlter. AJsoC2lea we.tthering .• -----.-----.--.----- .. -... --- .. ---. -'_.

A M or fonned on the ur.derslJe
of a sli or otherextulor horizontJf r-_L\\\\\\\\\\,\""' ___
rr.ember to prevent the C3plllary flow of I
rJlnwaterto 3 wall -'--- .. -... - .---. ---- ..... -....... -. _t/
>,
.. ----.-.---------·--·--'--···--·-"--·-"···-·---· .-.-.-_.' '1
An fttttd to 3 window
fnme to oUSt r.J1nw;rter to drip farther
3W1'j m::.n .. w;iR surface. Also C3lled sill
drip
WIND,OW
dressing
The ornamental detail of a Dulldlng.
esp. the molded framework around
door and wIndow openlngs_
An opening in the wall of a puflding
for admitting light and air. usually
fitted with a frame In which are
set opera pIe sashes containing
panes of glass.
pane ..
One of the divisions of a window or door.
conSistIng of a single unit of glass set In
a frame_
muntin
A ra DDetea It!emDer for holding the
of windowpanes within a sash. Also called
glazing l1ar. sash bar. '1
omOOE]
/
mullion
A vertical rnemDer the lights
ofa window.
.. -- .. light
A medium for admItting light. as one·
compartment of. window or window
sash. Also called day_
slip sill
A 5111 cut to fit !1e-tween tM Jam17s of a
w:ndow or door opening.
.r:---------------. lug sill
./ A. sill extend)n!! !1eyond a window crdcor
./ openln!! and Irollt Into the Jaml7s.
r--"-"---' horn
/ That part of a pmb extending a!1ove the
.' head of a door or window frame. or the
horizontal extension of a wlndowslll
the JamD.
-- - ---.- ... --------------. 5"Wol
The Interior 5111 of a window.
'-- ....... -.-- ----- .. -- -. apron
A flat piece of trim Immediately Deneath
the stool of a window. Also called skirt.
b4lck
The area of Interior wall. usually paneled.
between a windowsill and the floor.
271
WINDOW

A wfn&ow hMtf two vertically sl1t.f1ng
.. sepal'2te grooves or,trads
ana closll\4 J ciffererrt' part of the wfndow.
hung sash ... - ......•.•. - .. - ......... _ ........ .
A vertlcalJ:t window S3Sh balanced
by :iI or a pretenslonea
spring on side 50 c.n Pt
raised ex Icwertd wtt:h reb Itttfe
Also called lralancea 5.1s-h.
raI-..... - .. -.--.. -.--.. -
The r.:11 of eadI s.sIt In:il
wlnaow M n t1Ie I'2If of the
other whe-a window

A fastening 011 the II1eetIng 1"211 of one
sash which swings .cross to the meetlng
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.- .- ..
___ J
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rail of ancPlersash and engages with a
__
checl: ran
A meeting raM. esp.one lIgJlnsta
rad wtth a d1agon31 or
overlap .... --•. ----...•..........
pl.1in ran
A ral equal In thJ§:ness to the
other of the frame.
r------.-
I I
- ..................... , .... \
A window constructed with a I I
pocket In he3d.1rTf.o which one or both
:;.;shes caR 1'355 to Increase the opening i
iNalla Ple for
OJ
I
drop window - ..• - ...... - ........ - .......... ---1
A window c.oastructeJ with a poclet I I
llelow the sJl.lnto Mitch a sash can slide L _______ .J
t.? Increase .. vallable for
venUbtlon.
window
A window too or InOrC 53shes. of
whlch at one sI1Jes along horizontal
gl'OO'l'CS (X tracks.
,ltaing ......... _ ..... _.c .................... _
A 52sh thit opens Pi' movIl1!J horizontally
alo"9 gl"OOr'cs or tncl:s at the top and
rottom of wlndow
H2
--7
-
'"
/
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r· .... · .. · .. --_ ... yoke
rT'>....-r----f-,..,. A horlzontJl the t.?p of a
frame for a double·hung window.
,top
A strip of molding a long the InslM of
wlndow frame for holdlll!J .1 52sh. or
which ;1 sash cioStS. Also called
sash step. window step.
.._ ..... bead
A strip of molding along the Inslde of a
window fl"3me for a slld1n!J sash.
- .. _..... parting
A strip of molding on euh side of.ll
frame of a window to keep tM
upper and lower sashes .11lr-1rt when raised
or Iowere4 Also c.lled strip.
-.. -- Wind
The of a I10x frame to which
trim Is secured.
.--.-. Pox frame
A wlnaow frame h3vlng hollow 'pmbs or
mull10ns for S3sh weights.
.... hanging
A stile In 3 window frame against which a
wlndow sash Also called pulley
stk .
.. - weight
A cylindrical of Iron (X Ie3J used 35 3
coo nterwelg fit to bala nee a vertlca fly
window sash.
""h line
A rope cord) orch.ln (sash awn)
a vertically snalng wlndow
sash with 3 counterweight.
rii7Pon
A strip Of or aluminum alloj used In
place of a sash cord to connect .. vertlcally
sliding window sash with a counterweight.
pocketpleu
A removable part of a 113"91"9 stile
aCUS5 to Insert.ll sash weight
or to the sash I1ne.
window
A w1naow havin9 two 52shes. of wh len

vertJcally sliding window
A wlndow havltlf one or more sasl;es
which move vertlc.11y and.are held In
various open positions by means of
friction or 3 ratchet &M;e Inste3a of
by 5.11sh 17alances or counterweights.
ea'hi7alanu
A spring·loat.feJ device used In place of
sash weights to 3
vertically window sash. Also
spring l1atanu.
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, :
extension hinge
A for an outward·swlnglng
C35tment wlnam.located to allow
froD1 the Insrde when the
wlnaowlsopen.

A V3rfor a castment In arry of
sevml positions.
oper;ator
A gearless device for operatlng a
ca5tment and hokllng It In an open

handles .. - .. - ...... - ..... -.-.
A h;an& th<at Iocl::s 3 hinged sash In a
closeJ posftlon by wedging It against a
keeper Also called lockIng

.... ---... -.-.... -./
A Cr3nk·drlYtn worm drive for opening
and awning windows. casement
windows. 3 nd ,lJlousles.

wicket scr-een _._ .. _.-........ _ ..... "'''-'''.
A sman or hinged portion of a
13 rg SC/Ull providing access for
operstl"9 a wlnJew sash.
pivoted wind<>w
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A hJving a sash that rotates 90°
Of vertlc31 or horizontal axis
at or Its center, used In air·
condltloned multistory or h41h·rI$e
and operaW onlyforc!eanlng.
or emergency ventll3tlon.
window
A window horizontal glass or wood
louvers which pivot simultaneously In a
co:nl!"lOf1 mire. usea prlmarily In mild
cnmate5 to control ventllatton and to cut
off visibility from the ootslde.

A or shutter having horizontal slats
that can 6dJusted to admit l41ht and
air excluck sun and r3ln.
shielding --.... --
The angle Pd.ow which something can be
sten when viewed through a louver.
o
WINDOW
0
······-···-·-··········----··-1
for ventll3Uoo. Also called fixed sa sh.
... - .. oper;a\;o\e window
A wlrJow having a sash that rruy opened
: for vtMtllatlol1.
V
-----................ - .... ----.-.. -.--. window
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,-
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,\
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\
-
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ti
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A wlndcw with at one casement, often
used In comblnatlon wtth flxecll41hts.
:-.. -
. A window sash opening on hinges gener311y
attached to "the sik of Its fra me.
folding casement
A pair of casements with r3bbeted meeting
Stl\es, hung In a frame having roO multlon .
1--- stile
The stlIe of a wln.:low frame from which a
C3sement Is hung.
... - meeti"9 stne
Oneofthrr"03 stiles In a p3lrof

..--.-.. French winaow
.. A p3/r of windows extending to
the fC()r and strVing as a doorway, esp.
from a room to outside porch or temlce.
cremeI'M
A vmlcall10tt used on a French window or
the tit, of two rods moved by at
a bob mechanism and extending Into
pocUts In the head and sill of the opening
to prcv1Je a secure fastening. Also,
cremone bolt.
... -_ .... - l:Ia!conet
A r3inng or!7alvstrade projecting slightly
the of a window and reaching
to the fuor. having the appe3 r.l nee of a
!7alcony whe.n the window Is fully open. Also.

I \,
II \
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hopptr window
A wlndcw having one or mort sashes
Inward on hinges genmlly
on the rottom. Also called
hospft.al window.
... -.. hcppt1' light
A window fl9ht hir1¥d on the bottom and
swinging Inward. Also called hospital
light.
. - ...... , hopper
One of the triangular draft lrarrlers on
each side of a hqpu light.
273
WINDOW

......
. ..!..
',. .' :,', .,
:. ...... ::.J .
picture window .
It usually ftxta slngie-pane window.
to frame an aUQctlve exterior view.

It wlrWw or series of wlnJows
OIJ'tWard from the main \¥;in of a building
anQ forming a Pay or alcove In a room
within. esp. one iuvlng Its own foundation;
window seat - ... - ....... -...... _ .. _ ...... ,
It se.7t built Into a recess of a window

window
It bay window having canted sides.

It Ir.1y window a roundea projection.
DBDD
DOli


DODBBB =
DOOOO'
-
window wall
A nonbearlng waR composed primarily of
vertical and framing members
containing a com Pi nation of flxeJ lights
and operating sashes.
dormer window .... -......... -.............. - .. ,.
A vertblwlndow In a projection Pu lit out
from a roof. Also called
--_._ ...... - .......
A vertlc41 wIndow set Dele ... the line of a
slopea roof.
luc.ame
A Window In a roof or spire.
oxeye _ .... c ................ _ ....... _ ............ _ ... .
A GCmpa raUvely 5m3" rouna or oval
window. as In frieze or dormer. AlSo
called odl-de-Poeuf.
hocdmold
A project1ng over the arch
of window or &ocr. esp. In Inter\o!'
wort. Also. hood mokJi"f.
motif
A wIndow or door-way In the form of a
round· headed archwayfbnke& on either
sk:le by narrowercomp3rtments. the side
compartments Peing with
ent4 PIa tu res on which the arch of the
centnl compartment rests. Also calkJ
motlf. Venttlan motlf.
274
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riLWn window
A horizontal b-and of wlnaaws,
sera raW only Py mullions.
V-
I
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clere5tory
A portion of 211 Interior above
adjacent rooftops and having Windows
admitting d;iyIlght to the Interior; Also.
cI e.1 rs tcr:t .
. r- Porrowed
A wtnaow In an Interior part-mon
allowing Ilg h1 to De tra nsmltted from one
space to another.
.- ....
A wlnaowill:e opening In a wall or partition
through which may be passed.' as
Petween 3 kitchen and a dining room.
-_ ...... wir.dow
A wlnaow In C(' under 3 !pine.
'-"-1'---' oriel
A !?ay window supporteJ from klow
awnin.g
A COfer of C3 r1V3S or other materia I
In front of a &oorvay or window.
or 0Vet' a decl:. to pror1de from
or rain.
Py co,wls or
me,hrePu-jeh
An Py lanluwort.
through which the air rr.zy araw freely
while the Inter'« Is COI1Ce3Iea from view.
found along tr., streets of CaIro 3nd
other towns of UIe Levant. Also,

IychM5COpe
A 51114111 window sa low In the W311 of II
rntdIeval chu rch. pm11tt1"'9 the Interior
to seen fmn the outska Also callea

... - ... -.- 5Gretn
. A frame a flne of Mal
or fiberglass. pbced In a Window or
L window pox
A !;.ox ksi.3nea to hold sol! for grtWlng
plants at or on 3 Windowsill.
&oorway. or arouna a pon;h to admit.
aIr excluk l!Isects.
'" storm window
A supplementary sash pl3cea OIJts1ae
an existIng window as additional
protection a!pinst severe weather.
Also called st.cnn u5h.
window
. A window with'
InUrchange3rte serun and grass
sections for summer ana wlnter
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plate
EJrly Gothic tracery funned of
pierud slobs of stone set on
the the shape and
dlsp<l$1'tlcn of the openings. Also
carted pafor3Udtracery.
par tracery ... -_ .... _--.-.......................... .
Gothic meet)' tlut succeeded plate
mcery. of mok!ea stone
mul110ns that divide Into various branching
emnts which flU the wIndow head.
ret.icuL1td •. -.--.-_ ............ -
Gothic tracery conslstlng mainly of a
nttlii:e of rtpt:ated
AlsG called net
tracery.
tracery
Gothic tracery characterized by a pattern
of geometric sJ, a pes. as circles 3nd foils.
fon .--------- ---------. -----.- ----.,,- -.. --,
Arry of several arcs or I'Oilncled spaces' '"
aMdtd by cusps and bngent to the Interior
of a larger arc.;;Is of an arch or circle.
foliatlon
OrTt41rnentatlon of an archway. Window. or
other opening wtth foils or representations
offol13ge.
cu,p .. ---- ...... ---- .. ---- ....... ---
A poInteJ formed by two
IntersectIng arcs. used esp. to vary the
Mhnes of or to form foils.
cu'pkUtlon
Decoratlo11 wIth cusps
trefoil
An amngement of three foils
dIvided by cusps and radIating
from a common center.
\\\

A daggerllkt motH' found esp. In
Gothic mcery. forrnea by elliptical
and agee curves. .
.• - .. --.---------_.
A trlangu13r 119ht In a
Goth1c window. fOl"11'1ed by
the arch of the Window. an
arch of a !ewer tier of
mctr)'. ana 3 mullloo of
an upper tier of tracery.
perpendicular tracery
Predomirt3ntly vertlwl
Gothic tracery havfng
mullions rising to
curve of the arch. crossed
at Intervals by horizontal
transolT1:S. Also cal\ed

q,uatrefoil
An orn3rr.ent of four foils.
divided by cusps and radIating from a
comlT1Ol1 center.
WINDOW
tracery
Om31T'.eRtal woti: of branchllke lines,
esp. the lacy openwork In the upper
part of a Gothic window.
tncery
Gothic tracery charactertzea by a
p-attem of ilTegular,l1cldly curved
forms. Also called flowing tracery.
cina.udoil
A desl<:Jn composed of five foils. clivlkd i;;t
cusps and radiating from a common
rnutufoil
HaYi,19 more than five foils.
275
WOOD
The fil7rous cellular
th.-t makes up most
of the sUms ana l?l'3nches of
trees tU
.-.. ------.------- .-----.. --.-- -'--"'-'--'--'-'.
The extemal of a woody '.
sttm.l7ranch. or root. composed of a nvlng
layer caltea phloem and an outer Dan:
of corty. dead tIssue.
--------"-------------.---.----.-.-.--.. -
A th3t C3rr1eS food from U,e
to the growing parts of a tree. Also .
calW InMrpark.

A_ t;hln of reproductive tlssue
'..4,:..:1 phloem aM xylem. which produces new .
on the outslJe and new xylem on the
of stems.l7ranches. ana roots ..
---:--- --- --- .• :',. .• ;.-•• -
The wood from .; can !fer. The term Is not
JescrfptlYe of the actual softr.ess of the
wood.
conifer
Any of various predomlna ntry evergreen.
trees. as pine. fir. hemlock.
ana spruce.

Having fol!a¥ that remains grun and
functtonal throughout the ye:Jr or
mort: than one
crown •. --.-... -------.-.------- ... --_ .. !
The and living
Pranches of a tree.
tnmk
The main stem of a tree
apart from Its mnches
and roots.
hardwood .... ----------------.---.--
The wood from a Imnd·le3vea f.owerlng
as cherry, maple, or oak. The term Is
t".ot of the actual h4rdness of
tilewooQ.
kckfuolf:J
Shedding lt2ves annU4/ly or n the end of a
season. The term Is descriptive of
most hardwoods and a few sof':woods.
276
resin duct .---- .--.-..... -.-------
A tu!xtlar.lntercellular space In a
woody stem that secretes reslns.
esp. In contfers. Also called resin
. canal. .
resin
A viscous. clear to tr3nslucent.
organic sul1stance by
certain pines. used In rnakl"9
vamlshes. adhesives, a nd plastics.
pith
The sof';. central core aDout
which frst growth t3l:es piau
in a nel't)' fonned stem.
r--···· xylem
.... The WoMy tissue of ;I tree th4t pro;ldes
support ,lI1J conducts water;lna minerai
nutrients upward from the roots.
lignin
An organic that. wtth cenulose.
forms the woody cell 115 of plants ;I nd
thecementln:3 m3terull7etween u,em.
cellulose
An inert that Is the chief
of the cell l\I2Rs of pl2nts and
of dried woods.jute. hemp • .;and CDtt9n.
used In the rna n uflctu of .; wide variety
of synthetlc bu rnat:em Is. .
sapwood
The portion of wood
camrom and htartwood,
In st-re:ngth to htartw\:lod but
usually lighter In color, pertne;lPte.
and less durable. Also called allXlrnum.
'\..---.---- -.. ----. he3rtwocd
The older. k3rder. \n3Ctlve core of a tree.
• .and moredural7!e
than the surrou ndin.g sa pwood. Also ca lrea
dura men.
r-
......... -de.. A ccncerTt<ic layer of wood produceJ during
a single Jle3r's growth of a temperate tree.
, Also called frowth "lli.
\
\,
springwooa
;,
The softer. more porous portion of an
annual ring that.:kYelops e3rly In tl:,e
growlr1§ sasoo. bybrge.
thin-wailed cells. A!sc called earfy wood.
.. --. summerwooa
.", "
..... '.
The harder. dJri:er.le-ss F,s portion of
an annual ring that de.-eiOpS late In the
growing sasoo. cha r-;tC'terized by compact,
th ld:-wa lied cells. Also caltea r...te wood.
.. , tracheid
.i One of the d.or43W. S<Jpporting and
conductive cells il1 woody tissue. luvlng
c!oseJ ends Vla walls
oriented pm lid to axis of a stem or
branch.
vessel
A tubur.lr st<ucture of wooJy tissue for
conducting W7ter ana ifJlneral nutnerrts.
formed by the fusion a:1d loss of end W".i rts In
a of connected ceils.
ray
.' ,:' One oftht vertlcal!:73nds of tr.Insvers6
! cells that rui!.ate ptth and 17ari: for
; the storage and hortzon-tal conduction of
: nutrients.
-----. pore
One of the relatively verticai celis for
conducting 54 p. esp. It\ nardwood trees.
,ap
The vital fluL::l of \'ater. nftiogen. and c
mineraI nUtr¢1ts thn circulates through;;
plant.
fiber
One of the s\ct1der. thW:i-walled cens whlcn
together to st<et1gtnen plant tlssue.
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equilibrium rrk)isture content
The moisture content at which wood
ne!tMr gains nor 10ses moisture when
surrounded f;y air 3t .. g),15.n
relatlve humidity.
rough lumper
Luml1er that Is sawn. edged and
trimmed. but not surfaced.
point
The stage In the or wetting of
wooclat which the cell walls are fully .
saturated but the cell cavities are void of
water. ranging from a .molsture content
of 25% W 32% for commonly used species.
Further drying results In shrinkage and
generally greater strength. stfffness. and
density of the wood.
dressed lumber
Lumber that Is surfaced with a
planing machine to attain a smooth
surface and uniform size.
surfaced green
Of or pertaining to dresseclluml1er
having a moisture content exceeding
19% at the time of manufacture.
surfaced dry
Of or pertaining to dressecllumber
having at a moisture content of 19% or
less at the time of manufacture.
WOOD
luml7er
The timber product manufactured
sawing. resawlng. passing
through a ptanl":1 machine. cross-cutting to
length. aM grading.
seasoned
Of or pertaining W lumber that has
been dried to reduce Its molsture
content and Improve Its servICe3uiltiy.
kiln·dried
Of or pertaining W lum!1er seasonea I,n a
kiln uMer controlled conditions of heat.
.alr clrculaUon. and humidity.
air-dried
Of or pertaining to lumper seasoned lrj
exposure to the atmosphere.
oven·dry
Of or pertaining to lumber dried to a point
at which no molsture can be extracted
when exposed In a kiln to a temperatu roe of
2Wto Z21"F

The amount of wat.ercontalned In a wood
piece. expressed as a perunt3{Je of the
of the wood when oven-dry.
werking
The and shrinkage of
sasoned wood occurring with changes In
coote1Tt C3Used I1y In
rei3tNe humtdlty of the surrounding air.
J.CC{jmatae
To wood products. as mlllwori: and
f'oorlng,1n an Interior space until the
to the motsture ccntent
temper;rture of the new environment.
l10ard foot
A unit of quantity for lumper equal to
the volume of a piece whose nominal
dlmenslons are 12 In. (304.8 mm)
square and lin. (25.4 mm) thick.
l10ard me3sure
Lumber measurement In board feet.
t1
e
f . j
1 ;f.--- shrinkage

i .'-:" \ The dimensional corrtractlon of 3 wood
I ., piece occurring when Its moisture
content falls Pelow the flffl.saturatloo
point. Shrlnl:age Is very slight a!ong the
grain, but slgnlflcarrt across the grain.
----- ... --------. ta"gentialshrinbge
Wood shrlrn:3!]e In a dlrectlon ta "4ent to
the rings. about that of
radial shrlnbge.
-- ----. shrinbge
Wood shrlnk3!]e perpendicular to the
grain. iiCross the growth rings.
Iongltuc::linzl
Wood shrlrbge parallel to the grain.
auout 21 of racf1al
nominal dimension
:--- --- .. -- -- -----. The dimension of lum!1er before and
• surfacl"4. usea for convenience In
defining size and computing, quantity.
Nominal dimensions are always written
I 1 wlthootlnch """',. Also called nominal
slu.
L- , dressed size
I' . -.-- ...... Thedlmenslonoflum!1eraftersalso
nln
g
I •• I
dimension.
277
WOOD
gr2in
The dlrectlon. size, alTllngement. and
appearance of the fibers In a piece of
dressed wood.

Wood grain resulting from quartersawlng,
hav/n4 annual rings forming an angle of
45 °Of' more wiUI the In'oad faces of a piece.
Also called grain.
l\tUrUrsaw
To logs a pproxllt13tefy at
angles to the annual rings.
warp
Any kvlatlon from a plane or true su rface
of a bo4rd or panel usua/lyc3used Uy
uneven dryi/14 the se.asonlng process
or by In moisture corrtent.
cup •. -..... _._ ...................•.. -.. - ..... _ ....
A 3C1'OS5 the width or face of a
wood rne3surea at the point of
flat grain
Wood grain resulting from plaln·sawlng.
having the annual rings forming an angle
of less th.a n 45°wtth the In-oa d faus of
a piece.
plaln-saw
r 0 53W a sq ua rea log Into !loa rds with
evenly spaced parallel cuts. A!:c C4f1ed
pasbra-saw.
greatest deviation from a straight fine '-'"
drawn from edge to edge of the piece. -....... .
..
Pow _ ...... _ .. __ .......... - .. -........... _ ..................... ,. .
A ;/Iong the length of a wood
pleu. at the point of greatest
devbtlon from a straight hne drawn from
end to end of the plece.
-C-:=:=+--
aevbtlon from a straight fine drawn from
end to end of the piece.
twi5t --.. ---.... - .................. - ..................... -/
..\ warp resulting from the turning of the
of a wood pleee In opposite
JlrectIons.
:;hake .... - .......... - ...... - ........... "
..\ septiratlon along the grain of a wood ".
pleu. uSlUllly betwten the annual rings.
caused stresses on a tree while standing
or dul"fn4 fe/bng.
pitch pocket ...... _ ....... -....... _ .. _ .... , .... .
,J.., weft-defined opening the annual -
of a softwood, containing or having
;"U contained solid or liquid pttch.
;heck ... - ..................................... .
mIudgr.in
Arry coml?!natlon of edge'gralned
and ftat·gralne.::l luml>er.
end 9r2in
Wood gr;;ln resulting from
a ctIt across the gra In.
crosscut
A cut made across the
grain of'r'lood.
> di.1gon.a1 gr2in
Wood grain having the annual rings at
.an angle to the length of a plec6.
resultlng from sawing at an angle to
the axJs of a og.
era" grain
Wood grain havlng the cells and fibers
running transversely or d13gonafly to
the length of a as a result of
sawfng. orlrregulJrly as a result of a
growth ch3r3Cterlstlc.

Wooa grain characterized l1y 1t31T'C'r\',
Inconspicuous annual rings with
dlffmnce In pore size Petween
sprlngwood alld summer wood.
€> cc.ar'Se grain
np • ___ u_n ___ ....
To S3W IYOOd In the ..• -,. .... - .. VJ(:; contrast In pore slze
direction grain. . . l7etween sprlngwood and sumlTlCrWo:.i
Also ripsaw. . texture

...... WooJ grain havi"4l;uge pores. Also
knot called open graIn.
The me of a woody mnch fine Uxture
tIlcloseJ b-j a subsequent Wood grain having small,
growth of wood In the stem' '1 r-""""
from wl1k:h It rises. In the portS.
struct.ur;;1 gr;;dlng of a wood grain
piece. knots are restricted A dressed wood surface having the
Dy sfu arJ location ..... ; denser rising aDove t!;e
softer
live knot
A having annual rlngslntergrown
with those of the surroundlr.g wood.
live knots are allcwal7le In 5tructvral
within CUbln size "mlts. Also
called inta-gl"OWl1 knot.
SCUM knot
A knot th3t Is solid across Its face. at
least as hard as the surrounding wood.
and unJecayeJ.
ttghtknot
A knot held firmly In pI.xe l1y growth or
position.
deaa knot
A knot having rings not
Intergr'OWn with those of the
surrounJln; wood. TI12Y
pal11al or rut a dead knot Is
consI&ere<J to be .3 defea since It C3!1
easily loosen or Pc knocked out. }Jsc
cafk:d Icnct, knot.

The kcomposltlon of wood l1y fungI
other microorganisms, resu/tlng In
soft.enl/14. ioss of strength and
anti often 2 of iiid
color.
\ separation of wooa across the
lflnual rings, caused Iry uneven or rapId
;i1rlnkage dUrl/14 the seasoning process.
Jo/it ...... -.. .................................. .
.. !;-.. ,kip
_ An area on surface of a roard or panel
missed Dy a planing machIne.
L_._ ... dry rot
A tlm!lercaustd Dy
fungi conSume the cellulose
leavIng a soft. skeleton readily
re.::luced ta powder.
, 'cncd; th3t completely a
"Jard Or wood veneer. Also called through
h(!ck.
- ....... -......... -. -.................. -
. h(! presenu of or a!7sence of wood at
corner or along an eaqe of a pleee.
78".
m.3chiM .
A surface charring caused Dy overheating
of the !1lades or abr;;slve lleIts
during sha or flnlshlng of a material.
peeky
Having Isolated spots of IncIpient
decay from fungi, 3S pcdy cypress or
pecky cedar.
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board,
Yard lumber less than 21n. (51 mm)
thld and 21n. or more Wide.
yard lumber ----___ -+-_" dimension lumffl -----i
Softwood wmw for genera I Yard lumper from 2 to 41n.
bulldlng purposes. Including roards. (51 to 102 mm) thick and 21n.
dimension lumber. and timbers. or more wide.
lumber -------j
lumber S4wn or selected primarily for
further Il13nufacture. graJecl accordlng
to the amount of usable wood that will
produce clIttlngs of a specH'led size
and quality. AI$O called shop lumver.
structural lumber
Dimension lumber and tlmWs
graded Py vlsuallnspectlon
or mechanlc4l11y on the basis of
strength and IIrtenJed use. Also
called framln§ lumpeI".
timbers
Yard lumper 51n. (127 mm) or more
In the least dimension.
nutched lumber
lumper having edqes dressed and
shaped to form a tongue-and-
groove joint when bid edge to edge
or end to end.
patterned lumber
lumber dressed ana shaped to a
pattern or molded form.
appearance lumber
lumber sawn or selected prltn3rily for
use as a finish mater131 ratherth3n for
strel19th. graded according to natural
characteristics and manufacturing
Imperfections.
joist5 and planks
Structural lumber of rectangular cross
section. from 2 to 4 In. (51 to 102 mm) thick
and more than 41n. wide. gradecl prImarily
respect to I7endlng strength when
Ioaaea on the narrow face as a joist
or on the wide face as a plank.
framing
Dimension IUl)1per 2 to 4 In. (51 to 102 mm)
thick and 2 to 41n. wlde.lntendecl for use
where high strength V3lues are not
reqUired.
decki"9
Dimension luinper 2 to4ln. (51 to 102 mm)
thick and 41n. or more Wide. graded
primarily with respect to pending strength
when loaded on the wide face.
be4lms and stringers
strocturallumberofrectangularcross
section. at least 5 In. (127 mm) thick and a
wk:Ith more than 2 In. (51 mm) greater
tn:m the thickneSs. graded prlmarlly with
respect to bending strength when loaded "
on the narrow face.
posts and timbers
Structural lumber of square or
a pproxlmate/y cross section,
5 x5ln.or I3rgerand a width not more
than 2 In. (51 mm) greater than the
thickness, graded primarily for use as
columns carrying an axial load.
WOOD
11
·_·· facewiath
The width of the face of a piece of
dressed and matched or shlpupped
" lumber. excluding the tongue or bp.

279
WOOD
vi$ual gnding
The visual c:xamlnatlon arJ grading of
structural lumber by trained Inspectors
accordI"4 to ,\U3l1ty-reduclng
ch3mt:m;t1cs affect strength,
appe3raru, aural7l1lty. or utliity.
nuchine rating
The of structural lumber by a
machine that flexes a test specimen.
measures Its resls14na to l7endlng.
calculates Its modulus of elasticity. and
eIectronb I1y computts the approprt; te
stress tal:lng Into lICCOUnt such
bctors as the effects of knots. slope of
graIn. growth rate, density, ana molstll re
content. Also called machine stress-
rat./n4.
9rademari:
A stam p aypttea to each piece of tum Del-
the asslgned stress grade. mill
of orIgIn,l1OIsture content at time of
manubaure. species or species group.
and the authority.
$ lope of grain
1M angle of grain relative to a line
parallef to length of a wood piece.

Wood that hasl:oeen coated or impregnated
wlUI chemlc4ls to Improve Its resIstance to
decay. Insect infestation. or fire.
wood
Wood with chemicals
unaer to reduu Its reslstanu to
&eczy aM Insect Infestation.
wood
Wood coated. dlppea. or Impregnated with a
presavative under atmospheric pressure.
fire-retartbnt wood
WOO<J wlUl minerai salts
unkr" pressure to reduce
fummablllty or caml1ustll7llity. The salts
react chemically at temperaturesl7elow
the point of wood. causlng the
coml7ustlp./e vapors normally generated
In the wood to &own Into water
and C3Mn aloxIM.
280
stress grade
Arry of the grades of structural
lumber for which a set of l7ase
values andcorresponalng
modulus of elasticity Is
estal7l1shed for a specieS or
group of species by a grading

design value
Any of the allowable unit
stresses for a species and grade
of structural lumber ol7talned by
moatfylng the base value by
factors related to size and
conditions of use.
MACHINE RATED
rW) 12

1650 Fb 1.SE
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full-cell
=
A process for pressure-treating wood In
which a vacuum Is first drawn to remove
air from the wood firers and allow the
preservative to be by the cell
walls. after which pressure Is applied to
force additional preservative Into the cell
cavities. 1M full-cell process leaves the
maximum amount of preservatlve In the
wood.
em pty-cell
A process for pressure-treatIng I'IO<:ld In
which the pressure of the eitterlng
preservative tntr.ps air In the wood
ft!1ers. which e:xpanas when the prc5sure 15
released to expel excess preservative from
the ull cavities. The empty-uO process
yields a drier product ensuring deep.
uniform penetration of the preservative.
vacuum prou"
A non-pressure treatment In which a
vacuum or pa rtla I vacuum exhausts air
from the cells 3nd pores of the wood
while atmospheric pressure forces
preservative Into the wood.
o
size-adjusted value
A Inse valuefor a specIes or group
of species of structural lumber.
adjusted for cr05s-sectlonalsize.
base value
. Any of the allowable unit stresses
for rending. compression
perpendicular and parallel to grain.
tension parallel to grain. horizontal
she;ar. arJ corresporJlng modulus
of e/3stlclty, established by a
grading agency for various Species
and grades of structuralluml7er.
6a.sevalues must be adJusted first
for size arJ then for conditions of
use.
I
If-
x
siufactor
A coefficient for modffylng the base values
of a species and graM of lumber accardlng
to the cross-sectlonalslz.e of the pIece.
repetitive meml;ter factor
A cM1lclent for InCre<lslng the slze-
adjusted values of repetitive meml7ers.
since the of the load by the pieces
enhances the strength of the entire
assem!1iy.
repetitive member
Any of a .series of three Of mOre light
framing members. as Joists or rafters.
spaced not more than 24 In. (6lO·mm) on
center 3nd joined by sheathing.
or other load-alstrIMI/19 members.
durJtWn of load Deter
A cM1lclent for Increasing the size-
adjust&! values of a wood member su l1ject
to a short-term load. since wood has the
property of carrying su!?stantlally greater
maximum loads for short durations than
for long durations of Ioadl"4
Iwrlzontal5hearfactor
A coefflclent for Incre<lslng the slze-
horizontal she.ir value ofa wood
mem!ler h3v1ng shal:es. checls. or splits
when their length Is and any
Increase in length Is not anticipated.
fln U5e factor
A coefficient for Increasing the 5Ize-
adjust&! pendlng value for plankIng
a face of 4 In. (102 mm) or more.
wet factor
A coefficient for decre3slng the slze-
adjusted values for wood mempers when
their moisture content will hkely exceed
191m use.
waur-porne
An Inorg.anlc. w3Ur-solu!1\e compound, as
ammoniacal copper arsentte (.AtA) or
chromated copper arsentte (CCA). used as
a wood preservative. ACA and CCA 3fftx
chtmlcally to the wood ull wans ana Is
resistant to leaching. The copper acts as a
fungicide while the arsenate Is toxic to
wood-destroying Insects. Wood tre4ted
with ACA and CCA Is odorless and
p3lntaPie.
olt-bort14!:
An organic chemlc3' dlssolvea In a
petroleum 011 c3rr1er. pentachlorophenol
or copper na phthenate. as wood
prescrr.rt.'vc. the Ii"105t
commonly used oil-Dome preservattve. h3s
a persistent odor,ls In50IuPie In water. a rid
Is highly toxic not only to fungi and Jnsects
Put also to humans aM pbnts.

An oily liquid of aromatic hydm:;arWns
obtained the distillation of cool tar.
as a wood preservatlYe for marine
In stallatlon s odor severe exposures to
fungI and Insects.
Creosote and creosote solutions have a
penetratlng odor and render wood
unpalnta!7le.
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femie
--_._. pracket load

A ring or C4p plxed
a round end of a woode n
post or h3 nd1e to preve: nt

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sefid co I u.m n
A wood column of •
pI«.e of Of" luecI- b min3ted
tlmw.I.'SU311y square or rect3i1<jular
In cross sectlon.

Avmlcally I3mirutd wood Pe3m rtt3ae
by together two or II'lCre
smaller wtth bolts. screws.
or equal In strength to th.e: sum
of the strengths of the Jnd1vldu41 pieces
If none cf the 13 rnIrt;rt:lons are spIlc&L
An eccentric load appl\e.d at some point
below the upper end of a timber column.
the static effect which Is assumed to
be equlv3lent to the same load applied
axially plus an addltlonal side load
3ppl1ed at
"'-'--t--------j.--/'\l
polster
A built-up column having a
hollow. square or rectangul3r
cross section. --"'"' ....
A horizon"tal timber on a
post for enlarging the
rearing area and reducing
the free span of a beam.
tapered column
A wood column having a cross section that
diminishes along Its length. In determining
the slenderness r.rtlo for a "tapered column.
the least dlmenslon Is taken as the sum of
the minimum dlaineter or least dimension
and one-third the difference the
minimum and ITt3Xlmum diameters or lesser
3na greater dimensions.
pox beam
A beam having a hollow. rec"tangul3r cross
section. ln3ae by glUI"9 two or more
plywood or oriented str.lnc:lPoard we17s to
5Jwn or I3mlnated veneer lumber flanges.
puilt-up column
A wood column formed Py fastening or
gluing cever pl3tes to two or more parallel
pia nics. or ooxlng planks around a soIld core.
A Pullt-up column 15 never equal In strength
to a solkl column of comparable material
and overall dimensions.
Heam
A beam made by gluing sawn or
laminated veneer /umuerfbnges along
the top and Pottom edges of a SI"9le
plywood or oriented strandooard wel7.
Also called
WOOD
II

- 'H
r-
5paced column
A wood column consisting of two or more
parallel members sepa rated at their ends
and midpoints 17y Plocklng. and Jolned at the
ends by tlml?er connectors capaUle of
developing the reqUired shear resistance.
flitchplite
A steel plate for
reinforcing a flitch ueam./
\ '
flitch
A vertically I1i'nlnated beam consisting
of tlmuers set on and rotted slk
Py side to steel plates or sections. Also
called fUtch 5.1ndwfch l1eam.
glued-Iamln.tted timl1er
A structuralluml?er product made 17y
laminating strtss-gr.ade lumuer with
adhesive under centro/led conditions.
usually with the gr.aln of an piles being
parallel. The advantages of glued-
laminated timber over dimension lumber
are generally h Igher allowable unit .
stres5es.lmproveJ appear.ance. ana
3Val1auillty of various sectional shapes.
Glue-1amlnated tlml1ers may l?e end-joined
with scarf or flnger .JoInts to any desired
length. or edge-glueJ for greater width or
depth. Also called glulam.
appearanu grac:k
One of three grades of glue·lamlnated
timber - premium. architectural. and
Industrlal- based on surface appearance
as affected I7y growth en a racterlstlG s,
wooa fillers, ana aresslng operations.
281
WOOD

A plywood of C·grade
vt:1UrS or ron«4 with a fully
l'r.lterproof t.Jellne for
expo'".xJre to
interior pf:Jwcod
A p;.-.d lnade with D-grade,
vt:1UrS or ron«4 wfth an
exterbr.

...... -;
All exterior.ood a
overlay Oft k7t:J, sldes a smooth.
lura. abrasIcn-resIst4nt surbce. used for
concre-t.e fur:-.s. C31r1nru. artd countertops.


lv, extuior ....xJ pand having a or
resln oreNy 011 one or both sides
a snxth lr.lse fOr Fiintl"4.
AUbr.:MDO
'pecblty pJMi
Any ofV2MouS I'I'CIOd panel products. as
grooved or
for use as $ldir"! or
Uxture1--1<J ........... _ ... _ ........................ -
Iv1 exUrfor pand havl"4 grooves
'I,. In. (6.41rt1T1) In. (9.5mm)
wide. spaced 4 IX 8 In. (102 or 203 mrrt) on
unter.
282
r.-· ... ·-·. group number
. -l A number identifying one of flve grou ps cf
species used for the face ana vene,..,--s
of a plywood panel. the species
classified on the I7asls of rending
and stiffness. with Group 1 contalnlf\1 tr.e
./ : stiffest species artd Group 5 the least stff.
L. .. _ .. _ ..... j
span rating - .... --.---.. -.. -.--........ ---
A number specifying maxImum
recommenclea center-to-center spacing In
Inches of the supports fora structural
wood panel spanning with Its long dimension
;!Cross three 01' more supports. ,_ .. ,
, .. ",";.
exposure duralrility --_.,.
A classiflcatlon of a l\'OOci panel product e
according to Its ability to wlthstar.a
exposu re to weather or moisture without
weakenIng or warping.
extericr
An exposure dural7i11ty classification for
s'tnJctural wood panels manufacturea with
a waterproof gluehne for use as siding or
other continuously exposed a pphcatlor:ts.
exposure 1
An exposure durability classification for
structural wood panels rrt4f1ufactured with
an exterior 9 luelJne for use In protected
construction sul7ject to repeated wetting.
exposure 2
An exposure durabillty classification for
structural wood panels ITUnufacturea with
an glue/lne for use In fully
protected construction subject to a
minimum of
"M'"
RATED·: SH!ATHfHG--
2/'16· 15/32 INCH
SIZED FOR SPACING
.. EXPOSURE 1
1-----
NRB· foa
... __ . .I
A tr3atman: of the American Plywood
(APA). stamped on the of
a structural wooJ panel product to
identify the panel grade. thicl:nes5. span
rating. exposure duraUitlty classIfICation.
mill numf,er. and NatIonal Research Board
(NRB) report number.
('.
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..• panel grade
The graae of a wood panel product
identified by the face and back veneer
grades or l1y Its Intended use.
engineered grade
The grade of a structural wood panel
based on Its use as
su!7flooring. or In the of I:1ox
l7eams lind stressed-skin panels.
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premium grade
The highest of hardwood veneer.
pennlttlng only a few small burls. pin
knots. and Inconspicuous patches.
good grade
A gnde of hardwood veneer similar to
premium except that matching of
vencerfaces Is not requlreJ.
5-Ound grade
A sound. smooth hardwood veneer free of
opal defects but containing strea(s.
dlscolontlon. patches. and small sound
tlght knots.
utility grade
A hardwood vencer pennltting
dlSGclol'3tlon. strt3ks. patches. tight
knots. sma" knotholes and splits.
grade
A grade of hardwood veneer similar to
utliity gl'3de but permitting larger
defects not affecting the strength or
durability of the panel.
mauhlng
Arranging shuts of veours so as to
emphasize the wlor and figure of the wood.
book matching •............................
veneers from the same
alternately face up and face down to
produce symmetric4l mirror IlT13ges about
the .JoInts Petl'ieen adjacent sheets.
herringloone ITt3tching , ..................... .
Book matching In which the figures
In adjacent shuts slope In opposlte
dlrectluns.
,lip matching •............... - ............. .
Arranging adjacent sheets of veneer
from the same fl1tch side by side without
turning so as to the flgure.
di41mond m.rtchfng - ..................... .
Arranging four dl3gonally cut
of a veneer to form
diamond pattem about a center.
random matching ........................ .
Arranging veneers to Intentionally create
a casual, unmatched appearance
WOOD
decarative plywood
Hardwood-f3ced plywood manufactured
for use as paneling or In cabinetry and
fumlture.
.. -..• veneer
A thin shectofwood rotary cut. sliced. or
from a log or flitch and used as a
superlar facing to Inferior wood or bonded
to form plywood.
fi9ure
The natural p3ttem on a sawed wood
surface produced the Intersectlon
of annU31 rings. knots. rays. and
other growth characteristics.
)
I
r
\
cro"uand
A of veneer Immediately adJacent to
and at angles to the face piles Ip a
plyNood paneL
core
The center of a plywood panel conslstl"!) of
veneers. sawn lumber. or composition board..

The solid wood stock extending around the
sides of a veneered pane!. concealln!l the
COf'e and faclflt3tln9 the shaping of the
p3nel edges.
rotary cutting
The rotatl"!) of a log against the cuttl"!l
ed:1e of a knife In a lathe. producing a
continuous veneer with a bold. variegated
ripple figure.
fbt slicing
The longitudinal slicing of a half-log parallel
to a fine through Its center, producing a
veneer having a variegated wavy flgure.
Also called plain slicing.
&licing
The Iongltudlll3l slicing of a quarter log
to the annU31 rings.
producing a series of stra19ht orval'leJ
stripes In theveneer.
half-round
The slicing of a flitch mounted off-center In
the lathe. across the annU3( rings.
proauclng characteristics of both rotary
ctMlng and flat
flitch
A longitudinal section of a log to be cut Into
veneers.
rift cutting
The sllcln9 of oak ana similar species
perpendicular to the conspicUOUS. ndlatlng
rays SO as to minImize their appearance.
283
WOOD
oriented strandPo.1ra OP---'-'---'--"--'---',_
A wood panel product "
co:nmonly tl:Sed for and as
scbf1ooring. maae bonding thru odlve
of thin wood stranas under
kzt 3 na pressure using 3 waterproof
surface strands are aligned
pmlllel ta the long axis oHIle panel. making
the panel along Its length.

.--.--- ._.-- .... _- .. ----.-... ---- '-',
A panel product composed of '.
b'¥. thin Ponded under heat
ar.a pressure wtth a w;;!;erproof adhesive.
The planes of the W6fers are generally
pmllel to the plane of the panel
Put directions are random.
INking the p-anel approxlmatefy equal In
strength ana stiffness In all directions In

A wooc:l par.el product consisting of two '--
face Ponded ta a reconstituted
wooJw-e.
partlcle!1oo.ua ... -----.-.--.-- .-----.--- .... ' ..
A wood panel product IT13M .....
by Ponding $ln3n wood particles under heat '.
and commonly used 35 3 core
m1teri3f for panels and
3na 3S uMer!ayment for
floors. Also c;; nea cbipboard.
parallel stnInd .-----.-----
A structunlluml1er product made I1y
Pondlng strands
hrn;ld pressure using a
l'r7terproof Pa,..llel strand lumDer
15 a proprle'" ... ry product m3rketed under
the Par.abm. used as \:Ieams
and columns in post-ana-Pea",
constructlcn 3nd for headers, and
Iltr"..ds In construction.
PSt
ur.;in.aua wml1er _.-.... -.-- ... --.- '--'.
A lumDer product made I1y
ronding Iaye:-s of wood veneers together
he3t .. ..a pressure using a waterproof
the !r2ln of 311 veneers run
lsi the S41ne direction results In
a 15 loaded
as J beam or 00 Ioadedasa plank.
umblaW lumber 15 marteted under
V4 rloIIS mnd rg meso 3S MIQ'Olam. and
used as heade:rs and Of' as flanges
for prtf;aln-bt.ed wood I-joists. ADbr.: L YL
fiP,em,ard
A Irtac:ieofwood or other
pl.ant ftf,ers with alnnder Into

h.1rdPoard
A very dense, compresse.d wood fl PerWa rd.
-umpered Iurdl10ara .. ---- --- ----- --.,. --. -.-- ...... .
A Jurlhoard tmpregnated with 3 drying
oil or other c.da'lzlng resin 3na Daked to
Impt"Ol'e Its hardness and moisture
res1st.1nce..
M.1""nite
T r-akm3rk for. Dra na of tempered


T for 4 Drand of tempered
regul3rly spaced
. W..o which I-rooI::s may Pe
for or display
of arrcles.
284
L
I
, J
1
J
I
J
J
1
I I
I
! ,
I
..
I
l.
I
l.
f
, 'l
l
,:,,':,.' ::...
,.(-
i
o
I>
I
I
I
Aa
A3ron's rod 185
aliacus 180
Amm'slaw 44
amslon resistance 165
ams1cn-reslstance Index 165
108
al>solute humkllty 120
scale 117
temperature 117
zero 117
a!7scrt>er 124
absortnng well 223
al?sorptance 143
aDsorption 18,160,165.231
absorptlan Ded 201
absorptlon coefflclent 231
a!7s0rptlan fleld 201
aDsorptlon refrl¥ratlan 124
absorptlan trench 201
al>sorpt1cn untt 231
al>stract 52. 59
al>stra:t expressionism 135
A Dulb 144
abutment 13,206
Ab:isslnian well 221
acanthus 181
accelerated agIng 165
accelerated weathering 165
acceleratlan of gravity 167
acceterator 43
ClccerTt tIghtlng 148
access 57
system 93
accklerTt 59
accnmatlu m
accommodatlon 264-
accordlon door 62
accouplement 179
achromatIc 39
acorn nut 84
acoostlcalana(ysIs 230
aCOlJstlcal 31
acoostlcal cloud 230
aC01Jstlcal design 230
acoustlcal door 65
aC01Jstlcal plaster 188
ac01JS tical tile 3 I
aC01Jstlcal treatment 230
acoostlc clecklng 93
INDEX
acoustic mass 232
acoustIcs 230
acre 166

acroterlum 250
ac roterlon 250
acrylic resIn 192 0
192
act curtain 257
actdrop 257
actlnk; ray 187
action 58
active earth pressure 100
active leaf 62
active 5Olar-heatlng system 226
acute 109
acute angle 108
adaptation 148
additive 43,52
additive calor 38
address 59
adhered veneer 156
adiabatic cooling 120
adIabatic heatlng 120
adjacent spaces 218
adjustable doorfra me 65
adJustable tie 156
admixture 43
adobe 34
3d50rptkln 165
advancing color 39
aerator 197
aerial perspective 72
aerodynamk; damplng 245
aerodynamIc oscillatlon ,154
aesthetics 10
A-frame 104
aggregate 43
agitator truck 46
agora 250
A-grade 282
agreement 54
alrrome sound 230
air cha"'!.Der 198
air change 127
air conditioner 124
air condltlanlng 124
air curtain 62
air cushion 198
air-dried 2Tl
285
INDEX
alrdua 122 American standard channel 172 anti-scald faucet 197
agent 43 Americans with Dlsal>ilitles Act 51 anvil 102
portland UlTlef1t 42 amorpnous 161 apartment vulld1ng 139
alrgap 198 amortizement 262 apartment house 139
alr-h4nd11114 unit 125 amperage 74 apophyge 181
alr-lnflattd structure 168 ampere 74 apophysis 181
alrmile 166 amphlprostyk: 251 apothem 109
air-supported structure 168 amphitheater 256 appearancegr.lde 281
air swftch 79
amplitude 152, m appearance lumber 279
alrtermlnal n anaglyph 182 appentlce 208
alrtrap 198
analogous wlor 39 appl13nceclrcult 77
air-water system 126 analogy 59 applied force 97
airway 119 analysls 58 applique 182
aisle 35.257
ana/ytlc3/ dr.lwing 66 apron 257. 271
alalr.Jster 1M ana/yttqlU! 67 apron plec8 235
189 anamorphosis T3 apse 35
175 Anato/la 128 apsis 35
'lJ6 anchor 65.206.269 aptml251
alclaa 175 anchor.lge 202.206.242 aquifer 196
a-Icove 216 anchor 1lO1t 267
247 anchored veneer 156
punch 86 ancon 186 arror27
alignment 54 ang 254 arc 00.110
n I11CITt valve 199 angel Ilght 275 al'C<lae 36
alkyd paint 187 angle 108. m arcature 36
I
alkyd resin 187 angle !?ead ·190 arc-Poutant 262
l
aI/-air system 126 angle cleat 174 arc douUleau 263
allee Zl angle clip 174 arch 12
Allen he3d 83 angle Iron 172 arch 3ct:On 13
l
allowaPie PearIng capacity 100 angle joint 140 arch axis 13
anow.l1Ie bearing pressure 100 angle of Incidence 143 archmce 210
almblehld 240 angle of mtectlon 143 arch corner bead 190
allowable pile load 102 angle of refraction 143 archetype 59
l
allowable soli pressure 100 angle of repose 210 arching 100
allow3!71e stress 164 angle ofsflde VO architect 48
allowable stress n 240 angle t1le 214 architectonics 11
allowable unit stress 164- angle valve 199 archlt«turallmmzt 175
L
alloy 170 Anglo-Saxon architecture 131 archltectural concrete 47
alloy stu! 170 angstrom 142 architectural hardware 114
anure 37 anhydrous 188' archlU.ctura/.terra cotta 34
an-water system 126 anlm3tea 217 architecture 9
L
.Imem.ar 250 anion 161 archttrave 179. 186
mss 175 anIsotropic 162 archlvolt 12
35.250 anneal 169 arch ordu 251
alternating 75 annealed 112 arclQte 36.106
l
annual 276 arcwelalng 00
.1tern3tor 75· annular vault 263 are 166
almude 109.226 annulet 180 area 166
afto..reIIevo 182 annuncl2tor 81

'iC•• .-
• alumll1.3 175 anode 74
L
afumlnum 175 anodize 171 area pbn 69
aluminum Vms 175 anomaly 54 area source 147
aluminum Pronu 175 anse de panier 14
alumlnum.ox!de 175 arlta 251 arel13 thm:er 257
L
alure 37 antei'lx 2...1iO arecstyle 179
3malaka 253 anteroom 216 3rt of the CO(enant 250
aml7iance 217 anthemlon 1M armature 75
aml1lent sound 231 anthropology 11 armored 78
l
aml>lgulty 59 anthropomlltry 57 anis 185
amro 35 anthropomorphize 57 arris flliet 214
amron 35 antic 183 arris gutter 209
35.37 antlclasttc 219 amstlle 214
L
amenity 58 antltorroslve paint 187 art 10
American rona 20 antlcum 250
, . - ... .!
Amerfc.1n standard !:Ieam 172 antlmony 175 artesi3n well 196
L
286
L
.'
-:
INDEX
141 bacHlow valve 198 base anchor 65
artrflc131 horizon 247 background 265 baseboard 186
a rtifk;la I sky 150 background noise 231 123
articulation 52 background noise level 231 basecoat 187.188
Art Nouveau 134- bad hearth 87 base flashing m
Arts and Crafts Movement 134- backing 95.156.211. 267 base 245
144 backing board 191 baseline 72.246.247
ashlar 158 backing grade 283 basement 23
ashplt 87 backlight 148 basement wall 266
ashptt door 87 back plaster 156 base metal 86.170
aspect 59.264- 116 Inse molding 186
aspect ratio 109

174
asphalt 215
' ,""; splash 198"'" Inse screed 190
asphalt mastk:: 176 backstage 258 base shear 153
asphalt shingle 212 backup rod 178 Inseshearcoeff'.clent 153
Assyrl3n architecture 129 backupwall 269 basesheet 215
astr3gal 62. 185 back vent 200 baseshoe 186
110 backwater valve 198 uase value 280
atlas 250 baff1el46 basic wind speed 154
atmosphere, 167 baguette 185 basmca 35.251
atmospheric pressure 167 ualley 98 basket-handle arch 14
atom 161 193 ins-relief 182
atomic 161 balance 55 basso-rellevo lf12
atomic weight 161 balanced door 62 bastard pointing 155
atrium 26.35.137 balanced sash 272 bastard-saw V8
230 balanCed section 202 bastlon 98
A hmlts 225 ba Ia need step 234- bat 19
attic 23 batconet 273 bathtuu 198
A ttlc base' 181 Uatcony 24.258 Uatted surface 237
attle ventilator 127 Uakf3chln 35 214. 2fJ7. 268
audio frequency 229 ualdaquln 35 64-
auditorium 258 Uallast 145 Uatten seam 214
a udltory fatigue 229 173II-rea ring hinge 115 270
aureole 183 ball cocI: 198 roard 221

Ualtfiower 183 102
automatic door 62 Ualloon frame 267 74.200
:wtomatlc door 110tt0m 114 baluster 235 !:>at't 119
automatic flre,extlngulshlng system 90 u<llustrade 235 Uattlement 99
autumnal equinox 226 Uand 228 Bauhaus 135
auxll13ry rafter 210" Uandage 61 bauxite 175
avant-garde 135 banderole 1M bay 24.239
average t,ransmlsslon loss 232 Uandlng 283 Bayer process 175
award 49 Uandrole 184 bayw\ndow 274
awning 274 banister 235 B 144
awning window m Uank W bead 86. V8. 185. 214
axial force 162 baptlsm 35 <lnd reel, 185
axlalload 162 Uaptlstery 35 read molding 28
axlalstress 162 Uar 172 Peak 185
axis 55 UarUacan 99 be<lm 15.149
axis of ausclss3S 108 Uargeroard 211 slau 204
axis of ordinates 108 couple 211 :;0
axis of symmetry 55
lr.lrge course 214
axonometrlc 71 Uar Joist 173 93
axonometr\(; projection 71
UarX V6 reams and stringers 279
azimuth 246
Uarometer 167 Peam seat 85
Uarometrlc pressure 167 beam spread 149
Baroque architecture 133 i1earl"9 241.246
6t?
Uarrel roof 208 i1earlng stiffener 173
bad,271

bearl"9 stratum 102
17acl:band 271
Uarrel vault 263 i1earln9 sUess 241
backbend 65
ba rrler-free 57 bearing wall 266
17ackched 114
Uarrow 248 be3r1ng wan 244
uadflll 222
99 beauty 10
bacHlap hinge 115
uartracery 275 Beaux Arts architecture 132
17adflow 198
base 109.153.179 155
287
,--
:t
INDEX
bedding 113 bleeder 123 rottcrn ca r clea ra nee 80
Deadlng plane 2:37 bleeder valve 123 !1ottom rad 64
Peajolnt 155 !?!eedlll9 46 !?oulder 224
Pea molding 179- blind 24 round3ry calk 29
PearOO: 224
bllndarcacle 36 routel 185
lleehlve tomb 248
bltnd C3slng Zl2 row 7]8
b-ehavloral scIence 11
blind door 64 rower 99
Belfast tnJS5 261
blind floor 92 Bow's notation 260
Belgian 261
blinding glare 148 rowstring truss 261
103,181.199
blind mortlse 141 bowtel 185
befl-and-splgot 199 bllnd-na" 82 rowwlndow 274
l>ell arch 14
blind row 257 281 -
Pell bucl::et 103 Inlndstory 24 rox column 174,281
l>elow grak 222 Inlnd wall 266 Pox cornice 213
Pelt coo rse 159 block 26 Pox culvert 223
Zl block flooring 94 boxed frame 7J2
I
b-enta 35,250 Inocklng 2fil box gIrder 173
J.
Pench mart 247 !?Ioom 169 boxgutter 209
b-ench terrace 222 11100mlng 171111 169 !?ox-head wlnclow 272
bending 163
plow 221 boxrull 82
Pending rnem!?er 238
plower 125 !?ox office 258
Pending moment 15 I7low molding 192 PoxslU 267
Pending stress 15 213 boxstalr 235
l>entl05 Inuestone 236 box strike 116
Pent approach 255 boara and Patten 268 6oyIe'slaw 167
203 boardfoot m In-ace 243
b-entonlte -224 boarding 268 In'aced core 245
Penn 98,22:1 board measure _ m PraceQ frame 104, 107.243
154- boards 7]9 mcedtul>e 245
Btrnoullrs theorem 154- surface 237 Prace 185
3rtr.e 202 BOCA Bulk:llng Code 51 bracket 210,235
Deton!mzt 47 body 32,111 bracket load 281
Pevef 116,141 roR 221 Prad 82
268
poiler 123 In-anch 197
B-gl'3de 282 bolectlon 268 mnch n
49 bolster 12.45.281 mnch drain 200
198 bolt 84.116 In-anch Interval 2QO

roltel 185 mnch yen t 200
rond 2fJ, 157, 161. 202 Pr3SS 175
bilateral symmetry 55 bondl:>eam 160 - mttlce 99
268 rond-Peam blOCK 160 I1rau 86
138 bond breaker 178 lrn1kdown 78

bondcoat 33

.' Pim"
rona course 20 fits 212
i:1imeta11Jc element 121 Ponded 4a break hM 68
I l
107,158.187 t?onded posttenslonlng 207 107
tindlng!:>eam 107 ronaea temzzo 94 lrn1stsummer 107
binding rafter 210 t?ondertze 171 breast tlml>er 45
binocularvlslon 264 bonaface 178 breast w.an 7]0
&in wan ZlO bondlng a£!tnt 94. 190
I
bird's-l:>e4k 185 t?ondlng layer 204 1nict18
Dirc::l's-mouth 211 rona plaster 188 Inict ,rade 18
l
32 !?ondstone 158 I1rId: 271
;;S<\ue 32 rond stress 202 Inicttype18
l
32 bonnet 87,122. 199 brlctwort 20
::t 116 bonnet tile 214
113 Pool: matching 283 147
215 Poot 122
b
7bcl: label 213 border 257 141
172 borrowed light 274 Imghtness 38.142
:-30\: 169 borrow pit 222 Imghtness ratio 148

boss 159,263 lnillbnt 38
I
:>lankJamp 63 Boston hlp 213 Brine" numper 165

::'ast furnace 170 Boston rk:Ige 213 lnise-solell 27J
;ust-fumace slag 170 rottom Par 203 British thermal unit 117
I
U
88 I
i
i 2

O.'Y>
-:t
·t
.-. INDEX
:;-
lnit't!eness 164 weJge 140 cantilever wail 270
In-tXen ped1ment 186 hinge 115 canton 266
rangewOlt 158 joint 140 cant strlp lTl
175 gl3zlng 113 cap 199
Bronze 128 83 113
Vroom flnish 47 plate 174 cap 160
188 262 cap flashing 177
pier 262 CapeCod 138
and Pounds 246 capillarity m
203 capillary action 177
86 capillary attractlan lTl
l:J.Jck 63 Butyl 193 capillary ureal: 177
Ducket tra p 123 ruul?er 193 capital 179
Ductllng 40 BXcaDle 78 cap nut 84
l>uckllng load 40 By.z.antlne architecture 130 cap plate 1{4
Bu.1dh. 253 cap receiver lTl
Bu.1dhlsm 253 Cc cap screw 83
Buffa b!1ox 196 caulnet drawing 71 cap sealant 113
80 ca!1le 28.78 cap sheet 215
l>um 46 ca\1le loop 168 capstone 159
he3d 83 molding 185 caravansary 252
21 calXe-restralned pneumatlc structure 168 carl1lde 175
l>uildin.gmcl: 18 caPle-stayed structure 29 carron 170
51 structure 28 carbon 170
drain 200 cable support 242 carframe 81
l>uIWlng afflclal . 49 cal>(etray 78 cam 248
l>uikilng paper 268 CA bulp 144 Carolingian architecture 131
permit 49 c.uiastral survey 246 Carpenter Gothic 134
l>uikllng separation 153 cadmium 175 carpet 95
sewer 200 calm 248 carpet cushion 95
l>ulkilng stone 237 cals50n :30.103 carpet pad 95
D-Jlkilng storm drain 223 calcine 42 carpet tlle 95
sUlrm sewer 223 C3lclnea gypsum 188 carriage 235
l:J.JilJ1ng trap 200 calch.:m hydroxide 157 carriage l70It 84
typefactor 153 calcium oxide 157 carriage porch 25
Duilt-up ream 281 calendering 192 Cartesian coordinate 108
column 174.281 calfs tongue 184 Cartesian space 217
rooflng 215 call1>utton 81 cartoon 67
. l:J.JID 103.144 calorie 117 cartoUGhe 183
DuI1:-actlve structure 238 calx 157
cartriJqe 76
t<J!(head 23.45,80 cam 116 carved work 237
P,JiXlng 165 camber 15 caryatid 250
l>ul\:: modulus 162 camber bar 87 cased openlnf! 63
l>ullflo41t 47 camber piece 12 cased 103
185
camrersllp 12
case-h4lrden 169
l>u I1nose Plock 100 cambium 2:76 casemate 98
l>u nnose comer Dead 190 C3melDack truss 261 casement 2J3
l>ulrs nose 185 C3m 273 casement door 64
l>un stretcher 19 c3mouf1afJe 265
casement stay m
l:>umper 114 C4mpanl!e 36
casement wIndow m
l>unkd tures 245 30
63.103
l>u"43low 138
cancela 35 l1eati 190
138 candela 142 caslnf! nail 82
221 c3na!e 142 beam 173
...
canatepower 142
nut 84
c-us b3r 76 canalepower distribution curve 146 castlnf! 169.192
l:J.JS duct 7PJ C3nephora 250
castlng Pea 206
DushhammereJ flnlsh 47 C3rrt 109
cast-ln-pl3ce concrete 46
l>ushlnf! 78 carrt bay wlnaow 274
cast-In-place concrete pile 103
PtJsway 78 carrtharus 35
cast-In-sltu concrete 46
255 cantilever 17
cast Iron 170

cantllever ream 17 castle 99
cantilevered step 235
castle nut 84
Pt;tterfly 140 ca rrtilever 101 cast stone 2:37
P,J twfly roof 208 cantilever mhod 105 Catal Hiiyuk 128
289
INDEX
CJtaiyst 192
C-grade 282 chromertat.t 171
CJtcn sin 223
chain 247 chromium m
CJten2ry28
chair 45 chuda 255
C<ithe.dral 37
chalrr.all 1e6 chuman 255
C3therir.e wheel 36
chaltya 253 chut.t 46
C3thews 181
cham!?ergrave 243 clrortum 35
cathode 74
chamfer CIE 150
c3thotk rn
chamfer strip 45 cinder 170
C<itlon 161
chancel '37 Clnquecento .rchltecture 133
CJulak \81
chandelier 147 cinquefoil t:l5
CJullculus 181
ch,lntry '37 circle 110
caulk 173
chaos 54 circuit 74
C<iusew;y 249 chapel '37.99 circuit 76
c;a u 5tlc I!rcs 157 chapter '37 circuit vent 200
C<iV311er dr.iwlng 71 cha pter house '37 clrcular mH 166
C4Vetto \85.249 charret'te 58 clrcular stair 2'34
I.
cavetto comlce 249 122 circulation 213
cavity w.. 156 chase mortlse 141 Circumference 110
chat-sawn 237 clrcuII'IV311.ite 98
C 144 chattrl 253 cistern 196
t.
30
Chavln 129 citadel 99
C3'I'tti 149
check 7:13 city plannln§ 10
Jc*st 211
cheaer 1M clvUlutlon 128
ull74 checkered 172 c!addlng m
l
250 check rail 7:12 ct.lm 'l7
23 check thr'03t 'l71 ct.pboard 268
93 check valve 199 ct.ssA 89
u{lular M 101 chee!c 209 class A flre 90
l
celtular w.1 ZlO cheek cut 211 ct.55689
cdhJlose Zl6 chemlQl bond 161 cbss6flre 90
Cdslus sale 117 chemln-de-ronk 99 ct.ssC 89
Wft:lc cross 183 chevet '37 ct.ssCflre 90
cement chevron 1M classD 89
l
44 Chicago School 1'35 ct.ssDflre 90
II1OI"t3r 157 chlgl 255 class E 89
cement InOI'br 157 chlllec:f water plant 125 C1asslc 130
chiller 125 C1assblarchJtuture 130
l
tt:nper 188 chimney 87 ct.sslclsm 133
251 chimney arch ClassIc 133
u:tter no. 111.217 chimney l:oar 37 ctay224
12 chimney Preast 87 clay loam 224
l,
113 chimney C3p 37 157.200
63.1'0 chimney cheel: 87 150
96 chimney comer 87 15
96 chimney 127 'l74
!o
center or 244 chimney pot 87 ek:Jt 214
l 244

plane 237
center of risbn 72 'Zl4
china 32 cb1s 84
f
117 china clay '32 c!!:;1P!rifonn 45
L
Chinese archlt«ture 128 eM 82
CCIW3l * c.on&tlonJ"4 125
Chinese 187 cllnUr 18.42
cen1"nI zd5 ri vision n chino/serio 133
cllpjol'" 155
t21 chlplmrd 284 cllthral 251
L
centnllud 218 18'3 clolsttr 37
127 chisel point 82 cloister '37
choir 37
263
l
ceramic 32 chord 110.259 close 37
'32 chorten 25'3 closed cornice 213
cer.mlc JI'lOSalc tIfe 33 chorus 256 clostd pbn 216
.. 42;'_
Chou 129
closed strill9 2.35
cenmlcware 32 chrismon 183 clostd valley 212
l
cercls256 Christianity 35 close §raln 'l78
49 chroma 33 closa- 20. 155
GeS5pOOf 20t chrome 171 closet bend 199
L
290
r
closure 20.265
cloudy sky 150
clustered organlz3tion 218
cluster housing 139
cooch screw 83
cool tar 215
coarse aggregate 43
coarse grain 278
texture 278
coaxial 78
coVble 224
224
cock bead 268
cocking piece' 213
Code of H3mmurabi 129
coeffiGlent of ela stlcity 164
coeffiGlentofexpanslon 165
coefficient of heat transfer 118
coefficient of utilization 149
coffer 30
cofferdam 221
coherent 54
coheslonfess soil 225
cohesive soli 225
coil 75.126
coln.ck:lent 109
coI:e 170
cold-air return 122
cold-cathode lamp 145
cold-draw 169
cold-process roofing 215
cold-roll 169
cold-won:lng 169
coI!3ge 54
collapse mechanism 243
collar m
211
collar JOint 155
collar t1e 211
collector 226
collegiate Gothic 134-
collimate 146
coIllnearfo1Us 96
COOnlalarchltutJ.;re 133
colonial skiing 268
coIonn3de 25
color M
color circle 39
colorfast 187
coloring 43
color rendering InJex 145
color scheme 39
color temperature 145
color triangle 39
color wheel 39
column 40.179
column tr.1se 85
column cap 85
column capital 205
coIumn-cover-and-spandrelsystem 269
calumniation 179
column strip 204
coIymbethra 28
combed flnlsh 189
combinatIOn door 64
comblnatlcn window '2:14
combined footing 101
combined 22.3
combined st..esses 41.163
combplate 81
88
combustiblt construction 51
combustlo., .Ir 121
comfort 120
comfort zor.e 120
com merciJ I bronze 175
com mcJrty 10
coml11OT1 alley 175
common rona 20
common brlsS 175
commonm 18
common dovetail 141
coml11OT1tap 212
common 229
coml11OT1 82
210
commons 139
common vent 200
communlc.Ju 58
communion t3ble 35
compact fluorescent lamp 145
com p<lCtlon 225
color 39
com p!exlty 54
complwlum 137
com pontrrt5 of a fexu 96
composite column 203
compost".e decl:lng 93
Composite Ct"aer 181
composite p-anel 2M
composite pile 102
composite trJSS 261
composlte;;-zIT 156
com position 53
compourJ column· 203
ccmpressiWrty 162
162
compression g3sket 113
com pressicn rralPer 238
com presslo11ll1Ok1Jng 192
compression reinforcement 202
com presslon sp!lce 203
compression test 44.162
com forc;e 162
com presSNe refrlgeratlon 124
strain 162
compresslve stress 162
com pres:.or 124
CO!\C.3tenzt:on 55
concave 110
concave prot 155
concealed gr.d 31
concealed 115
concdYe 58
concentra';.tJ load 151
concentric 110
concentric 2fJ7
concept 59
conception 67
cor.crete 42
INDEX
concrete Plod: 160
concrete Prick 160
concrete masonry unit 160
concrete mixer 4t3
concrete 82
concurrent forces 96
condensate 176
condensatlon 176
condense 161
condenser 124
condominium 139
conduction 118
COMlJCtIvtty 74
conductor 78
condutt 78
cone 45
conePolt 45
cone of ,islan 72
corrftguratlonlsm 265
Confucl3nfsm 129
conge 185
congruent 109
contQl vault 263
conic sectlon 111
conifer '2:16
connected bad 77
59
connector 79
conok:l 220
conslstency 44
186
con501WtIon 46. 100
constancy 265
COItstant-alr-volume system 126
constrJCtlan 48. 49. 50
constructlon class 51
constructlon docunnents 50
constructlon drawings 68
construct.lonJolnt 178
constroctlo11load 151
constrJCtlo11 managemer 48
type 51
ConstructMsm 135
consultant 48
corrtactpre:ssurelOO
content 5:3
sating 257
contlnutty 54.265
contlnutty of outline 72
continuous 17
continuous footing 101
contlnuous hinge 115
contlnuous plate 194
contlnuous slav 204
contlnuousvent 200
contour 66
contour ar.a wi ng 66
contour Interval 69
contour flne 69
contract 49
contract documents 50
Wltract drawings 68
contractlon joint 178
con tract nmtt 221
contractor 48
291
INDEX
contrad1ctlon 54 corrosion 171 critlcal stress 40
contr.;st 54 corrugatea fastener 82 critlcal density 225
contrast ratio 148
comJg3tea metal 172 crttlcal helght 210
cent:r!l1utory area 241 corrugated rooflng 214 crttlcal section 202
Contrive 58
cortlle 26 critical void ratio 225
centro/joint 178.190
109 crocket '37
control-joint ukxk 160
cosine 109 cromlech 248
controned flll 222
cosine law 142 cr'OOk V8
control panel 00
cotJ ngelrt 109 cross 183. 199
convectlon 118
coulomD 2b crossbana 65.28'3
convector 123
cou nterbo re 84 cross !?raGIng 243
conven 1enu outlet 79
cou ntMn-ace 259 crossl7lidglng 92
I
convergence 73.264
177 cross-corrtcur arawlng 66
converslon!1umer 121 cou nterfort 270 crosscut 218 t
conversion taDkl 166 150 cross fortnee 183
convex 110 cou nterpoInt 54 115
l
cool :39 coo nterpolse 55 cross grain 218
coolant 124 cou ntersc3 rp 98 cr0ssh2tch,lng 66
cooling degree-day 124 countersink 83 crossing 36
cooling lo3J 124 cou nterwelg ht 00 cross-lap joint 141
coo/IItg medium 124 couple 96,211 150
l
cooIlng tower 125 211 crossover 199
co-op 1:39
coupUng 199 cross sectlon 70
1:39
course 155. 2M3 cross tee 31
cooperative apartment 139 coursed ashlAr 158 cross 263
L
coordinate 100 coursed ruuble 153 cross ventlbtlon 121
coordln4t« 116 court 26 crowfoot 68
copal 187 cou rty.I r a 26 crown 12. 216
coped Flirt 140
CMlent rona 161 crown gbss 112
L
copestone 159 CCJ.te 30. 1<55 crown molding 186

UNe ceiling 30 crown post 261
coping DIod 160 core 147 crown tile 214
coybnar folUS 96 corer 202 crowstep 159
L
192
COru3ge 187.212 crud: 210
copper 175 corerlng pcwer 187 crushed gnvel 224
copper roofing 214 corer plate 173 crushed rock 224
cowl 87 crushed stone 224
L
COfi,eI arch 14 282 crypt 37
155 Cf').l49 crystai 161
COft,eI V3 262 '202 cube 111
carine ga!7le 159 Cr3cklng load 202 culnc me3sure 166'
L

cradle V3utt 263 cuPl$ll1 1:35 .
cord 79 cr3mp Iron 158 cul-de-four 61
cordon 98. 159 cra wi space 23 cuU l8
core 65.75,100.225,283 47 cult temple 249
corWo.rd 191 creative 59 t2a
l
coreUst 44 59 2ZS
Corinthian order 181 creep 165 cup 218
cmUIe 95 m cupob 61
190 crene! 99 curb 208
,
160 99 crirox 196
L
comer roard 263 crenelle 99 curb cod: 196
corner mce 267 creosote 280 curbcut 221
COI"1'Ierbth 00 crepldoma 250 curb roof 208
L
coc-ner post 267 crescent 139 curb stop 196
comer reinforcement 190 crescent truss 261 47
cornice 179.100 CriD 210 current 74
cornice 147 crl!7i:llng 270 curtan 235
L
cornice return 213 cri1r.otOfi: 2:10 curt.lIs1:ep 235
corona 179 cricket 209 curt.1n 98
COfOf1et 186 267 curt.ln wan 269
corporation cocI: 196 Cripple pcl: 211 CUM 110
L
corporatlon stop 196 criterion 58 CurvlUnear style 132
correctlon hne 24t; critlcal angle 233 curvlhne.r t:r3cery 275
corrkIor 216 critlc.1l load 40 cushion 102
L
29}
L
293
INDEX
diversion rox 201 dovetail 115 dropW 199
diversity 77 dovetaliJoint 141 drop wiMJW 272
111 dowel 85. 178 drum 180-
doJec3style 179 dowefpln 85 drummp 198
sbir 234
downdraft 87 drumw.U 22J
dogtooth 1M
downfeed dlstrllnltlon system 197 dry-lnlrb temperature 120
dogtrot 138
downllght 147 dry 113
dolly 00
downspout 209 drying oil 187
I
Doity Varden sidi"4 26a
draft 58.67.87.237 dryin9 shrinkage 47
I
!
dolmen 248
drafted margin 237 drym!x 44- j
dolomite 236
drafting 68 dry-paa 174-
acme 60.205
draft stop 89 dry-pipe system 90
aonJon 99
dragged ftnlsh 189 dry-press process 18
·door 62 dragon 211 dryret.lJm 123
doorl;tevel 63 dragon 211 dry rot 218
Qoorbuct 63 dragon tle 211 finish 47
aoorc;haln 114 drain 200 dry Sbnaplpe 90
Qoor c;hecl: 114 drainage mzt 176 dlj'W4"
63 drainage system 200 dlj'W4U frame 65
door contact 81 drainage Uie 201 drywe!l 2Z3
doorframe 63 dra Infield 20 1 du.l-duct system 126
door Interiocl: 81 dralnspout 209 dUJi sys"'..en1 244
dootpmb 63 drain Ule 201 dual vt1Tt 200
dooltnob 116 draped tenaon 207 duct 78.122
door opener 62 Dravidian 130 ductllltJ' 164-
tfoorplate 114 drawrore 141 122
doorpuU 114 drawrore pi" 141 ductlr.erl22
doorsl:ln 28 99 ductwort: 122
doorstep 63.114 drawdown 196 00
Doppler 228 66
185 drawn flnlsh 169 179
Done order 180 drawn glass 112 duomo 132
donner 209 dress circle 258 duplex 133.139
donner window 'lJ 4 dressed dImension 277 duplex 139
dosing wmw 201 dressea lumPer m duplex 138
36 dressed size ZJ7 durawmiil 175
00tt&l1lM 68 dressed "87 dUl'3rr.en ?:J6
dou 2!).4. dresslng 271 of load factor 200
door 62 dresslng room 258 Dutch 20
,
hinge 115 drift 13. e;6. 152- Dutch Colonbl. 138
angle 172 driftrolt 82 Dutch@ 64-
B6 drift Index 153 Dutch I.p 212
doul7le-cal7le structure 29 drift lImltatbn 153 dwarf ..... a 2El
l
39 driftpl" 82, 00 1.57
doubte-COI'TIeI" 160 drip Z71 51
stnlcture 29 dripcap Z71 151
I
doul7fe doors 62 dripedge 212 dynllma: pi1eformula 102
l
doulk-egress n.ilne 65 drip molding 271 dyna rnlcs 97
plpc 172 dripstoM 159 dyna rnlc win.:! pres$Ure 154
doul1le-mmea roof 210 drive \;lana 102 I
113 drtvescrew 82 U
l
dou l1fe grid Z39 drive shoe 102 urlyChri5tbn Archttecture 130
c:IoulM-hul1§ window 272 driving sheave eo urly English 132
doubte jack raft« 211 drolt'105 246 132
l
doul7le-l stair 234 drop 122, 100.263 urly Renaissance 132
doulM overil2nglng 17 drop.arch 14- early wood 216
doul?fe-rtturn Sblr 2M dropcelling 31 e;arthen ..... re 32
doulM roof 210 46 ea rth prtssure 151
L
glass 112 dropllght 147 e;artho,lQl:e 152
douWc Ut; 206 drop panel 205 load 152
weld 86 dropped celbng 31 e;arth wall 270
doul?llng course 212 dropped girt 1m ea rth M:ri: 221
L
dougo"4 254 drop-point slating 213 140
dovetail 141 drop siding 2GB easement 140.221
dovetail halving 141 drop stage 257 e;aves 209
I
I
U
294
I
L
INDEX
eaves course 214 electric motor 75 enthalpy 120
eaves fbshlng 212 electrode 74 entrained air 42
tJves trough 209 electrolysIs . 171 envlronmental design 10
145 electrolyte 74 envision 59
eccentric 110 electrolytic protect ron 171 EroM 215
eccentric 244 electromotive force 74 ep1center 152
eccentric force 162 electron 161 eplnaos 250
eccentricity 41 electroplate 171 epoxy mortar 157
ecutTtrIc load 162 electrovalent rond 161 epoxy resin 193
eccentric tendon 207 element 161 epuro 67
echlnus 100.181 elevation 70.247 equal leg angle 172
echo 230 elevator 00 equal loudness contour 229
eclectic 134 elevator car 81 equiangular 109
eclecticism 134 elevator car safety 00 eqUilateral 109
ecanomy 58 elevator pit 00 arch 14
economy 19 elevator shaft 80 equ Inlnci nt 97
ecanomy wan 156 ell 26.199 equlll!mum 55.97
ectyPC 59 elhpse 110.111 equIlIPrlum diagram 97
111.218 elnpsold 111 equIlI!mum moisture content m
113 elllptlcalstaJr 234 equinox 226
113 elllptlcalsurface 220 equipoise 55
distance 84 enIptic p.rarolold 219 equivalent load 151
edge gr41ln Va elong3tlon 162 equivalent round 172
ed¥ joint 140 emUattlement 99 equivalent thickness 160
ec!gu 47 em!1edded space 218 ER 144
earflce 22 emPedment length 202 erect 49
effectlve of concrete 202 emPoss 182 erection 151
effective area of reinforcement 202 emUrasure 99, 159 emtlon stress 151
effective 202 emergency generator 75 ergonomics 57
effw-lve ler.gth 17.41 emergency hghtlng 91 escalator 81
effectlve ler.gth factor 41 emissivity 112. 119 escarp 98
effective prestress 206 emphasis 54 e$C011 son 63
effectlve span 15 Empire style 133 esc lItcheon 116
effective 120 280 esorta rthex 35
efflcacy 144 enamel 32. 187 esqulS5e 67
efficiency a t 139 encased knot 278 es thetlcs 10
efflorescence 18 enceinte 99 architecture 129
201 encl'03chmtmt 221 Eucfkk3n geometry 108
101. end-P0e3rlng pile 102 Euctlkan space 217
and tongue 181 end distance 84' Euler Utic1:Jlng load 40
146 end grain 278 eurythmy 56
187 endJolnt 140 eustyle 179
236 endlap 212 ev3luate 58
128 end-lap joint 141 evalmlon 58
249 end-nail 82 ev3por41U 161
rtla 82 endur.ance r41tio 165 M poratlve coohng 120
el 26.199 enawall 223 evaporator 124
elastic 164 energy 167 evugreen 276
elastic 240 energy ccd6 51 evolute 110
elasticity 164 energy effk:ltncy rating 124 excavation 221
elastlc limit 164 enfllade 216 exulslor 119
elastic modulus 164 engage 59 txe<b :35
elastic r.nge 164 er.gaged column 266 exfol13t1on 43
elastomer 193 engawa 137 exhaust air 125
elastomerlc 215 engineer 48 exhaust fan 127
rocflr.g 215 engineered 19 exhedra :35
199 grade 282 existing grade 222
electrical metallic tubing 78 er.glneerlng 11 exit 91
electric arc 86 englneer's chain 247 exit access 91
electric cd! 74 English rona 20 exit corridor 91
electric charge 74 English cross rona 20 exit court 91
electric eMtor W engrave 182 exit discharge 91
electric furnace 121 enneastyfe 179 exltdoor 91
electric heat 123 entablature 179 exit light 91
electricity 74 elTtasls 180 exit passageway 91
295
INDEX
exit st31rw3)' 91 face putty 113 flllgree 182
face shell 160 flll 222
cby 43
face string 235 filler 192
exparldea IT'Ie't.1I 172 face width 2:79 filler metal 00
190
facing 156 filler pbte 174
expanded pl.15tlc 119
18 fillet 181.185
expanded $h.;lle 43
factore.d load 240 flllet1ng m
expanded slJte 43
fa ctored load de$lg n 240 flliet wekl 00
expankd view 71
factor of safety 240 flllister heaa 83
expansion 197
facto!)' lumPer V9 fllm 192
expansion 84-
Fahrenheit scale 117 fllter 125
expansion jo/lTt 178
fa If 200 fllterfa!nic 176
173
fafsefront 24 final prestress 206
expansion loop 197
fa lsewer.: 49 fine aggregm 43
L
screed 190
fan 127 flnegl'3ti1ng 222
84- fan-cell unit 126 fine V8
I
sleeve 84-.173 fancy 59 finger joint 140
expansion 124 fanlight 63 finial 37 J
expanslvtty 165 fan trus5 261 finish w.rt 187.188
71 fa n vault 263 finish floor 92
J
explosive 86 fascia 181. 213 flnlsh flooring 94
finish 47 fascia Poara 213 finish gratle 222
31 fastening 82 finish 114
exposu re 212 wind speed 154 finishing 47
j
exposure I 2.82 fast-pin hinge 115 finishing nail 82
exposure 2 232 fast-trn;i: 49 finish string 2:35
exposure canditlon 154 165 Ank truss 261
exposure d\I ra 282 165 12.3
expression t2.8 fatlgue rat!c 165 flre-alann system 90

plalum system 122 fat mix 157 flrearea 89
roende.:l-5eT'V\ce lamp 144 faucet 197 flre 89
178 fault 76.152 firebox 87
extenSion PoIt 116 fe-3Sllntlty study 49 flrei1reak 89
J
extension C4ser.'1ent hlnqe m fe3ther 140 flrel1rick 18
exten$OFne"..er 162 Federal style 133 fireclay 18
exteror 2.82 fu,dlr.;cl: 58 flreaorbln 257
exteror a:o.sle 109 fuJer 75 flrecut 93
I
I
exit 91 feint 177 flie d3mper 89
exterbr I:XIt ra \corrJ 91 ferT' ... 1e 199 flrc:-ktectlon systtm 90

exterbr p:a r.d 205 fenestration 24 flredoor 89
t:xtaior plywood 2.82 fe rrocemerrt 2fY2. 91
ext.eror n 266 ferroconcrete 202 fire h3zara 88
component 150 ferrous 170 firehose 90
oo:enul waR 266 femJle 281 fire hydrant 90
plpe 172 FeitJle Cresurrt l28 flrebU 58
extnJos 12 festoon 184- flreplace 87
extruded pofystyrene 119 2:76 flreplug 90
roruslon 169 119.284 fireproofing 88
eye 2.64 sheathing 119 flropump 90
34 119 ftrc-r.ua Be
r/'ftm:,..., 209 flPoergbss 119 flre-rcsisbnce rating 88
eyelet 99 ccncrete 202 flre-reslstIvIJ 88
plastic 193 p2lnt 187
Ff shingle 212 wood 28Q
faDrlc 53 point m flresaftty M
fa Drlc3te 50 APonaccl series 56 fire scrttn 87
facade 24 fleld 155 flre 89
face 98 panel 268 flrestop 20T
face urick 18 fleld of vlslon 264 firewall 89
face clearance 113 fieldstone 237 fire wln&ow 89
faced Dba 160 field tile 214 flrezone 89
faceJ wall 156 109.265,283 firing 32
fau 113 glass 112 flrmness 11
82 265 first floor 23
f3Uplate 79,116 filament 144 fish joint 140
I
296
r
"'
:* ..

INDEX
flshpl3te 140 floor coverfng 95 form 45.52. 53
fued arch 13 floorframlng 92 form-actlve structure 238
fued connection 242 flooring nail 82 form deckll'19 93
fixed-enJ Pe3m 17 floor pl3n 69 formeret 263
fixed-end connection 242 FIorentlne mosaic 182 Formica 193
flxed fra me 104 flowing tracery m form liner 45
fixed joint 242 flow pressure 197 form nail 82
m flow rate 198 form tie 45
fixedsash m flue 87 formula weight 161
fixture drain 200 flue lining 87 formworX 45
flxture unit 197 fluid 161 fortification 98
Fl3mPoy.int style 132 fluid-applied roofing 215 forum 251
/'
fume finish 2:!J7 fluid ounce 166 foundation 100
flame retardant 88 fluorescence 145 foundation drain 176
fume-spread ratlng 88 fluorescent I3mp 145 foundation Investigation 225
fbnge T73 flush read 268 foundation walt 101
funge al'.gle 173 flush bolt 116 Four Nol?le Truths 253
funk 9B flush door 65 four-pipe system 126
flanking path 232 flush frame 65 four-way switch 79
115 flush girt 107 fox!lalt 84
fla rot header 20 flush glazing 113 foxtail wedge 141
flashing 18.177 flush joint 140. 155 fox wedge 141
fush pelnt 88 flushometervalve 198 foyer 258
flat 139.187.257 flush panel 268 fractal7le 159
fut arch 14 flute 100 fracture 164
flatgraln 278 flutlng 100 frame 104
83 flutter 154. 2:!JO framed connection 174
fla t-jolrrt polntl ng 155 flux 86 framed tube 245
flat pQte 205 flux-cored arc welding 86 frame house 267
futroof 208 flyash 42 frame system 244
flat slap 205 flying Mtress 262 framewori: 106
flat sllclng 283 flying form 45 framl"9 106
flat truss 261 flying shore 221 framing anchCr 85
flat use 280 fly left 257 framing pUn 69
melle'S! fly rafter 211 FranklIn stove 121
Flemish rond 20 foamed pl3stlc 119 free-!lady diagram 97
Flemish cross !land 20 foamed-In-place Insulation 119 freefal! 46
Flemish dlagonal band 20 foam glass 119 freehand drawing 60
fleu r-de-Bs i84 foam (UpPer 193 freestone Z1J7
fbllTe 238 focus 217 freight elevator 00
fbll7le duct 122 focusing 2:!JO French arch 14
metal conduit 78 foil Zl5 French door 64
fbure formula 16 foll-17acW Paard 191 French drain 223
filer 234 folded plate 194 French 273
files 257 folding casement m frequency 228
flight Zj3 fotdlng &ocr 62 fresco 132
flitch 283 foliated 184- fresh air 125
flltch pe4m 281 foliation 275 fresh-air Inlet 200
flitch 281 folly 'Zl Fresnellens 146
flitch plate 281 font 35 fret 1M
float 47 foot 166 frictional 245
float ftnlsh 47. 139 foot-candle 142 friction pile 102
float stass 112 footcut 211 frieze T79.186
ca.t 138 footing 100 frlt 32
fuatlng foundatlon 101 foot-Iamrert 142 front 'Zl
float switch 79 footlights 257 front 87
float 198 footpace 234 frontlspleu 24
fucW carpet 95 foot-pound 167 front of house 258
flood tamp 147 force 96 fros t Pan 100
flood level 198 forcearm 96
frost heave 100
ht 147
forced warm-aIr heatIng 122 frostllne 100
floor 23.92 forecourt 25 frustum 111
floor anchor 85 foregrouna 265
fuel-contrll1utlon ra tlng 88
floor C3vlty 149 foreshortenIng 73 fulcrum 97
114 forge 169 full-celiprocess 200
297
INDEX
fun fr3 me 107
general diffuse 14S 198
full· penetnt.loa weld [;6 generalllghting 148 gradation 55
fu/l-su rfau hln4e 115
general purpose circuit n grade 222
functlon 58
generator 75.111,124 grade ueam 101
fu nctloo2l 57 generatrlx 111 graded aggregate 4:3
functlolUl 216
geodesic dome 60 grade line 222
Functionalism 135
geometric 52 graaemart 200
m
geometrical stair 234 GradeN 160
m
Geometric style 132 grade stake 222
fu nda:renb I period of vfpratloa 152 geometrlc tracery 275 gradestamp 282
funicular arch t3
geometry 108 grade strip 45
fu curve 2fJ
Georgian archltuture 133 GraaeS 160
fu nlcu t.r potygcn 23
geotechnical 225 gradln 2.56
shape 2fJ
ge.otextlle 176 gradlne 2.56
J
funlcul.1r 28 gestalt 265 grading plan 69
funicular truss 259 Gestalt psychology 265 graffiti 182
furnace 121 gesture 66 graffito 182
furring 190 gesture drawing 66 grain 2:51.278
J
fuse 76 gfrc 202 gram 167
fus/ple alloy 76 gludoor 64 gram calorie 117
nnk 89 gingerbread 134- grandtler 258
fusll71e metal 76 girder 106 236
95 girt 107.269 granular material 225
glacis 98 graphic T3
Gg
glare 148 graphic scale 69
gatnon 270 glass 112 gravel 224
gal71e 20a glass Plock 112 gravel drain 176
&onrc 209 glass PrIcI: 112 gravel stop 215
93 PIe roof 200 glass door 64 gravity 167
266 glassea surface 7:37 gravity hinge 115
wlrubw Zl4 glass mullion system 113 gravity wall 270
135
glass Size 113 gravity water system 197
gage 172 glass wool 119 gray 39
115.141 glaze 32 gray scale 38
gal:k.e 37 glaze coat 187 grease Inte:uptor 201
93/1er1a Zl glazed wall tile 33 greaS<l ttap 201
36.216. 253 glaze-flred 32 great clrcle 60
galla 158 glazIer's point 113 greathan 99
166
glazing 113 Great Wall of China 129
g4lvanlc cell 74 gl3zlng uar 271 Gl'ubrchltecture 129
9 Iva nle 171 gl3z1ng l7ead 113 GruI: cross 183
saies T71 glazing urad 113 Greek temple 250
l
171 glazing compound 113 GruI: theater 256
nlzed Iron T71 glazing size 113 green 157
i3 mUrtl roof 208 glazlng step 113 GreenfteId conduit 78
139 glazing tape 113 green room 25a
l
!prden-wa! ron& 20 . gloP" valve 199 grid 68.101. 257
99 gloss 187 gridiron 257
prP.J'le 37 glory 183 grid organization 218
J2rret 158 glued·lamlnated tlmw 281 grid structure 195

;;rt."t 37 201 griffe
l 161 gneiss 236 griffin 183
f35 fu rruce 121 goaroon 185 grillage 101
f3s1:et 199 gold In'onze 175 grille 122
L
i-3S weldl"4 [;6 gokfen mean 56 grisaille 66
.ltecontJct 81 golden section 56 groin 263
3te va Ive 199 gong 254 groin riP 263
122 good grade 283 groin vault 263
L
auge 19.95. T72. 212 lamp 147 grommet 78
auged 183 gopuram 253 groore weld 00
auglng 1.M gorge 98 gl"O$s cross-sectional area 160
autama Buddha 253 Gothic arch 14 grotesque 183
nero ?:l Gothic architecture 132 ground 76.190.265
L
Pulp 144 Goth Ic Revival 134 ground acceleration 152
CO(!tr.1ctor 48 government system 246 ground be3m 101
r
U
}8
r
c
221
grouncJ coot 137
grouna War tb7
conductor 76
grourJ t.ult 76
grour.J.-hult Interrupter 76
grourJ roor 2.3
ground"u"1g electrode 76
grolmding outlet 79
grour.ding plug 79
grour.a 150
grourJ nne 72
grouna pbne 72
grour.a $bu 101
groUM-Hater 22.3
grour.a wire 76
group numPer 2.b2
grout 157
grotMdframe 65
grotMd masonry 157
grout 157
157
grow-;h Zl6
grypi'.on 183
gud¥on 115
246
guide rag EX>
gul/\cd-.e 1M
gub 1.85
254-
46
GurTt.e:r's chain 247
Gur..4 00
261
gust. mtar 154
gutt. 180
180
gUt"".a' 209
9 utt¢" h4"¥r 2q9
29
gypsum 188
roard 191
14th 190
gyp$'Jm-perIlte 188
gyp$\m pbster 1M
she3thfng 191
gyp$i::H'ermlcullte plaster 188
Hh
halde:1 255
141
half-by joint 141
haff-C"«tlse hinge 115
h .. ffpu Z34
182
halfrwnd 185
haff-rotJt1d slicing 2.b3
halfspa bndlr.g 2.34-
haff"SIJrfau 115
haff-tlml>er 107
haff-tlJm stair 234
hall 216
hall·"'"j 216
hala 183
lamp l44
halvedjcint 141
ham1M'" 210
roof 210
ham1M'" UT'3U 210
hal!1li"o¢( post 210-
1:4 .
handr.;;1 233
hands?S"t-and-resawn shake 213
85
Gardens of 6a!7ylon 129
hanging gutter 209
step 235
hangii14 stIle 64. 2:12. Zl3
haptic 57
HmFP 128
h3rd'mrd 284
32
hard f.,l:sh 188
hard 148
hardr.eso 165
170
h4rd"t'f"4H 1M
hard"Ir"4r"e 114
hard"Ir"3r"e cloth 172
hard jlijJter 197
hard"...ocd Zl6
hanrcr:'c 228
h4r.r.x:1c motion 152
Iwnrcr.1c prog resslon 56
h3nr ... series 56
54
harpeJ teno011 207
h4$hir;l 255
66
Hat·her 249
Hau-c:--reaaed 249
HatJ-:or'G 249
12. 17
haur0.eJ tenon 141
head 63.197.2T3
19.92
hadab'lccl: 160
had f'.lShing 271
20
155
212
r.e3arocm 233
hea dw3 g 22.3
113
229
loss 229
harP! 87
har-....ood 276
heat 1f7
heat-.;.soruing glass 112
hat C4 racity 117
he; t ccr.tent 120
hat 124
ugree-dJ)' 121
'cad t21
medium 121
cf C011dens.a Clon 161
;of fus!cr. 161
cf hydration 47
cf scfldrflcatlon 161
INDEX
heatofvaportz.ation 161
heat pump 124
heat-reslsbnt paint lb7
he3t sink 124
heat-strengtheneJ glass 112
heat-treat3U1e alloy 175
heat treatment 169
heavy-timber construction 51
hectare 166
heel 259
Heial1 131
height 109
height factor 154
hellcllne 233
hel10d0n 150
hellx 110,181
Hellenic 129
Hellenistic 129
hept3style 179
hermetic 112
herringrone 184-
herrlngrone matching 283
hertz 228
hex,ogon 109
heX3!:ram 183
hexahedron 111
heX3style 179
hexhead e4J
hiding power 187
HlDbmp 145
hleT'3rchy 54
high altJr 57
high chair 45
high-density overl3y 282
high glass 187
high-Intensity lamp 145
high key 66
hlgh-Ilft grouelng 157
70,148
high-output lamp 145
high polymer 192
high-pressure laminate 193
high-pressure sodIum lamp 145
178
high relief 182
High Retulssance 133
high-rise 22
high-strength bolt 174
low-ailoy $teel 170
high-tech 135
I10It 174
high-velocity duct 126
hlgh-voltage 75
Hinduism 253
hinge 115
hinged frame 104
hinge jolnt 242
hInge stile 64
hip 209
hipJack 211
hipped g3U1e 208
hipped roof 208
hlp rafter 211
hlp roof 208
hlp tile 214
299
I
INDEX
t2a house.d joint 140 134.212
HIUlteaniltecture 129 an In 200 fictor 151
G6 house.:! string 235 Imput class 232
C3PIe 00 251 151
NChlnel)' 80 sewer 200 noise 232
holstw.y fJO house stonn drain 223 soil 225
80
house stenn sewer 223 Implt:nent 58
hok:l<JoM e5 house tnp 200 lmplwkJm 137
hotdt.brl dp 214 139 154
honow-b:t.ed 94
Howe 261 12
hoRow-c;ore door 65 102 ImpostL>lccl: 36
hollow-core sla 11 206 HP-sh3pc 172 62
hollow NSClnI}' unit 160 HPS bmp 145 ror.::! 158
door 65 Hsb 12a InC4 132
65 hue M 144
M hum;;n 57 IIIC4n.:.!escent lamp 144
hollow unit mSOl1ry 157 hum;;n scale 56 Inch 166
HoIyArt 250 humidH'ler 125 Inch-pctJr.::! 167
no Iy of holes 250 humidity ratio 120 Inclkr.ce 143
7:12 IncnntJ lift 81
1
roOnaen 255 rJ IncreoaStr 199
hondo 255 hurr'G.lne anchor 85 105
honed fWsII Z5l hurrlc3ne tie 85 IndlJn 129
hut 136 Indla r.;pPer 193
slating 213 HVAC 125 Indirect gbre 148
l
!-.oneyc.cri wort 252 hyanm 90 Indlrect ¥tJng 148
1M hydrned lime 157 Indlrect W4Ste pipe 200
rood 87 hydrrtlon 47 Individual clrcutt n
rood.-.oY 274 hyarn!lc cement 42 Individual vent 200
l
hoct 202 hydn.ullc elevator 81 Induct1.:x1 unit 126
Hoob'slaw 164 hydrcgen rond 161 lnertps 161
roOOf' force 60 hyarooic heating 123 161
hooplne 60 hygT'01l"eter 120 arc welding 86
b
hopper Z!3 251 97
273 Hypa()n 215 inertiJ Plock 232
hopper MIdow 273 hyf73r 219 Infllt.mlon 118
horizoa 224 c
hyperPcl3 110.111 Infb;t'.on 58. 110
L
horl:z&.m _ 72
hyperrolC pm;,olola 219 Inflec'".,i:;-n 17
r.ortwnt.i 108

Inform 59
cIrcle 247 E: hypcthral 251 Infrared 142'
horizonblalaphragm 243 hypocenter 152 fnfrartJ t.mp 144
L
horiz.onbI extt 91 hypostyle hall Ing Ienoc1: 87
153 hypote:1 use 109 Ingot l69
hortz.ont.1lfumace 121 Initial pc-estrtss 206
2:12 hypot:xhe/lum 100
L
stress 15 hystere:sls d3mpfng 245 1I'1CI4n9 192
torsion 153 Inlay 182
hont Z71 Ii Innerm ZJG
189,235 TT.3.281 Inner I\.earth 87
"-'rseJ niJ 1a9 lceaz!!'i 212 l.mp 145 "


Icon 35 Il15tnJlI'Ient stztloo 247
Iconostasls 35 conum 43
fcosJr.earon 111 ibss 112
hosecoctl97 59 !iJ"Sum bth 190
L
Idle 80 Insulnor 78
stop 65 IES 150 Insurance 48
hospfbI window 273 19100 1..'7,6 1.82
hot 76 I9neous rod; 236 IntegraWcelhng 31
L
hot-"'P¢nnlzlng rJ1 I9nitlon point Be Intensity :38
hot-roW 169 I-Joist 281 Interctptlng dr.1ln 22.3
hot-roIIeJ flnlsh 169 illuminance 142 fnterroiumnlatlon 179
not-water heating 123 iIIuminatlon 142 fnterOome 61
b
169 Image 59,66 231
house G6 Imagination 59 Intergl"Ol'ln knot '1]8
houSe 257 ImPm: 214 109
L

300
. -
i..-
'-
Ii

Ii
INDEX
Interior design 10 jamltltlock 160 kick p13te 114,235
Interior panel 205 jaml1stone 159 kiln 18
Interior plywood 282 Japanese architecture 131 klln-dr.ea m
Interior wall 266 Japanese 187 klloulorle 117
Interlacing arcade 36 84 _ kilo!Jr.om 167
Interlocl:lngjolnt 158 jerl:inhe:.ld 208 kllogrJ" ca Iorie 117
Interlocking spaces 218 Jerusalem Cross 183 166
Interlocking tile 214 jlltdoor 64 kilowatt 74
Intermediate column 40 joggle 140,210 kllowrtt-hotJr 74
Intermediate rilt 263 ./O!1gle piece 210 57
Intermediate stiffener 173 ./O!1gle post 210 kinetic theory of neat 165
Internal damping 245 Joinery 140 klngb«; 261
Internal dormer 274 jolntcompound 191 king closer 2D
Internal reflected component 150 Joint filler 178 king fOSt 210
International style 135 Joint mC'lemet1t 178 king rod 261
International System of Units 166 joIntrelnforc.ement 157 king trt.:ss 210
Intersecting arcade 36 Joint sealant 178 kip 167
Interstice 218 jolnttape 191 kite wlnaer 234-
Interstlt131 239 jolst 92 kiva 136
Intertrlglyph 100 jolst anchor 85 105
Interval 55 jolstl1ancl 204 243
Intonaco 189 joist girder 173 159
Intrados 12 jolsts and planks 279 knee w:ail 211
Intuition 59 Joist slalt 204 knrfe-!*lclefuse 76
Intumescent paint 88 joule 167 knife s·...ttGh 79
Inverse-square law 142 Joule'slaw 74 eJrpet 95
InverteJ tee 206 judas 114 knOO-.nd-tuPe wfring 79
Invlslltle hinge 115 judas hole 114 knockdown frame 65
Involute 110 Jucl9ment 58 114
Ion 161 Jugenclstll 134 knock::vt 78
ionic rond 161 jumro urick 19 knotZJ8
Ionic order 181 j u nctJG.n I10x 78 knock'.e 115
IRlamp 144 Jutty 107 kodo 255
Iron 170 Juxtaposition 54 I:ondo 255
Irregular grid 239 252
Irregular mass 244 Kk krrlt pa per 18
Irregular structure 244

!:.a'aDa 252 kung 254-
Islam 131 kalro 255
Isf3mlG architecture 131 kakemono 137 LI
Isobar 102 k.lameln door 65- label 159
lsocephallc 73 bolln 32 IabeW 89
Isochart 146 Kasug:a-zukurl 255 labyr."t-h 37
Isolated footing 101 katsuogl 255 !ac 187
isolation joint 178 K-Prace 243 1aud.,..11et 212
isolation mount 232 185 !acIng 174
lsolux line 146 I::..eene'scement 188 bcquer W7
Isometric 71 keep· 99 !acurtJr :?O
Isometric projection 71 kelVin 117 ladder 233
Isosceles 109 Kelvin scale 117 Wych3pd 37
IsostatlG plate 194 ken 137 lag 12
lsostatlcs 194 kerf 31 lag btj-; 83
lsotroplG 162 186
221
Italian Renaissance architecture 132 kern 41 lag screw 83
Ivan 252 kern 3rea 41 1a1t3r.u 46
Iwan 252 kern point 41
131lycolumn 174
key 66.116.141.189,263 13massu 248
Jj 262 142
Jack 206,211 keyed join t 141 142
Jackarch 14 116
lamel
l
... 195
Jacking force 206 key pattern 134
lamella roof 195
Jack rafter 211 12 laminate 193
jalousie Zl3 key swttch 79 Iamln3ud block 94
jalousie Window 273 keyway 45.116 f3mir ... 'M:/ glass 112
Jamb 63 Khmer 253 Iamlna'M:/ veneer lumber 284
Jamb anchor 65 klbla 252 13mp W4
301
INDEX
low-lift grouting 157 mansard 208 menhir 248
low-key 66 mansard roof 208 mercury lamp 145
low-pressure laminate 193 mantel 87 mercury switch 79
low-pressure sodltJm lamp 145 lI'.3ntelplece 87 mercury-vapor lamp 145
low relief 182 manteltree 87 merge 27
low-rise 22 marole 236 meridian 226
Iowslde wlnaow 274 margin 212 meridional force 60
low-voltage 71 lI'.3rlqold window 36 meridional line 60
LPS lamp 145 marlnevamlsh 187 merion 99
lsill 267 marquee 258 mesa 1:36
Lstalr 234- ruscaron 183 mesh 172
lucarne 61. 274 mashrereeyeh 274 274
I
luclte ·192 lI'.3sjld 252 Mesoamerica 130
lug 5111 271 mask 183 Mesopotamia 128
luml1er 271 Masonite 284 metal 169
I
lumen 142 masonry 155 metal decking 93
l
lumen method 149 masonry arch 12 metal lath 190
lumll13lre 146 masonry cement 157 meta",c!7and 161
lumll13lre dlrt depreciation 149 masonry nail 82 metal pan 31
lumll13lre efficiency 146 mass 67,167.217 metamorphic rock: 236
luminance 142 massing 52 metaphor 59
luminous ceiling 31 mast 29 meter 166
lumInous flux 142 mJstaUa 249 metes ana PoUl1ds 246
luminous intensity 142 Masterforrnat 50 metes-ana-rounds SUNey 246
lunette 61 mastic 95,176 method of joints 260
luthern 274 lI'.at 101 method of sections 260
lux 142 matched lumber 279 metope 100
274 matching 283 metric sarnn 231
matulal 161 metric system
I
Mm matter 161 rnetIt ton 167
machlcolatton 99 M3urj3 129 mew 139
machine beam 00 maximum demand 77 meyd3n 252
machine role 84 rr.axlmum overall length 144 mezunlne 23,258
I
machine Dum 278 MaX"Nell diagram 260 mez:w-rellevo 182
machine raUng zeo M3y3n architecture 130 Mlcrolam 284-
machine room 81 meander 184 micrometer 166
machine screw e3 IT'.t3n radl4nt temperature 120 micron 166
machine 200 ns of egress 91 mlcropascal 229
made ground 222 166 MWteAgesl30
maarasah 252 IT'.t3suring point 73 middle strip 204-
Magen David 28 Mt.CC3 252 mkklle-thlrd rule 41
magnesium 175 Dond 190 mid-rise 22
magnetlc north 246 drawing 68 mlhraD 252
maldan 252 mechanical equlplMlt room 125 mil 166
mall slot 114 mechanical equlvale11t of heat 167 mildew 176
main 122. 197 rneGhan!ca1 property 162 170
main member 241 me:; ha n!cal sc.ale 56 mile 166
maIn runner 31 mechanical system 121 mill CCf1 s tructlon 51
malntenancef.ictor 149 rr.uhanlcal ventilation 127 mlllflnish 169
major axis 110 IT'.uh3nlcs 97 milliliter 166
h 252 le3 millimeter 166
mal3chlte 236 med13tlng space 218 mlllscale 169
male 199 architecture 130 mlml>ar 252
malleap[e 170 medium-density overlay 282 minaret 252
malle3ule cast Iron 170 med1um-range sealant 178 caple 78
cross 183 rr.ed1um steel 170 minerai spirits 187
manaapa 253 meeting rail 272 mineraI wool 119
manaJr.a 253 mutl"4 sUIe 64.273 Minoan architecture 128
mandorla 183 248 mlnoraxls 110
mandrel 103 1T1e931"011 250 minster 132
manganese 175 rr.ekian 252 minute 108
manganese pronze 175 resin 193 miscellaneous channel 172
manhole 223 IT'd:." dome 252 MlsslO11 Style 134
manifold 122 rr.errbrane 168 tile 214
Mannerism 133 rt'.t:T"brane stresses 219 mist coat 187
303
INDEX
miter 140 mopbC3rd 186 113va I "ra5s 175
miter daretall 141 mortar 157 Il3ve 35
mitered 141 141 neat plaster 188
miter jolnt 140
joint 141 necessarium 99
mix design 44
hinge 115 neck 84
mlxea grain V8 Joint 141 necking 100
J
mixer 197
mortise locI: 116 neGropojls 249
Pox 126
mortuary temple 249 needle 222
mixing bucet 197
mos.;ic 182
needier
mixing I'lltb 120
Moslem 252 need!epu carpet 95
mixing 199
252 negative frictlon 102
mixing w.W 43
motif W4 Meg3tWe Ion 161
I
MIxUG architecture 131 motte 98 Meg3tlve moment fl
I
moat 99 motte aM 913 negaUve shear 17
1
Moche 129
moue frlt.e Z15 Neo-6.byIonlan architecture 129
Mochlc2 129 moulding 185 Neoclassicism 133
mock-up 58
movablt partltlon 266 Neolithic 128
mo<JeI 58.59
movement 55.66 necn lamp 145
model code 51 moving load 151 neoprene 193
modeling 66
moving skiew3i1: 81 netcross-sectloll3l area 160
mMmllsm 135
movfng 81 net structure 168
Modernlsmo 134 moving stall'W3Y 81 Met tracery 275
modify 58
Mozar;;\?lc 131 Meuml76
moJIJlIon 181
MRbulb 144 neutnl axis 15
19 M-shape 172 neutron 161
modul4lrcoordlnatlon 50 MudeJar 132 newel 61..2.34.235
modular 50
Mudejar architecture 132 newelQP 235
module SO. 56 mudsln 267 newel drop 235
modulus of eb5tlc1ty 164 131 newel post 235
modulus of 163 Muhamm.1danlsm 131 New 249
modulus of torsion 163 mlllllon 62. 268. 27J newtonlfi7
183 mulUlr.3yframe 105 newton-metu lfi7
Mogul architecture 133 multif:3 mily 139 Newton's flrst law of motion 97
131. 252 muftifon 275 Newton's second law of motion 97
Mohs'SC41e 165 multi-OIJUet assembly 78 Newt...on's third law of motion 97
molsttn't content m multistory frame 105 N-graae 282
moisture exp3nslon 165 multlzone system 126 nlckef 175
moisture protection 176 Munsell System 38 nimbus 183
mold 169. 185 muntln 64. 271 nipple 199
I
molde4lnsulatlon 199 Muntz rr.etJ1 175 noP!e gas 161 .
molded polystyrene 119 muqarna 252 naVle metal 171
moldll14 U)5 mural 182 node 259
I
,
moldln9 plaster 189 mushroom constructlon 205 nogl07
/
..
161 mU!:l1d 252
molecular weight 161 Mushm 252 231
molecule 161 Musnmarchltecture 131 noise Cl'&1ia curve 231
I
Molty 64 mutule 1M noise reduction 231
k
moment 96 Mycenuan architecture 129 !IOIse reduction coefflclent 231
96 Mylar 193 nominal dimension 19. m
96 nominal slze '07
I connectlon 174 Nn partition 266
U Nagarc-zul:url 255 w.U 266
l.
moment c:IIstril7utJon method 105 1l3i1 82 I'IOfICOInl,ustlP!e construction 51
Il1Oft1ent of lnertla 16 nailing strip 82 nonconcurrent folUs 96
L
104.244 Il3naalmon 255 nonconforming 51
Monellletal 214 Il3nometer 142 nonferrous metal 175
monochrONtlc 39 Il30S 250 non-hQt-trc.t3u!e alloy 175
monolith 248 Nara 131 non-Ioaa-l1e3ring partltbn 266
L
monolithic ttrmzo 94 narthex 35 non-loaJ-pearing wan 266
monomer 192 Il3tul'lll cement 42 nonmetallic sheathed cable 78
monopteron 251 Il3tural grade 222 nonobjectNe 52
monotony54 natural period of 152 nonparallel system 244
L
Moor 131 natural rubDer 193 non-prcssure-treated wood WO
Moorish .rch 14 Il3tural ventilation 127 nonrec.overaVle light loss factor 149
Moorlsh 131 .nautlcal mIle 1% nonrepresent3tlonal 52
J
li
304
f
L.::
n01lstalnlng mort3r 157
nonvltreou5 52
nortrl3/ force method 154
normal 162
Norman architecture 151
Norman 19
Norman Conquest 131
north arrOW 69
Norwegian 19
nosing 233,262
notice to proceed 49
novelty siding 268
nut 84
nylon 192
00
249
object line 68
oblate 111
oPIate spheroid 111
71. 108
ol7llque projection 71
oblique section 70
obscure glass 112
obsidian 236
obtuse 109
obtuse angle 108
occupancy load 151
occupancy separation 89
occupant load 91
octagon 109
octahedron 111
octastyle 179
octave 228
oculus 61
oell-&e-boeuf 274
off-center 110
offset l1end 203
ogee 185
ogee.rch 14
ogive 263
ohm 74
Ohm'slaw 74
ell-borne preservative 280
oll-c.nnlng 214
ollfurn.u 121
oUIet 99
011 of turpentine 187
oilpalnt 187
oilstaln 187
oi/v;arnlsh 187
olfactot:i 57
olive hinge 115
olive knuckle hinge 115
Olmec architecture 129
on center 267
one-point perspective 73
one-sheet hyperoolold 220
one-way 238
one-way slab 204
onion dome 36
oolite 236
opaque 143
opaque stain 187
open boarding 213
open cornice 213
open 213
open-end I1locl: 160
open grain V8
Ie;;f 62
open mortise 141
open plan 216
open riser 235
open-riser stair 235
open 213
open 235
stair 235
open-timbered 107
open valley 212
open-wet? steel JOist 173
openwort 182
opera house 258
operal11e Window· 273
oplsthodomos 250
opposition 54
optical illuSion 264
optical mlxlng 58
optical plummet 247
optlmum moisture content 225
opus Alexandrlnum 182
opus StGtile 182
opusvermlculatum 182
orchestra 256,258
pit 257
shell 257
order 12. 54
ordinary co"structlon 51
ordinate 108
organic 52
Organic architecture 135
o:-ganlc soil 224
organlz3tlon 53
orfel Z14
2J. 264-
oriented strand!1oard 284
59
ornament 182
orthogonal projection 69
orthD9r3phlc prpjectlon 69
oscIllate 152
osclttatlon 15 2
OsIrtin column 249
Ottoman ;Jrchltecture 132
Ottan13n archttecture 131
99
outer Ilea rth 87
outlet 79
outlet rox 79
olltnne 66
outlool: 217
outrigger 211
outside air 125
outwort 98
0'131 head 83
oven-dry m
overourden 221
overcast sky 150
overc 103 k 214
overdoor 63
overflow 198
INDEX
overhanging beam 17
overhead concealed closer 114
overhead door 62
overrelnforced section 202
overturning moment 153
ovalo 185
owner 48
oxeye 274
oxidation 171
oxIde 171
oyelet 99
.Pp
pace 234
pacbged air conditioner 124
pagoda 254-
pal-Iou 254
paint 187
paint system 187
palazzo 26
pale 38,98
palisade 98
Palladlana 94
Palladian motH' 274
Pallava 130
palm capital 249
palmette 184
pan 204
pan-and-roll tilIng 214
pane 271
panel SO, 64, 76.204,259,268
panelboard 76
panel cflp 212
panel grade 282
paneled door 64-
panel l!e3tlng 123
paneling 268
panel length 259
panel load 259
panel point 259
panel strip 204-
panel system 269
panel waH 156
panhead 85
panic Ir.tr 116
panic bolt 116
panic hardware 116
pantheon 251. 255
pantlle 214
pan tre3d 255
paper-backed lath 190
pal'2Pola 110,111
parabolic reflector 146
parabolic surface 220
paraboloid 219
paradise 37
parallne drawIng 71
Parallam 284-
parallax 264
parallel 74,108
parallel-chord truss 261
parallel forces 96
parallelogram 109
parallelogram law 96
parallel strand lumPer 284
305
INDEX
p'l'2pet 98.266
penetration test 225 picture window 274
parapet stIrtlng tTl penny 82 plend 185
parascenlum 256
pent Z08 pier 105.266
f' AR l1ul11 144
pentagon 109 pig 170
?,rga 87.176. tag pentastyle 179 pig Iron 170
:argetlng 87.189
pen thou 56 00. 139. Z08 pigment 187
;;;3rgl1\4 176
0
pentlce 208 pigmented stain 187
;7arli3ment hinge 115 people mover 81 pigtail 79
.. 3rodos 256 percentage relnforument 202 pilaster 266
94
perceptlon 265 pilaster 160
"rquet circle 258
perched 223 pile 95.102
. arquetry 94 percolatlon test ZOl pilecap 103
:3rterre ZI.258
perforated gypsum lath 190 pile density 95
"'.rthbn architecture 129 perforated shell tube 245 pile driver 102
53 perforated tracery 275 pile eccentrlclty 102
weld e6 pertormance spuiflcatlon 50 pilefoundatlon 102
partial prestressing 206 pergehsol 224 pile ring 102
particleboard 2M pergola 27 pile tolerance 102
parUcle-size d1str1Putlon 43 perimeter heating 122 pile weight 95
partlng Pe3d m. perimeter loop system 122 pillar 40
parttng compound 45
perimeter radial system 122 pilot hole 83
parting strip m. period 152 pllotl 26
paM.,n 266 periodic motion 152 pin 242
partltton bIod: 160 periodlc table 161 plnjolnt 242
party wan 266 perlpteral 251 pinned connection 242
pascal 167 ptr!style 137· pint 166
passage 67 43 pinnacle 262
248 penn 176 pintle 115
00 pernufrost 224 pipe 199
pa$5Jng m permanent set 164 pipe 1r.rtten 257
passive e3rtn pres5UI'C 100 ptrmeal1l1lty 225 pipe column 174
passlw: 'lZl 176 plpeflttlng 199
P ass-throug h 274 perpend 158 pipe pile 102
, pastlcile 183 Perpendicular style 132 pl53Y 34
perpendicular tracery 275 plse 34
path 21a Persbn 129 plse de terre 34-
pattna f75 Persian architecture 129 pitch 83.95.208.228.276
patio 26 personal distance 57 pitched roof 208
l
patWn 53.265 personal space 57 pitched truss 261
p-atterne.J gbss 112 perspective 59.72.73 pitch-faced 237 .
patternedlum!1e-r 279 perspective projection 72 pitching piece 235
115 pervious soil 225 pitch pocket 278
1
pavement SOIW 47 petcock 123 pit dwelling 136
pzverUIe 33 phantom 71 plthZi6
pavlf10n 24. 27 phantom line 71 pivoted door 62
p;NiIIon roof 208 pharaoh 249 pIvot&:f window m
l
P-delta effect 41 ph356 58.76.228 pI.ace 217
224
phenolic resin 193 placement 46
pllery 258 phenopl3st 193 piau of beginning 246
?e3 rIIte -43 PhillIps head 83 p!o:fond :30
L
JnOIdInf 185 phloem 276 plain lap 141
pebO{e 224 phon 229 pblnra" Zl2
189 phosphor 145 plaln-S;iw 278
rectY Zi8 phosphorpronze 175 plain 283
L
photochemical 187 plan 69
103 pi 110 plane 109
250 plano hinge 115 pl3ne geometry 109
Peg-603rd 2M plano nolnle 26 pbne 246
L
147.263 plazzOl Zl plane truss 259
post 210 plcl:le 171 pl3nk-ancHeam construction 106
xnaentlve 61 plcUlgraph 182 pl3nk flooring 94
;-entknUVe ma:etmg 252 pictorial space 12 plank house 136
6
61 picture mold 186 pbnt 186
;-enetl'2t1ng stain 187 picture plane 72 planted stop 63
:>eI'Ietratlon 225 . picture rail 186 plan view 69
L
U
06
INDEX
pt.ster 1t;8 polarized 79 preactlon system 90
plasturoara 191 pok: 100 precast concrete 206
plaster bond 190 pote construction 106 precast concrete pile 102
plasterer's putty 188 pote house 100 PreclassIc . 128
plasterofParls 1t;8 pole plate 210 Pre-Columl1lan 130
plastic 192 ponshed work 237 prefabricate 50
plastic deform3tlon 164- 192 prefabricated flue 87
plastic flow 164- potychromatlc 39 preferred a ng Ie 233
plastic foam 119 polyester 193 preflnlshed gypsum board 191
plastic hinge 104 potyethylene 192 preheat lamp 145
plasticity lnaex 225 polygon 109 preheater 125
plastIcizer 157,192 potygon method 96 prehistoric 128
plastic lamlM3te 193 potyhedron 111 prehung door 65
plastic nmlt 225 potymer 192 premium grade 283
plastic mix 44 potymerlzatlon 192 preparation 58
plastic ra"¥ 164- potipropylene 192 pre-posttenslon 207
plastic soil 225 potystyrene 192 presbytery 37
plat potythene 192 presentation drawing 67
plate 152. 02. 194, 267 potyurethane 193 preservative 200
plate action 194 potyuretnanefoam 119 pressure 167
plate cut 211 potyuretnanevarnlsh 187 pressure bult? 102
plate gIrder 173 butyral 192 pressure coefficient 154
plate glass 112 chloride 192 pressure drop 197
plate rail 186 resin 192 pressure-equalized design lTl
plate tracel)' Zl5 pony wall 26"1 pressure forming 192
plate trt3d 235 porcelain 32 pressure head 197
platform frame 267 porcelain enamel 32 pressure-tre3ted wood 280
P13tonJc solid 111 porch 25 prestress 206
plaza 'Zl pore 276 prestressed concrete 206
plenum 31,122 portal 25, 105 pretension 200
plenum lr.lrrier 232 portal method 105 primary air 126
plenum chaml1er 127 portculliS 99 primaI)' ream 106
plenum ventilation 127 porte-cochere 25 primal)' cable 29
Plexiglas 192 portico 25 primal)' color 39
plinth 159,179, 100 portland cement 42 primary compreSSion 100
pllnth I7Iock 1(;6 portland cement mortar 33 primary consolidation 100
plinth course 159 portland cement-lime stucco 189 primal)' meml>cr 241
plot 69 portland cement stucco 189 prime coat 187
plug 79.199 posltlve Ion 161 primer 178.187
p{ug fuse 76 posItIve momen't '0 principal 210
plump 211 posltlve shear 17 principal peam 106
plumlnng 1% post 40 principal merk:I1an 246
plumbing fixture 198 post-and-l1eam construction 106 prinCipal rafter 210
plumbing waD 199 post-,lMd-lIntel construction 100 principal reinforcement 204
plywood 282 85 princlpalstres5es 16
pneumatic pl3cement 46 postcap 85 ' principle 59
pneumatic riVeter 86 P05tclasslc 132 prism 111
poeu matlc stroctu re 168 postern 25.99 prismatic lens 146
pneumatic water supply 197 postformlng 193 process 5t;
pqche 69 postlche 183 profile 66.185. 247
door 62 postlcum 250 program 58
podet piece 2:12
post-modernism 135 pro%t 59
podlum 250,256 postoccupancy evaluation 49 proJeG"ted area method 154
point 54, lOO.155 posts ana timbers 279 projected window m
pile 102 posttenslon 207 projection 69.265
poInted arch 14 potable water 196 proJet 59
point Mnoa 149 potential 74 prolate 111
point of refusal 102 pountlal difference 74 prolate spheroid 111
point of resistance 102 pouna 167 promenade 27
polnt of support 242 power 74.167
promenade tile 33
point source 147 power trowel 47 pronaos 250
Poisson's ratio 162 ponolan 42 proof stress 164
potar angle 108 practice 59 property 162
potar axis 108 Prairie School 138 property line 221
polar coordinate system 108 Pratt 261 proportion 56
307
INDEX
proport:onal hmlt 164 queen post 210 ravenn 9b
prop0s41 58
queen truss 210 1%
propriet4 ry speclflc3t1on 50 quench 169 r.l'j 216
249
QuetzalcMl 13 t st)Joe: 132
proscenium 256
qulcldlme 157 144
proscenium arch 256 qUIri: 140.268 react1ve force 97
prospect 2fl
quoin 158 ready-mb:t.d concrete 46
prosty\e 251
re3dy-lnlxtd pl3ster 188
protected roof 215 Rr real 59
protected noncomPustlVle constructlon 51 r.l\7tlet 140 re350n59
protected openl"4 89 ra*aea step 63

protected ordinal)' constructlon 51 140 140
protected right mme construction 51 racew7j 78 cob- 39
prothes15 35 243 receptor 198
proton 1-61 radial dome 60 recessed grid 31
proton 161 radialorgini:z3Uon 213 rech3rge 223
prototype 59
rad131 shrinbge m Ilght loss factor 149
proxemlcs 57 radial symmry 55 rect.; 109
proximity 54.265 radlan 108 rectJr.gubr 109
PS pulp 144 radla ITt rat 120 coordinate system 108
pseudodlr .. eral 251 radIant t23 system 2%
251
radla tlon 113 rectllirar 109
psychrorr.ettr 120 radIator lZ3 132
psychl'O"lT"oe:trlc ch3rt 120 radius 110 rectJnr.e.tr;nc.ery 275
ptef'OlT\3 251 radius of gyration 40 red Pr:3SS fl5
pteron 251
radius vector' 108 red 213
I
puUl1c WZ'j 91 raft 101 reducu 199
puckfle wda 86 rafter 211 reducU?!l 175
puc!7lo 130 rafW tail 213 reductk:xl 162
I I
puR u;;r 1'4 rail 64- redurW rGy X)5
I
p(;lley 2J2 ralflng 235 ru&ng 185
pump 125 rainbow roof runtnnt109
srar 205 ralnSCree:l lTl runtnnt corr.er 244
I
purfte 184 ralnscreen principle m reevalu.rcn 58
I
puriln 210 truss 261 reference 50
purpose 5.3 system 93 dr.lwing 67
push Ft.te 114 m rtflne 50
L
putty 113 raised grain 2:78 r:flectJ nee 143
179 ra lsed pa r.a 268_ refb;t.e.d pl3n 69
pybn 2Ag ralslng plate 267
111.249.252 rake 209.26a reflected s!a re 148
b
f'ytnagor-=:;;n theorem 109 155
.'
refoecW pb n 69
raker 221 reflecUd sovrJ 230
G£l
tile 214 230
ql!7la 252 riser 233

Qln 129 rak 1"4 shore 22T 112
qUJdrangle 27 138 119
qUJd1"3nt 110 34- rtftect.or
ramp 233, Z35 refractloll 143
263 ardl 14 refrW,uy

rau/t 263
33 rampart 98 refuge 2f7
166 random ashbr 158 style 133
234 rant..lom maunl"4 283 reglstert22

quarter l"01.lnJ tb5 random row':: 158 regis tered 48
1U3rtersaW 2Jf) random shingles 213 reglet m
283 rarubn 213 regula 100
a,u3rtersp1Celanding 234 range 155,246 regular 54,109, III

'F3rter-t.um st3lr 234 range I1ne 246 regular Pe't'cl 116
:l.u3rtZ heater 123 ra"¥, 45 regular !rid 239
Q,:':3rtzlte Z36 rapld-st4rt I3mp 145 regu Ia r stroct<Jre 244
lamp 144 life 144 nne 66
Ir
q:J3tref0l1 Z75 rath 253 rehat coli 126
architecture 132 ratio 56 reinfOtUJ cone rt'U 202
a.u'een ctosa- 20 Rationalism 134 reinfOtUJ concrete 203

308
r .
i
f
INDEX
I
reinforced concrete column 203 rhythm 55 roller support 242
reinforced concrete sb1:J 204 riP 263 62
reinforced grouted maSOl1fj1 157 ril+.ind 261 rollocl: 19
I
reinforced '!allow-untt 1T135Oflfjl 157 101 roll roofing 215
reinforument 202 204 roll se<am 214
reinforcing par 202
263 Roman arch 14
reinforcing edge 168 ricwn 267 Roman architecture 130
relative humidity 120
267 19
release agent 45
212 Romanesque architecture 131
relief 70. 182 ZJ4 Roman theater 256
relief valve 123 too
Rome 130
reliefvent 200 263 Romex caule 78
relieving arch 266 rich mix 157 rood 37
Renaissance 132 Ricft3rdsonlan Rom3nesque 134 rood screen 37
Renaissanc.-. architecture 132
209 roof 208
I
rendering 67
rid¥ ream 211 roof drain 209
rendering coat 189 r.:l.Jeboard 211 roof flange m
repetttlon 55
roof framing 211
repetltlve 280
212 212
I
repetitive memuer factor 280 I73ff!e 140 rond 215
repose 54.217
211 felt 215
reproductNe imagination 59 rid¥pole 211 nail 82
reservoir 196
paper 215
residual stress 169 214 tile 214
resilient channel 232 214 roofplan 69
resilient clip 232 cutting 2b3 room 216
resilient flooring 95 right angle 108 room acoustics 230
resilient 232 ro:1htclrcularroM 111 room cavity 149
resin 192. 'lJ6 111 room cavity ratio 149
resin canal ZJ6 114 room surface dirt depreclatlon 149
resin duct 'lJ6 reverse 114 root 86.141
resinous IT13trlx 94 morr.e:rt 153 116.184
resistance 74 triangle 109 rose wlnaow 37
resistance weldIng 86 r' ..:l'J 238 rosette 184
resisting moment 15 arch 13 rotafjl 283
resistivity 74 mrd 119 rotation 97
resonance 152. 2.30 r# connectlcn 242 rotational surface 220
respond 36 104- rota operator 273
restoring moment 15;3 r-!J Joint 242 rotunda 26
covenant 51 r,!?J rnetatcondurt 78 rough !rod: 63
resultant 96 rtmjc1st 92 roughcast 189
retaining wall 'lJ0 116 rough coat 189
retlrder 43 rtr.;-shank nail (';2 rough floor 92
reticulate l34 rip 'Zle rough grading 222
retlcubteJ Zl5 'lJ0 rough hardware 114
retrocholr 37 'lJ8 roughing-In 199
return 186 12.80.200.233 roughluml:Jer m
return air 125 197.233 rough 63
return 199 rise;--tread ratio 233 rough 235
retUrM-COfMr plock 160 115 round arch 14
return grille 122 rou nd head 83
return pipe 126 86 round point 82
return wan 266 252 rout 140
reveal 63 roc!: 236 row house 139
revent 200 rca caisson 103 rowlocl: 19
revem:ratlon 230 rca-cut tomb 249 row spacing 84
revem:ratlon Clme 230 rca -faceJ 237 rul7Ver 193
reverse \:level 116 rca 190 paint 187
reverse return 123 Rc.dwell numb>er 165 ruul1er tile 95
reverse-trap 198 rca wool 119 rubule 158
reversll1te uk 116 Roccco 133 rulea surface 220
revet VO rcJ 166.247 run 208.233
revetment 270 rr-...Jdinq 46 Rundrogenstll 134-
revolving door 62 gL-Jss 112 rung 2.33
rheostat 79 r.;-:·u joint 242 running Mnd 2J)
309
--1
INDEX
J10kj 109 sash fast 272 secondary stresses 259
runoff 223 sash fastener 712 secret dovet.1I I4l
runW2Y 253
sash line 272 sectlon 70,246
rustle 158 sash ribPon 2J2 section hne 70
rus t:btlon 158 sash stop m sectlon modulus 16
rustbtlon 45 sash 272 sector 110
ru s tlc Joint 158
5aS53nian architecture 130 secular 243
rustic 268
satIn flnlsh 187 security glass 112
rustic slates 213
satur3tea air 176 sed1ment.ry rock 236
rus tic temzzo 94-
satur3tlon 3a see 264-
paint 187
satUr3tlon coefflclent 18 seepage pit 201
R-valut 118 saucer dome 60 arch 14 I
sawtooth roof 208 46
i
55
S hrfb 144- seismic 152
S3!:r1n 231 saffold 49 seismic coefficient 153
sack +4 saffold nail 82 seismic fOfU 152
248 scagliola 189 seismic joint 244
sacrtfd3l;mode m scale 56.69.166.169 seismic zone factor 153
j
sacristy 35 scalene 109 select 58
63.a?9 47 selectlYe aPsorytIon 38
266 scallop 184 setf-centQIng lath 190
sadk copInt 266 sca!'Cement 159 se!f""iosIng fire assemPty 89
sada'1e joint 159 sca rf joint 140 self-furrh'9 lath 100
S3dd\e sW"fxe 219 scarp 00 self-t3pplng screw 83
safety 251 scheme 59 SellUK archlttcture 132
s.fe-ty 240 5chl¥ed1tr dome 60 116.215
s.fay §lass n2 science 11 semicircular Glome 60
s.fe-ty 235 sds.sors truss 261 semlJetachea dwe!!lng 133
235 sconce 147 143
s.fety vm 123 sccncheon 63 semldome 61

scored 17'.od 160 semigloss 187
S34 28
scotb 181 seml-lnJ1rect lighting 143
sahli 252 SCR PrIck 19 semlvltreous 32
sailor 19 senteh coat 188 117
salient 54.109 47.190 septle t3nk 201
sally port 96 scrun 266.714 249
saltbox t:3a screen block 160 serendipity 59
sanctu3ry scrt.en door 64 serial 201
sanctJ..m 250 screw 83 series 74
sand 224 scrt\It' eye 83
sanJ clay 224 5CrewnaU 82 236
I
sand--cushlon temzzo 94- scrWPbng 66 sm-u75
s.nd ftIt.er 201 saWed joint 140 service conductor 75
ftnlsn 189 scrim 190 ser«.A drop 75
sand-lime 160 scroI 184 seMce entrance conductor 75
I
sanJ 103 scum 201 service 75
sandstone Z36 scum clear 201 service Iatml 75
sand-strud: IIttl 18 scuncheon 63 service Ioa.:l 240
S3ndw1ch!:om 28 t scupper 209 servIu pipe 196
l
50 116 service rac,ew3'J 78
ry I7Jss :33 se.168 service sink 100
cross 199 se31er 187 servlceswfUh 76
sanitary sewer 200 se350neaW 5m'Ice ttnlpmture 193
stop 65 se3t 199 set 47.82
l
ry tt.c 199 seat angle 174
WlIr'e 198 seatcut 211 setscrew 83
sap Zl6 se3te.a connutlon 174 setting Plod: 113
sapwood Zl6 se.tlng 257 shrinkage 47
L
sarcophagus :;s secant 109 settlement 100
sash 271 second 108 settlement load 151
sash !:talance z/2 secondary beam 106 set-up 247
sash !:tar Zl1 secor.dary caMe 29 S¢lery 262
L
160 St:COnda ry color :39 sewage 200
sash chain 'Elf. St:COndary consolllitlon 100 treatment plant 201
s3sh cord m secondary member 241 se;;er 200
L
310
r-
I
\
INDEX
sexpartite vault 263 sr,ae 221 site coeffl<;lent 153
Sezesslon 134- sh«ing 221 site drainage 2Z3
sgrafflto 182 shcro 2.55 site plan 69
shade 39.70 shcrl 76 sitewon: 221
shades and shadows 70 shcrl circuit 76 51 unit 166
66 shcrt column 40 slxteenpenny nail 82
shading coefficient 112 shcrt ton 167 stze-adJusted value 200
shaclow 70 shatcrete 46 sized slates 213
shaclow plock 160 shct-S3wn 231 size factor 21)0
shaft 179.262 shctJkler 98.141 size puspectlve 72
shaft grave 248 shc1J lder miter 140· skeleton constructlon 106
shake 213.278 shcved Joint 155 SkeM 256
shallowfounaatlon 100 shcwer 198 sketch 67
Shang 128 shre:3dhead 208 skew 159
shank 82 shrino¥ 7J7 ske' .... arch 12
shape 52 shrfnbge hmtt 225 skewi?ad 14
shear 163 shr!nbge relnfcrcement 204- skew corbel 159
shearcenter 16 shrink-mixed concrete 46 skewgrk:l 195
shear dlagram 17 sh iP'.off va Ive 196 skew lines 108
shearforce 163 m skim coat 188
shear Mad 205 sh pa roe! m skin friction 102
force 163 stlle 64- skip 218
shearing resistance 225 90 $l:lp sheathing 213
shearing strain 163 s:k cut 211 skirt 186.271
strength 225 212 sl:y component 150
shearing stress 163 siddlght 63.148 sl:yltght 150.209
shear modulus 163 sldesway104 s(yscraper 22
shear pl3"te 85.173 sta:r.g 268 26
shdr stratn 163 72. 258 101
shear stress 163 52 slag 170
shear stud 93 s1(hm 253 slaWlime 157
shearwall 243 253 slat 94
sheath 207 siraous 42 slate 236
sheathing 212. 268 siliCOl'l 175 siatlng nail 213
e
sheath pile 221 175 sleeper 94
shel101t 45 siilc.cne 1.93 slendemess ratlo 40
shed &ormer 209 slrCCfle 193 sr01ng 154-
shed roof 208 sin 63.267 door 62
sheet Slass 112 silt ,ncnor 85 sndlng S3sr 272
sheetlng 192 160 snp 37
sheet metal 172 siroe.cd 197 snp form 45
sheet-metal screw 83 siR pl.4te 267 sOp rT13tchlng 283
sheet pile 221 sift :a!er 267 sap mortlse 141
Sheetrock 191 silt 224 grid 239
shdl 21. 161. 219 109 snp slll 211
shellac W7 s;1!'liU rtty 54. 265 slope of gratn 2W
shellac V<imlsh 187 sln-.pl,e Peam 17 slopslnl: 198
shelter 136 sl:r:u13t.e 58 slot dIffuser 31
shielded cable 78 s}rro..;!t3r.wJS 265 slot mortlse 141
shielded metal arc wekllng 86 109 head 83
a"91e 146.273 doo!- 62 slud¥ 201
Shlmmel-zukurl 255 105 clear space 201
shiner 19 weld 86 slump 44
shingle 212 structure 29 slump bloc!: 160
Shingle style 134- slr.gl¢-dllCt system 126 slump cone 44
I shingle 214 window 272 slumpkst 44
I
Shinto 255 76 slurry wall 221
I
shiplap 268 glass 112 slype 37
shlp's ladder 233 206 srT13I1c.alorie 117
76 86 smafta 182
shoe 102. 186. 209. 259. 267
sir-\: 198 smelt 170
I
shain 137
115 srr.ol:e chamber 87
sholn-zul:url 137 sIF"cn-Jet 198
srr«e detector 90
shOJI 137
198 smol::e-developed rating 88
shop lumber 279 221 smc.l:dome 87
I
I
311
INDEX·
smokeprod enclosure 91
sollar 107 sphinx 249
smoke sid 1)7
solvent 187 197. 199
smokesta2 1)7
sone 229 spike 1)2

Sonotul1e 45 splke-and-ferru1e 209
snaptle 45
sorln 255 splke grid 1)5
snowloa-l 151
sound m splll 147
S03p 19
sound-al1sorDlng masonry unit 160 spill hght 147
S03 pstce 236
sound grade 283 spindle 116
society tW
sound-Insulating door 65 splral 110
sociology n
sound Insulation 232 spiral column 203
socket 79
sound Intensity 229 spiral reinforcement 203
SOCketedC4lsson 103
sound-Intensity level 229 spiral stair 234
l
sodhousc 00
sound Isolation 232 splre :36
sodium bItp 145'
sound knot 271) splrlt level 247
sodlum-GpOr t.lmp 145
sou nd level meter 229 spirits ofturpent1M 187
soffit leO
sound power 229 spirit stain 187
l
soft;-UurItA 32 sound-power level 229 spirit va m Ish 187
softenl", point 193
sound pressult 229 splash 209
soft; JoI'" 156
sound-pressult level 229 splay 63.185
soft; hg Itt 148 soundproof 230 splayed coping 266
l
soft;-mud process 18
sound transmission class 232 spl1ce plate 174
soft; sted 170
sound wave 22b sp"ne 31.140
soft stofy 244
space 217 spilt V8
soft;wood V6
spaced column 281 spilt 39
soil 224
spaced sheathing 213 spllt-face!rlock 160
l
soil./lalysis 224
spaced slatlng 213 spllt-facecJ 237
soU PinJa VO
space frame 195 spilt-level 138
sail class 224
space heater 123 spilt-ring e5
225
space heating 121 spot 147.257
L
2CO
space planning 10 spot elMtlon 247
soli pressure 100
spacer 45.113 147.257
soil profIe 224
spaCtl truss 195 spray-on flreprooflng 88
soli stMzer VO spacing crlterl3 149 spre3d 122
L
soil stact 200 spading 46 spreader 45
sOil str.;:t.ure 225 spailing 47 spread foot!ng 101
soiIytg 200 span 15 sprig 113
sob .. m spandrel 12. 269 spring 12
L
sobr coht.or 226 spandrel !?eam 269 spring V2
solar COIIStJnt 226 spandrel glass 112. 269 spring equinox 226
I
soIa .. 226
spandril 12.269 springer 12 .
solar-hating system 226 Spanish tHe 214 spring hinge 115
.
l
226 span rating 282 springing 12
solar 226 span:: arrester 87 spring steel 170
226 span::gap 77 springwood V6
sobr sc;n:en 2Zl vamlsh 187 sprinkler he3d 90
saYer e6 spat 65 sprinkler system 90
L
soldier 19 spatial edge 72 sprink1ered 90
soCdIer D1 221 spatteraash 11)9 sprocket 213
soYIc:r corse 20 specialty panel 282 spur 183
soYIc:r pie 221 specifications 50 sqU2re 109. 212
,
sole 2JU specific conductance 74 squared 158
1.

specific 91'3vIty 167 f)4
soCepfate 267 specific heat 117 square measure 166
soY tt1.161 specific humicllty 120 square splice 140
L
sana •• 142 specific resistance 74 squinch 61
soIt.d Woct flooring 94 specific volume 167 . $-shape 172
92 spectral dlstriPutlon curve 145 stalnhty 243
soIld coImn 281 spectrum 38 staPil1zer 192
L
sona-an 000r 65 specular 143 staPillzlng moment 153
soIld flg sIa!1 206 speculation 59 stack 122, 200
111
speculative builder 48 stack rond 20
solidify 161 speed of sound 228 stack partltlon 199
L
soIld mason ry 156 sphere 111 stack vent 200
solid masonry unit 160 spherical surface 220 stadia 247
soIld-tDp PIocl: 160 spheroicl 111 stadia rod 247
I
1.J
0
312
,
r
f
r
I
I
INDEX
staff Pead 271 stepping off 211 stress relieving 169
stage 2!57 step-up transformer 75 stress reversal 259
stagehouse 2!57 steradian 142 stress-strain diagram 164
staggtred COtJI'Se 212 250 stress trajectories 16
staggered joints 212 Stk;k style 1:34 stretcher 19
staggered-stud partition 232 stick system 269 stretcher block 160
staging 49 stlffVack 45 stretcher bond 20
stain 187 stiffener 173 stretching course 20
stained gl3ss 37 stfffmlx 44 stria 180
stainless steel t70 sttff-mud process 18 strike 116
stair 233 stiffness 164 strike plate 116
staircase 235 stile 64 string 235
stalrhead 233 Stile Uberty 1:34 string board 235
stair headroom
stilt 106 string course 159
stair lift 81
stilted arch 14 stringer 92. 235
I
stair rod 235
stilted vault 263 strip 83
stairway 233
stipple-troweled flnish 189 strip flooring 94
stairwell 233
stippling 66 strip footing 101
stalactite 2!52·
stirrup 203 strip lath 190
253
stoa 250 strongl7ack 45
starIChlon 235
stone 236 struck Joint 155
standlng leaf 62
128 structural analysis 240
standard atmosphere ·167
Stonehenge 248 structural clay tile 34-
Standard BUilding Code 51
stoneware 32 structural design 240
standard candle 142
stool 271 structural dimension 57
sta ndard hook ·202
stoop 25 structural facing tlle :34-
standard pipe 172
stop 63, 186, 272 structural failure 240
standard terrazzo 94
stop bead 272 structural gria 239
standby generator 75
stop clurnfer 140 structurallnsulatlng roof decI: 215
standing seam 214
stopped dado 140 structural lightweight concrete 43
standing wave 231
stopped mortise 141 structural lumber Zl9
standpipe 90
storm cellar 23 structural member 238
staple 82
storm door 64 structural pattern 239
star 183
storm drain 223 structural rating 240
Star of David 183
storm sewer 223 structural sealant 113
starter 145
storm window 274 structural sheathing 268
starter tile 214
story 22.24 structural steel 173
startlr.g course 2i2
story drift 153 structural tee 172
star vault 263
story shear 153 structural tul7ing 172
equivalent· 97
84 structural unit 239
statlc fit 57
stovepipe 121 structure 53,238
statk; load 151
Str.llght flight 234 structure-rome sound transmission 232
static load test 102
straight-run stair 234- strut 238
statk;s 97
stralghtspflt 213 stub tenon 141
I
statlon 247
strain 162 stucco 189
station polrrt 72
str;lin 162 stud 267
statute mile 166
strain-hardening range 164 studiO apartment 139
stave church 36
straining veam 210 stud partition 267
Steaml70at Gothic 1:34-
straining piece 210 stud wall 267
steam heaUng 123
straining 5111 210 study 67
steam trap 123 strain-rate effect 165 StUp3 253
Ste.llttte 236
strand 206 styfe 128
I
steel 170
strap footing 101
Style Modeme 135
173 strap hinge 115 5tylolr.ite 250
steel column 174
strapwon: 184
Styrofoa m 119
steeple 36 strattflcatlon 46 sul7uasement 23
Steiner tunnel test 88
stratum 224 5uDc3slng 63
stele 250 strength 162 sul7contractor 48
stellar vault 263 strength of materials 162 sul7dlagonal 261
step 233 stress 162 suDfloor 92
step-down transformer 75
stress concentration 163 sUDgrade 222
step flashing 177
stress design 240
submerged arc welding 86
stepped flashing 177
stressea-skln panel 50 subpurlin 210
stepfW footing 101
stress grade 280 sUDs'" 271
ramp 233 stress relaxation 165 subsoil 224
313
INDEX
sut?sbtlon 75 switch 79 tempmtureeffect 165
sut?stractlve color M 75 temper3ture relnforcement 204
sul1str.lte 101. r78 swltchge3r 75 tempered glass 112
sul1strnum t)1 switchgear room 75 tempmJ h2rdPoard 284-
21
symbol 52 temp13te 266
dr.linage 223 symmetry 55 templ1te hinge 115
sul1surface investlgatlon 225 SJ'I13gogue 250 temple 24a
sul7surface s.na filter 201 syncl3stic 220 Temple of Solomon 250
sul7tmtlve 52 SJl1ectlcs 59 templet 266
suction 18. 190
S)'Tlthesls 58 tendon 206
suite 216
S)'Tlthetlc rul?Der 193 ten14 100
sulfate 3Ctlon 42 syrinx 249 tenon 141
Sumerian architecture 128 system 21 tensile fofU 162
summer 'tCJl systems building 50 tensrle strain 162
summer solstice 226 systyle 179 tensile strength 162
'{J] tensile stress 162
s umll'lel"WOOd 216 Tt tensile test 162
sump 200 taremacle 36.250 tel\$lo!1 54,162
sump pump 200
ta remac Ie fr3 me 186 tension-control Dolt 174
sun control 227 table 159.183 tens1o!1 member 238
sun ded: ZZl ta\:1lero 252 tenslo:l reinforcement 202
0
sunkdraft Z!J7 tal7let 183 ring 60
sunk panel 268 tactile texture 52 tent str.Jcture168
sunk relief 182 taenia 100
teree 136
sunlight 150 tag In termin41 79
sun parlor 2ZJ tall 213 termin3J system 126
,
sun porch 2ZJ tal1cut 213 term!n41 unit 126
SUTlI'OOll'l 2Zl tail!n 159 termin41 velocity 122
sunsfWe 2ZI tall!ng 159 term It.e shield 267
supercolumnlatlon 256 92.211 Mal 175
l.
superpbstlclzer 43 talud 252 temepbte 175
supet"Structure 21 tamrour 61 terra cotta 34
supply :.Ilr 125 tana 137 terrace 25.139
supply pIpe 126 Tang 254 terrace house 139
support condition 242 tange11t 109.110 terrazzo 94
Ii
surbaStd:.lrcl1 14 ta"¥ntlal 2n terrepldn 98
surch3rge 210 tangentlalstre5s 163 terrltc:xi3!1ty 57
surface 111 T:.Io 129 tert13ry Deal!! 100
surface-actlve agent 43 Ta.:lism 129 tertJ4rycolor 39
Li
surface-active structure 238 .tap 83.197 ter1!..ory memkr 241
surface I10ndlng 160 tapered column 2.81 tessm 182
sumce conaensatlon 176 ta pered end form 204 test 53
surf.lct c:Jr.Ilnage 223 taperspllt shake 213 test cylinder 44 U
surbc&:f dry m ta pplng screw 83

surfaced m bract 247 111
surf.lct structure 238 b5l; lightIng 148

surface tension 177 taste 10 texture 52. 53 U
surfactarrt 43 tataml 137 texture l-M 282
surround '0. 268 T-Uar 172 texture perspective 72
sum:rur.d thtoiteo 257 T8 lnJlP 144 thM m
survey 246 T-Peam 203 the4ter 256
U
SUl"'t'eyOr"schaln 247 TUuII1 145 the4ter-ln-the-rouna 257
survr;y plat 246 te3ser 257 theodolite 247
sU5pendedcelllng 31 technics 11

I
suspended-span r7 technique 66 tMrm 117

suspension bridge 29 technology 11 thertT14lllr.lnier 118
suspension stl"1JCtUre 29 tecton Ics 11 therm31 brt3t 118
5W31c223 tee 172. 199.253 thermal ccmfort 120
L
swan's neck pedlmtnt 186 tupu 136 thernul conductance 118
sway In-ace 243 tegula 214 thernul conductivity 118
176 telaman 250 therm31 contraction 165
62
128
thernul expansion 165
L
fitting 199 temenos 250 thernul finish 237
door 62 temper 169 therm.;llnsulatlon 119
swirl finish 47 117 thtrtnal resistance 118
I
U
314
I
INDEX
thermalshock 165 tin roofing 214 transformer 75
thermal stress 165 tint 39 transformer vault 75
thermal transmittance 118 glass 112 tr;lnslt 247
thermocouple 121 to 255 transltlon 218
thermoformIng 192 toe 86.270 transltlcnal structure 239
thermometer 117 tc-enall 82 transit-mixed concrete 46
thermoplastIc 192 togg!ebolt M translation 97
thermoset 193 toggle swltGh 79 translational surface 219
thermosettlng plastic 193 toilet 198 translucent 143
thermostat 121 toilet partition 198 transmission loss 232
thick-set process 33 tcl:mshlra 137 transmIttance 143
thlmtne 121 tc-l:011orna 137 transom 63
process 33 Toltec archItecture 131 transom light 63
thin-coat plaster 188 to11 167 transcm window 63
T-hlnge 115 tone 39 transparent 143
thinner 187 tongue-ana-gl'OOle 140 transverse arch 262
thln-set terrazzo 94 tongued miter 140 transverse force 163
thin shell 219 tonne 167 transverse load 163
61 ton of refrigeraUon 124 transverse rib 263
tholos 248 tooledjolnt 155 transverse section 70
thre3d 83 t..."Oled surface 237 transverse shear 15
three-coat plaster 188 toothed pl3te 85 trap 198
three-hinged arch 13 203 trapezIum 109
three-hinged frame 104 top carclearanu 50 trapezoid 109
three-phase 76 tcpcoat 187 trave 107
three-point perspective T3 topcut 211 travel 00
three-'luarter-tum staIr 234- tope 253 travehng C3Ule 00
three-way lamp 144 topiary ZI traverse 246
three-way switch 79 topup 212 travert1ne 2.36
threshold 63.218 topout 49 tread 233
threshold of hearl"9 m toppl"9 94.204.206 tl"e3d retum 235
threshokJ of pain 229 top plate 267 tre3tea wood 200
throat 65.00.87 top rail 64 tl"efoll Z75
th rough check 278 topsail 224 tl-efoll arch 14
through stone 158 torana 253 trelliS Z7
through tenon 141 t.crchlere 147 tremle 221
through-wall flashing m toril 255 triad 39
th row 122. 149 257 tn41" gle 109
thrust 13 torque 163 tri3ngle method 96
thrustst3ge 257 - torsion 163 tNngular arch 14
thuml:mut 84 torsloll3llrregularJty 244 triangulation 247
thumbscrew 83 torus W1.220 triDunal 251
Tlanuan3co 130 totem 136 triDuM 35.251
tie 156.238 totem pole 136 triMary 241
tlelncl: 221 tou 254 tributary are;! 241
tie 103,210 toughness 164 triWtary leW 241
t1e.:J column 203 tou-kung 254 tricalclum aluminate 42
tier 258 toure!1e 99 tricalclum slnc.te 42
tlerceron 263 t..."'Wer 26 trtforlum 37
tie rod 13 Tower of 63 Del 248 triglyph 100
tlghtflt 216 toWTI planning 10 tri4Or.orr.etrlc function 109
278 township 246 tri4Onometry 109
tlle acussory 33 106 tri!aten tlon 247
tlle grout 33 trace 66 triflth 248
tlletle 214 traetry Zl5 trlflthan 248
tilting fillet 214 tracheld ZIG trim 186
1
tllt-up construction 50 tracheflum 180 trlmetric projectlon 71
J
timber 277 tracl lighting 147 trimmer 33.92
timber connector 85 tr3<:t house 138 trimmer arch 87
I
tlm!1er pIle 102 tnctlon elevator 00 tripartlte vault 263
I
tlmbers Zl9 tnnsept 36 trlphasphor 145
tlme-klay fuse 76 tl":lnsfercolumn 105 triple point 117
time of haul 46 transfer glrkr 105 triplex 138
tin 171 tnnsfer molding 192 tristyle 09
tinplate 171 transformation 58 triumphal arch 251
!
315
NDEX
1
t
rllngwd 240
,-
rllng stress 164-
l
)f'\:lng 5tressdesl9n 240
)f'\: pbne 149
f'
95
)\len valley 212 L
l'r'en-wire f.iUr!c 202
-eathe 184.234
I
-eathe piece 234
"Ought Iron flO
L
f72
Ie 199
I'
{the \55
L
(
axis 108
I
mclng 243
coordinate 108
L
i 12a
!em 2:76
I
y
Ing-shao 128
lJ
ra 166
, I
Z79
axis 107 r
:;.ooralll3te 107
11
point 102, 164
I
Sf'.rell§th 164-
, 128
I:e 45.Z72 U
modulus 162
ngang 254-
I

U
z:
architecture 130
137
I xis 108
i
i.J
172 i
:oordlnate i
: T72 i
11th 150
b
'O-foru 259
2S4
I
)U 129
248

U
ilda 252
Ia I C3Vfty r.ethod 149
L
126
ln9 or&ntaru 51
horus 100
133 ,
l.
I
U
II
I
I
li
l
I
Architecture Is an art for.h to learn pecause all are concerned with It. -John Ruskin • Architecture depenas on
Order. Arrangement. Eurythmy. Symmetry. Propriety. ana Economy. All of these must l:>e pullt with due reference to
duraplhty. convenience. and Peauty. Duraplhty wllll>e assured when four.datlons are c.rrled down to the solid ground
and materials wisely and liberally selected: COfwenlence. when the arrangement of the apartments Is faultless and
presents no hindrance to use. and when each class of building Is assigned to Its sultableand a pproprl3te exposure: and
beauty. when the appearance of the wort Is pleasing artd In good taste, and when Its meml:>ers are In due proportion
according to correct principles of symmetry. -VItruvlus • Archtucture is the masterly. correct and ntflcent play
of masses !7rought together In light. -leCorilusler • Arryone entering an the study of archlUcture must
that even though a plan mdy have abstract beauty on paper. the four f3C3deS may seem balanced and the total
volume well proportioned. the pulldlng Itself may tum out to l:>e poor a rchttecture.1 rrtemalspace. that space which
cannot \;Ie completely represented In'any form. which c.n De grasped ana felt only through direct experience. Is the
protagonist of architecture. r o grasp space. to know how to see It. Is the key to the understanding ofpulldlng. -Bruno
levi • Architecture. painting. and sculptureareC3l!edtheflne arts. They ap'peal to the eye as music does to the ear.
But architecture Is not judged byvisuaf appeal alone. Buildings affect.1I of the hult13n senses - sound. smeR. touch.
taste .• ndvlslon. -Forrest WIlson • It b¢::ame apparent to us thatarchructure a highly
speclal1:zed system with a set of prescribed technical goals ratherth3n a sensual sccl3lart responsive to real human
deslres.nd This hmltatlon Is mastfrlghtenlngly It13nlfested In the reliance on two-dlmenslonaldl3granns that
lay mare stress on the quantlful Die features of Irollding organization run on the polychromatlc and three-dimensional
quahtlesofthe whole architectural.experience. -Kent Bloomer&Charles Moore • The only wayyoucan pulld. theonfy
way you can get buUdlng Into being. Is through the rneasural7le. You must follow the laws of ana use
quantftlesof Prick. methods of construction. and engineering. But In the e:'1d. when the Dulldl"9 p3rtof living.
tt unmeasura!11e qualltles. and the spirit of Its existence takes or'er. -louis Kahn • Built environments hlYe
various p1Jrposes: to sher-..er peaple ana their 0ICt1v1tles and possesslor.s from the elements. from human and animal
enemies. and from supematural powers; to estaDllsh place; to ;; humantzed. s3fe area In a profane and
potenttillfy dangerous world; to stress social k:lentlty and Indlc.te statJJs; and soan. Thus the arlglnsof ardIlUcture
\;lest un.derstood If one a view.nd considers sociocultural factors. In the In-oaQest sense. to !;Ie rr.ore
Important th3n climate. technolcgy. materials. and economy. In arry stt.u a tIon. It Is the Interplay of all these f.Jctors
that l>est thefonn of buildings. No single explanatlon willsufflc.e. M:3use Dulldlng.s - even apparerrtly huml:>le
dwelhngs - art material They.rt Instttutk:>ns. pasJc cultural phenomena. People think
envil'O!'lmerTts !lefore they l7ultd them. Thought orders space. tlme. actMty. status. roles. and Pdl3V1or. But gMng
physical expression to Ideas Is va 1U3 Die. Encoding ideas them usefu I mnemanlcs; Ideas help behavlarby reminding
people of how to act. how to and what Is expected of them. It Is 1m porta nt to stress that aD built environ ments
-i:lulldings. settlements. and landscapes - are one way of ordering the world I:Iy making ordering systems vIsIi:lle. The
essentbl step. therefort.1s the ordering or organizing of the envlronment.-Arnos Rapaport • Ruskin
nations write their .uto!1lographles In three manuscripts. the l7ookofthelraeeas. the 0001.: af their words and the Pock
of their .rt. Not one of these Pocks C3n pe understood unless we read the two others. Put of the the only
trustworthy one Is the last.' On the whale I think this Is true. If I had to say which was telling the truth about society.
a speech by a minister of housing ortheactual bUildings put up In his time. I should the I7ultdlngs. -Kenneth Clart
• We of any building. chat It act well. and do the things It was IntertJed to do In the Pest way: that It speak well.
and say the It waslnte1'lded to say In the best words; that It lool: well. and please us I1y Its presence. wnatevu
It has to do or say. -John Ruskin' Architecture also exists without r.ue5sary assistance from an architect; and
architects sometimes buildings which are nat architecture. -Norval White' Architecture Is produced by
ordinary people. for ordinary people: therefore It should be easily comprehensible to all. -Steen Eller R3smussen
319

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