Αρχαία Ελληνικά Παραγγέλματα

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Ap¿uiu Eììqviku Hupu¸¸cìµutu (Ancient Greek Maxims)

1


APXAIA
EAAHNIKA
HAPAIIEAMATA

(ANCIENT GREEK MAXIMS)












Entµcìcto: Ieóvvqç Kvµto¸óyìov
Translation: John Kyriazoglou













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Ap¿uiu Eììqviku Hupu¸¸cìµutu (Ancient Greek Maxims)

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Etótkq ckóooq yto xov toxóxono:www.free-ebooks.gr

(Special version for the site:www.free-ebooks.gr)









Entµcìcto: Ieóvvqç Kvµto¸óyìov
Translation: John Kyriazoglou
5/2010





















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Ap¿uiu Eììqviku Hupu¸¸cìµutu (Ancient Greek Maxims)

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HINAKAL HEPIEXOMENON (TABLE OF CONTENTS)


A4IEPOLEIL (DEDICATIONS) .............................................................................. 5
LYNO1H HEPIEXOMENON (SYNOPSIS) ............................................................ 6
MEPOL A (PART A): TA APXAIA EAAHNIKA HAPAIIEAMATA.................... 7
1. Hpoìo¸oç .......................................................................................................... 7
2. Lqµcieociç Hpoìo¸ou ....................................................................................... 8
3. Kcçuìuio A.1.: Tu Acìçiku Hupu¸¸cìµutu ...................................................... 9
4. Lqµcieociç tou Kcçuìuiou A.1....................................................................... 13
5. Kcçuìuio A.2.: Tu Aaoç0c¸µutu tev catu up¿uiev ooçev............................ 14
6. Lqµcieociç tou Kcçuìuiou A.2....................................................................... 21
PART B: ANCIENT GREEK MAXIMS................................................................. 22
1. Preface ............................................................................................................ 22
2. Preface: Notes ................................................................................................. 23
3. Chapter B.1.: The Maxims of the Oracle of Delphi .......................................... 25
4. Chapter B.1: Notes .......................................................................................... 30
5. Chapter B.2.: The Quotations of the Seven Sages............................................. 33
6. Chapter B.2: Notes .......................................................................................... 43
APPENDIX A: A Small Sample of the Delphic Statements..................................... 45
Appendix A: Notes.............................................................................................. 48
BIBLIOGRAPHY (BIBAIOIPA4IA) .................................................................... 49
Author’s C.V. (Ltoi¿ciu tou Lu¸¸puçcu)................................................................. 52

















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Ap¿uiu Eììqviku Hupu¸¸cìµutu (Ancient Greek Maxims)

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OI EHTA APXAIOI LOdOI (THE SEVEN SAGES OF ANCIENT GREECE)





A mosaic (3rd Century, ancient Corinth, Greece) showing the muse Kalliope, Socrates,
and the seven sages: Solon, Thales, Cleovoulos, Periandros, Pittacos, Bias, and Chilon.





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Ap¿uiu Eììqviku Hupu¸¸cìµutu (Ancient Greek Maxims)

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AOIEPOZEIZ (DEDICATIONS)


Autq q uv0oìo¸iu uçicpevctui otqv ooçu tqç Ap¿uiuç Eììuouç kui otqv u¸uaqµcvq
µou c¸¸ovq Mcìivu.

This book is dedicated:

To the glory of Ancient Greece,
And to my blue-eyed,
lovely grand-daughter,
and princess of my life, Melina.

































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Ap¿uiu Eììqviku Hupu¸¸cìµutu (Ancient Greek Maxims)

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ZYNO+H HEPIEXOMENON (SYNOPSIS)

Auto to µiµìio acpic¿ci tu up¿uiu Eììqviku Hupu¸¸cìµutu tev Acìçev kui tev
catu ooçev tqç Eììqvikqç up¿uiotqtuç, oc 2 µcpq. To apeto µcpoç acpic¿ci tu
Hupu¸¸cìµutu µctuçpuoµcvu uao tu Ap¿uiu Eììqviku otu Ncu Eììqviku, kui to
ocutcpo µcpoç uao tu Ap¿uiu Eììqviku otu A¸¸ìiku. Tqv cp¸uoiu tqç µctuçpuoqç
tqv ckuvu µc µuoq tqv cpcuvu, tqv µiµìio¸puçiu, kui µc apooeaikcç ocçiotqtcç kui
¸veociç. To µio¸puçiko µou kui tu ou¸¸puçiku µou cp¸u acpic¿ovtui oto
Hupuptqµu. Eiµui uaokìciotiku uacu0uvoç ¸iu oaoicooqaotc tu¿ov aupuìci¡ciç,
ìu0q kui uvukpiµcicç, cìai¸ovtuç, cuv civui ouvutov, otqv apooçopu cvoç µikpou
ooq¸ou µcìtieoqç tev uv0peaivev kui koivevikev o¿cocev µcoe tqç apooçopuç
tqç çiìiuç, tqç u¸uaqç kui tev uììev auvuv0peaivev uçiev kui upctev, aou
uvuçcpovtui otu up¿uiu Eììqviku Hupu¸¸cìµutu.
I. Kupiu¸o¸ìou
e-mail:[email protected]

This book contains a set of wisdom pieces of ancient Greece, in terms of the maxims
of the oracle of Delphi and the quotations of the seven sages of ancient Greece.
The first part contains the maxims in ancient Greek and current Greek. The second
part presents the maxims in acient Greek and their equivalent English translations.
The purpose of this book is to make all readers (general public, educated and not,
young, old, men, women, high school, college and university students, managers,
workers, professionals, etc.) aware of a set of classical quotations that could be used
to help them in all walks and stages in their personal and professional life, and
hopefully enable them to understand, reflect upon, and improve their relationships, in
the long term.

The translation of the maxims and quotations into English were done by the author on
the basis of the original texts in both ancient Greek and current Greek and other
sources noted in the bibliography. I am responsible for any errors and ommissions in
the translation, hoping that the reader will excuse me in this very difficult and
demanding task.
John Kyriazoglou
[email protected]














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Ap¿uiu Eììqviku Hupu¸¸cìµutu (Ancient Greek Maxims)

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MEPOZ A (PART A): TA APXAIA EAAHNIKA HAPAFFEAMATA

‘….uµcive o’ uioiµu auvtu’.
(To kuìutcpo civui vu c¿ciç oc oìu µctpo).

OMHPOL
1. HpóAoyoç

H aio oiuoqµq aupuoooq tev catu ooçev aou uaoocikvuci tqv µctpioçpoouvq kui
ouvuocìçikotqtu tou ¿upuktqpu touç civui q iotopiu tou tpiaooou. To tpiaooo qtuv
cvu µpuµcio u¸evev µc µc¸uìq uçiu, kui aou µpqkuv ¡upuocç otqv 0uììuou, kui
q0cìuv vu to oeoouv oc kuaoiov ¸iu vu tov tiµqoouv. Petqouv to µuvtcio tev
Acìçev to oaoio cµ¸uìc ¿pqoµo vu oo0ci uuto otov aio ooço uv0peao. Aiuìcçuv
tov Ouìq, uììu uutoç ocv to oc¿0qkc kui to cotciììc otov caoµcvo ooço, oioti ocv
0cepouoc tov cuuto tou tov aio ooço. O caoµcvoç ckuvc to ioio. 1toi uao ooço oc
ooço cacotpc¡c auìi otov Ouìq. Autoç to cotciììc tcìiku oto µuvtcio tev Acìçev
oto vuo tou Aaoììevu, oioti ‘o 0coç civui o aio ooçoç uao oìouç’…’.

Professor Daniel B. Levine
1
, 2002

O 0uuµuoµoç tev up¿uiev Eììqvev ¸iu touç catu ooçouç qtuv aoìu µc¸uìoç.
O Hivoupoç
2
, o µc¸iotoç ìupikoç aoiqtqç tqç up¿uiuç Eììuouç, touç 0cepci eç ¸iouç
tou 1ìou, aou µc tqv ioiu µc uutov uktiviµoìiu, çetiouv tqv uv0peaotqtu kui tqv
ku0ooq¸qouv oto opoµo tqç upctqç kui tou ku0qkovtoç.

O Huuouviuç
3
ovoµu¸ci ‘eçcìqµutu’
4
tu uacpo¿u ¸veµiku touç ¸iu tqv uv0peaivq
oiuµieoq kui tu oaoiu, ouµçevu µc tqv tckµqpieoq tou, ci¿uv uvu¸puç0ci oto
tcµcvoç tou Aaoììevu otouç Acìçouç, ¸iu vu µcivouv ckci ¸iu auvtu, eç µoviµu kui
uieviu ouµµoìu tou keoiku tqç q0ikqç ocovtoìo¸iuç.

Oi Eatu Loçoi oi oaoioi c¸qouv kui ¿upiouv tq ¸veoq kui tqv cµacipiu touç kutu
tov 6o kui tov 7o uievu a.X., ouµçevu µc aoììcç iotopikcç aq¸cç, uaotcìouv cvu
µuoiko opooqµo otqv iotopiu tqç up¿uiuç Eììuouç.

Oi Eatu Loçoi civui uutoi aou up¿iouv vu 0ctouv oc uµçioµqtqoq tu copuieµcvu
auìuiu uçieµutu kui vu cai¸qtouv vu kutuvoqoouv to µuotqpio tqç uaupçqç eotc
vu oeoouv uauvtqociç oc 0cµcìieoq cpetqµutu aou uauo¿oìouv tov Av0peao
ukoµq kui otqv oqµcpivq cao¿q, oc oìu tuu µqkq kui aìutq tou aìuvqtq µuç.
Oi Eatu Loçoi qtuv oi cçqç:
Ouìqç o Miìqoioç,
Xiìev o Aukcouiµovioç,
Hittukoç o Mutiìqvuioç,
Biuç o Hpiqvioç,
Kìcoµouìoç o Pooioç,
Loìev o A0qvuioç, kui
Hcpiuvopoç o Kopiv0ioç.
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Ap¿uiu Eììqviku Hupu¸¸cìµutu (Ancient Greek Maxims)

8

Oi acçetioµcvoi uutoi uv0peaoi cçcçpu¸uv tiç uao¡ciç touç ¸iu tu oiuçopu 0cµutu
tqv uv0peaivqç ¸eqç µc oaououiu uaoç0c¸µutu aou c¿ouv µcivci otqv iotopiu kui
¿pqoiµoaoiouvtui ukoµu kui oqµcpu.

Kui oaeç c¸pu¡c o µc¸uìoç Friedrich Nietzche
5
: ‘To apeto çiìoooçiko ¸c¸ovoç
otov Eììqviko kooµo, q caiìo¸q tev catu ooçev, apoooioci to apeto oiukpito kui
uçc¿uoto ¿upuktqpiotiko tou Eììqvikou aoìitioµou. Aììoi ìuoi c¿ouv u¸iouç, cve
oi 1ììqvcç c¿ouv çiìoooçouç. 1¿ouv oikio otuv kuaoioi oqìevouv oti cvuç ìuoç ocv
ku0opi¸ctui uao touç oaououiouç uv0peaouç aou c¿ci, uììu uao tov tpoao aou touç
uvu¸vepi¸ci kui touç tiµu.
2. Zqpsì6osìç HpoAóyou

1. Mctuçpuoq tou: ‘The most famous tradition that ties all the sages together has to
do with their modesty and what we might call their collegiality. There are half-a-
dozen versions of this story, but it basically goes as follows: some fishermen find a
tripod, which was a valuable item, worth the equivalent of many thousands of dollars,
traditionally given as a prize in the games. Of course, it was a source of contention.
To whom should it be given? The people consulted Apollo's oracle at Delphi as to its
rightful owner. The god replied that "whosoever is most wise" should possess it. So,
they gave it to Thales, but he did not consider himself as wise as another of the sages,
so he passed it to another, and that sage had the same humble opinion of his own
wisdom, and so passed it to the next, and so on, until the tripod came back to Thales,
who sent it to the shrine of Apollo, because, in truth, it is the god who is the wisest of
all. In this world of competitive wisdom, it is good to remind ourselves of this
example of humility’. Professor Daniel B. Levine, Classical Studies, ‘The
Philosophical Pleiad and College Teachers’ Lecture, University of Arkansas Teaching
Academy Banquet, November 13, 2002.
2. O Hivoupoç (522-443 a.X.) civui o µc¸uìutcpoç ai0uveç ìupikoç aoiqtqç tqç
Ap¿uiuç Eììuouç. Icvvq0qkc otiç Kuvoç Kcçuìcç, ¿epio tqç Oqµuç. 1tuv ¸ioç tou
Auiçuvtou kui tqç Kìcooikqç. O Hivoupoç qtuv q çevq tev Acìçev ¸iu
acpioootcpo uao oupuvtu ¿poviu. O Hivoupoç, kutu tqv oiupkciu tqç ¸eqç tou, ci¿c
tiµq0ci uao oìcç tiç Eììqvikcç aoìciç ¸iu tu aoiqµutu tou kui ci¿c apookuìcotci
ou¿vu uao µuoiìciç kui tupuvvouç otiç uuìcç touç, ioiuitcpu uao tov Aµuvtu tqç
Mukcooviuç, Apkcoiìuo tqç Kupqvqç, Oqpevu tou Akpu¸uvtoç kui Icpevu tev
Lupukouoev, oaou c¸qoc uao to 476 µc¿pi to 472 a.X.
Iiu acpioootcçcç aìqpoçopicç, µìcac: (1) anemi.lib.uoc.gr (uauvtu Hivoupou), (2)
Aupikoi Hoiqtcç 2 kui 3 kui 4’, KAKTOL, 2001.
3. Iiu acpioootcçcç aìqpoçopicç, µìcac: Huuouviuç ‘Eììuooç Hcpiq¸qoiç, 4ekiku’,
KAKTOL, 2001.
4. ‘... Tv oc t( apovuç t( cv Acìçoìç, ¸c¸puµµcvu cotiv eçcìqµutu uv0peaoiç cç
µiov ¸puçq oc uao uvopev oiç ¸cvco0ui ooçouç ìc¸ouoiv Æììqvcç’ (Huuouviuç, X,
ko´ 857). Bìcac µiµìio¸puçiu otqv oqµcieoq 3.
5. Bìcac: (1) Friedrich Nietzche (1962): Philosophy in the Tragic Age of the Greeks.
Regnery Gateway, (2) V. Tejera (1987): Nietzche and Greek Thought. Dordrecht:
Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, kui (3) Friedrich Nietzche (2007): H Icvvqoq tqç
çiìoooçiuç otu ¿poviu tqç Eììqvikqç tpu¸eoiuç. Ekooociç KOPONTH.


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Ap¿uiu Eììqviku Hupu¸¸cìµutu (Ancient Greek Maxims)

9
3. KsçdAdìo A.1.: Td ðsAçìkd HdpdyyéApdrd

‘HAIl ON KOlMIOl IlOI
HBON EIKPATHl
MElOl AIKAIOl
HPElBYTHl EYAOIOl
TEAEYTON AAYHOl’.


Eai¸puçq oto Ai Khanum
1
, Afghanistan

Auto to kcçuìuio acpic¿ci tu aupu¸¸cìµutu tev Acìçev kui tu oaoiu qouv
¿upu¸µcvu otov apoo0io toi¿o tou Hpovuou q cai tev aupuotuoev tqç auìqç tou
µc¸uìou vuou tou Aaoììevu q cai tou uacp0upou q cai tev aoììev otqìev, aou
ci¿uv toao0ctq0ci otiç aìcupcç tou vuou acpiµctpiku, otouç Acìçouç.

Autu tu uvtc¸puçuv oc µupµupivcç otqìcç kui tu µctcçcpuv oc oìu tu µcpq tou
up¿uiou Eììqvikou kooµou.

Tu aupu¸¸cìµutu uutu qtuv ìitu uaoç0c¸µutu 2 ceç 5 ìcçcev uììu µcotu ooçiuç,
kui tu acpioootcpu uvqkuv otouç 7 ooçouç tqç up¿uiotqtuç
2
, oaeç uvuçcpovtui oc
oiuçopcç aq¸cç. Autoi qouv oi cçqç:
Ouìqç o Miìqoioç,
Hittukoç o Mutiìqvuioç,
Biuç o Hpqivcuç,
Loìev o A0qvuioç,
Kìcoµouìoç o Pooioç,
Hcpiuvopoç o Kopiv0ioç, kui
Xiìev o Aukcouiµovioç.

To apeto kcçuìuio acpic¿ci tu 147 Acìçiku Hupu¸¸cìµutu
3
µctuçpuoµcvu uao tu
up¿uiu Eììqviku otu vcu Eììqviku, kui to ocutcpo tu Hupu¸¸cìµutu tev catu
ooçev, uao tu up¿uiu Eììqviku otu vcu Eììqviku.

Tu aupu¸¸cìµutu qouv ¿upu¸µcvu otu kcçuìuiu, ouµçevu µc oiuçopcç aq¸cç
4
.

Ltqv ouvc¿ciu aupouoiu¸ovtui tu up¿uiu Eììqviku aupu¸¸cìµutu oc kcçuìuiu kui q
µctuçpuoq tev otu vcu Eììqviku:

1. EHOY OEO. Nu ukoìou0ciç tov Oco
2. NOMO HEIOOY. Nu aci0up¿ciç otouç voµouç
3. OEOY LEBOY. Nu ìutpcuciç touç Ocouç
4. IONEIL AIAOY. Nu ocµcoui touç ¸ovciç oou.
5. HTTO YHO AIKAIOY. Nu uaotuoocoui oto oikuio.
6. INOOI MAOON. Ivepi¸c µu0uivovtuç.
7. AKOYAL NOEI. Kutuvoqoc uçou ukouociç.

8. LAYTON ILOI. Ivepioc tov cuuto oou.
9.IAMEIN MEAAE. Lkoacuc vu auvopcu0ciç.
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Ap¿uiu Eììqviku Hupu¸¸cìµutu (Ancient Greek Maxims)

10
10.KAIPON INOOI. 4povti¸c vu oiukpivciç tqv kutuììqìq oti¸µq.
11.4PONEI ONHTA. Nu okcçtcoui eç 0vqtoç.
12.EENOL ON ILOI. Nu c¿ciç ouvuio0qoq oti cioui cvuç çiìoçcvouµcvoç.
13.ELTIAN TIMA. Nu tiµuç tqv oiko¸cvciu oou.
14.APXE LEAYTOY. Nu kupiup¿ciç otov cuuto oou.

15.4IAOIL BOHOEI. Nu µoq0uç touç çiìouç oou.
16.OYMOY KPATEI. Nu ou¸kputciç tov 0uµo oou.
17.4PONHLIN ALKEI. Nu ouµacpiçcpcoui µc çpovqoq.
18.HPONOIAN TIMA. Nu tiµuç tqv apovoiu tou Ocou.
19.OPKO MH XPO. Nu µqv opki¸coui.
20.4IAIAN AIAHA. Nu u¸uauç tq çiìiu.
21.HAIAEIAL ANTEXOY. Nu cioui apooqìeµcvoç otqv auiociu.

22.AOEAN AIOKE. Nu caioiekciç tqv ooçu.
23.LO4IAN ZHAOY. Nu uvu¸qtuç tqv ooçiu.
24.KAAON EY AEIE. Nu cauivciç to epuio.
25.1EIE MHAENA. Nu µqv kutq¸opciç kuvcvu.
26.EHAINEI APETHN. Nu cauivciç tqv upctq.
27.HPATTE AIKAIA. Nu aputtciç auvtotc to oikuio.
28.4IAOIL EYNOEI. Nu cuvociç touç çiìouç oou.

29.EXOPOYL AMYNOY. Nu apoçuììuocoui uao touç c¿0pouç oou.
30.EYIENEIAN ALKEI. Nu ouµacpiçcpcoui auvtotc µc cu¸cvciu.
31.KAKIAL AHEXOY. Nu uac¿ciç uao tqv kukiu.
32.KOINOL IINOY. Nu cvoiuçcpcoui ¸iu tu oqµooiu apu¸µutu.
33.IAIA 4YAATTE. Nu acpiçpoupciç oti civui oiko oou.
34.AAAOTPION AHEXOY. Mukpiu uao tu çcvu apu¸µutu.
35.AKOYE HANTA. Nu ukouç tu auvtu.

36.EY4HMOL ILOI. Nu tqpciç 0pqokcutikq oi¸q.
37.4IAON XAPIZOY. Nu kuvciç tu ¿utqpiu tev çiìev oou.
38.MHAEN AIAN. Nu µqv uacpµuììciç.
39.XPONOY 4EIAOY. Oikovoµiu otov ¿povo oou.
40.OPA TO MEAAON. Nu koitu¸ciç to µcììov.
41.YBPIN MILEI. Nu µiociç tq µiuiq kui apooµìqtikq ouµacpiçopu.
42.IKETAL AIAOY. Nu ocµcoui uutouç aou c¿ouv kutuçu¸ci oc icpouç vuouç.

43.HALIN APMOZOY. Nu tuipiu¸ciç µc oìouç.
44.YIOYL HAIAEYE. Nu µopçevciç touç ¸iouç oou.
45.EXON XAPIZOY. Otuv c¿ciç vu ¿upi¸ciç.
46.AOAON 4OBOY. Nu çoµuoui tov ooìo.
47.EYAOIEI HANTAL. Nu cauivciç oìouç touç uv0peaouç.
48.4IAOLO4OL IINOY. Nu cioui çiìoç tqç ooçiuç.
49.OLIA KPINE. Nu kpivciç ouµçevu µc to oikuio tev 0cev.

50.INOYL HPATTE. Hpetu vu okcçtcoui kui uotcpu vu aputtciç.
51.4ONOY AHEXOY. Mukpiu uao çovo.
52.EYXOY AYNATA. Nu cu¿coui ¸iu apu¸µutu aou µaopouv vu ¸ivouv.
53.LO4OIL XPO. Nu ouvuvuotpcçcoui µc ooçouç.
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Ap¿uiu Eììqviku Hupu¸¸cìµutu (Ancient Greek Maxims)

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54.HOOL AOKIMAZE. Nu cçctu¸ciç tov ¿upuktqpu tou uv0peaou.
55.AABON AHOAOL. Av aupciç kuti, vu to oeociç aioe.
56.Y4OPO MHAENA. Nu µqv uaoatcucoui kuvcvuv.

57.TEXNH XPO. Nu kuvciç ¿pqoq ouotqµutikev µc0ooev oto cau¸¸cìµu, to
cµaopio kui tqv caiotqµq.
58.O MEAAEIL AOL. Oti civui vu oeociç, oeoto.
59.EYEPIELIAL TIMA. Nu tiµuç tiç cucp¸coicç.
60.4OONEI MHAENI. Mq ç0ovciç kuvcvuv.
61.4YAAKH HPOLEXE. Nu apooc¿ciç tqv uoçuìciu oou.
62.EAHIAA AINEI. Nu uµvciç tqv cìaiou.
63.AIABOAHN MILEI. Nu µiociç tqv ¡cutikq kutq¸opiu.

64.AIKAIOL KTO. Nu uaoktuç µc oikuio tpoao.
65.AIAOOYL TIMA. Nu tiµuç touç kuìouç uv0peaouç.
66.KPITHN INOOI. Nu ¸vepi¸ciç uutov aou kpivci.
67.IAMOYL KPATEI. Nu uaotuoocoui otqv c¸¸uµq ¸eq.
68.TYXHN NOMIZE. Nu aiotcuciç otqv tu¿q.
69.EIIYHN 4EYIE. Nu uaoçcu¸ciç tqv c¸¸uqoq otov ouvcioµo.
70.AHAOL AIAAEIOY. Nu ouvoiuìc¸coui uaìu.

71.OMOIOIL XPO. Nu ouvuvuotpcçcoui touç oµoiouç oou.
72.AAHANON APXOY. Nu cìc¸¿ciç tu cçoou oou.
73.KTOMENOL HAOY. Nu ¿uipcoui tu uaoktqµutu oou.
74.AILXYNHN LEBOY. Nu çoµuoui to vtpoaiuoµu.
75.XAPIN EKTEAEI. Nu kuvciç ¿upcç.
76.EYTYXIAN EYXOY. Nu cu¿coui tqv cutu¿iu.
77.TYXHN LTEPIE. Nu cioui otop¸ikoç otqv µoipu.

78.AKOYON OPA. Nu auputqpciç oti ukouç.
79.EPIAZOY KTHTA. Nu koaiu¸ciç ¸iu apu¸µutu aou µaopouv vu uaoktq0ouv.
80.EPIN MILEI. Nu µiociç tiç çiìovikcicç.
81.ONEIAOL EXOAIPE. Nu c¿0pcucoui tov ¿ìcuuoµo.
82.IAOTTAN ILXE. Nu ou¸kputciç tqv ¸ìeoou oou.
83.YBPIN AMYNOY. Nu uµuvcoui uacvuvti otq µiuiq kui apooµìqtikq
ouµacpiçopu.
84.KPINE AIKAIA. Nu kpivciç oikuiu.

85.XPO XPHMALIN Xpqoiµoaoiqoc oti c¿ciç.
86.AAOPOAOKHTOL AIKAZE. Nu oiku¸ciç ¿epiç vu oc¿coui oepu.
87.AITIO HAPONTA. Nu kutq¸opciç kuaoiov otuv civui aupev.
88.AEIE EIAOL. Nu µiìuç ¸vepi¸ovtuç.
89.BIAL MH EXOY. Mqv cvcp¸ciç µc µiuio tpoao.
90.AAYHOL BIOY. Nu ¸ciç ¿epiç ìuaq.
91.OMIAEI HPAOL. Nu çcpcoui otouç uììouç µc apuotqtu.

92.HEPAL EHITEAEI MH AHOAEIAION. Nu µ¸u¸ciç acpu tiç uao0cociç oou
¿epiç vu çoµuoui kui vu ¿uvciç to 0uppoç oou.
93.4IAO4PONEI HALIN. Nu ouµacpiçcpcoui µc çiìoçpoouvq apoç oìouç.
94.YIOIL MH KATAPO. Nu µqv kutupicoui touç ¸iouç oou.
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Ap¿uiu Eììqviku Hupu¸¸cìµutu (Ancient Greek Maxims)

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95.IYNAIKOL APXE. Nu kuµcpvuç tqv ¸uvuiku oou.
96.LEAYTON EY HOIEI. Nu cucp¸ctciç tov cuuto oou.
97.EYHPOLHIOPOL IINOY. Nu µiìuç µc çiìiko kui cu¸cviko tpoao.
98.AHOKPINOY EN KAIPO. Nu uauvtuç otov kutuììqìo kuipo.

99.HONEI MET’ EYKAEIAL. Nu koaiu¸ciç kputevtuç tqv kuìq oou çqµq.
100.HPATTE AMETANOHTOL. Nu cvcp¸ciç µc oi¸oupiu.
101.AMAPTANON METANOEI. Otuv oçuìciç vu µctuvociç.
102.O4OAAMOY KPATEI. Nu kupiup¿ciç tev µutiev oou.
103.BOYAEYOY XPONO. Nu okcçtcoui µc uvcoq ¿povou.
104.HPATTE LYNTOMOL. Oti kuvciç vu to kuvciç µc tu¿utqtu.
105.4IAIAN 4YAATTE. Nu kputuç tiç çiìicç oou.

106.EYINOMON IINOY. Nu cioui cu¸veµev.
107.OMONOIAN AIOKE. Nu caioiekciç oµovoiu.
108.APPHTON KPYHTE. Nu µqv çuvcpevciç µuotiku.
109.TO KPATOYN 4OBOY. Nu çoµuoui tqv cçouoiu.
110.TO LYM4EPON OHPO. Nu kuvq¸uç to ouµçcpov.
111.KAIPON HPOLAEXOY. Nu oc¿coui tqv cukuipiu µc cu¿upiotqoq.
112.EXOPAL AIAAYE. Nu oiuìuciç tiç c¿0pcç.

113.IHPAL HPOLAEXOY. Nu oc¿coui tu ¸qputciu.
114.EHI POMH MH KAYXO. Nu µqv kuu¿icoui ¸iu tq oeµutikq oou ouvuµq.
115.EY4HMIAN ALKEI. Tu ìo¸iu oou vu civui ìo¸iu cuocµciuç.
116.AHEXOEIAN 4EYIE. Nu uaoçcu¸ciç tqv uac¿0ciu.
117.HAOYTEI AIKAIOL. Nu aìouti¸ciç oikuiu.
118.AOEAN MH AEIHE. Nu µqv c¸kutuìciaciç oti uaoçuoiocç.
119.KAKIAN MILEI. Nu µiociç tqv kukiu.

120.KINAYNEYE 4PONIMOL. Nu oiukivouvcuciç µc çpovqoq.
121.MANOANON MH KAMNE. Mqv koupu¸coui vu µu0uivciç.
122.4EIAOMENOL MH AEIHE. Mqv uçqvciç tiaotc otq µcoq uao çcioe.
123.XPHLMOYL OAYMAZE. Nu tiµuç touç ¿pqoµouç.
124.OYL TPE4EIL AIAHA. Ooouç tpcçciç vu touç u¸uauç.
125.AHONTI MH MAXOY. Mqv tu µu¸ciç µc uv0peao aou ocv civui aupev.
126.HPELBYTEPON AIAOY. Nu ocµcoui touç ¸cpovtotcpouç.

127.NEOTEPON AIAALKE. Nu oiouokciç touç vcotcpouç.
128.HAOYTO AHILTEI. Nu µqv c¿ciç cµaiotoouvq otov aìouto.
129.LEAYTON AIAOY. Nu ocµcoui tov cuuto oou.
130.MH APXE YBPIZEIN. Nu µqv kupiup¿ciç µc uìu¸ovciu.
131.HPOIONOYL LTE4ANOY. Nu µu¸ciç otcçuviu µc uv0q otouç tuçouç tev
apo¸ovev oou.
132.ONHLKE YHEP HATPIAOL. Nu ac0uivciç ¸iu tqv autpiou oou.
133.TO BPO MH AXOOY. Mqv tu µu¸ciç µc tq ¸eq.

134.EHI NEKPO MH IEAA. Nu µqv acpi¸cìuç touç vckpouç.
135.ATYXOYNTI LYNAXOOY. Nu ouµauo¿ciç µc touç ouotu¿ioµcvouç.
136.XAPIZOY ABAABOL. Nu kuvciç ¿upcç ¿epiç vu µìuatciç.
137.MH EHI HANTI AYHOY. Nu µqv otcvo¿epicoui µc tu auvtu.
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Ap¿uiu Eììqviku Hupu¸¸cìµutu (Ancient Greek Maxims)

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138.EE EYIENON IENNA. Nu uaoktuç auioiu uao cu¸cvikq kutu¸e¸q.
139.EHAIIEAOY MHAENI. Mq uaoo¿coui oc kuvcvuv.
140.4OIMENOYL MH AAIKEI. Mqv ouµacpiçcpcoui uoiku otouç ac0uµcvouç.

141.EY HALXE OL ONHTOL. Nu cutu¿ciç eç 0vqtoç uv0peaoç.
142.TYXH MH HILTEYE. Mqv c¿ciç cµaiotoouvq otqv tu¿q.
143.HAIL ON KOLMIOL ILOI. Nu cioui kooµioç eç auioi.
144.HBON EIKPATHL. Oç cçqµoç vu cioui c¸kputqç.
145.MELOL AIKAIOL. Oç µcoqìikuç vu cioui oikuioç.
146.HPELBYTHL EYAOIOL. Oç ¸cpovtuç vu cioui ìo¸ikoç.
147.TEAEYTON AAYHOL. Hc0uivovtuç vu µqv ìuauoui.

4. Zqpsì6osìç rou KsçdAdíou A.1
1. To Ai Khanum o¡o A¢ydvio¡óv, sivdi iooç q ¡o¬o0soid ¡qç A/sÇóvôpsidç
¡qç Apd¿ooidç , kov¡ó o¡ov ¬o¡dµó Oxus river (Amudar'ya).
Fid ¬spiooó¡spd µ/é¬s: (1) Bernard, P. (1973). ‘Fouilles d’Ai Khanum’. 21(1).
In ‘Memoires de la delegation archeologique francaise en Afganistan’. Paris :
Klincksieck, kdi (2) : www.livius.org.
2. Bìcac: (1) Diels, H. (1958). Doxographi Graeci. Berlin: Weidmann., (2) Diels, H.
(1958). Die Fragmente der Vorsokratiker. Berlin:Wiedmenn., (3) Diels, H. & Kranz,
W. (2001). The pre-socratic philosophers. Publications PAPADIMA, Athens, Greece.,
(4) Plutarch (1928): Dinner of the Seven Sages (Moralia 146b ff) Tr. F. C. Babbitt.
Loeb Classical Library. Harvard Univ. Press., (5) Lypourlis, D. (2004). The Seven
Sages, ZITROS, Salonica, Greece., (6) Kefalas, Nektarios (1895-1896). ‘Treasury of
Sacred and Philosophical Sayings’ (GREEK: IEPON KAI 4IAOLO4IKON
AOIION OHLAYPILMA). Zireidios Religious School, Athens, Greece.
Also:anemi.lib.uoc.gr.
3. O upi0µoç 147 iooutui µc to uaotcìcoµu tou aoììuaìuoiuoµou: 3 cai 7 cai 7
(3x7x7). O upi0µoç 3 oqµutoootci tqv 0cikq tcìciotqtu ouµçevu µc tov Hu0u¸opu.
O upi0µoç 4 uvtiapooeacuci tqv oìokìqpeµcvq oqµioup¸iu tou ouµauvtoç: oi 4
cao¿cç tou ¿povou, oi 4 uvcµoi, oi 4 kutcu0uvociç (µopuç, votoç uvutoìq, ouoq), tu 4
otoi¿ciu (çetiu, vcpo, ucpuç, ¸q), kìa. O upi0µoç 7, ouµçevu µc tqv Hu0u¸opciu
çiìoooçiu, civui o ouvouuoµoç tou 3 kui tou 4 kui uvtiapooeacuci to ouµauv: To 3
oqµuivci ‘0cikq tcìciotqtu’ kui to 4 oqµuivci ‘oìokìqpeµcvq oqµioup¸iu tou
ouµauvtoç’. Eaioqç q ìupu tou 0cou Aaoììevu c¿ci 7 ¿opocç, oi up¿uioi ooçoi qtuv
7, kìa. O upi0µoç 147 (3x7x7) uvtiapooeacuci oìcç tiç 0cikcç uçicç tou ouµauvtoç
(to ouµauv tou ouµauvtoç).
4. Bìcac: Powell, Christides, kui www.greek-language.gr.



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Ap¿uiu Eììqviku Hupu¸¸cìµutu (Ancient Greek Maxims)

14

5. KsçdAdìo A.2.: Td Anoç0éypdrd rmv snrd dpydímv ooç6v

Oi catu ooçoi ci¿uv tpiu koivu ¿upuktqpiotiku: c¸puçuv aoiqoq (aou otqv cao¿q
touç ocv ci¿c cçcupc0ci ukoµq), ouµµctci¿uv otqv aoìitikq (ouvq0eç oc uvetutcç
0cociç), kui uokououv tqv ooçiu, oqìuoq, ckuvuv apu¸µutu oqµooieç aou
ckoqìevuv tiç ¸veociç touç otouç uììouç’.

Professor Richard P. Martin
1
, Princeton University, 1998.

To apeto kcçuìuio acpic¿ci tu Acìçiku Hupu¸¸cìµutu µctuçpuoµcvu uao tu
up¿uiu Eììqviku otu vcu Eììqviku. Auto to kcçuìuio acpic¿ci tu aupu¸¸cìµutu
tev 7 ooçev tqç up¿uiuç Eììuouç uao tu up¿uiu Eììqviku otu vcu Eììqviku.

Oi catu ooçoi tqç up¿uiuç Eììuouç qouv oi cçqç: Kìcoµouìoç o Pooioç, Loìev o
A0qvuioç, Ouìqç o Miìqoioç, Hittukoç o Mutiìqvuioç, Biuç o Hpqivcuç,
Hcpiuvopoç o Kopiv0ioç, kui Xiìev o Aukcouiµovioç.

Ltqv ouvc¿ciu aupouoiu¸ovtui tu up¿uiu Eììqviku uaoç0c¸µutu oc kcçuìuiu kui q
µctuçpuoq tev otu vcu Eììqviku, ¸iu ku0c cvu ooço.

AHOdOEIMATA TOY KAEOBOYAOY

O Kìcoµouìoç qtuv uioç tou Euu¸opu kui ¸cvvq0qkc otqv Aivoo, oto vqoi tqç
Pooou
2
. 1¸qoc otov ckto uievu a. X. 1tuv tupuvvoç tqç Aivoou, kui cvuç uao touç
catu ooçouç tqç Ap¿uiuç Eììuouç.

Luµçevu µc oiuçopcç aq¸cç tu ukoìou0u uaoç0c¸µutu uaooioovtui oc uutov.

1.METPON APILTON. To µctpo (opio, uvuìo¸iu) civui to kuìutcpo.
2.HATEPA AEI AIAEILOAI. Nu ocµcoui tov autcpu oou.
3.EY TO LOMA EXEIN KAI THN 1YXHN. Nu oiutqpciç oc kuìq kutuotuoq to
oeµu oou kui tqv ¡u¿q oou.
4.4IAHKOON EINAI KAI MH HOAYAAAON. Nu oou upcociç vu ukouç kui vu
µqv ìcç aoììu.
5.HOAYMAOH H AMAOH. Kuìutcpu vu cioui aoìuµu0qç aupu uµu0qç.
6.IAOLLAN EY4HMON KEKTHLOAI. H ¸ìeoou oou vu ìcci µovo ìo¸iu
cuocµciuç.
7.APETHL OIKEION (EINAI) KAKIAL AAAOTPION. Nu cioui oikcioç µc tqv
upctq, çcvoç µc tq kukiu.
8. AAIKEIAN MILEIN. Nu µiociç tqv uoikiu.
9. EYLEBEIAN 4YAALLEIN. Nu cioui auvtu cuocµqç.
10. HOAITAIL TA BEATILTA LYMBOYAEIN. Ltouç ouµaoìitcç oou vu
ouµµouìcuciç auvtotc tu kuìutcpu.
11. HAONHL KPATEIN. Nu cioui kupioç tqç qoovqç (uaoìuuoqç).
12. BIA MHAEN HPATTEIN. Nu µqv kuvciç tiaotc µc tq µiu.
13. TEKNA HAIAEYEIN. Nu µopçevciç tu auioiu oou.
14.TYXH EYXELOAI. Nu apoocu¿coui otqv Tu¿q.
15. EXOPAL AIAAYEIN. Nu oiuìuciç tiç c¿0pcç.
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Ap¿uiu Eììqviku Hupu¸¸cìµutu (Ancient Greek Maxims)

15
16. TON TOY AHMOY EXOPON HOAEMION NOMIZEIN.
Tov c¿0po tou ìuou vu tov 0cepciç c¿0po oou.
17.IYNAIKI MH MAXELOAI MHAE AIAN 4PONEIN AAAOTPION
HAPONTON TO MEN IAP ANOIAN, TO AE MANIAN AYNATAI HAPEXEIN.
Nu µqv oiuaìqkti¸coui µc tq ¸uvuiku oou outc vu tqç ouµacpiçcpcoui uìu¸oviku
µapootu oc uììouç: to apeto oci¿vci kupieç uvoqoiu, cve to ocutcpo µaopci vu oc
kuvci vu 0cepq0ciç tpcìoç.
18. OIKETAL MEOYONTAL MH KOAAZEIN EI AE MH, AOLEIL HAPOINEIN.
Nu µqv tiµepciç µc0uoµcvouç oikooitouç oouìouç uììieç 0u çuvciç ki cou
µc0uoµcvoç.

19. IAMEIN EK TON OMOION EAN IAP EK TON KPEITTONON, AELHOTAL,
OY LYIIENEIL KTHLH.
Nu auvtpcucoui uao tqv oikq oou tuçq ¸iuti uv o (q q) ou¸u¸oç civui uao uvetcpq,
0u uaoktqociç uçcvtiku, o¿i ou¸¸cvciç.
20. MH EHIIEAA TO LKOHTONTI AHEXOHL IAP ELH TOIL
LKOHTOMENOIL
Mq ¸cìuç caiookiµuotiku ¸i’ uutov aou acpiaui¸ci, ¸iuti 0u caioupciç to µiooç uutev
aou acpiaui¸ovtui.
21. EEYHOPOYNTA MH YHEPH4ANON EINAI, AHOPOYNTA MH
TAHEINOYLOAI.
Av cioui aìouoioç, µqv uacpqçuvcucoui. Av cioui çte¿oç, µq tuacivevcoui.

AHOdOEIMATA TOY LOAONA

O Loìevuç qtuv uioç tou Eçqkcotioq
3
. Icvvq0qkc otqv Luìuµivu, acpiaou to 640
a.X., uììu c¸qoc otqv A0qvu eç to 560 a. X. 1tuv voµo0ctqç, aoìitikoç
µctuppu0µiotqç kui aoiqtqç, kui cvuç uao touç catu ooçouç tqç Ap¿uiuç Eììuouç.

Luµçevu µc oiuçopcç aq¸cç tu ukoìou0u uaoç0c¸µutu uaooioovtui oc uutov.

1. MHAEN AIAN. Hotc kuµiu uacpµoìq.
2. KPITHL MH KAOILO EI AE MH, TO AH4OENTI EXOPOL ELH.
Nu µqv auipvciç 0coq oikuotq uììieç 0u µioq0ciç uao tov kutuoikuoµcvo.
3. HAONHN 4EYIE, HTIL AYHHN TIKTEI. Nu uaoçcu¸ciç tqv qoovq
(cu¿upiotqoq, ¿upu) aou ¸cvvuci ìuaq (oeµutiko q ¡u¿iko aovo).
4. 4YAALLE TPOHOY KAAOKAIAOIAN OPKOY HILTOTEPAN.
Kputu tqv cu¸cvciu kui kuìoouvq tou ¿upuktqpu oou aio aiotq uao tov opko oou.
5. L4PAIIZOY TOYL MEN AOIOYL LIIH, THN AE LIIHN KAIPO.
Lçpu¸i¸c tu ìo¸iu µc oieaq, kui tq oieaq µc tqv kutuììqìq oti¸µq.
6. MH 1EYAOY, AAA AAAHOEYE. Mq ìcç ¡cµµutu uììu tqv uìq0ciu.
7. TA LHOYAAIA MEAETA. Nu uo¿oìcioui µc ooµupu kui uçioìo¸u apu¸µutu.
8. TON IONEON MH AEIE AIKAIOTEPA.
Mqv io¿upi¸coui oti ìcç aio oikuiu apu¸µutu uao touç ¸ovciç oou.
9. 4IAOYL MH TAXY KTO, OYL A’ AN KTHLH, MH TAXY AHOAOKIMAZE.
Mqv uaoktuç µiuotiku çiìouç. Otuv oµeç touç uaoktqociç, µqv touç uaoppiatciç
µiuotiku.
10. APXELOAI MAOON, APXEIN EHILTHLH.
Movo uv µu0ciç vu oioikcioui, 0u çcpciç vu oioikciç.
11. EYOYNAL ETEPOYL AEION AIAONAI, KAI AYTOL YHEXE.
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Ap¿uiu Eììqviku Hupu¸¸cìµutu (Ancient Greek Maxims)

16
Av ¸qtuç uao touç uììouç vu ìo¸oootouv, vu cioui apo0uµoç vu ìo¸oootciç ki cou.
12. LYMBOYAEYE MH TA HAILTA, AAAA TA BEATILTA.
Oi ouµµouìcç oou vu µqv civui ¸iu tu aio cu¿upiotu, uììu ¸iu tu aio kuìu.
13. TOIL HOAITAIL MH OPALYNOY.
Nu µqv uao0puouvcoui apoç touç ouµaoìitcç oou.
14. MH KAKOIL OMIAEI. Nu µqv ouvuvuotpcçcoui kukouç uv0peaouç.
15. XPO TOIL OEOIL. Nu c¿ciç o¿cociç µc touç 0couç.
16. 4IAOYL EYLEBEI. Nu ocµcoui touç çiìouç oou.
17. O AN MH IAHL MH AEIE. Av ocv ociç kuti, µqv to ìcç.
18. EIAOL LIIA. Ki uv çcpciç, µq µiìuç.

19. TOIL EAYTOY HPAOL ILOI. Nu cioui apuoç uacvuvti otouç oikouç oou.
20. TA A4ANH TOIL 4ANEPOIL TEKMAIPOY.
Aao tu çuvcpu vu ouµacpuivciç tu uçuvq.

AHOdOEIMATA TOY XIAONA

O Xiìevuç qtuv uioç tou Auµu¸qtou
4
. Icvvq0qkc otqv Lauptq, acpiaou to 560 a.X.,
kui c¸qoc otqv Lauptq. 1tuv voµo0ctqç, aoìitikoç kui cìc¸ciukoç aoiqtqç, kui cvuç
uao touç catu ooçouç tqç Ap¿uiuç Eììuouç.

Luµçevu µc oiuçopcç aq¸cç tu ukoìou0u uaoç0c¸µutu uaooioovtui oc uutov.

1. INOOI LAYTON. Nu ¸vepiociç tov cuuto oou.
2. HINON, MH HOAAA AAAEI AMAPTHLH IAP.
Otuv aivciç, µc ìcç aoììu, 0u kuvciç ìu0q.
3. MH AHEIAEI TOIL EAEYOEPOIL OY IAP AIKAION.
Nu µq µiìuç uaciìqtiku otouç cìcu0cpouç uv0peaouç, ¸iuti ocv civui oeoto.
4. MH KAKOAOIEI TOYL HAHLION EI AE MH, AKOYLH E4’ OIL
AYHHOHLH.
Mq kukoìo¸ciç touç aìqoiov oou, uììieç 0’ ukouociç apu¸µutu aou 0u oc
otcvu¿epqoouv.
5. EHI TA AEIHNA TON 4IAON BPAAEOL HOPEYOY, EHI AE TAL ATYXIAL
TAXEOL.
Ltu ociavu tev çiìev oou vu aq¸uivciç oi¸u- oi¸u, otiç utu¿icç touç ¸pq¸opu.
6. IAMOYL EYTEAEIL HOIOY. O ¸uµoç oou vu civui ìitoç.
7. TON TETEAEYTHKOTA MAKAPIZE. Nu kuìotu¿i¸ciç uutov aou ac0uvc.
8. HPELBYTEPON LEBOY. Nu ocµcoui touç ¸cpovtotcpouç.
9. TON TA AAAOTPIA HEPIEPIAZOMENON MILEI.
Nu µiociç tov uv0peao aou uvukutcucoui otiç çcvcç uao0cociç.
10. ZHMIAN AIPOY MAAAON H KEPAOL AILXPON. TO MEN IAP AHAE
AYHHLEI, TO AE AEI.
Nu apotiµuç tq ¸qµiu aupu to uio¿po kcpooç, to cvu 0u oc otcvu¿epqoci µovo µiu
çopu, cve to uììo 0u oc otcvu¿epci auvtotc.
11. TO AYLTYXOYNTI MH EHIIEAA.
Nu µqv ¸cìuç µc uv0peao aou tov µpqkc ouotu¿iu.
12. TPAXELIN HLYXON LEAYTON HAPEXE, OHOL LE AILXYNONTAI
MAAAON, H 4OBONTAI.
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Ap¿uiu Eììqviku Hupu¸¸cìµutu (Ancient Greek Maxims)

17
Nu µcvciç qpcµoç uacvuvti otouç uçcotouç uv0peaouç, ¸iu vu oc vtpcaovtui µuììov
aupu vu oc çoµouvtui.
13. THL IAIAL OIKIAL HPOLTATEI.
Nu apootutcuciç tqv oiko¸cvciu oou.
14. H IAOLLA LOY MH HPOTPEXETO TOY NOY.
Nu µqv apotpc¿ci q ¸ìeoou oou tqç oiuvoiuç oou.
15. OYMOY KPATEI. Nu ou¸kputciç to 0uµo oou.
16. MH EHIOYMEI AAYNATA.
Nu µqv cai0uµciç apu¸µutu aou ocv µaopouv vu ¸ivouv.

17. EN OAO MH LHEYAE HPOAIEIN, MHAE THN XEIPA KINEIN MANIKON
IAP.
Ltov opoµo µq oacuociç vu apooacpuociç uììouç outc vu ¿cipovoµciç, uuto to
kuvouv oi tpcììoi.
18. NOMOIL HEIOOY. Nu uaukouç otouç voµouç.
19. AAIKOYMENOL AIAAAALLOY, YBPIZOMENOL AE MH TIMOPOY.
Otuv uoikcioui vu cioui oiuììuktikoç, otuv oc µpi¸ouv, vu µq ¸qtuç ckoikqoq.

AHOdOEIMATA TOY OAAH

O Ouìqç qtuv uioç tou Eçuµuu kui tqç Kìcoµouìivuç
5
. Icvvq0qkc otqv Ap¿uiu
Eììqvikq aoìq Miìqto tqç Ieviuç otqv Mikpu Aoiu. 1¸qoc uao to 624 – 546 a. X.
1tuv caiotqµovuç, çiìoooçoç kui o ioputqç tqç Ievikqç o¿oìqç kui tqç çuoikqç
çiìoooçiuç. Eaioqç civui cvuç uao touç catu ooçouç tqç Ap¿uiuç Eììuouç.

Luµçevu µc oiuçopcç aq¸cç tu ukoìou0u uaoç0c¸µutu uaooioovtui oc uutov.

1. EIIYA, HAPA A’ ATA. Aeoc c¸¸uqoq (oc ouvcioµo) kui q ouµçopu civui oiaìu.
2. 4IAON HAPONTON KAI AHONTON MEMNHLO
Nu 0uµuoui touç çiìouç oou kui otuv civui kovtu oou kui otuv µpiokovtui µukpiu
oou.

3. MH THN O1IN KAAAOHIZOY, AAA’ EN TOIL EHITHAEYMALIN ILOI
KAAOL.
Nu µqv kuììeai¸ciç tqv cçetcpikq oou cµçuvioq, uììu vu koitu¸ciç vu cioui epuioç
otqv ouµacpiçopu oou.
4. MH HAOYTEI KAKOL. Nu µqv aìouti¸ciç µc uo¿qµo tpoao.
5. MH LE AIABAAAETO AOIOL HPOL TOYL HILTEOL KEKOINONHKOTAL
Nu µqv caitpcaciç oukoçuvticç vu oc caqpcu¸ouv oc µupoç apooeaev aou kcpoiouv
tqv cµaiotoouvq oou.
6. KOAAKEYEIN IONEIL MH OKNEI.
Nu µqv koupu¸coui vu koìukcuciç kui vu kuìoaiuvciç touç ¸ovciç oou.
7. MH HPOLAEXOY TO 4AYAON. Nu µqv uaooc¿coui to kuko.
8. OIOYL AN EPANOYL ENEIKHL TOIL IONEYLI, TOYTOYL AYTOYL EN
TO IHPA HAPA TON TEKNON HPOLAEXOY.
Oti apovoicç ìuµciç ¸iu touç ¸ovciç oou, tctoicç vu acpiµcvciç ki cou otu ¸qputciu
oou uao tu auioiu oou.
9. XAAEHON TO EY INONAI. H oeotq ¸veµq civui ouokoìo apu¸µu.
10. HAILTON TO EHIOYMIAL TYXEIN.
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Ap¿uiu Eììqviku Hupu¸¸cìµutu (Ancient Greek Maxims)

18
H apu¸µutoaoiqoq µiuç cai0uµiuç civui aoìu cu¿upioto apu¸µu.
11. ANIAPON APIIA. H up¸iu civui ououpcoto apu¸µu.
12. BAABEPON AKPALIA.
To vu µqv cìc¸¿ciç tov cuuto oou civui µìuµcpo apu¸µu.
13. BAPY AHAIAEYLIA. H uµu0ciu civui cvo¿ìqtiko apu¸µu.
14. AIAALKE KAI MANOANE TO AMEINON
Nu oiouokciç kui vu µu0uivciç to kuìutcpo.
15. APIOL MH ILOI, MHA’ AN HAOYTHL
Nu µqv cioui up¸oo¿oìoç, ukoµq ki uv cioui aìouoioç.

16. KAKA EN OIKO KPYHTE. Nu kpuµciç tu kuku oto oaiti oou.
17. 4OONOY MAAAON H OIKTEIPOY.
Kuìutcpu vu oc ç0ovouv aupu vu oc ìuaouvtui.
18. METPO XPO. Nu c¿ciç µctpo.
19. MH HALI HILTEYE. Nu µqv cµaiotcucoui touç auvtcç.
20. APXON KOLMEI LEAYTON
Otuv kuµcpvuç eç up¿ovtuç, vu otoìi¸ciç tov cuuto oou.

AHOdOEIMATA TOY HITTAKOY

O Hittukoç qtuv uioç tou Yppuoiou
6
. Icvvq0qkc otqv Mutiìqvq, acpiaou to 650
a.X., kui c¸qoc otqv Mutiìqvq ceç to 570 a. X.. 1tuv aoìitikoç kui otputietikoç
q¸ctqç tqç Mutiìqvqç, kui cvuç uao touç catu ooçouç tqç Ap¿uiuç Eììuouç.

Luµçevu µc oiuçopcç aq¸cç tu ukoìou0u uaoç0c¸µutu uaooioovtui oc uutov.

1.KAIPON INOOI. Mu0c vu oiukpivciç tqv kutuììqìq oti¸µq
2.O MEAAEIL HOIEIN, MH AEIE AHOTYXON IAP KATAIEAALOHLH. Mq
µiìuç ¸iu oti okoacuciç vu kuvciç ¸iuti uv ocv tu kutuçcpciç, oìoi 0u oc acpi¸cìouv
3.TOIL EHITHAEIOIL XPO. Nu ukouç touç çiìouç oou
4.OLA NEMELAL TO HAHLION, AYTOL MH HOIEI. Oou ocv oou upcoouv
otouç uììouç, vu µqv kuvciç o ioioç
5.KAKOHPAIOYNTA MH ONEIAIZE EHI IAP TOYTOIL NEMELIL OEON
KAOHTAI. Mqv kutq¸opciç tov uv0peao aou ouotu¿ci civui uao tu apu¸µutu aou
apokuìouv tqv u¸uvuktqoq kui tqv tiµepiu tev 0cev
6.HAPAKPATHOHKE AHOAOL. Aeoc aioe tu u¸u0u aou oou cµaiotcu0qkuv
7.ANEXOY YHO TON HAHLION MIKPA EAATTOYMENOL.
Aci¿vc uvo¿q otiç µikpcç ¸qµicç aou oou apokuìouv oi oiaìuvoi oou
8.TON 4IAON KAKOL MH AEIE, MHA’ EY TON EXOPON ALYAAOIILTON
IAP TO TOIOYTON.
Nu µqv kukoìo¸ciç çiìo, outc oµeç vu cauivciç c¿0po ¸iuti kuti tctoio civui
aupuìo¸o
9.AEINON LYNIAEIN TO MEAAON, AL4AAEL TO IENOMENON.
Eivui ouokoìo aoìu vu oiukpivciç to µcììov, oi¸oupo civui uuto aou c¸ivc
10.HILTON IH, AHILTON OAAALLA.
Açioaioto apu¸µu civui q otcpiu, uvuçioaioto q 0uìuoou
11.AHAHLTON KEPAOL. To kcpooç civui ukopcoto
12.KTHLAI AIAIA: EYLEBEIAN, HAIAEIAN, LO4POLYNHN, 4PONHLIN,
AAHOEIAN, HILTIN, EMHEIPIAN, EHIAEEIOTHTA, ETAIPEIAN,
EHIMEAEIAN, OIKONOMIAN, TEXNHN.
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Ap¿uiu Eììqviku Hupu¸¸cìµutu (Ancient Greek Maxims)

19
Nu uaoktuç oti ocv ç0cipctui uao tov ¿povo: cuocµciu, auiociu, oeçpoouvq,
çpovqoq, uìq0ciu, aiotq, acipu, caitqociotqtu, ouvcp¸uoiu, caiµcìciu,
voikokupoouvq, ¸veociç cau¸¸cìµutoç


AHOdOEIMATA TOY BIANTA

O Biuç qtuv uioç tou Tcutuµou
7
. Icvvq0qkc otqv Hpiqvq tqç Ieviuç, µiu aoìq tqç
Ieviuç, µopciu tqç Miìqtou, otqv Mikpu Aoiu.
1¸qoc otqv Hpiqvq tov ckto uievu a. X. (acpiaou 625-540 a.X.). 1tuv cvuç uao
touç catu ooçouç tqç Ap¿uiuç Eììuouç.

Luµçevu µc oiuçopcç aq¸cç tu ukoìou0u uaoç0c¸µutu uaooioovtui oc uutov.

1.OI HAEILTOI ANOPOHOI KAKOI.
Oi aio aoììoi uv0peaoi civui kukoi.
2.EL TO ELOHTPON E4H EMBAE1ANTA AEI, EI MEN KAAOL 4AINH,
KAAA HOIEIN, EI AE AILXPOL, TO THL 4YLEOL EAAIHEL AIOPOOYLAI
TH KAAOKAIAOIA.
Koituçc otov ku0pcçtq oou, kui uv çuivcoui epuioç, apcaci vu kuvciç oµopçu
apu¸µutu, uv çuivcoui uo¿qµoç, apcaci vu oiop0evciç tq çuoikq oou cììci¡q µc
cu¸cvciu kui kuìoouvq
3.BPAAEOL EIXEIPEI O A’ AN APEH, AIABEBAIOY.
Nu µqv µiu¸coui vu uvuìuµciç kuti.Oti oµeç up¿iociç, vu µcvciç otu0cpoç o`uuto.
4.MILEI TO TAXY AAAEIN, MH AMAPTHL MATANOIA IAP AKOAOYOEI.
Nu µiociç tq µiuotikq oµiìiu. Yaup¿ci çoµoç vu kuvciç ìu0q, oaotc ukoìou0ci q
µctuvoiu
5.MHT’ EYHOHL ILOI, MHTE KAKOHOHL. Nu µqv cioui uçcìqç kuìoq0qç, outc
oµeç kui cvuç kukoq0qç
6.A4POLYNHN MH HPOLAEXOY. Nu µq oc¿coui tqv uvoqoiu
7.4PONHLIN AIAHA. Nu u¸uauç tq ouvcoq.
8.HEPI OEON AEIE, OL EILI OEOI. Iiu touç 0couç vu ìcç oti uaup¿ouv
9.NOEI TO HPATTOMENON. Nu uvtiìuµµuvcoui tu aputtoµcvu.
10.AKOYE HOAAA. Nu ukouç aoììu
11.AAAEI KAIPIA. Nu µiìuç tq oti¸µq aou apcaci.
12.HENHL ON HAOYLIOIL MH EHITIMA, HN MH MEIA O4EAHL.
Av cioui çte¿oç, µq kutq¸opciç touç aìouoiouç, uv ocv eçcìciç aoìu
13.ANAEION ANAPA MH EHAINEI AIA HAOYTON
Mqv cauivciç tov aìouoio uvopu, uv civui uv0peaoç ¿epiç uçiu
14.HEILAL AABE, MH BIALAMENOL. Nu auipvciç µc tqv aci0e, o¿i µc tq µiu
15.OTI AN AIAOON HPALLHL, OEOYL MH LEAYTON AITIO.
Oti kuìo oou ouµµuivci, vu to uaooiociç otouç 0couç, o¿i otov cuuto oou
16.KTHLAI EN MEN NEOTHTI EYHPAEIAN, EN AE TO IHPA LO4IAN.
Koitu¸c vu kcpoiociç otu viutu oou tu µcou ¸iu µiu uvctu ¸eq, otu oc ¸qputciu oou
ooçiu
17.EEEIL EPIO MNHMHN, KAIPO EYAABEIAN, TPOHO IENNAIOTHTA,
HONO EIKPATEIAN, 4OBO EYLEBEIAN, HAOYTO 4IAIAN, AOIO HEIOO,
LIIH KOLMON, INOMH AIKAIOLYNHN, TOAMH ANAPEIAN, HPAEEI
AYNALTEIAN, AOEH HIEMONIAN.

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Ap¿uiu Eììqviku Hupu¸¸cìµutu (Ancient Greek Maxims)

20
Mc tu cp¸u oou 0u uaoktqociç µvqµq,
µc tiç acpiotuociç ocµuoµo,
µc tq ouµacpiçopu oou ¸cvvuiotqtu,
µc tov koao c¸kputciu,
µc tov çoµo cuocµciu,
µc tov aìouto çiìicç,
µc tov ìo¸o aci0e,
µc tqv oieaq otoìioiu,
µc to µuuìo oikuioouvq,
µc tqv toìµq uvopciu,
µc tiç apuçciç oou ouvuµq,
µc to kuìo oou ovoµu cçouoiu



AHOdOEIMATA TOY HEPIANAPOY

O Hcpiuvopoç qtuv uioç tou Ku¡cìou
8
. Icvvq0qkc otqv Kopiv0o to 627 a.X., kui
c¸qoc otqv Kopiv0o ceç to 587 a. X.. 1tuv tupuvvoç tqç Kopiv0ou, kui cvuç uao
touç catu ooçouç tqç Ap¿uiuç Eììuouç.
Luµçevu µc oiuçopcç aq¸cç tu ukoìou0u uaoç0c¸µutu uaooioovtui oc uutov.

1.MEAETH TO HAN. H cçuokqoq civui to auv.
2.KAAON HLYXIA EHIL4AAEL HPOHETEIA. Opuio apu¸µu q qou¿iu,
caikivouvo apu¸µu q uu0uociu
3.KEPAOL AILXPON. To kcpooç civui vtpoaq
4.AHMOKPATIA KPEITTON TYPANNIAOL. H oqµokputiu civui kuìutcpq uao
tqv cçouoiu tou tupuvvou
5.AI MEN HAONAI ONHTAI, AI AE APETAI AOANATOI. Oi µcv qoovcç civui
cçqµcpcç, oi oc upctcç u0uvutcç
6.EYTYXON MEN METPIOL ILOI, ATYXON AE 4PONIMOL. Otuv cutu¿ciç vu
cioui µctpqµcvoç, otuv ouotu¿ciç vu cioui ouvctoç
7.4EIAOMENON KPEITTON, AHOOANEIN H ZONTA ENAEILOAI. Av civui
kuvciç vu toi¸kouvcuctui, kuìutcpu vu ac0uvci aupu vu ¸qoci otcpqµcvoç.
8.LEAYTON AEION HAPALKEYAZE TON IONEON
4povti¸c vu kuvciç tov cuuto oou uçio tev ¸ovcev oou.
9.ZON MEN EHAINOY, AHOOANON AE MAKAPIZOY. Ooo ¸ciç, vu oc
cauivouv.Otuv ac0uvciç vu oc kuìotu¿i¸ouv.
10.4IAOIL EYTYXOYLOI KAI ATYXOYLIN O AYTOL ILOI. Mc touç çiìouç
oou vu cioui ioioç, otiç cutu¿icç kui otiç ouotu¿icç touç.
11.ON AN EKOL OMOAOIHLHL HONHPON, HAPABAINE. Oaoiov aupuoc¿tciç
µc tq 0cìqoq oou eç kukov, apooacpvu tov
12.AOION AHOPPHTON EK4OPAN MH HOIOY. Nu µqv koivoìo¸ciç tu
µuotiku
13.AOIAOPOY OL TAXY 4IAOL ELOMENOL1. Nu apoaqìuki¸ciç tov uììov µc
tqv iocu oti 0u ¸ivciç ¸pq¸opu çiìoç tou.
14.TOIL MEN NOMOIL HAAAIOIL XPO, TOIL A’ O1OIL HPOL4ATOIL. Oi
voµoi oou vu civui auìioi, tu çu¸qtu oou çpcoku.


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15.MH MONON TOYL AMAPTANONTAL KOAAZE, AAAA KAI TOYL
MEAAONTAL KOAYE. Nu µqv upkcioui oto vu tiµepciç uutouç aou kuvouv
oçuìµutu, uììu kui uutouç aou apokcitui vu kuvouv vu touç cµaooi¸ciç.
16.AYLTYXON KPYHTE, INA MH TOYL EXOPOYL EY4PANHL. Kpuµc tq
ouotu¿iu oou, ¸iu vu µq oeociç ¿upu otouç c¿0pouç oou.

6. Zqpsì6osìç rou KsçdAdíou A.2
1. Mctuçpuoq tou: ‘The seven sages had three common charactristics: they wrote
poetry (prose had not yet been invented), they were involved in politics (many in fact
held high office), and they were "Performers of Wisdom," that is, they did things
publicly that demonstrated their knowledge to others’.
Richard P. Martin, "The Seven Sages as Performers of Wisdom" in Cultural Poetics in
Archaic Greece (ed. C. Dougherty and L. Kurke) Oxford, 1998; pp. 108-128.

2. Bìcac: Diogenes Laertius, Freeman (1926, 1946), Plutarch, Lypourlis (2004),
Diels, Diels and Kranz, otqv µiµìio¸puçiu.

3. Bìcac: Diogenes Laertius, Freeman (1926, 1946), Plutarch, Lypourlis (2004),
Diels, Diels and Kranz, otqv µiµìio¸puçiu.

4. Bìcac: Diogenes Laertius, Freeman (1946), Plutarch, Lypourlis (2004), Diels, Diels
and Kranz, kui Raptis (2008), otqv µiµìio¸puçiu.

5. Bìcac: Saricas, Diogenes Laertius, Freeman (1946), Plutarch, Lypourlis (2004),
Diels, Diels and Kranz, otqv µiµìio¸puçiu.

6. Bìcac: Diogenes Laertius, Freeman (1926, 1946), Plutarch, Lypourlis (2004),
Diels, Diels and Kranz, otqv µiµìio¸puçiu.

7. Bìcac: Diogenes Laertius, Freeman (1926, 1946), Plutarch, Lypourlis (2004),
Diels, Diels and Kranz, otqv µiµìio¸puçiu.

8. Bìcac: Diogenes Laertius, Freeman (1926, 1946), Plutarch, Lypourlis (2004),
Diels, Diels and Kranz, otqv µiµìio¸puçiu.









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PART B: ANCIENT GREEK MAXIMS


‘It is not proper not to honour a guest, because in the eyes of Zeus (God), we are all
guests and poor in front of him’.

(‘Ou 0cµiç coti çcvov utiµqoui apoç ¸up Aioç cioiv uauvtcç çcivoi tc ate¿oi tc’.
Mq apcaev 0u qtuv vu µqv tiµqoe çiìoçcvouµcvo, ¸iuti otu µutiu tou Aiu (Ocou),
oìoi çiìoçcvouµcvoi qµuotc kui çte¿oi (µapootu tou)).
Homer (OMHPOL)
1. Preface
‘Long may you live, and fill the Solian throne,
Succeeded still by children of your own;
And from your happy island while I sail,
Let Cyprus send for me a favoring gale;
May she advance, and bless your new command,
Prosper your town, and send me safe to land’.
Solon
1

The Seven Sages (of ancient Greece) or Seven Wise Men
2
was the title given by
ancient Greek cultural tradition to seven early 6th century B.C. philosophers, poets,
rulers, statesmen and law-makers who were renowned in the following centuries for
their wisdom, and which is still valid today.

The seven sages were Thales, Pittacos, Bias, Solon, Cleovoulos, Periandros, and
Chilon
3
. They lived in ancient Greece over 600 years B.C. and before the advent of
the classical Greek philosophers, like Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, etc.

Aristotle esteemed the wisdom of Bias. So did Plato who praises Bias, and Pittacos.
Heracleitus
4
had a very high respect for Bias and Pittacos. Also Plutarch
5
, in his
famous ‘Dinner of the seven sages’, refers to all seven sages with the highest
remarks
6
.

Their maxims and quotations
7
set the background for the development of the classical
Greek philosophy.

The purpose of this book is to offer any reader a very simple guide into the wisdom of
ancient Greece, improve his or her learning and thinking, because as Empedocles
8
has
said ‘learning really cultivates thinking’ and possibly allow him or her to gain some
better undertanding of this very old wisdom, and therefore see with their own ‘eyes’
and soul how these can help them in their every-day life.

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And as Peter Abelard noted in his ‘Hymnus Paraclitensis’ nine centuries ago
9
:

‘O quanta qualia sunt illa sabbata,
Quae semper celebrat superna curia’.
‘O what their joy and their glory must be,
Those endless Sabbaths the blessed one see!’

All these quotations will, most probably, fill the reader with feelings of the joy and
the glory of the old times, and make their Sabbaths, being their days of meditation and
reflection quite blessed.

And as C. Cavanos added
10
in 1996, ‘the wisdom of the seven sages of ancient
Greece, provides all people a wisdom that can serve in every age and every country as
a safe guide in one’s individual and public life’.

And as the great Friedrich Nietzche
11
concludes: ‘The first philosophical event in the
Greek world, the selection of ther seven sages, gives the first distinctive and
unforgettable characteristic of Greek civilization. Othe people have saints, while the
Greeks have philosophers. They are right when some state that a people in not defined
by its great men it has but by the way it recognizes and honours them’.


2. Preface: Notes
1. Solon himself, in his Elegies, addressing king Philocyprus, of Cyprus. Translated
by John Dryden and Revised by Arthur Hugh Clough. www.constitution.org
2. Greek: OI EHTA LO4OI, c. 620 B.C. – 550 B.C. The current Oxford English
definition of ‘wise man’ includes one who is prudent, sensible, acting or showing or
applying experience and knowledge, and one being informed and enlightened. In
ancient Greek times, the definition also included one who is intelligent, skillful,
judicious and worthy. For more on the presocratic definitions of the terms ‘wise’ and
‘wisdom’, see: Tsatsomoiros, and Despotopoulos in the bibliography.

3. For the exact number and who the seven sages were the moston common and
agreed list was: Thales, Pittacos, Bias, Solon, Cleovoulos, Periandros, and Chilon.
Some writers, however, in the position of Periandros they put Myson, or in the place
of Cleovoulos they put Myson, or Epiminides, or Anaharses, or Ferekydes, or
Leofantos, etc.

4. Heraclitus of Ephesus (c. 535–c. 475 BC) was a pre-Socratic Greek philosopher, a
native of Ephesus, Ionia, on the coast of Asia Minor. He is famous for his doctrine of
change being central to the universe, summarized in his famous quote, "You can not
step twice into the same river." He believed in the unity of opposites, stating that "the
path up and down is one and the same," existing things being characterized by pairs of
contrary properties. For more information, see: Bakalis, Barnes, Burnet and
Davenport.

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5. Plutarch (50-120 A.D.) was a historian, biographer, moralist and a priest of Pythian
Apollo during the 2
nd
century A.D. He therefore knew, first hand, what was taking
place at Delphi. For more on his writings. See: Plutarch and other resources noted in
the bibliography.

6. For more on the seven sages, see the references on Aristotle, Plato, Diogenes
Laertius, Pangalis, Plutarch, Lypourlis, Hense, Kefalas, Oikonomides, Martin,
Vlastos, Duff, Foundas, etc., in the bibliography.

7. The maxims and quotations of the seven sages of ancient Greece, compared to the
Moses Decalogue, the proverbs of Solomon and the oldest Egyptian instructions of
Ptah-Hotep, are more concise and substantive. See also the reference on the bible in
the bibliography, and the book by Battiscombe Gunn (1912). The instructions of Ptah-
hotep and the instruction of Ke’gemni: The oldest books in the world. London: John
Murray, for the Egyption maxims and quotations.

8. For more on Empedocles, see: Xatzopoulos, and Kranz in the bibliography.

9. Peter Abelard (1079 – 21 April 1142) was the pre-eminent philosopher and
theologian of the twelfth century. The teacher of his generation, he was also famous
as a poet and a musician. Prior to the recovery of Aristotle, he brought the native
Latin tradition in philosophy to its highest pitch. His genius was evident in all he did.
He is, arguably, the greatest logician of the Middle Ages and is equally famous as the
first great nominalist philosopher.

10. See Cavanos, Constantine (1996). The Seven Sages of Ancient Greece. Institute
for Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies. Mass: USA.

11. Friedrich Nietzche, German Philosopher and Poet, as quoted on page 29 of his
book ‘The genesis of philosophy in the years of Greek tragedy’, published by Koronti
Publications, Athens, Greece. This quotation was translated by the author.

















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3. Chapter B.1.: The Maxims of the Oracle of Delphi

‘HAIl ON KOlMIOl IlOI
HBON EIKPATHl
MElOl AIKAIOl
HPElBYTHl EYAOIOl
TEAEYTON AAYHOl’.

The inscription in ancient Greek and its English equivalent is:
HAIL ON KOLMIOL ILOI (As a child, be well behaved)
HBON EIKPATHL (As a teenager, control yourself)
MELOL AIKAIOL. (As middle-age, be just)
HPELBYTHL EYAOIOL (As an old man, be sensible)
TEAEYTON AAYHOL (On reaching the end, be without sorrow)

Inscription at Ai Khanum
1
, Afghanistan

This chapter describes the location of Delphi, and the maxims of the oracle of Delphi,
in the original ancient Greek and their English translation.

The location of Delphi

At the foot of Mount Parnassos, within the angle formed by the twin rocks of the
Phaedriades, lies the Pan-Hellenic sanctuary of Delphi, which had the most famous
oracle of ancient Greece. And as Nagel’s Encyclopedia on Greece
2
states: ‘The
savage grandeur of the site, the memories connected with the oracle of Apollo, the
deserted melancholy of the ruins, all combine to make Delphi one of the most
remarkable places in Greece.’

Delphi was regarded as the centre of the world. According to mythology, it is here
that the two eagles sent out by Zeus from the ends of the universe to find the navel of
the world met. The sanctuary of Delphi, set within a most spectacular landscape, was
for many centuries the cultural and religious centre and symbol of unity for the
Hellenic world. The history of Delphi begins in prehistory and in the myths of the
ancient Greeks. In the beginning the site was sacred to Mother Earth and was guarded
by the terrible serpent Python, who was later killed by Apollo. Apollo's sanctuary was
built here by Cretans who arrived at Kirrha, the port of Delphi, accompanied by the
god in the form of a dolphin. This myth survived in plays presented during the various
Delphic festivals, such as the Septerion, the Delphinia, the Thargelia, the Theophania
and, of course. the famous Pythia, which celebrated the death of Python and
comprised musical and athletic competitions.

The earliest finds in the area of Delphi, which date to the Neolithic period (4000 BC),
come from the Korykeion Andron, a cave on Parnassos, where the first rituals took
place. The remains of a Mycenaean settlement and cemetery were discovered within
the sanctuary, but traces of occupation are rare and very fragmentary until the eighth
century BC, when the cult of Apollo was established and the development of the
sanctuary and the oracle began. The first stone temples of Apollo and Athena, who
was also officially venerated under the name of “Pronaia” or “Pronoia” and had her
own sanctuary, were built towards the end of the seventh century BC. According to
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literary and archaeological evidence other gods were associated with the sanctuary;
these included Artemis, Poseidon, Dionysus, Hermes, Zeus Polieus, Hygeia and
Eileithyia.

Delphi
3
is both an archaeological site and a modern town in Greece. It is located on
the south-western spur of Mount Parnassus in the valley of Phocis.

Delphi was the site of the Oracle of Delphi
4
, the most important oracle in the classical
Greek world, when it was a major site for the worship of the god Apollo
5
after he slew
the Python
6
, a deity who lived there and protected the navel of the Earth.


The sanctuary of Delphi, set within a most spectacular landscape, was for many
centuries the cultural and religious centre and symbol of unity for the Hellenic world.

This sacred location in Delphi was a pan-hellenic sanctuary, where every four years
athletes from all over the Greek world competed in the Pythian Games, one of the
four pan-hellenic games
7
, precursors to the Modern Olympics
8
.

Delphi was revered throughout the Greek world as the centre of the earth and the
universe. In the inner room (hestia ("hearth")) of the Temple of Apollo, an eternal
flame burned. After the battle of Platea
9
, the Greek cities extinguished their fires and
brought new fire from the hearth of Greece, at Delphi.

Also in the foundation stories of several Greek colonies, the founding colonists were
first dedicated at Delphi.

The earliest finds in the area of Delphi, which date to the Neolithic period (4000 BC),
come from the Korykeion Andron, a cave on Parnassos, where the first rituals took
place. The remains of a Mycenaean settlement and cemetery were discovered within
the sanctuary, but traces of occupation are rare and very fragmentary until the eighth
century BC, when the cult of Apollo was established and the development of the
sanctuary and the oracle began.

The first stone temples of Apollo and Athena
10
were built towards the end of the
seventh century BC. According to literary and archaeological evidence other gods
who were associated with the sanctuary were Artemis
11
, Poseidon
12
, Dionysus
13
,
Hermes
14
, Zeus
15
, Hygeia
16
, etc.

For over 1000 years (between the ninth century B.C., to the fourth century A.D.) the
Oracle at Delphi, which was regarded as the most trustworthy, was at its peak. Over
500 hundred oracular statements were delivered by the Pythia, the priestess, and
interpreted by the priests of Apollo.

These oracular statements were given in the most secret part of the temple (a lower
room called the ‘adyton’), with the Pythia as intermediary, seared on the sacred
tripod, near the conical stone (‘omphalos’) covered by a network of fillets which
marked the center of the world.

A small sample of these statements are contained in appendix A.
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Cities, rulers and ordinary individuals alike consulted the oracle, expressing their
gratitude with great gifts and spreading its fame around the world. The oracle was
thought to have existed since the dawn of time. Indeed, it was believed to have
successfully predicted events related to the cataclysm of Deukalion, the Argonaut's
expedition and the Trojan War.

It was the oracle's fame and prestige that caused two Sacred Wars in the middle of the
fifth and fourth centuries BC. In the third century BC, the sanctuary was conquered by
the Aetolians, who were driven out by the Romans in 191 BC. In Roman times, the
sanctuary was favoured by some emperors and plundered by others, including Sulla
17

in 86 BC.

The maxims of the Oracle at Delphi were made up of very brief quotations (two to
five words) full of wisdom and moral values. The subject matter they deal with varies
from religious faith, to obedience to law, how to treat friends, how to behave in a just
manner, education, country, way of life, happiness, etc.

These maxims, 147 in total
18
, were inscribed in the frontal columns at the temple of
the god Apollo, at the Oracle of Delphi. They were copied on single marble tablets
and were transported to all parts of the Ancient Greek World, as the writing on paper
or on parchment was not known at the time.


Most of them have been attributed to the seven sages of Ancient Greece: Thales,
Pittacos, Bias, Solon, Cleovoulos, Periandros, and Chilon.

The first part contains these maxims in both ancient Greek and modern Greek.

These maxims (capitals in Ancient Greek and the translation equivalent in English)
are the following:

1. EHOY OEO. Follow God.
2. NOMO HEIOOY. Obey the law.
3. OEOY LEBOY. Worship God.
4. IONEIL AIAOY. Respect your parents.
5. HTTO YHO AIKAIOY. Be overcome by justice.
6. INOOI MAOON. Base your knowledge on learning.
7. AKOYAL NOEI. Understand after you have heard what has occurred.
8. LAYTON ILOI. Know yourself.
9.IAMEIN MEAAE. Intend to get married.
10. KAIPON INOOI. Take care to know the right opportunity.
11.4PONEI ONHTA. Think as a mortal.
12. EENOL ON ILOI. Act as if you are a stranger.
13.ELTIAN TIMA. Honor your family.
14. APXE LEAYTOY. Control yourself.
15.4IAOIL BOHOEI. Help your friends.
16. OYMOY KPATEI. Control your anger.
17. 4PONHLIN ALKEI. Exercise prudence.
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18. HPONOIAN TIMA. Honor divine providence.
19. OPKO MH XPO. Do not use an oath.
20.4IAIAN AIAHA. Love friendship.
21.HAIAEIAL ANTEXOY. Concentrate on education.
22.AOEAN AIOKE. Pursue honor.
23.LO4IAN ZHAOY. Seek wisdom.
24.KAAON EY AEIE. Praise the good.
25.1EIE MHAENA. Do not accuse anyone.
26. EHAINEI APETHN. Praise virtue.
27. HPATTE AIKAIA. Practice what is just.

28. 4IAOIL EYNOEI. Be benevolent to your friends.
29. EXOPOYL AMYNOY. Guard yourself against your enemies.
30. EYIENEIAN ALKEI. Exercise nobility of character.
31. KAKIAL AHEXOY. Shun evil.
32. KOINOL IINOY. Be interested in public affairs.
33. IAIA 4YAATTE. Guard what is yours.
34. AAAOTPION AHEXOY. Shun what belongs to others.
35. AKOYE HANTA. Listen to everyone.
36. EY4HMOL ILOI. Be religiously silent.
37. 4IAON XAPIZOY. Do favors for your friends.
38. MHAEN AIAN. Nothing in excess.
39. XPONOY 4EIAOY. Use time in an economical way.
40. OPA TO MEAAON. Look toward the future.
41. YBPIN MILEI. Hate violent and offensive behavior.
42. IKETAL AIAOY. Respect those who have taken refuge in holy temples.
43. HALIN APMOZOY. Be accommodated to all.
44. YIOYL HAIAEYE. Educate your sons.
45. EXON XAPIZOY. When you have, give freely.
46. AOAON 4OBOY. Fear deceit.
47. EYAOIEI HANTAL. Praise everyone.
48. 4IAOLO4OL IINOY. Be a seeker of wisdom.
49. OLIA KPINE. Judge according to divine law.
50. INOYL HPATTE. Think first, act later.
51. 4ONOY AHEXOY. Shun murder.
52. EYXOY AYNATA. Wish for things possible.
53. LO4OIL XPO. Associate with the wise.
54. HOOL AOKIMAZE. Test the character of a person.
55. AABON AHOAOL. Give back what you have received.
56. Y4OPO MHAENA. Do not suspect anyone.
57. TEXNH XPO. Exercise knowledge and skills in profession, trade or science.
58. O MEAAEIL AOL. Give what you mean to give.
59. EYEPIELIAL TIMA. Honor good deeds.
60. 4OONEI MHAENI. Be jealous of no one.
61. 4YAAKH HPOLEXE. Be on your guard.
62. EAHIAA AINEI. Praise hope.
63. AIABOAHN MILEI. Hate a false accusation.
64. AIKAIOL KTO. Gain possessions justly.
65. AIAOOYL TIMA. Honour good men.
66. KPITHN INOOI. Know the person who judges.
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67. IAMOYL KPATEI. Submit to married life.
68. TYXHN NOMIZE. Believe in good luck.
69. EIIYHN 4EYIE. Do not sign a guarantee when obtaining a loan.
70. AHAOL AIAAEIOY. Speak plainly.
71. OMOIOIL XPO. Associate with your peers.
72. AAHANON APXOY. Govern your expenses.
73. KTOMENOL HAOY. Be happy with what you have.
74. AILXYNHN LEBOY. Revere a sense of shame.
75. XAPIN EKTEAEI. Fulfill a favor.
76. EYTYXIAN EYXOY. Pray for happiness.

77. TYXHN LTEPIE. Be fond of fortune.
78. AKOYON OPA. Observe what you have heard.
79. EPIAZOY KTHTA. Work for what you can own.
80. EPIN MILEI. Despise strife.
81. ONEIAOL EXOAIPE. Detest disgrace.
82. IAOTTAN ILXE. Restrain your tongue.
83. YBPIN AMYNOY. Guard against violent and offensive behavior.
84. KPINE AIKAIA. Judge in a just way.
85. XPO XPHMALIN . Use what you have.
86. AAOPOAOKHTOL AIKAZE. Judge without accepting gifts.
87. AITIO HAPONTA. Accuse someone (only) when he is present.
88. AEIE EIAOL. Speak (only) when you know.
89. BIAL MH EXOY. Do not behave in a violent way.
90. AAYHOL BIOY. Live without sorrow.
91. OMIAEI HPAOL. Behave with gentleness to others.
92. HEPAL EHITEAEI MH AHOAEIAION. Complete your activities without fear
and without shrinking back.
93. 4IAO4PONEI HALIN. Treat everyone with kindness and friendship.
94. YIOIL MH KATAPO. Do not curse your sons.
95. IYNAIKOL APXE. Govern your wife.
96. LEAYTON EY HOIEI. Benefit yourself.
97. EYHPOLHIOPOL IINOY. Behave with a friendly and courteous manner.
98. AHOKPINOY EN KAIPO. Respond in a timely way.
99. HONEI MET’ EYKAEIAL. Struggle without losing your good reputation.
100. HPATTE AMETANOHTOL. Act without repenting.
101. AMAPTANON METANOEI. When you err, repent.
102. O4OAAMOY KPATEI. Control your eyes.
103. BOYAEYOY XPONO. Think without time limits.
104. HPATTE LYNTOMOL. Act quickly.
105. 4IAIAN 4YAATTE. Guard friendship.
106. EYINOMON IINOY. Be grateful.
107. OMONOIAN AIOKE. Pursue harmonic co-existence.
108. APPHTON KPYHTE. Do not reveal entrusted secrets.
109. TO KPATOYN 4OBOY. Fear ruling.
110. TO LYM4EPON OHPO. Pursue what is profitable.
111. KAIPON HPOLAEXOY. Accept opportunity with pleasure.
112. EXOPAL AIAAYE. Do away with enmities.
113. IHPAL HPOLAEXOY. Accept old age.
114. EHI POMH MH KAYXO. Do not boast about your physical strength.
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115. EY4HMIAN ALKEI. Your words should be words of kindness and respect.
116. AHEXOEIAN 4EYIE. Flee enmity.
117. HAOYTEI AIKAIOL. Acquire wealth in a just way.
118. AOEAN MH AEIHE. Do not abandon what you have decided to do.
119. KAKIAN MILEI. Despise evil.
120. KINAYNEYE 4PONIMOL. Venture into danger with prudence.
121. MANOANON MH KAMNE. Do not get tired of learning.
122.4EIAOMENOL MH AEIHE. Do not leave things undone due to thrift.
123. XPHLMOYL OAYMAZE. Admire the oracular responses (i.e. the responses of
the holy men or women to questions put to them by anyone).
124. OYL TPE4EIL AIAHA. Love the people you feed.
125. AHONTI MH MAXOY. Do not oppose somebody absent.
126. HPELBYTEPON AIAOY. Respect the elders.
127. NEOTEPON AIAALKE. Teach the young.
128. HAOYTO AHILTEI. Do not trust wealth.
129. LEAYTON AIAOY. Respect yourself.
130. MH APXE YBPIZEIN. Do not use insolence to govern.
131. HPOIONOYL LTE4ANOY. Honour your ancestors by placing flower wreaths
on their tombs.
132. ONHLKE YHEP HATPIAOL. Die for your country.
133. TO BPO MH AXOOY. Do not be discontented by life.
134. EHI NEKPO MH IEAA. Do not make fun of the dead.
135. ATYXOYNTI LYNAXOOY. Sympathize with the unlucky.
136. XAPIZOY ABAABOL. Gratify without harming.
137. MH EHI HANTI AYHOY. Grieve for nobody.
138. EE EYIENON IENNA. Beget children from noble ancestry.
139. EHAIIEAOY MHAENI. Make promises to no one.
140. 4OIMENOYL MH AAIKEI. Do not wrong the dead.
141. EY HALXE OL ONHTOL. Be well off as a mortal.
142. TYXH MH HILTEYE. Do not trust fortune.
143. HAIL ON KOLMIOL ILOI. As a child, be well behaved.
144. HBON EIKPATHL. As a teenager, control yourself.
145. MELOL AIKAIOL. As middle-age, be just.
146. HPELBYTHL EYAOIOL. As an old man, be sensible.
147. TEAEYTON AAYHOL. On reaching the end, be without sorrow.
4. Chapter B.1: Notes
1. Inscription at Ai Khanum, Afganistan, probably the location of Alexandria at the
Oxus river (currently called Amudar'ya), built by Alexander the Great, during his
expedition to Asia, in the fourth century B.C. (campaigns in Bactria and Sogdia (329-
327 B.C.). This was found by an excavation by the French Arcaeological Society.
See: Rodert, L. (1973) and Bernard, P. (1973). Ai Khanum, which means "Lady
Moon" in Uzbek (an alternative translation is "Face in the Moon", because people
over there recognize a female face on the moon), is about 2 km long and 600 meters
wide, and was excavated by French archaeologists and looks surprisingly like a Greek
city, including temples, a palace, colonnaded courts, a gymnasium, houses, Corinthian
columns, free-standing statues, and a theater wth 5,000 seats. For more information,
see: www.livius.org.

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2. See: Page 657, in book: Merlier. O. et al. (editors) (1962). Nagel’s Encyclopedia-
Guide for Greece. Nagel Publishers. Geneva, and Paris.

3. Greek AEA4OI.

4. For more on this, see: Goudis, Fontenrose, Joseph (1978), Fontenrose, Joseph
(1980), and Broad, William J. (2006)).

5. In Greek mythology Apollo (in Greek AHOAAON), is one of the most important
and many-sided of the Olympian gods. Apollo has been variously recognized as a god
of light and the sun; truth and prophecy archery, medicine and healing, music, poetry,
and the arts; and more. Apollo is the son of Zeus and Leto. As the patron of Delphi
(Pythian Apollo), Apollo was an oracular god, i.e. the prophetic deity of the Delphic
Oracle. See also: Kerenyi (2002), Dimouleas (1996), Graves (1955), Guthrie (1950),
Lines (1973), Homer (1942), Tripp (1970), Tsatsomoiros, Vernant (1975, 1977),
Warner (1967), and the dictionaries and web resources in the bibliography.

6. Python was a terrible monster, a female Dragon. She had the body of a snake and
she guarded the Delphic Oracle. Python was killed by god Apollo. See also: Kerenyi
(2002), Dimouleas (1996), Graves (1955), Guthrie (1950), Lines (1973), Homer
(1942), Tripp (1970), Tsatsomoiros, Vernant (1975, 1977), Warner (1967), and the
dictionaries and web resources in the bibliography.


7. Pythian at Delphi, Olympic at Olympia, Isthmian at Isthmia, and Nemean at
Nemea.

8. The ancient Olympic Games, part of a major religious festival honoring Zeus, the
chief Greek god, were the biggest event in the ancient Greek world. For more, see:
Douskou, Iris (1976), Drees, Ludwig (1968), Finley, M.I. and Pleket, H.W. (1976),
and Swaddling, Judith (1980)).

9. Plataea or Plataeae was an ancient city, located in Greece in southeastern Veiotia, ,
south of Thebes.

It was the location of the Battle of Platea in 479 B.C., in which an
alliance of Greek city-states defeated the Persians. Plataea was destroyed in the
Peloponnesian War by Thebes and Sparta in 427 B.C., and rebuilt in 386 B.C. For
more information, see also: Thucidides, ‘History’, Published by Malliaris, Salonica,
Greece, 1982.
10. In Greek mythology, Athena (Greek: AOHNA) is the goddess of wisdom, peace,
warfare, strategy, handicrafts and reason, shrewd companion of heroes and the goddes
of heroic endeavour. She is the virgin patron of Athens, for which the Athenians built
the Parthenon to worship her. . See also: Kerenyi (2002), Dimouleas (1996), Graves
(1955), Guthrie (1950), Lines (1973), Homer (1942), Tripp (1970), Vernant (1975,
1977), Warner (1967), and the dictionaries and web resources in the bibliography.

11. In Greek myrthology, Artermis (Greek: APTEMIL) was one of the most widely
venerated of the Ancient Greek deities and one of the oldest. In the classical period
she was often described as thetwin sister of Apollo. She was the Hellenic goddess of
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forests and hills, child birth, virginity, fertility, the hunt, and often was depicted as a
huntress carrying a bow and arrows. See also: Kerenyi (2002), Dimouleas (1996),
Graves (1955), Guthrie (1950), Lines (1973), Homer (1942), Tripp (1970),
Tsatsomoiros, Vernant (1975, 1977), Warner (1967), and the dictionaries and web
resources in the bibliography.
12. In Greek mythology, Poseidon (Greek: HOLEIAON) was the god of the sea and,
as "Earth-Shaker," of earthquakes. According to Pausanias, Poseidon was one of the
caretakers of the oracle at Delphi before Olympian Apollo took it over. Apollo and
Poseidon worked closely in many realms: in colonization, for example, Delphic
Apollo provided the authorization to go out and settle, while Poseidon watched over
the colonists on their way, and provided the sea was quiet and with the proper winds.
See also: Kerenyi (2002), Dimouleas (1996), Graves (1955), Guthrie (1950), Lines
(1973), Homer (1942), Tripp (1970), Tsatsomoiros, Vernant (1975, 1977), Warner
(1967), and the dictionaries and web resources in the bibliography.

13. In Greek mythology, Dionysus (Greek: AIONYLOL) was the god of wine, the
inspirer of ritual madness and ecstasy, one of the twelve gods of Olympus. See also:
Kerenyi (2002), Dimouleas (1996), Graves (1955), Guthrie (1950), Lines (1973),
Homer (1942), Tripp (1970), Tsatsomoiros, Vernant (1975, 1977), Warner (1967),
and the dictionaries and web resources in the bibliography.

14. In Greek mythology, Hermes (Greek: EPMHL) was the Messenger of the Gods as
well as a guide to the Underworld for lost souls. He is also the patron of boundaries
and of the travelers who cross them, of thieves and road travelers, of orators and wit,
of literature and poets, of athletics, of weights and measures, of invention, of general
commerce, and of the cunning of thieves and liars. See also: Kerenyi (2002),
Dimouleas (1996), Graves (1955), Guthrie (1950), Lines (1973), Homer (1942), Tripp
(1970), Tsatsomoiros, Vernant (1975, 1977), Warner (1967), and the dictionaries and
web resources in the bibliography.

15. In Greek mythology, Zeus (Greek: ZEYL) was the king of the gods, the ruler of
Mount Olympus and the god of the sky and thunder. See also: Kerenyi (2002),
Dimouleas (1996), Graves (1955), Guthrie (1950), Lines (1973), Homer (1942), Tripp
(1970), Tsatsomoiros, Vernant (1975, 1977), Warner (1967), and the dictionaries and
web resources in the bibliography.

16. In Greek mythology, Hygeia (Greek: YIEIA) was a daughter of the god of
medicine, Asclepius. She was the goddess of health, cleanliness and sanitation and
afterwards, the moon. She also played an important part in her father's cult. While her
father was more directly associated with healing, she was associated with the
prevention of sickness and the continuation of good health. Her name is the source of
the word ‘hygiene’.See also: Kerenyi (2002), Dimouleas (1996), Graves (1955),
Guthrie (1950), Lines (1973), Homer (1942), Tripp (1970), Tsatsomoiros, Vernant
(1975, 1977), Warner (1967), and the dictionaries and web resources in the
bibliography.

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17. Lucius Cornelius Sulla Felix, Roman Military Dictator, 138-78 B.C.). For more,
see: Keaveney, Arthur (1982). Sulla. The last republican. London: Croom Helm.)
18. The maxims of Delphi were 147 in total. 147 equals 3 times 7 times 7 (or 3x7x7).
The meanings of numbers in the ancient Greek world were quite important. Number 3
represents divine perfection, and in Pythagorean terms completion. . Number 4
represents the whole creation, as there are 4 seasons in a year, 4 winds, 4 directions, 4
elements (fire, water, air, earth), etc. Number 7 is the combination of 3 and 4, and
represents the universe. Also Apollo’s lyre (musical instrument) has 7 strings, there
were 7 sages, etc. In Pythagorean terms 7 is a cosmic number with 3 of heaven and 4
of the world. Number 147, being 3x7x7, represented all divine values for all universes
(a universe of a universe).

5. Chapter B.2.: The Quotations of the Seven Sages
‘I shall quote quickly, the name, the birth-place and one quotation of each of the
seven sages:
Cleovoulos from Lindos said that ‘The measure (limit, analogy) in all things is the
best’.
Chilon from Sparta ‘Know yourself’,
Periandros from Corinth ‘You must hold your temper’.
Pittacos from Mytilene ‘Do not exaggerate in anything’.
Solon fron Athens ‘You must always plan for the end of your life’.
‘Most people are bad’ said Bias from Priene, and
‘Avoid giving guarantees for a loan’ said Thales from Miletus’.

Griedericus Jacobs
1
.

This chapter describes the quotations of the seven sages of ancient Greece:
Thales,
Pittacos,
Cleovoulos,
Solon,
Periandros,
Bias, and
Chilon.

These quotations (capitals in Ancient Greek and the translation equivalent in English)
are the following:

Quotations of Cleovoulos

Cleovoulos was the son of Evagoras. He was born in Lindos, on the island of Rodos.
He lived in the sixth century B.C., and he was the ruler of Lindos. He was considered
as one of the seven sages (wise men) of Ancient Greece.

He studied philosophy in Egypt, and had a daughter named Cleovulina, who used to
compose enigmas in hexameter verse, that were said to be of no less significance than
his own.
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The following puzzle (enigma) is considered his own:
‘One father, twelve children, and to each child
twice thirty daughters belong, different in looks.
White are half of them, black are the other half,
All of them are immortal, yet they all die’.

The solution to this ‘time’, as time has twelve months, and every month thiry days
and thirty nights. The days follow one another on a never-ending stream. As one dies
it gives birth to another one, and so on.

Plutarch, in his famous ‘Dinner of the seven sages’, refers to Cleovoulos and all the
other sages with the highest remarks.

He used to compose songs and sayings in verse to the number of three thousand lines.


Diogenes Laertius presents a sample of these lines:
"I am a brazen maiden lying here
Upon the tomb of Midas.
And as long as water flows,
As trees are green with leaves,
As the sun shines and eke the silver moon,
As long as rivers flow, and billows roar,
So long will I upon this much wept tomb,
Tell passers by, "Midas lies buried here."

The quotations, according to various sources, attributed to him, were the following:

1. METPON APILTON. The measure (limit, analogy) in all things is the best.
2. HATEPA AEI AIAEILOAI. Respect your father.

3. EY TO LOMA EXEIN KAI THN 1YXHN.
Maintain your body and mind in good order.
4.4IAHKOON EINAI KAI MH HOAYAAAON.
Like to listen and not to say too much.
5.HOAYMAOH H AMAOH. It is best to know many things than to be ignorant.
6.IAOLLAN EY4HMON KEKTHLOAI. You should only speak in respectful terms.
7.APETHL OIKEION (EINAI) KAKIAL AAAOTPION.
Be a fiend to virtue, and a stranger to vice.
8. AAIKEIAN MILEIN. Hate injustice.
9. EYLEBEIAN 4YAALLEIN. Be always respectful.
10. HOAITAIL TA BEATILTA LYMBOYAEIN.
To your co-citizens always advise the best.
11. HAONHL KPATEIN. Master pleasure.
12. BIA MHAEN HPATTEIN. Never do anything with violence.
13. TEKNA HAIAEYEIN. Educate your children.
14.TYXH EYXELOAI. Pray to fortune.
15. EXOPAL AIAAYEIN. Destroy enmities.
16. TON TOY AHMOY EXOPON HOAEMION NOMIZEIN.
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Consider as your enemy the enemy of the people.
17.IYNAIKI MH MAXELOAI MHAE AIAN 4PONEIN AAAOTPION
HAPONTON TO MEN IAP ANOIAN, TO AE MANIAN AYNATAI HAPEXEIN.
Do not fight with your wife and do not behave with arrogance in front of others. The
first shows mainly stupidity, while the second may make others consider you to be a
crazy man.
18. OIKETAL MEOYONTAL MH KOAAZEIN EI AE MH, AOLEIL HAPOINEIN.
Do not punish drunk slaves otherwise you will too seem to be drunk.
19. IAMEIN EK TON OMOION EAN IAP EK TON KPEITTONON, AELHOTAL,
OY LYIIENEIL KTHLH.
Marry from your own social level because if the wife (or husband) is from a higher
social level, you will acquire bosses, not relatives.
20. MH EHIIEAA TO LKOHTONTI AHEXOHL IAP ELH TOIL
LKOHTOMENOIL
Do not laugh aloud when a man mocks others, because you will draw upon your self
the hate of those who are been mocked.
21. EEYHOPOYNTA MH YHEPH4ANON EINAI, AHOPOYNTA MH
TAHEINOYLOAI.
If you are rich, do not feel proud. If you are poor, do not feel meek.

Quotations of Solon

Solon was the son of Exikestidis. He was born in Salamis. He lived in Athens in the
sixth century B.C. (ca. 640-560 B.C.), and he was a law-maker, political reformer and
a poet. He was considered as one of the seven sages (wise men) of Ancient Greece.

In 594 BC he was made governor (archon) of Attica, in order to subdue the civil
disorder that was rampant there. He introduced a set of ordinances (called
seisachtheia
2
), that did much to improve conditions.

The seisachtheia laws immediately cancelled all outstanding debts, retroactively
emancipated all previously enslaved debtors, reinstated all confiscated serf property to
the hektemorioi, and forbade the use of personal freedom as collateral in all future
debts. A ceiling to maximum property size was also instituted regardless of the
legality of its acquisition (i.e. by mariage), meant to prevent excessive accumulation
of land by powerful families.

His ordinances were such a success that he was given the task of rewriting the
constitution, creating what was later called the Solonian Constitution
3
.

To the question ‘what are laws?’, he replied ‘Laws are something like the web of a
spider. If something light falls on it, it remains resilient and does not break. But if
something heavier and stronger falls upon it, it pierces and breaks’.

Plutarch, in his famous ‘Dinner of the seven sages’, refers to Solon and the other
sages with the highest remarks.


The quotations, according to various sources, attributed to him, were the following:
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1. MHAEN AIAN. Never exaggerate.
2. KPITHL MH KAOILO EI AE MH, TO AH4OENTI EXOPOL ELH.
Do not take the position of a judge, as in this case you will be hated by the
condemned.
3. HAONHN 4EYIE, HTIL AYHHN TIKTEI
Avoid pleasure and joy that creates pain (physical or psychic)
4. 4YAALLE TPOHOY KAAOKAIAOIAN OPKOY HILTOTEPAN.
Keep the politeness and goodness of your character more faithful than your oath.
5. L4PAIIZOY TOYL MEN AOIOYL LIIH, THN AE LIIHN KAIPO.
Seal up your words with silence, and your silence with the right timing.
6. MH 1EYAOY, AAA AAAHOEYE. Do not lie but tell the truth.
7. TA LHOYAAIA MEAETA. Involve yourself with the serious and worthy things.
8. TON IONEON MH AEIE AIKAIOTEPA.
Do not claim to be more just them your parents.
9. 4IAOYL MH TAXY KTO, OYL A’ AN KTHLH, MH TAXY AHOAOKIMAZE.
Do not acquire friends quickly.When, however, you acquire them, do not reject them
quickly.
10. APXELOAI MAOON, APXEIN EHILTHLH
Only when you learn how to be governed, you will know how to govern.
11. EYOYNAL ETEPOYL AEION AIAONAI, KAI AYTOL YHEXE.
If you ask others to justify their action, be eager to also do the same (justify your
actions).
12. LYMBOYAEYE MH TA HAILTA, AAAA TA BEATILTA.
Your advice should not be for the pleasurable, but for the best (or noblest).
13. TOIL HOAITAIL MH OPALYNOY. Do not be insolent towards your co-citizens.
14. MH KAKOIL OMIAEI. Do not associate with bad people.
15. XPO TOIL OEOIL. Do have relationships with Gods.
16. 4IAOYL EYLEBEI. Respect your friends.
17. O AN MH IAHL MH AEIE. If you don’t see something, keep silent.
18. EIAOL LIIA. Even if you know, keep silent.
19. TOIL EAYTOY HPAOL ILOI. Be kind to your own people.
20. TA A4ANH TOIL 4ANEPOIL TEKMAIPOY.
On the basis of the significant draw conclusions on the not significant.

Quotations of Chilon

Chilon was the son of Damagitos
4
. He was born in Sparta. He lived in Sparta in the
sixth century B.C. (born ca. 560 B.C.), and he was a law-maker, political leader and a
poet. He was considered as one of the seven sages (wise men) of Ancient Greece.

It is recorded that he composed verses in elegiac metre to the number of two hundred.
Chilon was also the first person who introduced the custom of joining the ephors to
the kings as their counselors.

Chilon flourished around the beginning of the 6th century B.C. The tradition was that
he died of joy in the arms of his son, who had just gained a prize at the Olympic
games.

He was considered as one of the seven sages (wise men) of Ancient Greece.
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The following poem is considered as his own:

‘Gold is tested on the rocky whetstone.
That’s where the true from the false gold shows up.
On the other hand,
Gold again is used to test the mind of people
Where who is good and who is bad becomes apparent’.

Plutarch, in his famous ‘Dinner of the seven sages’, refers to Chilon and the other
sages with the highest remarks.

The quotations, according to various sources, attributed to him, were the following:

1. INOOI LAYTON. Know yourself.
2. HINON, MH HOAAA AAAEI AMAPTHLH IAP.
When you drink alcohol, do not talk too much, you will make mistakes.
3. MH AHEIAEI TOIL EAEYOEPOIL OY IAP AIKAION.
Do not offend free men, because it is not right.
4. MH KAKOAOIEI TOYL HAHLION EI AE MH, AKOYLH E4’ OIL
AYHHOHLH.
Do not slander your neighbours, for you are likely to hear things which make you
unhappy.

5. EHI TA AEIHNA TON 4IAON BPAAEOL HOPEYOY, EHI AE TAL ATYXIAL
TAXEOL.
Take your time during the dinners of your friends, while be quick during their
unfortunate events.
6. IAMOYL EYTEAEIL HOIOY. Your wedding should be simple.
7. TON TETEAEYTHKOTA MAKAPIZE. Bless the dead person.
8. HPELBYTEPON LEBOY. Respect your elders.
9. TON TA AAAOTPIA HEPIEPIAZOMENON MILEI.
Hate the person who involved in the affairs of others.
10. ZHMIAN AIPOY MAAAON H KEPAOL AILXPON. TO MEN IAP AHAE
AYHHLEI, TO AE AEI.
Prefer loss to shameful profit. The first will make you sad only once, while the other
will worry you for ever.
11. TO AYLTYXOYNTI MH EHIIEAA.
Do not laugh at the person who is unfortunate.
12. TPAXELIN HLYXON LEAYTON HAPEXE, OHOL LE AILXYNONTAI
MAAAON, H 4OBONTAI.
Remain calm against rugged people, so that they are ashamed rather than feared of
you.
13. THL IAIAL OIKIAL HPOLTATEI. Govern and protect your family.
14. H IAOLLA LOY MH HPOTPEXETO TOY NOY.
Do not allow your tongue to run ahead of your intellect.
15. OYMOY KPATEI. Control your anger.
16. MH EHIOYMEI AAYNATA. Do not desire things that cannot be acquired.
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17. EN OAO MH LHEYAE HPOAIEIN, MHAE THN XEIPA KINEIN MANIKON
IAP.
Do not try to overpass people on the road nor make all kinds of hand gestures, this is
done by the crazy people.
18. NOMOIL HEIOOY. Obey law.
19. AAIKOYMENOL AIAAAALLOY, YBPIZOMENOL AE MH TIMOPOY.
When they are unjust to you, be willing to reconcile, when they insult you, do not
seek revenge.

Quotations of Thales

Thales was the son of Examyas and Cleovoulina. He was born in the Ancient Greek
City of Militos, in Ionia, in Asia Minor. He lived in Militos in the sixth century B.C.
(ca. 624-546 B.C.), and he was a scientist, a philosopher, and the founder of the
Ionian school of natural philosophy. He was considered as one of the seven sages
(wise men) of Ancient Greece.

Aristotle, the major source for Thales's philosophy and science
5
, identified Thales as
the first person to investigate the basic principles, the question of the originating
substances of matter and, therefore, as the founder of the school of natural philosophy.
Thales was interested in almost everything, investigating almost all areas of
knowledge, philosophy, history, science, mathematics, engineering, geography, and
politics. He proposed theories to explain many of the events of nature, the primary
substance, the support of the earth, and the cause of change. Thales was much
involved in the problems of astronomy and provided a number of explanations of
cosmological events which traditionally involved supernatural entities. His
questioning approach to the understanding of heavenly phenomena was the beginning
of Greek astronomy. Thales's hypotheses were new and bold, and in freeing
phenomena from godly intervention, he paved the way towards scientific endeavour.

He founded the Milesian school of natural philosophy, developed the scientific
method, and initiated the first western enlightenment.

To the question ‘who is the most happy human being?’, he replied ‘The human being
who has a healthy body, a strong mind and a cultivated nature’.
To the question ‘which is the most difficult thing in the world?’, he gave the answer:
‘the most difficult thing in the world is for someone know himself (or herself)’.

One of his songs recited at the various symposia was the following
6
:

‘Lots of words do not show prudence.
One only wisdom you should seek.
One only good you should select.
This is the only way you will shut
The absulote mouths those people who talk nonsense’.

Plutarch, in his famous ‘Dinner of the seven sages’, refers to Thales and the other
sages with the highest remarks.
The quotations, according to various sources, attributed to him, were the following:

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1. EIIYA, HAPA A’ ATA.
Do not give guarantees (on loans) as the misfortune is nearby.
2. 4IAON HAPONTON KAI AHONTON MEMNHLO
Remember your friends, both, when they are near you, as well as when they are far
away.

3. MH THN O1IN KAAAOHIZOY, AAA’ EN TOIL EHITHAEYMALIN ILOI
KAAOL.
Do not beautify your external appearance, but you should look to become good in
your behavior.
4. MH HAOYTEI KAKOL. Do not get rich in a bad way.
5. MH LE AIABAAAETO AOIOL HPOL TOYL HILTEOL KEKOINONHKOTAL
Do not allow false accusations to influence you against persons that have earned your
trust.
6. KOAAKEYEIN IONEIL MH OKNEI.
Do not get tired in flattering and speaking well to your parents.
7. MH HPOLAEXOY TO 4AYAON. Do not accept bad things.
8. OIOYL AN EPANOYL ENEIKHL TOIL IONEYLI, TOYTOYL AYTOYL EN
TO IHPA HAPA TON TEKNON HPOLAEXOY.
Whatever care you provide for your parents, the same you should expect to receive
when you reach old age, by your children.
9. XAAEHON TO EY INONAI.
The correct judgment (or opinion) is a difficult thing.
10. HAILTON TO EHIOYMIAL TYXEIN.
The achievement of something desirable is a very pleasurable thing.
11. ANIAPON APIIA. Laziness is an ill-pleased thing.
12. BAABEPON AKPALIA. No being able to control yourself is a hurtful thing.
13. BAPY AHAIAEYLIA. Ignorance is a painful thing.
14. AIAALKE KAI MANOANE TO AMEINON. Teach and learn the best.
15. APIOL MH ILOI, MHA’ AN HAOYTHL. Do not be lazy, even if you are rich.
16. KAKA EN OIKO KPYHTE. Hide bad things in your home.
17. 4OONOY MAAAON H OIKTEIPOY.
It is better if they hate you than if they feel sorrow for you.
18. METPO XPO. Regulate your life according to a standard.
19. MH HALI HILTEYE. Do not trust all people.
20. APXON KOLMEI LEAYTON.
When you rule as a chief, you should adorn yourself.

Quotations of Pittacos

Pittacos was the son of Yrradios
7
.

He was born in Mytilini on the Greek island of Lesvos. He lived in Mytilini in the
sixth century B.C. (ca. 650-570 B.C.), and he was a political and military leader. He
was considered as one of the seven sages (wise men) of Ancient Greece.

Some authors mention that he had a son called Tyrrhaeus. The legend says that his
son was killed, and when the murderer was brought before Pittacos, he dismissed the
man, saying, "Pardon is better than repentance
8
." Of this matter, Heraclitus
9
says that
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he had got the murderer into his power, and then he released him, saying, "Pardon is
better than punishment."
He defined ‘intelligence’ as ‘the ability someone could have to predict the not
desirable, and to be able to help that these do not get done’. He defined ‘valour’ as
‘the ability someone could have to find ways to cure the undesirable things when they
happen’.

Plato praises Pittacos. Heracleitos also had a very high respect for Pittacos, and
Plutarch, in his famous ‘Dinner of the seven sages’, refers to Pittacos and the other
sages with the highest remarks.

The quotations, according to various sources, attributed to him, were the following:

1.KAIPON INOOI. Learn to judge the right moment
2.O MEAAEIL HOIEIN, MH AEIE AHOTYXON IAP KATAIEAALOHLH.
Don’t say what you intend to do, because if you don’t succeed, everyone will laugh at
you
3.TOIL EHITHAEIOIL XPO. Listen to your friends.
4.OLA NEMELAL TO HAHLION, AYTOL MH HOIEI.
Don’t do yourself, what you don’t like in others

5.KAKOHPAIOYNTA MH ONEIAIZE EHI IAP TOYTOIL NEMELIL OEON
KAOHTAI.
Don’t blame someone who is being unfortunate. These are things that provoke the
anger and punishment by Gods.
6.HAPAKPATHOHKE AHOAOL.
Return goods that have been entrusted to you.
7.ANEXOY YHO TON HAHLION MIKPA EAATTOYMENOL.
Show tolerance to small damages inflicted upon you by your neighbors.
8.TON 4IAON KAKOL MH AEIE, MHA’ EY TON EXOPON ALYAAOIILTON
IAP TO TOIOYTON.
Don’t slander your friend, nor praise your enemy because such a thing is
unreasonable.
9.AEINON LYNIAEIN TO MEAAON, AL4AAEL TO IENOMENON.
It is difficult to foresee the future what has already happened is the only certain thing.
10.HILTON IH, AHILTON OAAALLA.
Land is trustworthy, while sea is untrustworthy
11.AHAHLTON KEPAOL. Profit is greedy
12.KTHLAI AIAIA: EYLEBEIAN, HAIAEIAN, LO4POLYNHN, 4PONHLIN,
AAHOEIAN, HILTIN, EMHEIPIAN, EHIAEEIOTHTA, ETAIPEIAN,
EHIMEAEIAN, OIKONOMIAN, TEXNHN.
Acquire what is not destroyed by time: piety, education, prudence, thoughtful mind,
truth, belief, expense, skills and dexterities, co-operation, care, effective management,
professional knowledge.

Quotations of Bias

Bias was the son of Tevtamos
10
. He was born in Priene, an Ancient Greek City in
Ionia, north of Militos, in Asia Minor. He lived in Priene in the sixth century B.C. (ca.
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625-540 B.C.). He was considered as one of the seven sages (wise men) of Ancient
Greece.

One of the examples of his goodness is the legend that says that he paid a ransom for
some women who had been taken prisoner. After educating them as his own
daughters, he sent them back to Messina, their homeland, and to their fathers.

He also wrote about two thousand verses on Ionia, to show in what way a man might
achieve happiness.

To the question ‘which is the sweetest thing to people?’, he replied ‘hope’.

Aristotle esteemed the wisdom of Bias. So did Plato who praises Bias, and Pittacos.
Heracleitos had a very high respect for Bias and Pittacos. Also Plutarch, in his famous
‘Dinner of the seven sages’, refers to all seven sages with the highest remarks.
The quotations, according to various sources, attributed to him, were the following:

1.OI HAEILTOI ANOPOHOI KAKOI.
Most people are bad people.
2.EL TO ELOHTPON E4H EMBAE1ANTA AEI, EI MEN KAAOL 4AINH,
KAAA HOIEIN, EI AE AILXPOL, TO THL 4YLEOL EAAIHEL AIOPOOYLAI
TH KAAOKAIAOIA.
Look into your mirror, and if you look nice, you must do nice things if, however, you
look ugly, you must correct your physical deficiency with politeness and goodness
3.BPAAEOL EIXEIPEI O A’ AN APEH, AIABEBAIOY.
Do not be in a hurry to undertake something. When, however, you start, stay fixed to
that until the end.
4.MILEI TO TAXY AAAEIN, MH AMAPTHL MATANOIA IAP AKOAOYOEI.
Hate to talk in haste as there is the fear of making mistakes, in which case, asking for
forgiveness follows.
5.MHT’ EYHOHL ILOI, MHTE KAKOHOHL.
Do not be a naïve benevolent man, not a malicious man.

6. A4POLYNHN MH HPOLAEXOY. Do not accept thoughtlessness.
7. 4PONHLIN AIAHA. Love practical wisdom.
8. HEPI OEON AEIE, OL EILI OEOI. You should state that Gods exist.
9. NOEI TO HPATTOMENON. Understand what has been achieved.
10. AKOYE HOAAA. Listen to everything.
11. AAAEI KAIPIA. Speak at the exact moment that is most appropriate.
12. HENHL ON HAOYLIOIL MH EHITIMA, HN MH MEIA O4EAHL.
If you are poor, do not accuse the rich, unless you benefit much everyone.
13.ANAEION ANAPA MH EHAINEI AIA HAOYTON.
Do not praise the rich man, if he has no values.
14. HEILAL AABE, MH BIALAMENOL. Take with persuasion, not with violence
15.OTI AN AIAOON HPALLHL, OEOYL MH LEAYTON AITIO.
Thank Gods for whatever good comes your way, not yourself
16.KTHLAI EN MEN NEOTHTI EYHPAEIAN, EN AE TO IHPA LO4IAN.
Pursue the means, while young, for a plentiful life, and wisdom, when you reach old
age
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17. EEEIL EPIO MNHMHN, KAIPO EYAABEIAN, TPOHO IENNAIOTHTA,
HONO EIKPATEIAN, 4OBO EYLEBEIAN, HAOYTO 4IAIAN, AOIO HEIOO,
LIIH KOLMON, INOMH AIKAIOLYNHN, TOAMH ANAPEIAN, HPAEEI
AYNALTEIAN, AOEH HIEMONIAN.
You will be remembered well by your good deeds,
you will become more pious with the passing of time,
you will be more brave, with your behaviour,
you will be more self-controlled, by working hard,
you will have more respect, by instilling fear,
you will have more friends, by becoming richer,
you will be more persuasive, by exercising reason,
you will be looking better, by using silence,
you will be more just, by using intellect,
you will be more courageous, by showing valour,
you will be more powerful, by your achievements,
you will attain authority, by your good name.








Quotations of Periandros

Periandros was the son of Kypselos
11
. He was born in Corinth. He lived in Corinth in
the sixth century B.C. (ca. 627-587 B.C.), and he was its ruler. He was considered as
one of the seven sages (wise men) of Ancient Greece.

He supported greatly the arts, constructing various buildings and inviting poets and
noted writers like Aesop
12
and others.

He founded new colonies for Corinth such as Naukratis in Egypt. He brought
economic wealth in Corinth, the arts flourished, as well crafts and architecture.

Plutarch, in his famous ‘Dinner of the seven sages’, refers to Periandros and the other
sages with the highest remarks.
The quotations, according to various sources, attributed to him, were the following:

1. MEAETH TO HAN. Exercising is the best thing.

2. KAAON HLYXIA EHIL4AAEL HPOHETEIA.
To be quiet is a nice thing, to be arrogant and abusive, a dangerous one.
3 .KEPAOL AILXPON. Profit is shameful.
4.AHMOKPATIA KPEITTON TYPANNIAOL.
Democracy is better than the power of tyrant
5.AI MEN HAONAI ONHTAI, AI AE APETAI AOANATOI.
Mischievous pleasures are mortal, while virtues are immortal
6.EYTYXON MEN METPIOL ILOI, ATYXON AE 4PONIMOL.
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When you are happy, be modest, when you are unhappy, be sensible
7.4EIAOMENON KPEITTON, AHOOANEIN H ZONTA ENAEILOAI.
If one is to live in a thrifty manner, it is best to die rather than live in need.
8.LEAYTON AEION HAPALKEYAZE TON IONEON
Take care to make yourself worthy of your parents
9.ZON MEN EHAINOY, AHOOANON AE MAKAPIZOY.
While you live, they should praise you when you die, then should speak well for you
10.4IAOIL EYTYXOYLOI KAI ATYXOYLIN O AYTOL ILOI.
Treat your friends the same way, and in their good times, and in their misfortunes
11.ON AN EKOL OMOAOIHLHL HONHPON, HAPABAINE.
Bypass whoever you personally feel as bad
12.AOION AHOPPHTON EK4OPAN MH HOIOY.
Do not share with others secrets entrusted to you.
13.AOIAOPOY OL TAXY 4IAOL ELOMENOL.
Abuse the other person on the basis that you will quickly become his friend
14.TOIL MEN NOMOIL HAAAIOIL XPO, TOIL A’ O1OIL HPOL4ATOIL.
Your laws should be old, your dinners fresh
15.MH MONON TOYL AMAPTANONTAL KOAAZE, AAAA KAI TOYL
MEAAONTAL KOAYE.
Do not be happy by punishing those who commit errors, but you should also hinder
those who are willing to commit them
16.AYLTYXON KPYHTE, INA MH TOYL EXOPOYL EY4PANHL.
Hide your misfortune, so that you do not give joy to your enemies


6. Chapter B.2: Notes

1. Anthologia Graeca, Volume 4, by Griedericus Jacobs. See://plato.stanford.edu

2. Seisachtheia (Greek: LEILAXOEIA, from LEIEIN, to shake, and AXOOL, burden,
i.e. the relief of burdens) was a set of laws instituted by the Athenian lawmaker Solon
in order to rectify the wide-spread serfdom and slavery that had run rampant in
Athens by the 6
th
Century B.C., by debt relief. Under the pre-existing legal status,
debtors unable to repay their creditors would surrender their land to them, then
becoming serfs who cultivated what used to be their own land and gave one sixth of
produce to their creditors. Should the debt exceed the perceived value of debtor's total
assets, then the debtor and his family would become the creditor's slaves as well. The
same would result if a man defaulted on a debt whose collateral was the debtor's
personal freedom.

3. For more information on the Solonian Constitution, see: Diogenes Laertius,
Freeman (1926, 1946), Plutarch, Lypourlis (2004), Diels, Diels and Kranz, and the
other web resources in the bibliography.

4. For more on Chilon, see: Diogenes Laertius, Freeman (1946), Plutarch, Lypourlis
(2004), Diels, Diels and Kranz, and the other web resources in the bibliography. For
more on Sparta, see: Raptis (2008).
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5. For more on Thales, see: Saricas, Diogenes Laertius, Freeman (1946), Plutarch,
Lypourlis (2004), Diels, Diels and Kranz, and the other web resources in the
bibliography.
6. As quoted in ‘Anthologia Lyrica Graeca’, by E.Diehl, Teubner, Lipsiae, 1954-
1955.

7. For more on Pittacos, see: Diogenes Laertius, Freeman (1946), Plutarch, Lypourlis
(2004), Diels, Diels and Kranz, and the other web resources in the bibliography.

8. Compare this to the quotation of the bible (see bibliography), in Mattew 5.44:
‘Love your enemies and bless them that hate you’.

9. For more on this, see: Barnes, Diels and Kranz, Pekegrinis, and the other web
resources in the bibliography.

10. For more on Bias, see: Diogenes Laertius, Freeman (1946), Plutarch, Lypourlis
(2004), Diels, Diels and Kranz, and the other web resources in the bibliography.

11. For more on Periandros, see: Diogenes Laertius, Freeman (1946), Plutarch,
Lypourlis (2004), Diels, Diels and Kranz, and the other web resources in the
bibliography.

12. For more on Aesop, see: Kyriazopoulos, Mayvis, Chambry, and Hanford in the
bibliography.





















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APPENDIX A: A Small Sample of the Delphic Statements

‘Tell the king; the fair wrought house has fallen.
No shelter has Apollo, nor sacred laurel leaves;
The fountains are now silent; the voice is stilled.
It is finished’.
Last oracular statement delivered to Emperor Theodosius I, 393 A.D
1
.
The following list of statements is only a small sample of over 500 statements
delivered over 1000 years by the Oracle of Delphi
2
.



1. STATEMENTS TO KING LYCURGUS OF SPARTA (9th century BC)
Around the 9th century BC (dates are not completely verified, and some even
question his existence) the regent of Sparta and writer of the Spartan constituion went
to the oracle to ask for guidance. The oracle told Lycurgus that his prayers had been
heard and that the state which observed the laws of Lycurgus would become the most
famous in the world. With such an endorsement, Lycurgus went to the leading men of
Sparta and enlisted their support. Seeking further assistance she also told him:
There are two roads, most distant from each other: the one leading
to the honorable house of freedom, the other the house of slavery,
which mortals must shun. It is possible to travel the one through
manliness and lovely accord; so lead your people to this path. The
other they reach through hateful strife and cowardly destruction;
so shun it most of all.

As a result Lycurgus built a constitution for the Spartans that combined features of a
monarchy with two kings, of a land-owning aristocracy and a democracy. The oracle
further told him:
Love of money and nothing else will ruin Sparta.
As a result Lycurgus decreed that no silver money was allowed in Sparta, creating a
cumbersome iron currency instead. The oracle was proved correct. One of the reasons
attributing to Sparta’s downfall was the gold and the silver its soldiers sent home after
the Peloponnesian War.
2. STATEMENTS TO ATHENIAN LAW-MAKER AND WISE MAN OF
ANCIENT GREECE SOLON (594 BC)
In 594 BC, Solon, the Athenian lawgiver, and one of the seven sages of ancient
Greece, wanted to build his famous constitutional reforms for Athens. To this regard,
Solon sought the advice of the oracle who told him:
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Seat yourself now amidships for you are the pilot of Athens. Grasp
the helm fast in your hands; you have many allies in your city.
As a result Solon refused the opportunity to become a tyrant, and created a
constitution for which he, and Athens, were justly honoured. Through trial by jury, a
graduated tax system and the forgiveness of debts he prevented a growing gap
between the "haves" and the "have-nots". But he refused to accept the confiscations of
the property of the rich, so creating an Athenian middle class. He secured an Oath
from the Athenian Council of Magistrates that if they violated these laws they would
dedicate a gold statue to the Oracle of Delphi of equal weight to themselves.

3. STATEMENTS TO ATHENS AND SPARTA REGARDING THE ATTACK
OF KING XERXES OF PERSIA (480 BC)
In 480 BC, when king Xerxes the son of Darius of Persia, returned to finish the job of
conquering the Greeks in which his father had failed, the Athenians consulted the
oracle. They were told:
Now your statues are standing and pouring sweat. They shiver
with dread. The black blood drips from the highest rooftops. They
have seen the necessity of evil. Get out, get out of my sanctum and
drown your spirits in woe.

It was unambiguous. When persuaded to seek advice a second time, the oracle gave a
way for the Athenians to escape their doom.
When Athena approached her father to help her city, Zeus
responded that he would grant that "a wall of wood alone shall be
uncaptured, a boon to you and your children."
Also the oracle again advised the Athenians to flee:
Await not in quiet the coming of the horses, the marching feet, the
armed host upon the land. Slip away. Turn your back. You will
meet in battle anyway. O holy Salamis, you will be the death of
many a woman's son between the seedtime and the harvest of the
grain.
Meanwhile, the Spartans also consulted the oracle and were told:
The strength of bulls or lions cannot stop the foe. No, he will not
leave off, I say, until he tears the city or the king limb from limb.

or in a version according to Herodotus
3
:

‘Hear your fate, O dwellers in Sparta of the wide spaces;
Either your famed, great town must be sacked by Perseus' sons,
Or, if that be not, the whole land of Lacedaemon
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Shall mourn the death of a king of the house of Heracles,
For not the strength of lions or of bulls shall hold him,
Strength against strength; for he has the power of Zeus,
And will not be checked till one of these two he has consumed’.
The Spartans withdrew in consternation, wondering which fate was worse. The
Delphians themselves then asked how Persia could be defeated. The oracle replied:
Pray to the Winds. They will prove to be mighty allies of Greece.

Events overtook the prophecy when the Persian army assaulted Thermopylae, where
the Spartans (notably “the 300”) and allies held the pass against them. The Spartans
under King Leonidas (The Lion) resisted the Persian advance at Thermopylae until
betrayed by treachery. Refusing to retreat, the entire Spartan contingent, including
their King (as foretold), lost their lives, but in so doing gained immortal fame. The
Persian armada then sailed to nearby Cape Artemisium, where they were met by the
Athenian fleet. The Athenian ships fought against great odds, but in three battles
managed to hold their own.
A tremendous storm then arose at Artemesium, with the most violent winds attacking
the ships for three days. The Persians lost about 20% of their warships and perhaps
the same number of transport vessels to the storm. The stormy winds and huge waves
did not harm the Athenian ships.
Back in Athens Themistocles argued that the wall of wood referred to the Athenian
navy and persuaded the Athenians to pursue their policy of using wealth from their
Attic silver mines at Lavrion to continue building their fleet.
On the grounds that the oracle referred to the nearby island of Salamis as "holy", he
claimed that those slain would be Greece's enemies, not the Athenians. For these the
oracle would have said "O cruel Salamis". His voice carried the day, Athens was
evacuated to Salamis and in a following naval battle the Athenian fleet and its allies
destroyed the Persian fleet at Salamis, while watched by Xerxes.
Despite the fact that Athens was burned by the Persians, her occupants were saved,
the Persian risk was ended and the authority of the Oracle was never higher.
4. STATEMENT TO A FRIEND OF SOCRATES RE: THE WISDOM OF
SOCRATES (440 BC)

Around 440 BC Chaerophon, a friend of Socrates visits the Oracle of Delphi and asks
Pythia, "Is there any man alive wiser than Socrates?" The answer that he received was
simply:

No.

Socrates, about 30 years old at the time, when he heard that, said that either all were
equally ignorant, or that he was wiser in that he alone was aware of his own
ignorance.
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5. STATEMENT TO KING ALEXANDER THE GREAT (336 BC)
In 336 BC, when the young Alexander the Great, Philip's son, arrived at Delphi to
have his fortune foretold, before setting forth to attack the Persian Empire, the Oracle
uncharacteristically remained silent and could not be prompted to say anything,
asking him to come back later. Furious, Alexander dragged Pythia by the hair out of
the innermost room of the temple (called ‘adyton’) until she screamed:

Let go of me.You are unbeatable.

The moment he heard these words he dropped her, saying "Now I have my answer".
6. STATEMENT TO ROMAN EMEPEROR NERO (67 AD)
In 67 AD, the Roman emeperor Nero, who was just 30 years old and had killed his
own mother in 59 AD, when visiting the Oracle was told:

Your presence here outrages the god you seek. Go back matricide!
The number 73 marks the hour of your downfall!

He was angered and had the Pythia buried alive. Nero thought he would have a long
reign and die at 73. Instead his reign came to a short end after a revolt by Galba who
was 73 years of age at the time.
Appendix A: Notes
1. In 389 AD, under the reign of Theodosius I, Christian attacks against pagan
temples continued, reaching a head when the Emperor ordered that all pagan temples
be shut. The oracle declared to the Emperor in 393 AD the statement noted. Within
two years the Emperor Theodosius was dead. Within 20 years the Western Roman
Empire had fallen to the Germans, and for the first time in 1000 years no further
oracular statements were given).
2. For more information on the Oracle of Delphi, and its statements, see: Pausanias,
Ellados Periigisis, Viotika kai Fokika. Ekdotiki Athinon, Greece, 1981. Alcock, S.E.,
J.F. Cherry, and J. Elsner (2001), Arafat, Karim W. (1996), Habicht, Christian (1985),
Hutton, William (2005), Levi, Peter (tr.) (1984a, 1984b), Macrone Michael (1991),
Thurston, Harry, (1962). Bakker, Egbert (2002), Dewald, Carolyn, and John
Marincola (2006), Evans, J. A. S. (1982), Evans, J. A. S. (1991), Flory, Stewart
(1987), Pease (1917), Parke (1939), Hale, and Fornara, Charles W. (1971).
3. For more on this, see: Herodotus (1988) in the bibliography.
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Author’s C.V. (Ztoì¿río tou Zuyypoçío)


O k. I. Kupiu¸o¸ìou oaououoc A¸¸ìiku, 1u¿oìo¸iu, Oikovoµiku kui Hìqpoçopikq
kui civui uaoçoitoç auvcaiotqµiev tou Kuvuou kui tev HHA. Ep¸u¸ctui eç
Luµµouìoç Eai¿cipqocev µc 35-ctq oic0vq cµacipiu otqv oioikqoq cai¿cipqocev,
aìqpoçopikq kui coetcpiko cìc¸¿o. Eivui cioq¸qtqç ocµivupiev oioikqoqç &
aìqpoçopikqç, µcìoç cau¸¸cìµutikev op¸uveocev, kui ou¸¸puçcuç caiotqµovikev
kui ìo¸otc¿vikev 0cµutev (µiµìiev, ookiµiev, aoiqµutev, oiq¸qµutev kui tc¿vikev
up0pev (aìqpoçopikqç)). 1¿ci kcpoioci to Hpeto Bpuµcio (1992, Huvcììqvioç
Aiu¸evioµoç Ao¸otc¿viuç, A0qvu) ¸iu to Aokíµto tou «Mqócv kot Anctµo kot q
nµoonxtkq xov ov0µenov oxov 21o otevo», kui c¿ci µctuçpuoci otu A¸¸ìiku to
Hoíqµo «Tó ycçúµt xqç Aµxoç» (1koooq Hoìitiotikou Oµiìou Kuìkoutuç, Ivoiu,
1999). Lxov ¿eµo xqç þcìxíeoqç xev o¿cocev c¿ct noìvcxq cµnctµío oxo ncóío
xev coaching, óto¿cíµtoqç ov0µentvov óvvoµtkoú, kot mentoring, oc ótc0vcç
cníncóo. Hìqµqç koxóìoyoç xev ovyyµoçtkev xov cµyev noµoxí0cvxot oxtç
cnóµcvcç ocìíócç.

John Kyriazoglou obtained a certificate in computer programming and data
processing from a technical college, in Hamilton, Canada, a B.A. (Honours) in
Computer Science and with a minor in Economics from the University of Toronto,
Canada, also earning the 1975 Scholastic award for Academic Excellence in
Computer Science, and a M.S. in Data Processing from the Pacific University, USA.
John has worked in Canada, Europe (England, Switzerland, Luxembourg, Greece,
etc.) and the Middle East for over 35 years, as a Senior IT manager, IT auditor, Goup
EDP Internal Audit Manager and senior management consultant, in a variety of
clients and projects, in both the private and the public sectors. Mr. Kyriazoglou has
published over 20 articles in professional publications, has served in numerous
scientific committees, is a member of ISACA, the Institute for Internal Controls, Inc.
(U.S.A.), and other professional and cultural associations, and is giving courses on IT
Auditing, Security and Electronic Crime Prevention.
A full catalogue of his works can be found in the next pages.














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53
EPIA LTA EAAHNIKA (Works in Greek)
1. “Mc0oóoìoyío Aoktµqç Lvoxqµóxev Atotkqoceç Bóoceç
Hìqµoçoµtev”, Hpuktiku 1
ou
Luvcopiou Hìqp/kqç, A0qvui, 4/1984.
2. “Acçtkó-Evµcvxqµto Hìqµoçoµtokev Lxot¿cíev”, Hpuktiku 1
ou

Huvcììqviou Luvcopiou Hìqpoçopikqç, A0qvui, Aapiìioç 1984.
3. «Ynóµ¿ct óvvoxóxqç okcçceç oxovç Hìckxµovtkoúç Ynoìoytoxcç;»,
«EHOHTEIA», Ap. 103, Iouìioç-Au¸ouotoç 1985, A0qvui.
4. «Mqócv kot Anctµo kot q nµoonxtkq xov ov0µenov oxov 21o otevo», 1992,
KAAAITEXNIKH ELTIA MOLXATOY.
5. «Lxµoxqytkóç L¿cótooµóç µc Hotoxtkq Atooçóìtoq», «MANAGER»,
Lcì. 69-71, EEAE, Iuvouupioç 1995, A0qvui.
6. Mcxóçµooq oxo Ayyìtkó xov Hotqµoxoç «Tó ycçúµt xqç Aµxoç»
1koooq Hoìitiotikou Oµiìou Kuìkoutuç, Ivoiu, 1999.
7. «EAEIXOL LYLTHMATON HAHPOdOPIKHL», 2001, Anubis, AOHNA.
8. «Hìoíoto H0tkqç kot Enoyycìµoxtkqç Lvµncµtçoµóç», Lcì.:67-74, Acìtio
ENOLHL EAAHNIKON TPAHEZON, A0qvui, Ap. 40: 1-3/2005 (www.hba.gr)
9. «METPHLH AHOAOLHL EHEIXEIPHLEON KAI OPIANILMON»,
11/2005, Ekooociç ION, AOHNA (Acutcpoç ou¸¸puçcuç: ku A. Hoìitou) .
10. Mcxóçµooq oxo Eììqvtkó xov Ayyìtkoú Hµoxúnov «Risk Management»,
www.theirm.org, A¸¸ìiu, 6/2007 (Luvcp¸uo0qkuv caioqç: Ap. Xpqotoç
Kupiu¸o¸ìou, kui Ap. Eipqvu Lu¸kouvu) .
11. «Lkcçctç Ayónqç kot dtìíoç» uao tiç ckooociç YAAEL (2009).

WORKS IN ENGLISH
1. “Scoreboard matches best file methods to Processing needs”,
“Canadian Data Systems”, Vol. 6, No. 3, March 1974.
2. “Comparing list structures ”, “Canadian Data Systems”, Vol. 6, No.
11, Nov. 1974.
3. “Data Base Languages Comparison Report” ( co-author)
Ref.: SHARE 53 Conference Proceedings, U.S.A., 1979.
4. “Management Information Systems and Computer Network”
Ref.: COPISEE Conference Proceedings, Greece, 1980.
5. “DBMS Systems in the Modern Enterprise”, “Manager”, Hellenic
Management Society Journal, Greece, May 1984.
6. ‘Why use a Data Dictionary – Directory”, European GUIDE
Conference, England, June 1984.
7. “Auditing the Data Communications Administration Function”,
“The EDP Auditor Journal”, Vol. IV., U.S.A., 1986.
8. “Methodology for testing Data Base Application Systems”,
“Information Management”, IDPM Soc., England, 1990.
9. “Information Quality Standards in Computerized Systems”,
“Information Management”, IDPM Soc., England, 1995.
10. “IT security”, Magazine “TechBusiness:, Greece, 11/2000.
11. “IT strategy”, Magazine “TechBusiness:, Greece, 12/2000.
12. “Contingency Planning & Business Continuity”, Magazine
“TechBusiness:, Greece, 2/2001.
13. “Data base systems implementation”, Magazine “TechBusiness’:,
Greece, 4/2001.
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