Aluminum Window and Door 101-Is2-97

Voluntary Specifications for Aluminum,
Vinyl (PVC) and Wood Windows and Glass Doors

Errata 5/2005
Reprinted 5/2005
AAMA/NWWDA
101/I.S.2-97


This document was developed and researched by representative members of AAMA and WDMA as advisory information and published as a public service. AAMA and
WDMA disclaim all liability for the use, application or adaptation of materials published herein
Copyright © 2005 – Co-Published by:

American Architectural Manufacturers Association
1827 Walden Office Square, Suite 550, Schaumburg, Illinois 60173
Phone: (847) 303-5664 Fax: (847) 303-5774
E-Mail: [email protected]


Window and Door Manufacturers Association – formerly NWWDA
1400 East Touhy Avenue, Suite 470, Des Plaines, Illinois 60018
Phone: (847) 299-5200 Fax: (847) 299-1286
E-mail: [email protected]

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ERRATA (5/18/05)
PREFACE................................................................................................................................................................ 1
FOREWORD ............................................................................................................................................................ 2
SECTION 1 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS ................................................................................................................. 3
1.1 GENERAL .......................................................................................................................................................... 3
1.2 TERMINOLOGY.................................................................................................................................................. 3
SECTION 2 SPECIFIC REQUIREMENTS .................................................................................................................. 5
2.1 TESTING REQUIREMENTS ................................................................................................................................ 7
2.2 SPECIFIC PRODUCT PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS................................................................................. 10
2.2.1 SINGLE, DOUBLE, AND TRIPLE HUNG WINDOWS....................................................................................... 10
2.2.2 HORIZONTAL SLIDING WINDOWS................................................................................................................ 12
2.2.3 VERTICAL SLIDING WINDOWS..................................................................................................................... 13
2.2.4 AWNING, HOPPER, PROJECTED WINDOWS................................................................................................ 14
2.2.5 CASEMENT WINDOWS ................................................................................................................................. 17
2.2.6 VERTICALLY OR HORIZONTALLY PIVOTED WINDOWS............................................................................... 19
2.2.7 SIDE-HINGED (INSWINGING) WINDOWS ...................................................................................................... 21
2.2.8 TOP-HINGED WINDOWS............................................................................................................................... 22
2.2.9 FIXED WINDOWS .......................................................................................................................................... 23
2.2.10 DUAL ACTION WINDOWS ........................................................................................................................... 24
2.2.11 BASEMENT WINDOWS ............................................................................................................................... 25
2.2.12 HINGED EGRESS WINDOWS ...................................................................................................................... 26
2.2.13 GREENHOUSE WINDOWS .......................................................................................................................... 27
2.2.14 JALOUSIE WINDOWS ................................................................................................................................. 28
2.2.15 JAL-AWNING WINDOWS............................................................................................................................. 28
2.2.16 TROPICAL AWNING WINDOWS .................................................................................................................. 29
2.2.17 HINGED GLASS DOORS ............................................................................................................................. 29
2.2.18 DUAL ACTION HINGED GLASS DOORS ..................................................................................................... 30
2.2.19 SLIDING GLASS DOORS ............................................................................................................................. 32
SECTION 3 MATERI AL AND COMPONENT REQUIREMENTS................................................................................ 33
3.1 MATERIALS ..................................................................................................................................................... 33
3.2 CONSTRUCTION.............................................................................................................................................. 35
3.3 FINISHES ......................................................................................................................................................... 36
3.4 INSECT SCREENS ........................................................................................................................................... 36
3.5 DRAWINGS AND INSTALLATION DETAILS ..................................................................................................... 36
3.6 GLASS AND GLAZING MATERIALS................................................................................................................. 36
3.7 VENETIAN BLINDS IN A DUAL GLAZED WINDOW .......................................................................................... 37
3.8 REFERENCE STANDARDS .............................................................................................................................. 38
SECTION 4 OPTIONAL PERFORMANCE GRADES ................................................................................................ 42
4.1 GENERAL ........................................................................................................................................................ 42
4.2 CRITERIA......................................................................................................................................................... 42
4.3 WATER RESISTANCE TEST ............................................................................................................................ 43
4.4 UNIFORM LOAD TESTS................................................................................................................................... 43
4.5 IDENTIFICATION.............................................................................................................................................. 43
APPENDIX A - CORNER WELD TEST PROCEDURE.............................................................................................. 44
APPENDIX B - RELATED SUBJECTS .................................................................................................................... 44
APPENDIX C - ROUNDING PROCEDURE FOR PRODUCT TESTING...................................................................... 56
APPENDIX D - GLOSSARY.................................................................................................................................... 57
REFERENCE STANDARD SOURCES .................................................................................................................... 62

101/I.S.2-97 Errata (5/18/05)


ERRATA


DATE: MAY 18, 2005
CODE: AAMA/NWWDA 101/I.S.2-97
TITLE: Voluntary Specifications for Aluminum, Vinyl (PVC) and Wood Windows and Glass Doors


***THESE REVISIONS ARE EDITORIAL AND SIMPLY CLARIFY CONTENT***


GLOBAL EDITS

• This document is no longer ANSI approved. “ANSI” and “American National Standard” have been removed
throughout the document in reference to the 1997 version of this standard.
• Punctuation, capitalization, spelling, spacing and grammar errors were corrected throughout .
• General table format inconsistencies were corrected throughout .
• General section heading format inconsistencies were corrected throughout .
• The publication year in the title of AAMA reference documents was changed to two-digit year designations for
consistency.


MEASUREMENT EDITS

• Abbreviation for inch (in) was used throughout.
• Abbreviation for feet (ft) was used throughout.
• Abbreviation for pounds (lbs) was used throughout.
• Abbreviation for inch per foot (in/ft) was used throughout.
• Abbreviation for mm per meter (mm/m) was used throughout .


SPECIFIC EDITS

PREFACE & REFERENCE STANDARD SOURCES
The AAMA address was revised from Suite #104 to Suite #550.


FOREWARD
The note discussing an American National Standard was removed.


SECTION 2, TABLE 2.1
Window/Door Designation “Top Hinged (Inswinging) Windows” was changed to:
Top-Hinged Windows to appropriately correlate to the associated section 2.2.8.


SECTION 2.1.8
Revision was made as follows:
…AAMA 1302.5 or AAMA 2300 (formerly CAWM 300)
…AAMA 1303.5 or AAMA 2301 (formerly CAWM 301)
Reason: AAMA 2300 and AAMA 2301 were removed because they were never completed and published.


SECTION 2.2.1.4.2
ANSI was removed from the document title ANSI/AAMA 1002.10 because this document is no longer ANSI approved.




101/I.S.2-97 Errata (5/18/05)

SECTION 2.2.4.5.6
40 lbf-in (4.6 N·m) was changed to: 40 lbf•in (4.6 N•m)


SECTION 3.1.5 TABLE, SECOND COLUMN HEADING
Reinforcement Exposure was changed to: Fastener Exposure


APPENDIX B, AIR LEAKAGE
a) cubic feet per minute per square foot of area (ft
3
/min/ft
2
) was changed to:
cubic feet per minute per square foot of area (cfm/ft
2
)
b) cubic meters per hour per square meter of area (m
3
/h/m
2
) was changed to:
cubic meters per hour per square meter of area (m
3
/h•m
2
)


APPENDIX B, WATER RESISTANCE
5 gallons per square foot per hour (3.40 L/min/M
2
) was changed to: 5 gal/hr•ft
2
(3.40L/min•m
2
)


APPENDIX C, STEP 2
a) CFM/ft
2
to m
3
/hr/m
2
was changed to: cfm/ft
2
to m
3
/hr•m
2
b) 1.28 m
3
/hr/m
2
was changed to: 1.28 m
3
/hr•m
2

c) 1 m
3
/hr/m
2
was changed to: 1 m
3
/hr•m
2



If there are any questions on the editorial revisions made to AAMA/NWWDA 101/I.S.2-97, please contact the AAMA
Documents & Standards Coordinator to discuss at: (847) 303-5859 x262.



PREFACE
1

This standard establishes minimum requirements for
aluminum, vinyl (PVC) and wood windows and glass
doors. It consists of four sections and an Appendix.

SECTION 1 covers the general definitions and
terminology applicable to all windows and doors.

SECTION 2 contains the specific requirements for
product performance. These requirements provide a
gateway or passport into one of the five product
classifications. There are four mandatory primary
performance requirements. They are: 1) Structural
adequacy to withstand wind loads, 2) Resistance to water
leakage, 3) Resistance to air leakage, and 4) Forced-
Entry Resistance. Levels of performance are set forth for
each window or door type covered by the standard. Also
included as optional primary performance requirements
are acoustical performance, condensation resistance and
thermal transmittance. In addition to the primary
performance requirements there are specific product
performance requirements appropriate to each type of
window and door. These include requirements for test
specimens, hardware, deflection under concentrated and
torsional loads, deglazing and life cycle testing.

SECTION 3 presents the material and component
requirements applicable to all windows and doors. These
include requirements for alloys, fasteners, hardware,
construction, finishes, glass and glazing. Standards
referenced in this document are also included as a list of
references in this section.

SECTION 4 contains optional performance grades which
make it possible for the specifier to require higher uniform
load structural test pressures and higher water resistance
test pressures than those contained in Section 2. Use of
products in the optional performance grades is desirable
where severe weather conditions or wind loadings are
encountered.

The APPENDIX, although not a part of this
AAMA/NWWDA standard, contains much information on
materials, construction, installation, wind loads, water
resistance, air leakage, condensation and heat
transmission and a glossary that will be helpful to the
specifier in the selection and specification of windows and
doors.

The addition of architectural grade windows in 1993
represented a major revision to this standard.
Architectural windows were originally covered in AAMA
GS-001, "Voluntary Guide Specifications for Aluminum
Architectural Windows," published in 1984.
Architectural windows and sliding glass doors have the
same design pressure and structural test pressure
minimum requirements as heavy commercial products.
Generally higher performance requirements have been
specified for water resistance and air leakage than those
required by the heavy commercial grade. A limit to
deflection of L/175 under the uniform load test has also
been established for architectural windows and doors.
Architectural windows and doors are required to also
pass the life cycle testing in AAMA 910, "Voluntary 'Life
Cycle' Specifications and Test Methods for Architectural
Grade Windows and Sliding Glass Doors" in addition to
the unglazed component structural tests as required for
HC products.

This 1997 AAMA/NWWDA standard is applicable for use
in testing and certifying aluminum, vinyl and wood
fenestration products. This standard represents the
continuing development of a nationally accepted
performance standard for all fenestration products.

This revision combined with a restructuring of the
document format to promote clarity and ease of use are
indicative of the document authors' continued
commitment to improvement in fenestration product
performance.

This standard defines requirements for five classes of
windows and glass doors. The classes are: Resident ial
(R), Light Commercial (LC), Commercial (C), Heavy
Commercial (HC) and Architectural (AW).

Performance is designated by a number which follows
the type and class designation. For example, a Double-
Hung Residential window may be designated H-R15.
The number establishes the design pressure, in this
case 15 psf. The structural test pressure for all windows
and doors is 50% higher than the design pressure which,
for the example H-R15 window, would be 22.5 psf.

Minimum design pressures, structural test pressures,
and water resistance test pressures for the five classes
in pounds per square foot are:

Window and Door
Classes
Design
Pressure
Structural Test
Pressure
Water Resistance
Test Pressure
Residential
Light Commercial
Commercial
Heavy Commercial
Architectural
15
25
30
40
40
22.5
37.5
45.0
60.0
60.0
2.86
3.75
4.50
6.00
8.00

NOTE: The Preface, Foreword, notes included in the
document, Appendix B, Appendix C, and Appendix D are not
part of the standard.


FOREWORD
2

AAMA/NWWDA 101/I.S.2-97
Voluntary Specifications for Aluminum, Vinyl (PVC) and Wood Windows and Glass Doors

FOREWORD

(This Foreword is not a part of the Voluntary Specifications for Aluminum, Vinyl (PVC) and Wood Windows and Glass
Doors, AAMA/NWWDA 101/I.S.2-97).

This document is a merger of two nationally recognized, material specific performance standards (AAMA 101-93 and
NWWDA I.S.2-93). It also includes specifications from NWWDA I.S.3 and I.S.8. The new format allows the future
inclusion of other materials as recognized performance standards are established.

HOW TO USE THESE SPECIFICATIONS

To simplify the writing of specifications for aluminum, vinyl (PVC) and wood windows and glass doors, AAMA and
NWWDA have prepared a "Short Form Specification" which is recommended for use whenever possible. It may be used
for most common types and classes of aluminum, vinyl (PVC) and wood windows and glass doors by merely inserting the
applicable specification designation(s).

For a complete "Long Form" specification, combine Sections 1 and 3 with one or more of the specifications in Sections 2
or 4.

SHORT FORM SPECIFICATION

All aluminum and/or vinyl (PVC) and/or wood windows and glass doors shall conform to the
(see Note below) voluntary specification(s) in AAMA/NWWDA 101/I.S.2-97, be labeled with the "AAMA" or "WDMA
Hallmark" label, have the sash arrangement(s) and be of the size(s) shown on the drawings and be as manufactured by
or or approved equal.

Note to the Specification Writer:

Insert type, class and design pressure of window or door desired by specification designation such as HS-R15 for
horizontal sliding windows for residential-type buildings, AP-C30 for projected windows in commercial -type construction,
TH-HC40 for top hinged windows in heavy commercial-type buildings, etc. For specification designations, see list in Table
of Contents and detailed requirements in Sections 2 and 4 of the Master Specification. Product designation codes are
explained in Section 1.2.



SECTION 1
GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
3

NOTE: This section contains general information applicable to single
and dual windows and glass doors, and is to be used in conjunction
with Sections 2 and 3.

1.1 GENERAL

This voluntary specification covers requirements for
single and dual windows and glass doors for new
construction and replacement applications.

For further information, refer to the AAMA Window
Selection Guide and the Window Selection Section of
NWWDA I.S.2.

1.2 TERMINOLOGY

As used in this specification, the following definitions and
designations apply:

1.2.1 PRODUCT DESIGNATIONS
Window and door products included in this document are
designated by a four-part code which includes product
type, performance class, performance grade and
maximum size tested. The format for product
designation is:

HS - LC 25 48x76

Maximum Size Tested


Width x Height


Performance Grade

Performance Class

Product Type

NOTE: An asterisk (*) added to the performance grade indicates the
size tested for the optional performance grade was smaller than the
minimum test size for the original product type and class.

For example, if a H-HC40 product which has passed the General
Requirements of Section 1, the Gateway Performance Requirements
in Table 2.1, the Specific Performance Requirements of Sections 2.2,
and the Material and Component Requirements of Section 3, is then
tested and passes the performance requirements for an Optional
Performance Grade 60 according to Section 4, that product is now
identified as a H-HC60 (W x H).

If the test size for this product at the HC60 optional performance grade
were smaller than that required for an H-HC40 specimen, the new
designation would be H-HC60* (W xH).

1.2.1.1 Product Type Each product type and class
requires minimum test sizes for entry into the product
class.

Window and door product types covered in this
document are as follows:

AP = Awning, Hopper, Projected Window
BW = Basement Windows
C = Casement Windows
DA = Dual Action Windows
DA-HGD = Dual Action Hinged Glass Doors
F = Fixed Windows
GH = Greenhouse Windows
H = Hung Windows (Single, Double, Triple)
HE = Hinged Egress Windows
HGD = Hinged Glass Doors
HP = Horizontally Pivoted Windows
HS = Horizontal Sliding Windows
J = Jalousie Windows
JA = Jal-Awning Windows
SHW = Side Hinged Inswinging Windows
SGD = Sliding Glass Doors
TA = Tropical Awning Windows
TH = Top Hinged Windows
VP = Vertically Pivoted Windows
VS = Vertical Sliding Windows

1.2.1.2 Performance Class
Window and door products covered by this document
shall be divided into five performance classes as follows:

R = Residential
LC = Light Commercial
C = Commercial
HC = Heavy Commercial
AW = Architectural

1.2.1.3 Performance Grade
Products are designated by the design pressure for
which they have been tested in pounds per square foot.
The structural test pressure for all products is 1.5 times
the design pressure. Each product performance class
shall have a minimum performance grade as follows:

R = 15 psf (720 Pa)
LC = 25 psf (1200 Pa)
C = 30 psf (1440 Pa)
HC = 40 psf (1920 Pa)
AW = 40 psf (1920 Pa)

In addition, products may be tested to optional
performance grades higher than the minimum grade in
increments of 5 psf (240 Pa). (See Section 4, Optional
Performance. )

Products which have been tested as dual windows as
specified in Section 1.2.2, shall have the code DW
added to their product designation after the product type.
An example of product designation for a dual window
would be: HS-DW-LC25 48x76.


4
1.2.1.4 Maximum Size Tested
Maximum size tested is required on designations
reporting or recording individual product performance.
This part of the product designation code should be
omitted when specifying products according to this
standard. The maximum test size shall be designated
by width times (x) height in inches rounded to the
nearest inch, for example 48x76.

Test size is a critical factor in determining compliance
with this standard. Each product type has a defined
"gateway" or "passport" set of primary requirements
before entry into the product performance class is
permitted. One of these gateway requirements is
minimum test size. Products must be tested at the
minimum test size or a larger specimen size as a
condition of entering the class. After passing all of the
performance requirements for the product type, class
and grade, the product may be designated with the
appropriate class, i.e., LC for Light Commercial. This
designation shall only be applied to production sizes
equal to or smaller than the size tested.

There are two options for selection of a product
specimen to be tested for Optional Performance Grade
Levels: 1) The original Gateway Performance specimen
may be tested again to higher grade levels; 2) Another
test specimen of similar or smaller size may be tested to
the higher grade. If the test specimen is smaller than the
Gateway test size, an asterisk (*) shall be appended to
the product designation. (See Section 1.2.1.)

Persons wishing to prove compliance with both gateway
and the optional performance requirements on the same
test specimen, shall test a specimen equal to or greater
than the minimum test size for that product type.

1.2.2 DUAL WINDOWS
A dual window is a window composed of one of the
configurations listed in this Section and offered by the
manufacturer as a complete factory pre-assembled or
integral unit. Operation of the primary and secondary
sash shall be completely independent of each other.
Dual windows are marketed and tested as integral units.

Only units which are tested as an integral product may
be certified as dual windows (DW). The primary window
may be tested under the appropriate section of this
document as a stand alone unit. The secondary window
may be tested separately under AAMA 1002.10. If the
primary and secondary units are tested independently
for purposes of certification, they may be labeled and
marketed independently.

Dual window configurations include:

1. Interior Primary/Exterior Secondary
2. Exterior Primary/Interior Secondary
3. Interior Primary/Exterior Primary

1.2.2.1 Primary Window
That window in a dual window unit so designated by the
manufacturer, capable of protecting the building's interior
from climatic elements as opposed to a secondary
window used mainly for energy conservation.

1.2.2.2 Secondary Window
That window in a dual window unit so designated by the
manufacturer, used on the exterior of, or interior of, and
in tandem with a primary window for the purpose of
energy conservation or acoustical enhancement.
Secondary wi ndows are not intended to be used by
themselves as primary windows.

1.2.3 WINTER MODE
The winter mode is defined as when both the primary
and secondary windows, or both primary windows are
closed, the primary window is locked and the insect
screen (when offered or specified by the manufacturer)
is in the stored position.

1.2.4 SUMMER MODE
The summer mode is defined as when the primary
window is closed and locked, the secondary window or
outer primary window is fully opened and the insect
screen (when offered or specified by the manufacturer)
is in the functional position.
SECTION 2
SPECIFIC REQUIREMENTS
5

NOTE: This table contains the Gateway Performance Requirements applicable to particular types of aluminum, vinyl (PVC) and wood
windows and doors. It shall be used in conjunction with Section 1, Section 2.2 and, when required, Section 3.

Design Pressure = Performance Grade Water Test Pressure: R, LC, C & HC = .15 x Positive Design Pressure (12 psf max)
Structural Test Pressure = 1.5 x Design Pressure AW = .20 x Positive Design Pressure (12 psf max)

TABLE 2.1 – GATEWAY PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS
Design Pressure
Structural Test
Pressure
Water Resistance
Test Pressure
Air Leakage
Test Pressure Maximum Rate (1)
Window/Door Designation
(Minimum Test Size)
Reference
Section
lbf/ft
2
(Pa) lbf/ft
2
(Pa) lbf/ft
2
(Pa) lbf/ft
2
(Pa) ft
3
/(min•f t
2
) m
3
/(h•m
2
)
Group I Sliding Seal Window Products
Single/Double/Triple Hung Windows 2.2.1, p. 9
H-R15 (3'8" x 5'0")
H-LC25 (3'8" x 6'5")
H-C30 (4'6" x 7'6")
H-HC40 (5'0" x 8'0")
H-AW40 (5'0" x 8'0")
15
25
30
40
40
(720)
(1200)
(1440)
(1920)
(1920)
22.5
37.5
45.0
60.0
60.0
(1080)
(1800)
(2160)
(2880)
(2880)
2.86
3.75
4.50
6.00
8.00
(140)
(180)
(220)
(290)
(390)
1.57
1.57
1.57
1.57
6.24
(75)
(75)
(75)
(75)
(300)
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
(5)
(5)
(5)
(5)
(5)
Horizontal Sliding Windows 2.2.2, p. 11
HS-R15 (5'9" x 4'0")
HS-LC25 (5'9" x 4'6")
HS-C30 (5'11" x 4'11")
HS-HC40 (8'0" x 6'6")
HS-AW40 (8'0" x 6'6")
15
25
30
40
40
(720)
(1200)
(1440)
(1920)
(1920)
22.5
37.5
45.0
60.0
60.0
(1080)
(1800)
(2160)
(2880)
(2880)
2.86
3.75
4.50
6.00
8.00
(140)
(180)
(220)
(290)
(390)
1.57
1.57
1.57
1.57
6.24
(75)
(75)
(75)
(75)
(300)
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
(5)
(5)
(5)
(5)
(5)
Vertical Sliding Windows 2.2.3, p. 12
VS-R15 (3'8" x 5'0") 15 (720) 22.5 (1080) 2.86 (140) 1.57 (75) 0.3 (5)
Group II Compression Seal Window Products
Awning/Hopper/Projected Windows 2.2.4, p. 13
AP-R15 (4'0" x 1'4"/4'0" x 1'4")
AP-LC25 (4'0" x 1'4"/4'0" x 2'5")
AP-C30 (4'0" x 1'4"/4'0" x 2'5")
AP-HC40 (5'0" x 2'8"/5'0" x 2'8")
AP-AW40 (5'0" x 3'0"/5'0" x 3'0")
15
25
30
40
40
(720)
(1200)
(1440)
(1920)
(1920)
22.5
37.5
45.0
60.0
60.0
(1080)
(1800)
(2160)
(2880)
(2880)
2.86
3.75
4.50
6.00
8.00
(140)
(180)
(220)
(290)
(390)
1.57
1.57
1.57
6.24
6.24
(75)
(75)
(75)
(300)
(300)
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.1
(5)
(5)
(5)
(5)
(2)
Casement Windows 2.2.5, p. 16
C-R15 (1'5" x 4'0")
C-LC25 (2'0" x 4'0")
C-C30 (2'0" x 4'0")
C-HC40 (2'0" x 4'0")
C-AW40 (3'0" x 5'0")
15
25
30
40
40
(720)
(1200)
(1440)
(1920)
(1920)
22.5
37.5
45.0
60.0
60.0
(1080)
(1800)
(2160)
(2880)
(2880)
2.86
3.75
4.50
6.00
8.00
(140)
(180)
(220)
(290)
(390)
1.57
1.57
1.57
6.24
6.24
(75)
(75)
(75)
(300)
(300)
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.1
(5)
(5)
(5)
(5)
(2)
Vertically/Horizontally Pivoted
Windows
2.2.6, p. 18
VP-R15 HP-R15 (3'8" x 5'0")
VP-LC25 HP-LC25 (4'0" x 5'0")
VP-C30 HP-C30 (4'0" x 7'0")
VP-HC40 HP-HC40 (5'0" x 8'0")
VP-AW40 HP-AW40 (5'0" x 8'0")
15
25
30
40
40
(720)
(1200)
(1440)
(1920)
(1920)
22.5
37.5
45.0
60.0
60.0
(1080)
(1800)
(2160)
(2880)
(2880)
2.86
3.75
4.50
6.00
8.00
(140)
(180)
(220)
(290)
(390)
1.57
1.57
1.57
6.24
6.24
(75)
(75)
(75)
(300)
(300)
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.1
(5)
(5)
(5)
(5)
(2)
Side Hinged (Inswinging) Windows 2.2.7, p. 20
SHW-AW40 (4'0" x 6'0") 40 (1920) 60.0 (2880) 8.00 (390) 6.24 (300) 0.1 (2)
Top-Hinged Windows 2.2.8, p. 21
TH-C30 (4'0" x 5'0")
TH-HC40 (5'0" x 8'0")
TH-AW40 (5'0" x 8'0")
30
40
40
(1440)
(1920)
(1920)
45.0
60.0
60.0
(2160)
(2880)
(2880)
4.50
6.00
8.00
(220)
(290)
(390)
1.57
6.24
6.24
(75)
(300)
(300)
0.3
0.3
0.1
(5)
(5)
(2)
Group III Fixed Window Products
Fixed Windows 2.2.9, p. 22
F-R15 (4'0" x 4'0")
F-LC25 (4'6" x 4'6")
F-C30 (5'0" x 5'0")
F-HC40 (6'0" x 6'0")
F-AW40 (5'0" x 8'0")
15
25
30
40
40
(720)
(1200)
(1440)
(1920)
(1920)
22.5
37.5
45.0
60.0
60.0
(1080)
(1800)
(2160)
(2880)
(2880)
2.86
3.75
4.50
6.00
8.00
(140)
(180)
(220)
(290)
(390)
1.57
1.57
1.57
6.24
6.24
(75)
(75)
(75)
(300)
(300)
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.1
(5)
(5)
(5)
(5)
(2)


6







Design Pressure
Structural Test
Pressure
Water Resistance
Test Pressure
Air Leakage
Test Pressure Maximum Rate (1)
Window/Door Designation
(Minimum Test Size)
Reference
Section
lbf/ft
2
(Pa) lbf/ft
2
(Pa) lbf/ft
2
(Pa) lbf/ft
2
(Pa) ft
3
/(min•f t
2
) m
3
/(h•m
2
)
Group IV Dual Action Window Products
Dual Action Windows 2.2.10, p. 23
DA-R15 (3'8" x 5'0")
DA-LC25 (4'0" x 5'0")
DA-C30 (4'0" x 6'0")
DA-HC40 (5'0" x 8'0")
DA-AW40 (5'0" x 8'0")
15
25
30
40
40
(720)
(1200)
(1440)
(1920)
(1920)
22.5
37.5
45.0
60.0
60.0
(1080)
(1800)
(2160)
(2880)
(2880)
2.86
3.75
4.50
6.00
8.00
(140)
(180)
(220)
(290)
(390)
1.57
1.57
1.57
6.24
6.24
(75)
(75)
(75)
(300)
(300)
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.1
(5)
(5)
(5)
(5)
(2)
Group V Specialty Window Products
Basement Windows 2.2.11, p. 24
BW-R15 (2'8" x 1'4")
BW-LC25 (2'8" x 1'4")
15
25
(720)
(1200)
22.5
37.5
(1080)
(1800)
2.86
3.75
(140)
(180)
1.57
1.57
(75)
(75)
0.3
0.3
(5)
(5)
Hinged Egress Windows 2.2.12, p. 25
HE-R15 (Minimum size based
on window type)

15 (720) 22.5 (1080) 2.86 (140) 1.57 (75) 0.3 (5)(3)
Greenhouse Windows 2.2.13, p. 26
GH-R15 (3'0" x 3'0") 15 (720) 22.5 (1080) 2.86 (140) 1.57 (75) 0.3 (2) (5)(2)
Jalousie Windows 2.2.14, p. 27
J-R15 (3'0" x 4'0") 15 (720) 22.5 (1080) 2.86 (140) 1.57 (75) 1.2 (22)
Jal-Awning Windows 2.2.15, p. 27
JA-R15 (4'5" x 5'3") 15 (720) 22.5 (1080) 2.86 (140) 1.57 (75) 0.3 (2) (5)(2)
Tropical Awning Windows 2.2.16, p. 28
TA-R15 (4'0" x 2'0"/4'0" x 5'3")
TA-LC25 (4'5" x 2'2"/4'5" x 8'0")
TA-C30 (4'5" x 2'2"/4'5" x 8'0")
15
25
30
(720)
(1200)
(1440)
22.5
37.5
45.0
(1080)
(1800)
(2160)
2.86
3.75
4.50
(140)
(180)
(220)
1.57
1.57
1.57
(75)
(75)
(75)
0.3
0.3
0.3
(5)
(5)
(5)
Group VI Door Products
Hinged Glass Doors (4) 2.2.17, p. 28
HGD-R15 (2'8" x 6'6")
HGD-LC25 (2'10"x 6'8")
HGD-C30 (3'0" x 6'10")
HGD-HC40 (4'8" x 8'0")


15
25
30
40
(720)
(1200)
(1440)
(1920)
22.5
37.5
45.0
60.0
(1080)
(1800)
(2160)
(2880)
2.86
3.75
4.50
6.00
(140)
(180)
(220)
(290)
1.57
1.57
1.57
6.24
(75)
(75)
(75)
(300)
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
(5)
(5)
(5)
(5)
Dual Action Hinged Glass Doors (4) 2.2.18, p. 29
DA-HGD-R15 (2'8" x 6'6")
DA-HGD-LC25 (2'10"x 6'8")
DA-HGD-C30 (3'0" x 6'10")
DA-HGD-HC40 (4'8" x 8'0")


15
25
30
40
(720)
(1200)
(1440)
(1920)
22.5
37.5
45.0
60.0
(1080)
(1800)
(2160)
(2880)
2.86
3.75
4.50
6.00
(140)
(180)
(220)
(290)
1.57
1.57
1.57
6.24
(75)
(75)
(75)
(300)
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
(5)
(5)
(5)
(5)
Sliding Glass Doors (4) 2.2.19, p. 31
SGD-R15 (2'10"x 6'6")
SGD-LC25 (3'6" x 6'8")
SGD-C30 (3'10"x 6'10")
SGD-HC40 (4'10"x 7'10")
SGD-AW40 (4'10"x 7'10")


15
25
30
40
40
(720)
(1200)
(1440)
(1920)
(1920)
22. 5
37.5
45.0
60.0
60.0
(1080)
(1800)
(2160)
(2880)
(2880)
2.86
3.75
4.50
6.00
8.00
(140)
(180)
(220)
(290)
(390)
1.57
1.57
1.57
6.24
6.24
(75)
(75)
(75)
(300)
(300)
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
(5)
(5)
(5)
(5)
(5)
(1) Products shall be rated for air leakage on a Pass/Fail basis.
(2) Air leakage rate for Greenhouse and Jal -Awning Windows shall be measured as cubic feet per minute per square foot (cubic meter per hour per
square meter) of finished window opening in the plane of the wall.
(3) Air leakage for hinged perimeter frame window assemblies shall be rated on the basis of cfm/ft (cubic meter/hr/meter) of sash crack. On Hinged
perimeter frame window assemblies, the perimeter crack between the stationary perimeter frame and the window frame plus the operable sash crack of
the window itself shall be used in determining the sash crack. If the hinged perimeter frame window is a fixed window, only the perimeter crack between
the stationary perimeter frame and the window frame shall be used.
(4) Sizes for doors are given as panel width x frame height.


7
2.1 TESTING REQUIREMENTS
Table 2.1 indicates the Gateway Performance levels
applicable to particular types of windows and doors.
Section 2.2 indicates the specific product performance
requirements. Section 3.0 indicates the material and
component requirements.

2.1.1 TESTING SEQUENCE
For conformance to this standard, the testing sequence
shall be conducted as follows: operating force (when
required), air leakage, resistance to water penetration,
uniform structural deflection and uniform structural load
tests. Concentrated Load, Forced Entry Resistance and
Welded Corner tests are permitted to be performed on
separate units or sash of identical size and design as
used in the test unit. Specific product performance
requirements shall be tested in the order specified in the
appropriate paragraphs of Section 2.2. Operable units
shall be fully opened and fully closed, a minimum of five
times prior to testing.

Within the sequence given above, additional tests
required by code jurisdictions shall be permitted.

2.1.2 AIR LEAKAGE TEST
With the unit closed and locked, it shall be subjected to
an air leakage (per square foot of frame area) test in
accordance with ASTM E 283.

Dual windows shall be tested with the window in the
winter mode. Air leakage shall not exceed the amount
shown in Table 2.1.

For purposes of this specification, products shall be
rated for air leakage on a pass/fail basis. When
determining the pass or fail status of a test specimen
according to the performance levels stipulated in Table
2.1, the laboratory shall round off the measured air
leakage to a single decimal place in accordance with the
procedures outlined in ASTM E 29. The test report shall
contain the statement: "The tested specimen meets (or
exceeds) the performance levels specified in
(specification reference) for air leakage;" or "The tested
specimen fails to meet the performance levels specified
in (specification reference) for air leakage," whichever is
appropriate.

NOTE: The laboratory shall be permitted to also report the measured
air leakage to two decimal places in the test report at the request of the
manufacturer.

2.1.3 WATER RESISTANCE TEST
With the unit closed and locked R, LC and C windows
and doors shall be subjected to a water resistance test in
accordance with ASTM E 547. R, LC and C units shall
be tested for four test cycles. Each cycle shall consist of
five minutes with pressure applied and one minute with
pressure released, during which the water spray is
continuously applied. HC windows and doors shall be
tested for water resistance in accordance with both
ASTM E 547 (four cycles) and ASTM E 331. AW
windows and doors shall be tested for water resistance
in accordance with ASTM E 331. There shall be no
leakage as defined in the appropriate ASTM test method
at the specified test pressure given in pounds per square
foot (psf) or Pascals (Pa).

Air, water and structural tests are conducted considering
the normal mounting of the window/door in its installed
position. The perimeter plane of water and air
penetration resistance is defined as the face of the
mounting flange or the plane of the mounting flange.
(Figures 1 and 2).


Figure 1 – Nail Fin Installation


Figure 2 – Box (Punched Opening) Installation

Where the manufacturer offers or specifies an exterior
insect screen, the water resistance test shall be
performed both with and without the insect screen in
place. Dual windows shall be tested in both the summer
and winter modes.


8
2.1.4 UNIFORM LOAD TESTS

2.1.4.1 UNIFORM LOAD DEFLECTION TEST (For all
AW Architectural Windows and HC Hung Windows
only)
The unit shall be subjected to a uniform load at the
specified design pressure in Table 2.1 given in pounds
per square foot (psf) applied both positively and
negatively to the surface of the unit. No member shall
deflect more than 1/175th of its span. Test shall be
conducted in accordance with ASTM E 330. Dual
windows shall be tested in both the summer and winter
modes.

2.1.4.2 UNIFORM LOAD STRUCTURAL TEST
A minimum uniform structural test pressure as specified
(given in pounds per square foot) shall be applied to the
unit, first the exterior pressure (positive) and then the
interior pressure (negative). The sequence of applying
the load is allowed to be reversed at the option of the
laboratory. Each maximum pressure shall be stabilized
and maintained for a period of 10 seconds. Tests shall
be conducted in accordance with ASTM E 330. The unit
shall be evaluated after each load. Dual windows shall
be tested in both the summer and winter modes.

For dual windows, testing of two separate units, one in
the winter mode and one in the summer mode is
permitted.

Structural test pressures shown in Table 2.1 are for both
positive and negative loads. After each specified
loading, there shall be no glass breakage, permanent
damage to fasteners, hardware parts, support arms or
actuating mechanisms or any other damage which
causes the window or door to be inoperable. There shall
be no permanent deformation of any main frame, sash,
panel or sash member in excess of 0.4% of its span for
R, LC, C and HC class products or 0.2% of its span for
AW class products. In dual windows, permanent
deformation requirements apply to the primary window
members only.

2.1.5 SAFETY DROP TEST (For vertically operating
secondary window sash in dual windows only)
The safety drop test is to be performed on those inserts
that are normally operable for the purpose of ventilation.
When the glazed sash is allowed to "free fall" the
maximum distance provided by latch positions, it shall
automatically stop in the next lower position on the first
attempt and the glass shall be unbroken or, if broken, all
pieces shall be retained in the insert.

2.1.6 CONCENTRATED LOAD GLASS ADHERENCE
TEST (For secondary sash in dual windows only)
A concentrated load equal to the weight of the sash but
not less than 15 lbs (7 kg) acting parallel to the plane of
the glass in the direction tending to pull the member off
the glass and applied alternately for three minutes at the
center of all surrounding members of a glazed sash shall
not cause surrounding members to deflect more than 1/8
in (3.1 mm) each.

2.1.7 WELDED CORNER TEST (PVC products only)
When main frame, sash or panel members are welded,
all corners in the test unit shall be tested in accordance
with the test method in Appendix A and meet the
following requirements:

2.1.7.1 This test applies only when vinyl (PVC) is used
as a primary structural member.

2.1.7.2 Weld seam shall be tested in the condition
existing in the produced window or door product, except
that all reinforcing shall be removed before performing
the test.

2.1.7.3 When loaded to failure, the break shall not
extend along the entire weld line.

2.1.8 FORCED-ENTRY RESISTANCE
Locks shall provide reasonable security against forced
entry. All windows shall be tested according to ASTM F
588 (Performance Level 10), AAMA 1302.5. Sliding
glass doors shall be tested according to ASTM F 842
(Performance Grade 10), AAMA 1303.5. In dual
windows, only the designated primary window shall be
tested.

NOTE: The performance requirements listed above may be exceeded
by local code. In this event, the local code shall govern. Testing to
higher performance levels is optional for purposes of this document.

NOTE: FER testing of swing doors is not mandatory because there is
no current ASTM test method for FER on swing doors.

2.1.9 CONDENSATION RESISTANCE (optional)
When tested in accordance with AAMA 1503.1, the
Condensation Resistance Factor (CRF) shall not be less
than the value in the table below for the "CRF-Class"
desired.

CRF Class Minimum Tested CRF
C65
C60
C55
C50
C45
C40
C35
65
60
55
50
45
40
35
NOTE: See Appendix for detailed considerations concerning
condensation resistance.


9
2.1.10 THERMAL TRANSMITTANCE (optional)
When thermal performance characteristics are to be
determined, products shall be evaluated under the
procedures in either AAMA 1503.1, ASTM E 1423 or
NFRC 100. U-Values derived from differing test
methods may vary slightly.

U-Value Class Maximum Tested "U"*
U20
U25
U30
U35
U40
U45
U50
U55
U60
U65
U70
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35
0.40
0.45
0.50
0.55
0.60
0.65
0.70
*"U" = BTU/h • ft
2
• F
NOTE: See Appendix for detailed considerations concerning thermal
transmittance.

When U-Value is determined by these methods, the
thermal transmittance (U) shall not exceed the values in
the table above for the U-Value Class desired. U-Value
Class shall be determined by the guidelines given in
AAMA 1504.

2.1.11 ACOUSTICAL PERFORMANCE (optional)
When acoustical performance characteristics are to be
determined, all windows and doors shall be tested
according to ASTM E 1425 or AAMA 1801.

SINGLE, DOUBLE, AND TRIPLE HUNG WINDOWS

10
2.2 SPECIFIC PRODUCT PERFORMANCE
REQUIREMENTS

2.2.1 SINGLE, DOUBLE, AND TRIPLE HUNG
WINDOWS

2.2.1.1 Definition
Hung windows are vertically operating windows in which
the sash weight is offset by a counterbalancing
mechanism mounted in the window. One or more locking
devices are furnished to secure the sash in the closed
position. Where single hung or triple hung windows are
specified, they shall meet all provisions applying to
double hung windows except that one sash or three
sash, respectively shall be required to operate.

2.2.1.2 Designations and Performance Class
Hung windows shall meet all the applicable requirements
of Sections 1, 2.1, 3 and this Section for one of the
following window designations:

Window Designation Class
H-R15
H-DW-R15
H-LC25
H-DW-LC25
H-C30
H-DW-C30
H-HC40
H-DW-HC40
H-AW40
Residential
Dual-Residential
Light Commercial
Dual-Light Commercial
Commercial
Dual Commercial
Heavy Commercial
Dual-Heavy Commercial
Architectural

2.2.1.3 Hardware

2.2.1.3.1 Primary window sash shall be equipped with
counterbalancing mechanisms meeting AAMA 902.
Corrosion resistance of hardware components shall
comply with AAMA 907, where applicable.

2.2.1.3.2 Counter balancing mechanisms of appropriate
size and capacity to hold the sash stationary at any open
position shall be used for the weights of sash to be
counterbalanced. Balances shall be serviceable in the
field.

2.2.1.4 Construction - Dual Windows

2.2.1.4.1 Exterior secondary window sash shall not be
operable or removable from the outside when closed.

2.2.1.4.2 Normally operated secondary window sash
shall have hardware devices designed to hold sash
secure and level in ventilating positions.

Exterior storm sash (DW only) shall comply with AAMA
1002.10.
2.2.1.5 Test Sample Requirements
Each specimen submitted for tests shall be a completely
assembled and glazed window of standard construction
in the largest size for which acceptance is sought under
this standard but in no case less than the minimum size
shown below:

Single, Double and Triple Hung

Minimum Frame Size
Window
Designation
Width Height
H-R15
H-DW-R15
H-LC25
H-DW-LC25
H-C30
H-DW-C30
H-HC40
H-DW-HC40
H-AW40
3 ft 8 in (1120 mm)
3 ft 8 in (1120 mm)
3 ft 8 in (1120 mm)
3 ft 8 in (1120 mm)
4 ft 6 in (1370 mm)
4 ft 6 in (1370 mm)
5 ft 0 in (1520 mm)
5 ft 0 in (1520 mm)
5 ft 0 in (1520 mm)
5 ft 0 in (1520 mm)
5 ft 0 in (1520 mm)
6 ft 5 in (1960 mm)
6 ft 5 in (1960 mm)
7 ft 6 in (2290 mm)
7 ft 6 in (2290 mm)
8 ft 0 in (2440 mm)
8 ft 0 in (2440 mm)
8 ft 0 in (2440 mm)



NOTE: The diagrams shown above are typical but not all inclusive.
Other configurations may be evaluated provided they follow the size
guidelines listed below. Testing a Bconfiguration will qualify windows
produced in a D configuration.


11



H = Minimum Test Specimen Height
H/2 = ½ Minimum Test Specimen Height measured to
Meeting rail centerline
W = Minimum Test Specimen Width
If it is desired to test one sash larger than H/2 then the Test Specimen
Height must be extended beyond the minimum test specimen height by
that amount.

Test Size for Type A Assemblies:

W ≥ minimum frame test width
H ≥ minimum frame test height

Test Size for Combination Assemblies (B, C or D)
Without a Separate Type A Assembly Test:

W ≥ minimum frame test width for a Type A
assembly
H ≥ minimum frame test height for a Type A
assembly
L ≥ W

Test Size for Combination Assemblies (B, C or D) With a
Separate Type A Assembly Test:

W = largest sash width for which compliance of the
combination is desired.
H = largest sash height for which compliance of the
combination is desired.
L = largest fixed lite width for which compliance is
desired.
The test unit shall contain sash or frame of the largest
dimension (width and height) for which compliance is
desired. Sash or frame larger (width and/or height) than
those tested do not comply.

For combination units, each unique intermediate framing
member shall be tested in the longest dimension for
which compliance is desired. Intermediate framing
members which are longer or which are not tested do
not comply.

For hung windows, the base test unit shall contain sash
and fixed lites of approximately equal size (sash height
is at least ½ of minimum gateway frame height), with
allowance for overlap, interlock, mating or perimeter
member depth only.

For hung windows, the fixed sash may be larger than the
operating sash which shall be of the largest height for
which compliance is sought.

2.2.1.6 Performance Requirements
The following tests are in addition to Gateway
Performance Requirements specified in Table 2.1.

NOTE: The AAMA Certification Procedural Guide may be referenced
for further explanation of specific performance tests.

2.2.1.6.1 Operating Force
Sash shall be adjusted before any tests are performed
so that they shall operate in either direction with a force
not exceeding the value indicated in the table after the
sash is in motion.

No further adjustment that would affect the operating
force shall be made for the balance of all tests.

Window Designation Operating Force
R
LC
C, HC & AW
30 lbf (140 N)
35 lbf (155 N)
45 lbf (200 N)

2.2.1.6.2 Deglazing Test (Primary Window Sash Only)
When tested in accordance with ASTM E 987, operating
sash members shall not move from their original
position, in relation to the glazing materials, by more
than the original glazing bite. The load for horizontal
rails shall be 70 lbf (320 N), and 50 lbf (230 N) for all
other rails.

2.2.1.6.3 Life Cycle Testing (AW designated windows
only)
When tested in accordance with AAMA 910, there shall
be no damage to fasteners, hardware parts, sash
balances or any other damage which would cause the
window to be inoperable, and air leakage and water
resistance tests shall not exceed the Gateway
Performance Requirements specified in Table 2.1.
H H
H/2
H/2
CENTER

LINE
CENTER

LINE
W W
HORIZONTAL SLIDING WINDOWS

12
2.2.2 HORIZONTAL SLIDING WINDOWS

2.2.2.1 Definition
Horizontal sliding windows consist of one or more
horizontally operable sash in a sealing (or weathering)
frame. When one sliding sash (X) and one fixed lite (O)
make up the arrangement, the type is classified as a
single slide (XO or OX). When two sash are separated
by a fixed lite, the type is classified as a picture slide
(XOX). When one sash is located at or near the center of
the unit with a fixed lite at each end, the type is classified
as a center slide (OXO). When two bi-parting sash are
located at the center of the unit with fixed lites at each
end, the type is classified is a bi-part center slide
(OXXO). When two adjacent sash by-pass, the type is
classified as a double slide, (such as XX or XXO).

2.2.2.2 Designations and Performance Class
Horizontal sliding windows shall meet the applicable
requirements of Section 1, 2.1, 3 and this Section for
one of the following window designations:

Window Designation Class
HS-R15
HS-DW-R15
HS-LC25
HS-DW-LC25
HS-C30
HS-DW-C30
HS-HC40
HS-DW-HC40
HS-AW40
Residential
Dual-Residential
Light Commercial
Dual-Light Commercial
Commercial
Dual-Commercial
Heavy Commercial
Dual-Heavy Commercial
Architectural

2.2.2.3 Construction - Dual Windows

2.2.2.3.1 Exterior secondary window sash shall not be
operable or removable from the outside when closed.

2.2.2.4 Test Sample Requirements
Each specimen submitted for tests shall be a completely
assembled and glazed window of standard construction
in the largest size for which acceptance is sought under
this standard but in no case less than the minimum size
shown below:

Minimum Frame Size Window
Designation
Width Height
HS-R15
HS-DW-R15
HS-LC25
HS-DW-LC25
HS-C30
HS-DW-C30
HS-HC40
HS-DW-HC40
HS-AW40
5 ft 9 in (1753 mm)
5 ft 9 in (1753 mm)
5 ft 9 in (1753 mm)
5 ft 9 in (1753 mm)
5 ft 11 in (1803 mm)
5 ft 11 in (1803 mm)
8 ft 0 in (2440 mm)
8 ft 0 in (2440 mm)
8 ft 0 in (2440 mm)
4 ft 0 in (1220 mm)
4 ft 0 in (1220 mm)
4 ft 6 in (1372 mm)
4 ft 6 in (1372 mm)
4 ft 11 in (1499 mm)
4 ft 11 in (1499 mm)
6 ft 6 in (1980 mm)
6 ft 6 in (1980 mm)
6 ft 6 in (1980 mm)



NOTE: The diagrams shown above are typical but not all inclusive.
Other configurations may be evaluated provided they follow the size
guidelines listed below.

Test Size for Type A and B Assemblies:

W ≥ minimum frame test width
H ≥ minimum frame test height

Test Size for Combination Assemblies (C, D or E)
Without a Separate Type A Assembly Test:

W ≥ minimum frame test width for a Type A
assembly
H ≥ minimum frame test height for a Type A
assembly
L ≥ S
S = W/2 = 1/2 the minimum frame test width for a
Type A assembly

Test Size for Combination Assemblies (C, D or E) With a
Separate Type A Assembly Test:

S = largest sash width for which compliance of the
combination is desired.
H = largest sash height for which compliance of the
combination is desired.
L = largest fixed lite width for which compliance is
desired.
VERTICAL SLIDING WINDOWS

13
The test unit shall contain sash or frame of the largest
dimension (width and height) for which compliance is
desired. Sash or frame larger (width and/or height) than
those tested do not comply.

For combination units, each unique intermediate framing
member shall be tested in the longest dimension for
which compliance is desired. Intermediate framing
members which are longer or which are not tested do
not comply.

For horizontal sliders, the base test unit shall contain
sash and fixed lites of approximately equal size (sash
width is at least ½ of the minimum gateway unit width),
with allowance for overlap, interlock, mating or perimeter
member depth only.

2.2.2.5 Performance Requirements
The following tests are in addition to Gateway
Performance Requirements specified in Table 2.1.

NOTE: The AAMA Certification Procedural Guide may be referenced
for further explanation of specific performance tests.

2.2.2.5.1 Operating Force
Sash shall be adjusted before any tests are performed
so that they shall operate in either direction with a force
not exceeding the value indicated in the table after the
sash is in motion.

Window Designation Operating Force
HS-R15
HS-DW-R15
All Others
20 lbf (90 N)
20 lbf (90 N)
25 lbf (115 N)

No further adjustment that would affect the operating
force shall be made for the balance of all tests.

2.2.2.5.2 Deglazing Test (Primary Window Sash Only)
When tested in accordance with ASTM E 987, the
operating sash members shall not move from their
original position, in relation to the glazing material, by
more than the original glazing bite. The load for vertical
members shall be 70 lbf (320 N), and 50 lbf (230 N) for
all other members.

2.2.2.5.3 Life Cycle Testing (AW designated windows
only)
When tested in accordance with AAMA 910, there shall
be no damage to fasteners, hardware parts, or any other
damage which would cause the window to be
inoperable, and air leakage and water resistance tests
shall not exceed the Gateway Performance
Requirements specified in Table 2.1.
2.2.3 VERTICAL SLIDING WINDOWS

2.2.3.1 Definition
Vertical sliding windows are units in which manually
operated sash move vertically in relation to either fixed
or similarly operating sash within a common frame and
are held in one or more pre-selected or infinitely variable
open positions by mechanical means (instead of
conventional, hung-window balancing devices). One or
more locking devices are furnished to secure the sash in
the closed position.

2.2.3.2 Designations and Performance Class
Vertical sliding windows shall meet all the applicable
requirements of Sections 1, 2.1, 3 and this Section for
one of the following window designations:

Window Designation Class
VS-R15
VS-DW-R15
Residential
Dual-Residential

2.2.3.3 Construction - Dual Windows

2.2.3.3.1 Exterior secondary window sash shall not be
operable or removable from the outside when closed.

2.2.3.3.2 Normally operated secondary window sash
shall have hardware devices designed to hold sash
secure and level in ventilating positions. There shall be a
latch position to provide an open space at least 1 in (25
mm) but not more than 2 in (50 mm) high between sash
and sill. The upper sash shall be held in place by means
other than a screen insert.

2.2.3.4 Test Sample Requirements
Each specimen submitted for tests shall be a completely
assembled and glazed window of standard construction
in the largest size for which acceptance is sought under
this standard but in no case less than the minimum size
shown below:

Vertical Sliding
Minimum Frame Size Window
Designation
Width Height
VS-R15
VS-DW-R15
3 ft 8 in (1120 mm)
3 ft 8 in (1120 mm)
5 ft 0 in (1520 mm)
5 ft 0 in (1520 mm)
AWNING, HOPPER, PROJECTED WINDOWS

14
2.2.3.5 Performance Requirements
The following tests are in addition to Gateway
Performance Requirements specified in Table 2.1.

NOTE: The AAMA Certification Procedural Guide may be referenced
for further explanation of specific performance tests.

2.2.3.5.1 Operating Force
Sash shall be adjusted before any tests are performed
so that they shall operate in either direction with a force
not exceeding value indicated in the table after the sash
is in motion.

Window Designation Operating Force
VS-R15 and VS-DW-R15 35 lbf (155 N)

No further adjustment that would affect the operating
force shall be made for the balance of all tests.

2.2.3.5.2 Deglazing Test (Primary Window Sash Only)
When tested in accordance with ASTM E 987, the
operating sash members shall not move from their
original position, in relation to the glazing materials, by
more than the original glazing bite. The load for
horizontal members shall be 70 lbf (320 N) and 50 lbf
(230 N) for all other members.
2.2.4 AWNING, HOPPER, PROJECTED WINDOWS

2.2.4.1 Definition
Awning (POB), Hopper (PIT), and Projected windows
have one or more sash hinged or pivoted at the top or
bottom which project outward or inward from the plane of
the window, with or without fixed lites of glass. An
awning window rotates about its top edge and projects
outward from the plane of the window at the bottom
(POB). A hopper window pivots about its bottom edge
and projects inward from the plane of the window at the
top (PIT).

2.2.4.2 Designations and Performance Class
Awning/Hopper/Projected windows shall meet all the
applicable requirements of Sections 1, 2.1, 3 and this
Section for one of the following window designations.

Window Designation Class
AP-R15
AP-LC25
AP-C30
AP-HC40
AP-AW40
Residential
Light Commercial
Commercial
Heavy Commercial
Architectural

2.2.4.3 Hardware

2.2.4.3.1 Awning Windows
The sash position shall be individually controlled within
the frame.

If used, roto operators shall comply with AAMA 901.1. If
used, four-bar friction hinges shall comply with AAMA
904.1. Corrosion resistance of hardware components
shall comply with AAMA 907, where applicable.

2.2.4.3.2 Hopper Windows
The sash position shall be individually controlled within
the frame.

If used, four-bar friction hinges shall comply with AAMA
904.1. Corrosion resistance of hardware components
shall comply with AAMA 907, where applicable.

2.2.4.3.3 Projected Windows
Each sash shall be provided with two balance arms, with
adjustable, non-abrasive friction pivots and/or friction
shoes, or other hardware capable of supporting it in any
open position or shall have four-bar friction hinges which
comply with AAMA 904.1. Corrosion resistance of
hardware components shall comply with AAMA 907,
where applicable.

2.2.4.3.4 Reduction of the number of locks on units
smaller than the tested specimen is permitted if
substantiated by acceptable engineering calculations.


15
2.2.4.4 Test Sample Requirements
Each specimen submitted for tests shall be a completely assembled
and glazed window of standard construction in the largest size for
which acceptance is sought under this standard but in no case less
than the minimum size shown below:

Minimum Frame Size
Project-In
B Unit
Project-Out
A Unit
Window
Designation
Width Height Width Height
R
LC
C
HC
AW
4 ft 0 in (1220 mm)
4 ft 0 in (1220 mm)
4 ft 0 in (1220 mm)
5 ft 0 in (1520 mm)
5 ft 0 in (1520 mm)
1 ft 4 in (410 mm)
1 ft 4 in (410 mm)
1 ft 4 in (410 mm)
2 ft 8 in (810 mm)
3 ft 0 in (910 mm)
4 ft 0 in (1220 mm)
4 ft 0 in (1220 mm)
4 ft 0 in (1220 mm)
5 ft 0 in (1520 mm)
5 ft 0 in (1520 mm)
1 ft 4 in (410 mm)
2 ft 5 in (740 mm)
2 ft 5 in (740 mm)
2 ft 8 in (810 mm)
3 ft 0 in (910 mm)




NOTE: The diagrams shown above are typical but not all inclusive. Other
configurations may be evaluated provided they follow the size guidelines listed next:
Test Size for Type A or B Assemblies:

W ≥ minimum frame test width
H ≥ minimum frame test height

Test Size for Combination Assemblies (C or
D) Without a Separate Type A or B
Assembly Test:

W ≥ minimum frame test width for a Type
A assembly
H ≥ minimum frame test height for a
Type A assembly
L ≥ H

Test Size for Combination Assemblies (E)
Without a Separate Type A or B Assembly
Test:

W ≥ minimum frame test width for a Type
A assembly
H ≥ minimum frame test height for a
Type A assembly
L ≥ H

Test Size for Combination Assemblies (C, D
or E) With a Separate Type A or B Assembly
Test:

W = largest sash width for which
compliance of the combination is
desired.
H = largest sash height for which
compliance of the combination is
desired.
L = largest fixed lite height for which
compliance is desired.

The test unit shall contain sash or frame of
the largest dimension (width and height) for
which compliance is desired. Sash or frame
larger (width and/or height) than those
tested do not comply.

For combination units, each unique
intermediate framing member shall be tested
in the longest dimension for which
compliance is desired. Intermediate framing
members which are longer or which are not
tested do not comply.


16
2.2.4.5 Performance Requirements
The following tests are in addition to Gateway
Performance Requirements specified in Table 2.1.

NOTE: The AAMA Certification Procedural Guide may be referenced
for further explanation of specific performance tests.

2.2.4.5.1 Hardware Load Test (R and LC designated
windows only)
The test is performed on a glazed window with each
sash open to 45° or to a maximum design opening,
whichever is less, securely clamped and continuously
supported around the outside perimeter. One free corner
of each open sash shall be securely held in the open
position by blocking between the corner of the sash and
a fixed portion of window. A 17 lbf (80 N) concentrated
load, acting from outside, perpendicular to the plane of a
fixed portion and applied to the free rail of the sash at
the point of the locking handle attachment, shall not
cause a deflection at the free corner opposite the
blocked corner, measured perpendicular to the plane of
the fixed position, greater than 3.500 in (90 mm). There
shall also be no glass breakage or damage to hardware
and window parts that would make it inoperable.

2.2.4.5.2 Sash Torsion Tests (C designated windows
only)
With frame jambs rigidly supported in a vertical position,
each glazed sash shall be opened to 45° or to a
maximum design opening, whichever is less. All friction
shall be removed from both jambs at sliding shoes, and
each sash shall be free to move in its tracks. One side of
each sash shall be blocked at the sliding shoe to prevent
movement. A 30 lbf (135 N) concentrated load, applied
vertically at the horizontal center of the hardware rail of
each sash in the direction tending to force the sash
toward a closed position, shall not cause a deflection in
either direction at the free corner greater than indicated
in the table, measured vertically to the nearest 0.01 inch
at the corner of the opposite blocked sliding shoe:

Maximum Deflection (in) = 1.50 A/10.7
where: A = area of tested sash (ft
2
)
or
Maximum Deflection (mm) = 38.1 B/.994
where B = area of tested sash (m
2
)

Sash area shall be calculated using outside to outside dimensions.
There shall be no glass breakage or damage to hardware and window
parts that would make it inoperable.

2.2.4.5.3 Torsion Test (HC and AW designated
windows only)
The test is performed in both directions on an unglazed
sash. The sash is supported on fulcrums at diagonally
opposite corners with a third corner diagonally opposite
the loaded corner secured in the same plane by a
fulcrum support block and clamp. A 15 lbf (70 N)
concentrated load, acting at the unrestrained corner of
the sash shall not cause a deflection in either direction
measured to the nearest 0.01 inch at the unrestrained
corner greater than indicated below:

Maximum Deflection (in) = 1.625 A/13.34
where: A = area of tested sash (ft
2
)
or
Maximum Deflection (mm) = 41.3 B/1.24
where B = area of tested sash (m
2
)

Sash area shall be calculated using outside to outside dimensions.
Deflection shall be measured from the original position of the free
corner after deflecting from its own weight.

2.2.4.5.4 Horizontal Concentrated Load Test on
Latch Rail (Each sash) (HC and AW designated
windows only)
Support each unglazed sash by clamping the stiles, 6 in
(155 mm) from the latch, to the horizontal supports
under the jambs. A 30 lbf (135 N) concentrated load
applied to the center of the span of the latch rail,
perpendicular to the plane of the sash, first in one
direction then in the opposite direction, shall not cause a
deflection at the point of load application greater than
0.06 in (1.5 mm), measured to the nearest 0.01 inch.

2.2.4.5.5 Vertical Concentrated Load Test on Latch
Rail (Each sash) (HC and AW designated windows
only)
Clamp the stiles of each unglazed sash to vertical
supports 6 in (155 mm) from the latch rail. A 30 lbf (135
N) concentrated load applied at the center of the span of
the latch rail, first in one direction then in the opposite
direction, parallel to the plane of the sash, shall not
cause a deflection at the point of load application greater
than 0.06 in (1.5 mm), measured to the nearest 0.01
inch.

2.2.4.5.6 Torsion Load Test on Intermediate Frame
Rails (HC and AW designated windows only)
Place an unglazed window frame in a horizontal position.
Apply a 40 in•lbfin (4.6 N•m) load [10 lbs (46 kg) on a 4
in (100 mm) lever arm measured from the extremity of
the rail], at the center of the span of each intermediate
horizontal rail, first in one direction, then in the opposite
direction. Vertical deflection at point of load application
shall be not greater than 0.07 i n (1.7 mm), measured to
the nearest 0.01 inch.

2.2.4.5.7 Vertical Concentrated Load Test on
Intermediate Frame Rails (Over each sash) (HC and
AW designated windows only)
Clamp the jambs of the unglazed unit to vertical support
6 in (155 mm) from the test rails. A 30 lbf (135 N)
concentrated load applied at the center of the span of
any intermediate rail parallel to the plane of the window,
first in one direction then in the opposite direction, shall
not cause a deflection at the point of the load application
greater than 0.06 in (1.5 mm), measured to the nearest
0.01 inch.
CASEMENT WINDOWS

17
2.2.4.5.8 Balance Arm Load Test (HC designated
windows only)
If two or more sash are included in the test unit, compare
the balance arm materials and cross sections, pivots,
etc. If judged equal, test the largest sash only. Otherwise
test all arms.

Support the unglazed unit at 45° or to a maximum
design opening, whichever is less, to the vertical and
clamp the frame at its full height. Open the sash with the
balance arms in compression, and block the sash in the
level position at both friction shoes. Apply a 60 lbf (270
N) concentrated load vertically downward at one free
corner of the sash for one minute. Then apply a 60 lbf
(270 N) concentrated load vertically downward at the
other free corner of sash for 1 minute. After removal of
loads, the balance arms shall function normally with no
apparent damage.

2.2.4.5.9 Life Cycle Testing (AW designated windows
only)
When tested in accordance with AAMA 910, there shall
be no damage to fasteners, hardware parts, support
arms, actuating mechanisms or any other damage which
would cause the window to be inoperable, and air
leakage and water resistance tests shall not exceed the
Gateway Performance Requirements specified in Table
2.1.
2.2.5 CASEMENT WINDOWS

2.2.5.1 Definition
Casement windows contain inswinging and/or
outswinging sash that project away from the plane of the
frame and are side hinged or pivoted at the jambs and
swing about the vertical axis. Sash are mounted by use
of hinging hardware which allow them to swing. The
sash are usually operated by means of roto-operators or
a handle. One or more locking handles are furnished to
secure sash tightly in the frame in the closed position.
They contain one or more sash, fixed lites and transoms
in various combinations.

2.2.5.2 Designations and Performance Class
Casement windows shall meet all the applicable
requirements of Sections 1, 2.1, 3 and this Section for
one of the following designations:

Window Designation Class
C-R15
C-LC25
C-C30
C-HC40
C-AW40
Residential
Light Commercial
Commercial
Heavy Commercial
Architectural

2.2.5.3 Hardware

2.2.5.3.1 If used, four-bar friction hinges shall comply
with AAMA 904.1. Corrosion resistance of hardware
components shall comply with AAMA 907, where
applicable.

2.2.5.3.2 Roto-type operators shall meet AAMA 901.1.
Corrosion resistance of hardware components shall
comply with AAMA 907, where applicable.

2.2.5.4 Projected Sash
When used in combination with casement windows as
covered in this section, projected sash shall meet the
designated requirements for the following casement
window designations:

Casement Window
Designation
Projected Window
Designation
C-R15
C-LC25
C-C30
C-HC40
C-AW40
AP-R15
AP-LC25
AP-C30
AP-HC40
AP-AW40

2.2.5.5 Test Sample Requirements
Each specimen submitted for tests shall be a completely
assembled and glazed window of standard construction
in the largest size for which acceptance is sought under
this standard but in no case less than the minimum size
shown next:


18
Minimum Frame Size Window
Designation
Width Height
C-R15
C-LC25
C-C30
C-HC40
C-AW40
1 ft 5 in (430 mm)
2 ft 0 in (610 mm)
2 ft 0 in (610 mm)
2 ft 0 in (610 mm)
3 ft 0 in (910 mm)
4 ft 0 in (1220 mm)
4 ft 0 in (1220 mm)
4 ft 0 in (1220 mm)
4 ft 0 in (1220 mm)
5 ft 0 in (1520 mm)


NOTE: The diagrams shown above are typical but not all inclusive.
Other configurations may be evaluated provided they follow the size
guidelines listed below.

Test Size for Type A Assemblies:

W ≥ minimum frame test width
H ≥ minimum frame test height

Test Size for Combination Assemblies (B, C or D)
Without a Separate Type A Assembly Test:

W ≥ minimum frame test width for a Type A
assembly
H ≥ minimum frame test height for a Type A
assembly
L ≥ W

Test Size for Combination Assemblies (B, C or D) With a
Separate Type A Assembly Test:

W = largest sash width for which compliance of the
combination is desired.
H = largest sash height for which compliance of the
combination is desired.
L = largest fixed lite width for which compliance is
desired.
The test unit shall contain sash or frame of the largest
dimension (width and height) for which compliance is
desired. Sash or frame larger (width and/or height) than
those tested do not comply.

For combination units, each unique intermediate framing
member shall be tested in the longest dimension for
which compliance is desired. Intermediate framing
members which are longer or which are not tested do
not comply.

2.2.5.6 Performance Requirements
The following tests are in addition to Gateway
Performance Requirements specified in Table 2.1.

NOTE: The AAMA Certification Procedural Guide may be referenced
for further explanation of specific performance tests.

2.2.5.6.1 Vertical Deflection Test
On a completely assembled and glazed window, with
manufacturer's standard hardware, a concentrated load
as indicated in the table and acting at the lower
unrestricted corner of a sash opened 90° or maximum
design opening, shall not cause a vertical deflection at
the lower unrestrained corner greater than 0.25 in/ft (20
mm/m) of sash width measured to the nearest 0.01 inch.
At the conclusion of the test the sash shall properly close
and operate.

Window Designation Concentrated Load
C-R15
C-LC25
C-C30
C-HC40
C-AW40
45 lbf (200 N)
45 lbf (200 N)
60 lbf (270 N)
60 lbf (270 N)
60 lbf (270 N)

2.2.5.6.2 Hardware Load Test
For windows containing sash with roto-operating
hardware, the window shall be securely fastened in a
vertical plane so that sash, when opened to their full
extent, will be horizontal. Sash shall be strong enough
to support a uniform load indicated in the table. At the
conclusion of the test, the operators shall fully close the
sash. There shall be no failure of screws or track or
permanent deformation of support arms. The sash shall
be tested with the load applied in one direction, then in
the opposite direction.

Window Designation Load
C-R15
C-LC25
C-C30
C-HC40
C-AW40
5.00 lbf/ft
2
(240 Pa)*
6.24 lbf/ft
2
(300 Pa)*
6.24 lbf/ft
2
(300 Pa)*
6.24 lbf/ft
2
(300 Pa)*
6.24 lbf/ft
2
(300 Pa)*
*The load specified includes the weight of the glazed sash.
VERTICALLY OR HORIZONTALLY PIVOTED WINDOWS

19
2.2.5.6.3 Torsion Test (HC and AW designated
windows only)
The test is performed in both directions on an unglazed
sash. The sash is supported on fulcrums at diagonally
opposite corners, with a third corner diagonally opposite
the loaded corner secured in the same plane by fulcrum
support block and clamp. A 20 lbf (90 N) concentrated
load, acting at an unrestrained corner of the sash shall
not cause a deflection in either direction measured to the
nearest 0.01 inch at the unrestrained corner greater than
indicated in the table.

Maximum Deflection (in) = 1.50 A/8
Where A = area of tested sash (ft
2
)
or
Maximum Deflection (mm) = 38.1 B/.744
Where B = area of tested sash (m
2
)

Sash area shall be calculated using outside to outside dimensions.
Deflection shall be measured from original position of free corner after
deflecting from its own weight.

2.2.5.6.4 Life Cycle Testing (AW designated windows
only)
When tested in accordance with AAMA 910, there shall
be no damage to fasteners, hardware parts, support
arms, actuating mechanisms or any other damage which
would cause the window to be inoperable, and air
leakage and water resistance tests shall not exceed the
primary performance requirements specified in Table
2.1.
2.2.6 VERTICALLY OR HORIZONTALLY PIVOTED
WINDOWS

2.2.6.1 Definition
Vertically or horizontally pivoted windows consist of a
sash pivoted either at head and sill or at the jambs in the
center of the main frame which reverses or rotates a full
360° around its vertical or horizontal axis. When rotated
180°, where it is held for the purpose of cleaning the
outside surfaces, it also provides a weather seal. Upon
completion of the cleaning operation, the sash is rotated
another 180° to the normal, closed position where it is
again locked.

2.2.6.2 Designation and Performance Class
Vertically and horizontally pivoted windows shall meet all
the applicable requirements of Sections 1, 2.1, 3 and this
Section for one of the following designations:

Window Designation Class
VP-R15 HP-R15
VP-LC25 HP-LC25
VP-C30 HP-C30
VP-HC40 HP-HC40
VP-AW40 HP-AW40
Residential
Light Commercial
Commercial
Heavy Commercial
Architectural

2.2.6.3 Projected Sash
When used in combination with vertically or horizontally
pivoted windows as covered in this section, projected
sash shall meet the designated requirements for the
following pivoted window designations:

Vertically Pivoted Window
Designation
Projected Window
Designation
VP-R15 HP-R15
VP-LC25 HP-LC25
VP-C30 HP-C30
VP-HC40 HP-HC40
VP-AW40 HP-AW40
AP-R15
AP-LC25
AP-C30
AP-HC40
AP-AW40

2.2.6.4 Test Sample Requirements
Each specimen submitted for tests shall be a completely
assembled and glazed window of standard construction
in the largest size for which acceptance is sought under
this standard but in no case less than the minimum size
shown below:

Minimum Frame Size
Window Designation
Width Height
VP-R15 HP-R15
VP-LC25 HP-LC25
VP-C30 HP-C30
VP-HC40 HP-HC40
VP-AW40 HP-AW40
3 ft 8 in (1120 mm)
4 ft 0 in (1220 mm)
4 ft 0 in (1220 mm)
5 ft 0 in (1520 mm)
5 ft 0 in (1520 mm)
5 ft 0 in (1520 mm)
5 ft 0 in (1520 mm)
7 ft 0 in (2130 mm)
8 ft 0 in (2440 mm)
8 ft 0 in (2440 mm)


20
Manufacturers desiring to produce windows which
include a project-in sash under the cleaning sash shall
furnish a test window to include their largest standard
size project-in sash, increasing the height of the test
window as necessary to avoid reducing the height of the
pivoted sash.

2.2.6.5 Performance Requirements
The following tests are in addition to Gateway
Performance Requirements specified in Table 2.1.

NOTE: The AAMA Certification Procedural Guide may be referenced
for further explanation of specific performance tests.

2.2.6.5.1 Torsion Test (C, HC and AW designated
windows only)
The test is performed in both directions on an unglazed
cleaning sash. The sash is supported on fulcrums at
diagonally opposite corners, with a third corner
diagonally opposite the loaded corner secured in the
same plane by a fulcrum support block and clamp. A 15
lbf (70 N) concentrated load, acting at the unrestrained
corner of the sash shall not cause a deflection in either
direction measured to the nearest 0.01 inch at the
unrestrained corner greater than indicated in below:

Window Designation Maximum Deflection (in)
VP-C30 HP-C30
VP-HC40 HP-HC40
VP-AW40 HP-AW40
2.00 A/18.5
2.50 A/37.8
2.50 A/37.8
Where A = area of tested sash (ft
2
)
Window Designation Maximum Deflection (mm)
VP-C30 HP-C30
VP-HC40 HP-HC40
VP-AW40 HP-AW40
50.8 B/1.72
63.5 B/3.51
63.5 B/3.51
Where B = area of tested sash (m
2
)

Deflection shall be measured from the original position of
the free corner after deflecting from its own weight.

2.2.6.5.2 Horizontal Concentrated Load Test (C, HC
and AW designated windows only)
Support the unglazed pivoted sash by clamping the
stiles, 6 in (155 mm) from the bottom rail, to the
horizontal or vertical supports under the jambs or head
and sill respectively. A concentrated load as indicated in
the table, shall be applied at the center of the span of the
lower rail, perpendicular to the plane of the sash, first in
one direction then in the opposite direction. Deflection at
the point of load application shall not exceed 0.06 in (1.5
mm), measured to the nearest 0.01 inch.

Window Designation Concentrated Load
VP-C30 HP-C30
VP-HC40 HP-HC40
VP-AW40 HP-AW40
50 lbf (230 N)
60 lbf (270 N)
60 lbf (270 N)

2.2.6.5.3 Vertical Concentrated Load Test (C, HC and
AW designated windows only)
This test is performed with the unglazed pivoted sash in
the frame using the pivots as the sole support with the
sash in the 90° open position. Two concentrated loads,
as indicated in the table, one each at mid-points
between the pivot and the innermost extremity of the
sash stiles or rails, shall be applied to the lower rail or
stile, parallel to the plane of the sash. Deflections at
either free corner of the sash lower rail or stile shall not
exceed 0.03 in (0.8 mm), measured to the nearest 0.01
inch.

Window Designation Concentrated Load (each)
VP-C30 HP-C30
VP-HC40 HP-HC40
VP-AW40 HP-AW40
50 lbf (230 N)
60 lbf (270 N)
60 lbf (270 N)

2.2.6.5.4 Life Cycle Testing (AW designated windows
only)
When tested in accordance with AAMA 910, there shall
be no damage to fasteners, hardware parts, support
arms, actuating mechanisms or any other damage which
would cause the window to be inoperable, and air
leakage and water resistance tests shall not exceed the
gateway performance requirements specified in Table
2.1.
SIDE-HINGED (INSWINGING) WINDOWS

21
2.2.7 SIDE-HINGED (INSWINGING) WINDOWS

2.2.7.1 Definition
Side-Hinged (Inswinging) Windows contain sash that
project inward from the plane of the frame and are
hinged at the jamb to swing about a vertical axis. Sash
are mounted to the frame with exposed or concealed
butt (close-up) hinges or four bar hinges on smaller
vents. They contain one or more sash with or without
fixed lites and transoms in various combinations. Side-
Hinged (Inswinging) windows are used for cleaning
access or emergency ventilation.

2.2.7.2 Designations and Performance Class
Side-Hinged (Inswinging) windows shall meet all
applicable requirements of Sections 1, 2.1, 3 and this
Section for the following designation:

Window Designation Class
SHW-AW40 Architectural

2.2.7.3 Hardware

2.2.7.3.1 Sash shall have at least one keyed limit device
which prohibits the sash from freely swinging inward.

2.2.7.3.2 Hinges shall be applied near corners of sash,
with an additional center hinge provided where units are
over 4 ft 0 in (1220 mm).

2.2.7.3.3 If used, four-bar friction hinges, shall comply
with AAMA 904.1. Use of four-bar hinges shall be limited
to sash sizes not exceeding hardware manufacturer's
weight restrictions. Corrosion resistance of hardware
components shall comply with AAMA 907, where
applicable.

2.2.7.4 Test Sample Requirements
Specimen(s) submitted for tests shall be a completely
assembled and glazed window of standard construction
in the largest size for which acceptance is sought under
this standard but in no case less than the minimum size
shown below:

Minimum Frame Size Window
Designation
Width Height
SHW-AW40 4 ft 0 in (1220 mm) 6 ft 0 in (1830 mm)

2.2.7.5 Performance Requirements
The following tests are in addition to Gateway
Performance Requirements specified in Table 2.1.

NOTE: The AAMA Certification Procedural Guide may be referenced
for further explanation of specific performance tests.

2.2.7.5.1 Life Cycle Testing (AW designated windows
only)
When tested in accordance with AAMA 910, there shall
be no damage to fasteners, hardware parts, support
arms, actuating mechanisms or any other damage which
would cause the window to be inoperable, and air
leakage and water resistance tests shall not exceed the
Gateway Performance Requirements specified in Table
2.1.
TOP-HINGED WINDOWS

22
2.2.8 TOP-HINGED WINDOWS

2.2.8.1 Definition
A top-hinged window consists of a sash hinged to the
main frame at the head so that it swings open to the
inside (inswinging) or swings open to the outside
(outswinging). Windows of this type are normally kept
closed and locked or the opening dimension is limited.
Top-hinged inswinging windows are designed to operate
primarily for cleaning, not to provide ventilation. Top-
hinged outswinging windows are designed to operate
primarily for ventilation, limited access or emergency
egress.

A variation of the top-hinged window is called a drop-
head and is essentially the same except that it is hung
on two four-bar friction hinges, mounted in the jambs at
the top.

2.2.8.2 Designations and Performance Class
Top-hinged windows shall meet all the applicable
requirements of Sections 1, 2.1, 3 and this Section for
one of the following window designations:

Window Designation Class
TH-C30
TH-HC40
TH-AW40
Commercial
Heavy Commercial
Architectural

2.2.8.3 Construction

2.2.8.3.1 Hinges, if integrally extruded, shall be
continuous. If not integrally extruded, they shall be
applied either as continuous or individual hinges.
Individual hinges shall be applied at outermost corners
of the sash with an additional center hinge provided
where windows are over 4 ft 0 in (1220 mm) wide for C
designated windows and 5 ft 0 in (1520 mm) wide for HC
and AW designated windows.

2.2.8.3.2 Sash shall have at least two hold-open arms
attached to the frame and sash or removable stay bar
securely attached when the sash is opened. When the
sash is in the open position, hold-open arms or stay bar
shall provide positive positioning of the sash.

2.2.8.3 Test Sample Requirements
Each specimen submitted for tests shall be a completely
assembled and glazed window of standard construction
and of at least the size given below:

Minimum Frame Size Window
Designation
Width Height
TH-C30
TH-HC40
TH-AW40
4 ft 0 in (1220 mm)
5 ft 0 in (1520 mm)
5 ft 0 in (1520 mm)
5 ft 0 in (1520 mm)
8 ft 0 in (2440 mm)
8 ft 0 in (2440 mm)
2.2.8.4 Performance Requirements
The following tests are in addition to Gateway
Performance Requirements specified in Table 2.1.

NOTE: The AAMA Certification Procedural Guide may be referenced
for further explanation of specific performance tests.

2.2.8.4.1 Hold Open Arm or Stay Bar Load Test (C
and HC designated windows only)
With the glazed sash opened to its fullest extent, a 100
lbf (450 N) horizontal concentrated l oad shall be applied
at one lower corner of the sash in the closing direction.
After removal of the load, hold-open arms shall function
normally with no apparent damage.

2.2.8.4.2 Torsion Test
The test is performed in both directions on an unglazed
sash. The sash is supported on fulcrums at diagonally
opposite corners, with a third corner diagonally opposite
the loaded corner secured in the same plane by a
fulcrum support block and clamp. A 15 lbf (70 N)
concentrated load, acting at an unrestrained corner of
the sash shall not cause a deflection in either direction at
an unrestrained corner greater than indicated in the
table:

Window Designation Maximum Deflection (in)
TH-C30
TH-HC40
TH-AW40
4.00 A/18.5
8.00 A/37.8
8.00 A/37.8
Where A = area of tested sash (ft
2
)
Window Designation Maximum Deflection (mm)
TH-C30
TH-HC40
TH-AW40
102 B/1.72
203 B/3.51
203 B/3.51
Where B = area of tested sash (m
2
)

Deflection shall be measured to the nearest 0.01 inch
from the original position of the free corner after
deflecting from its own weight.

2.2.8.4.3 Horizontal Concentrated Load Test
Support the unglazed sash by clamping the stiles, 6 in
(155 mm) from the bottom rail, to horizontal supports
under the jambs. A 30 lbf (135 N) concentrated load
shall be applied at the center of the span of the bottom
rail, perpendicular to the plane of the sash, first in one
direction then in the opposite direction. Deflection at the
point of load application shall not exceed 0.06 in (1.5
mm), measured to the nearest 0.01 inch.
FIXED WINDOWS

23
2.2.8.4.4 Vertical Concentrated Load Test
Support the unglazed sash by clamping the stiles to
vertical supports. A concentrated load as indicated in the
table, shall be applied at the center of the span of the
bottom rail, parallel to the plane of the sash, first in one
direction then in the opposite direction. Deflection
measured to the nearest 0.01 inch at the point of load
application shall not exceed the value indicated in the
table.

Window
Designation
Concentrated
Load
Maximum
Deflection
TH-C30
TH-HC40
TH-AW40
50 lbf (230 N)
90 lbf (400 N)
90 lbf (400 N)
0.13 in (3.3 mm)
0.25 in (6.3 mm)
0.25 in (6.3 mm)

2.2.8.4.5 Life Cycle Testing (AW designated windows
only)
When tested in accordance with AAMA 910, there shall
be no damage to fasteners, hardware parts, support
arms, actuating mechanisms or any other damage which
would cause the window to be inoperable, and air
leakage and water resistance tests shall not exceed the
Gateway Performance Requirements specified in Table
2.1.
2.2.9 FIXED WINDOWS

2.2.9.1 Definition
Fixed windows consist of a glazed frame or a fixed sash
and frame installed into the opening and are not
operable. Provisions are made so they can be reglazed
or replaced in the field.

2.2.9.2 Designations and Performance Class
Fixed windows shall meet all the applicable
requirements of Sections 1, 2.1, 3 and this Section for
one of the following window designations:

Window Designation Class
F-R15
F-DW-R15
F-LC25
F-DW-LC25
F-C30
F-DW-C30
F-HC40
F-DW-HC40
F-AW40
Residential
Dual-Residential
Light Commercial
Dual-Light Commercial
Commercial
Dual-Commercial
Heavy Commercial
Dual-Heavy Commercial
Architectural

2.2.9.3 Test Sample Requirements
Each specimen submitted for tests shall be a completely
assembled and glazed window of standard construction
in the largest size for which acceptance is sought under
this standard but in no case less than the minimum size
shown below:

Minimum Frame Size Window
Designation
Width Height
F-R15
F-DW-R15
F-LC25
F-DW-LC25
F-C30
F-DW-C30
F-HC40
F-DW-HC40
F-AW40
4 ft 0 in (1220 mm)
4 ft 0 in (1220 mm)
4 ft 6 in (1372 mm)
4 ft 6 in (1372 mm)
5 ft 0 in (1520 mm)
5 ft 0 in (1520 mm)
6 ft 0 in (1830 mm)
6 ft 0 in (1830 mm)
5 ft 0 in (1520 mm)
4 ft 0 in" (1220 mm)
4 ft 0 in (1220 mm)
4 ft 6 in (1372 mm)
4 ft 6 in (1372 mm)
5 ft 0 in (1520 mm)
5 ft 0 in (1520 mm)
6 ft 0 in (1830 mm)
6 ft 0 in (1830 mm)
8 ft 0 in (2240 mm)

NOTE: Fixed windows by definition do not contain operating sash,
therefore, the AW class is not required to undergo life cycle testing.
DUAL ACTION WINDOWS

24
2.2.10 DUAL ACTION WINDOWS

2.2.10.1 Definition
Dual action windows consist of a sash that tilts into the
room from the top for ventilation and swings in from the
side for cleaning of the outside surface.

When swung from the side the sash shall swing in
sufficiently to allow safe access to the outside surface.

2.2.10.2 Designation and Performance Class
Dual Action Windows shall meet all the applicable
requirements of Sections 1, 2.1, 3 and this Section for
one of the following window designations:

Window Designation Class
DA-R15
DA-LC25
DA-C30
DA-HC40
DA-AW40
Residential
Light Commercial
Commercial
Heavy Commercial
Architectural

2.2.10.3 Construction

2.2.10.3.1 Sash shall have one or more stabilizing arms
attached to the frame when the sash is opened from the
top. When the sash is in the tilt-open position, stabilizing
arms shall provide positive positioning of the sash.

2.2.10.4 Hardware
Each sash shall be equipped with one handle to provide
both "tilt" and "swing" operation. The "swing" or "tilt"
position shall be individually selected and rendered
operable starting only from the closed sash position. A
secondary locking device to prevent accidental "swing"
operation is allowed for each sash.

2.2.10.5 Test Sample Requirements
Each specimen submitted for tests shall be a completely
assembled and glazed window of standard construction
and of at least the size given below:

Minimum Frame Size
Window
Designation
Width Height
DA-R15
DA-LC25
DA-C30
DA-HC40
DA-AW40
3 ft 8 in (1120 mm)
4 ft 0 in (1220 mm)
4 f t 0 in (1220 mm)
5 ft 0 in (1520 mm)
5 ft 0 in (1520 mm)
5 ft 0 in (1520 mm)
5 ft 0 in (1520 mm)
6 ft 0 in (1830 mm)
8 ft 0 in (2440 mm)
8 ft 0 in (2440 mm)

Access sash, when furnished, shall be closed and
locked for all tests.

2.2.10.6 Performance Requirements
The following tests are in addition to Gateway
Performance Requirements specified in Table 2.1.

NOTE: The AAMA Certification Procedural Guide may be referenced
for further explanation of specific performance tests.

2.2.10.6.1 Torsion Test (HC and AW designated
windows only)
The test is performed in both directions on an unglazed
sash. The sash is supported on fulcrums at diagonally
opposite corners, with a third corner diagonally opposite
the loaded corner secured in the same plane by a
fulcrum support block and clamp. A 15 lbf (70 N)
concentrated load, acting at the unrestrained corner of
the sash, shall not cause a deflection in either direction
measured to the nearest 0.01 inch at the unrestrained
corner greater than indicated in the table.

Maximum Deflection (in) = 8.00 A/37.8
where: A = area of tested sash (ft
2
)
or
Maximum Deflection (mm) = 203 B/3.51
where B = area of tested sash (m
2
)

Sash area shall be calculated using outside to outside dimensions.
Deflection shall be measured from the original position of the free
corner after the deflection from its own weight.

2.2.10.6.2 Horizontal Concentrated Load Test
Support the unglazed sash by clamping the stiles, 6 in
(155 mm) from the top rail to the horizontal supports
under the jambs. A 30 lbf (135 N) concentrated load
shall be applied at the center of the span of the top rail,
perpendicular to the plane of the sash. The concentrated
load shall be applied first in one direction and then in the
opposite direction. Deflection at the point of the load
application shall not exceed 0.06 i n (1.5 mm), measured
to the nearest 0.01 inch.

2.2.10.6.3 Vertical Concentrated Load Test (R, LC, C
and HC designated windows only)
Support the unglazed sash by clamping the stiles to the
vertical supports. A concentrated load acting downward
as indicated in the table, shall be applied at the center of
the span of the bottom rail, parallel to the plane of the
sash. Deflection at the point of the load application shall
not exceed the value indicated in the table.

Window
Designation
Concentrated
Load
Maximum
Deflection
DA-R15
DA-LC25
DA-C30
DA-HC40
30 lbf (135 N)
40 lbf (180 N)
50 lbf (230 N)
90 lbf (400 N)
0.06 in (1.5 mm)
0.09 in (2.3 mm)
0.13 in (3.3 mm)
0.25 in (6.4 mm)

BASEMENT WINDOWS

25
2.2.10.6.4 Stabilizing Arm Load: Concentrated Load
on Sash Corners (R, LC, C and HC designated
windows only)
Mount the completely assembled glazed window
vertically. Open the sash inward from the top, to the full
venting position with the sash supported solely by the
stabilizing arm at one jamb. A concentrated load acting
vertically downward as indicated in the table, shall be
applied at each upper sash corner separately. After load
removal, there shall be no damage to the window frame,
sash, window components, glass, stabilizing arm or
hardware components, and the window shall function
normally.

Window Designation Concentrated Load
DA-R15
DA-LC25
DA-C30
DA-HC40
100 lbf (445 N)
200 lbf (890 N)
200 lbf (890 N)
200 lbf (890 N)

2.2.10.6.5 Stabilizing Arm Load: Concentrated Load
on Sash Top Rail (R, LC, C and HC designated
windows only)
Mount the completely assembled glazed window
vertically. Open the sash inward from the top to the full
ventilating position with the sash supported solely by
stabilizing arm at one jamb. A concentrated load acting
vertically downward as indicated in the table, shall be
applied to the center of the top sash rail. After the load
removal, there shall be no damage to the window frame,
sash, window components, glass, stabilizing arm or
hardware components, and the window shall function
normally.

Window Designation Concentrated Load
DA-R15
DA-LC25
DA-C30
DA-HC40
200 lbf (890 N)
400 lbf (1780 N)
400 lbf (1780 N)
400 lbf (1780 N)

2.2.10.6.6 Life Cycle Testing (AW designated
windows only)
When tested in accordance with AAMA 910, there shall
be no damage to fasteners, hardware parts, support
arms, actuating mechanisms or any other damage which
would cause the window to be inoperable, and air
infiltration and water resistance tests shall not exceed
the Gateway Performance Requirements specified in
Table 2.1.
2.2.11 BASEMENT WINDOWS

2.2.11.1 Definition
A sash unit, usually of the inswinging awning or hopper
type, used for basement or cellar sash openings. Any
operating type may be tested as a basement window
provided they are intended to be installed at or below
grade for the purposes of ventilating a basement or
cellar area. Products may include screens or storm sash
and may include provisions for emergency egress from
the basement area.

2.2.11.2 Designation and Performance Class
Basement windows shall meet all of the applicable
requirements of Sections 1, 2.1, 3 and this Section for
one of the following window designations:

Window Designation Class
BW-R15
BW-LC25
Residential
Light Commercial

2.2.11.3 Hardware

2.2.11.3.1 Basement Awning Windows (POB)
The sash position shall be individually controlled within
the frame.

If used, four-bar friction hinges shall comply with AAMA
904.1. Corrosion resistance of hardware components
shall comply with AAMA 907, where applicable.

2.2.11.3.2 Basement Hopper Windows (PIT)
The sash position shall be individually controlled within
the frame.

If used, four-bar friction hinges shall comply with AAMA
904.1. Corrosion resistance of hardware components
shall comply with AAMA 907, where applicable.

2.2.11.4 Test Sample Requirements
Each specimen submitted for tests shall be a completely
assembled and glazed window of standard construction
of manufacturers largest size perimeter frame window
assembly.

Minimum Frame Size Window
Designation
Width Height
BW-R15
BW-LC25
2 ft 8 in (810 mm)
2 ft 8 in (810 mm)
1 ft 4 in (410 mm)
1 ft 4 in (410 mm)

All perimeter framed window assemblies shall be
denoted in a residential classification.

2.2.11.5 Performance Requirements
Windows shall comply with the Gateway Performance
Requirements specified in Table 2.1.
HINGED EGRESS WINDOWS

26
2.2.12 HINGED EGRESS WINDOWS

2.2.12.1 Definition
A hinged perimeter frame window assembly consists of
any primary window which has passed the applicable
performance requirements in Section 2.1 that is mounted
into a stationary perimeter frame and is permanently
pivoted or hinged at one jamb to permit swinging inward
or outward at least 90 degrees. One or more locking
devices shall secure the primary window to the
stationary perimeter frame.

NOTE: This window designation describes a specific type of window
operation used primarily in emergency escape devices for residential
applications. The designation permits these operator types to be tested
for air leakage, water penetration resistance, structural load and other
performance requirements. Units tested to this designation have not
been examined for their dimensional or operational parameters other
than as specifically described below. They may be used as an
emergency escape device, providing they meet local code
requirements regarding such devices.

2.2.12.2 Designation and Performance Class
Hinged perimeter frame windows shall meet all the
applicable requirements in Sections 1, 2.1, 3 and this
Section for the following window designation:

Window Designation Class
HE-R15 Residential

2.2.12.3 Hardware
If used, four-bar friction hinges, shall comply with AAMA
904.1. Corrosion resistance of hardware components
shall comply with AAMA 907, where applicable.

2.2.12.4 Test Sample Requirements
Each specimen submitted for tests shall be a completely
assembled and glazed window of standard construction
in the largest size for which acceptance is sought under
this standard. The operable portion of the test specimen
shall be tested separately in the appropriate size for that
product type.

All perimeter framed window assemblies shall be
denoted in a residential classification.

2.2.12.5 Performance Requirements
The following tests are in addition to the Gateway
Performance Requirements specified in Table 2.1.

NOTE: The AAMA Certification Procedural Guide may be referenced
for further explanation of specific performance tests.

2.2.12.5.1 Hinge Test
After the air, water and structural tests have been
performed, the hinged perimeter frame window
assembly shall be subjected to 10 cycles of unlocking,
opening to the full 90 degree position, closing and
locking. At the conclusion of 10 cycles, there shall be no
glass breakage or permanent damage to any fasteners,
hardware parts, support arms or actuating mechanisms,
and the hinged window assembly shall open, close and
lock in its normal manner. The operation test must be
run again with the heaviest glass configuration (if not
already done.)

2.2.12.5.2 Forced Entry
For forced entry rating approval, the primary window
shall have passed FER and the assembly shall meet
AAMA 1302.5 casement requirements.

2.2.12.5.3 Operating Force (Vertical and Sliding
Primary Windows Only)
Hinged perimeter frame windows shall be adjusted
before any tests are performed so that the primary
window shall open with an operating force not to exceed
the requirements listed in the following sections: Section
2.2.1.6.1 for double hung windows, Section 2.2.2.5.1 for
horizontal sliding windows or Section 2.2.3.5.1 for
vertical sliding windows.
GREENHOUSE WINDOWS

27
2.2.13 GREENHOUSE WINDOWS

2.2.13.1 Definition
Greenhouse windows are units which consist of a three-
dimensional, five-sided structure, with provisions made
for supporting plants and flowers in the enclosed space
outside the plane of the wall. Operating sash are allowed
but are not required.

2.2.13.2 Designation and Performance Class
Greenhouse windows shall meet all the applicable
requirements of Sections 1, 2.1, 3 and this Section for
the following window designations:

Window Designation Class
GH-R15 Residential

2.2.13.3 Test Sample Requirements
Each specimen submitted for tests shall be a completely
assembled and glazed window of standard construction
in the largest size for which acceptance is sought under
this standard but in no case less than the minimum size
shown below:

Window
Designation
Minimum
Width
Minimum
Height
Minimum
Depth
GH-R15 3 ft 0 in (910 mm) 3 ft 0 in (910 mm) 6 in (150 mm)

The above minimum dimensions are excluding mounting
flange(s).

2.2.13.4 Hardware
Hardware used on operating sash shall be the hardware
appropriate to the sash type and shall comply with the
hardware requirements in the hardware specification
section of this document pertaining to the sash type.
(For example, if the greenhouse window is tested with
projected operating sash, the hardware on that sash
shall meet the requirements set forth in Section 2.2.4.3.)

2.2.13.5 Performance Requirements
The following tests are in addition to Gateway
Performance Requirements in Table 2.1.

NOTE: The AAMA Certification Procedural Guide may be referenced
for further explanation of specific performance tests.

2.2.13.5.1 Unit Dead Load Test
A uniform load of 8 lbf/ft
2
(40 kg/m
2
) of shelf area
(including the bottom pan area) plus the total glazing
material weight, divided by the total shelf area (including
the bottom pan area) shall be applied simultaneously to
each shelf and to the bottom pan of an unglazed
vertically mounted unit for a period of 5 minutes. The
maximum vertical displacement of the unit in relation to
its mounting shall not be greater than L/175, "L" being
defined as the width of the unit. In addition, no shelf shall
deflect more than 1/175th of its span.
JALOUSIE WINDOWS JAL-AWNING WINDOWS

28
2.2.14 JALOUSIE WINDOWS

2.2.14.1 Definition
Jalousie windows consist of a series of overlapping,
horizontal louvers which pivot simultaneously in a
common frame and are actuated by one or more
operating devices so that the bottom edge of each louver
swings toward the exterior and the top edge swings
toward the interior during opening.

2.2.14.2 Designation and Performance Class
Jalousie windows shall meet all the applicable
requirements of Sections 1, 2.1, 3 and this Section for
the following window designation:

Window Designation Class
J-R15 Residential

2.2.14.3 Hardware

2.2.14.3.1 Pivot clips balanced within reasonable limits,
shall be provided to house ends of louvers. They shall
be designed to securely hold louvers under all normal
operating conditions. Clips shall be so constructed and
applied to jambs that they are free-pi voting and galling or
abrasive action detrimental to proper operation of
window will not occur between them and pivot faces of
jambs.

2.2.14.3.2 Roto-type operators shall meet AAMA 901.1.
Corrosion resistance of hardware components shall
comply with AAMA 907, where applicable.

2.2.14.4 Louvers
These specifications in their entirety shall apply to
windows with louvers of materials other than glass
including, but not limited to, aluminum, wood and plastic.
Each louver type or combination of louver types shall be
qualified by a complete and separate conformance test.

2.2.14.5 Test Sample Requirements
Each specimen submitted for tests shall be a completely
assembled and glazed window of standard construction
in the largest size for which acceptance is sought under
this standard but in no case less than the minimum size
shown below:

Minimum Frame Size
Window
Designation
Width Height
J-R15 3 ft 0 in (910 mm) 4 ft 0 in (1220 mm)

2.2.15 JAL-AWNING WINDOWS

2.2.15.1 Definition
Jal-awning windows consist of a multiplicity of top-
hinged sash arranged in a vertical series within a
common frame and each operated by its own control
device which swings the bottom edges of the sash
outward.

2.2.15.2 Designation and Performance Class
Jal-awning windows shall meet all the applicable
requirements of Sections 1, 2.1, 3 and this Section for
the following window designation:

Window Designation Class
JA-R15 Residential

2.2.15.3 Hardware

2.2.15.3.1 Satisfactory hardware shall be provided to
control and securely close the sash.

2.2.15.3.2 Roto-type operators shall meet AAMA 901.1.
Corrosion resistance of hardware components shall
comply with AAMA 907, where applicable.

2.2.15.4 Test Sample Requirements
Each specimen submitted for tests shall be a completely
assembled and glazed window of standard construction
in the largest size for which acceptance is sought under
this standard but in no case less than the minimum size
shown below:

Minimum Frame Size Window
Designation
Width Height
JA-R15 4 ft 5 in (1350 mm) 5 ft 3 in (1600 mm)
TROPICAL AWNING WINDOWS HINGED GLASS DOORS

29
2.2.16 TROPICAL AWNING WINDOWS

2.2.16.1 Definition
Tropical awning windows have one or more sash hinged
or pivoted at the top and operated by one control device
which swings the bottom edge of the sash away from the
plane of the frame. A control or operating device shall
operate all sash, securely closing them at both jambs
without the use of any additional manually controlled
locking devices.

2.2.16.2 Designation and Performance Class
Tropical awning windows shall meet all the applicable
requirements of Sections 1, 2.1, 3 and this Section for
one of the following window designations:

Window Designation Class
TA-R15
TA-LC25
TA-C30
Residential
Light Commercial
Commercial

2.2.16.3 Hardware
Roto-type operators shall meet AAMA 901.1. Corrosion
resistance of hardware components shall comply with
AAMA 907, where applicable.

2.2.16.4 Test Sample Requirements
Each specimen submitted for tests shall be a completely
assembled and glazed window of standard construction
in the largest size for which acceptance is sought under
this standard but in no case less than the minimum size
shown below:

SINGLE VENT TROPICAL AWNING WINDOWS
Minimum Frame Size Window
Designation
Width Height
TA-R15
TA-LC25
TA-C30
4 ft 0 in (1220 mm)
4 ft 5 in (1350 mm)
4 ft 5 in (1350 mm)
2 ft 0 in (610 mm)
2 ft 2 in (660 mm)
2 ft 2 in (660 mm)
MULTIPLE VENT TROPICAL AWNING WINDOWS
Minimum Frame Size Window
Designation
Width Height
TA-R15
TA-LC25
TA-C30
4 ft 0 in (1220 mm)
4 ft 5 in (1350 mm)
4 ft 5 in (1350 mm)
5 ft 3 in (1600 mm)
8 ft 0 in (2440 mm)
8 ft 0 in (2440 mm)

2.2.17 HINGED GLASS DOORS

2.2.17.1 Definition
Hinged glass doors consist of one or more glazed panels
contained within an overall frame designed so that one
or more of the glazed panels are operable. The operable
panels swing either to the inside or to the outside (not
both). Panels shall be all operable or some operable and
some fixed. Panels shall lock or interlock with each other
or shall contact a jamb member where the panel is
capable of being securely locked.

NOTE: The requirements of this specification are different from those
required for store fronts and commercial entrance systems. For the
design of such systems, the specifier is urged to consult the AAMA
"Aluminum Store Front and Entrance Manual."

2.2.17.2 Designation and Performance Class
Hinged glass doors shall meet all the applicable
requirements of Sections 1, 2.1, 3 and this Section for
one of the following door designations:

Door Designation Class
HGD-R15
HGD-LC25
HGD-C30
HGD-HC40
Residential
Light Commercial
Commercial
Heavy Commercial

2.2.17.3 Construction
All operable panels shall be fitted with hinges permitting
the panel to open either outward or inward. Hinges or
other means shall provide reasonable security against
forced entry.

2.2.17.4 Locks
Moveable panels shall be tested with a lock of
compatible materials, which is corrosion resistant or
which has been properly treated to resist corrosion and
be of sufficient strength to perform the function for which
it is used. Locks shall provide reasonable security
against entry and shall be readily accessible for service.
Bolt and/or strike shall be adjustable on the job.

NOTE: The term lock as used in this specification, defines the
mechanism furnished for latching and unlatching the door and does not
mean that a key-operated cylinder must be supplied.

2.2.17.5 Test Sample Requirements
Each specimen submitted for tests shall be a completely
assembled and glazed door of standard construction in
the largest size for which acceptance is sought under
this standard but in no case less than the minimum size
shown below.

Where stile conditions of identical design are installed in
repeating multiples, a single full module of panels is
permitted to be submitted and tested as representative
of the entire group of modules.
DUAL ACTION HINGED GLASS DOORS

30
Door
Designation
Minimum Panel
Width
Minimum Frame
Height
HGD-R15
HGD-LC25
HGD-C30
HGD-HC40
2 ft 8 in (810 mm)
2 ft 10 in (864 mm)
3 ft 0 in (910 mm)
4 ft 8 in (1420 mm)
6 ft 6 in (1980 mm)
6 ft 8 in (2032 mm)
6 ft 10 (2080 mm)
8 ft 0 in (2440 mm)

2.2.18 DUAL ACTION HINGED GLASS DOORS

2.2.18.1 Definition
Dual action hinged glass doors consist of one or more
glazed panels contained within an overall frame
designed so that one or more of the glazed panels is
operable in a swing mode and can be tilted inward from
the top for ventilation.

Panels may be all operable or only one operable with
others fixed. Panels lock or interlock with each other or
with a jamb member.

NOTE: The requirements of this specification are different from those
required for store fronts and commercial entrance systems. For the
design of such systems, the specifier is urged to consult the AAMA
"Aluminum Store Front and Entrance Manual."

2.2.18.2 Designation and Performance Class
Dual action hinged glass doors shall meet all of the
applicable requirements of Sections 1, 2.1, 3 and this
Section for one of the following door designations:

Door Designation Class
DA-HGD-R15
DA-HGD-LC25
DA-HGD-C30
DA-HGD-HC40
Residential
Light Commercial
Commercial
Heavy Commercial

2.2.18.3 Construction
Operable panels shall have one or more stabilizing
arm(s) attached to the frame to allow the operable panel
to open from the top. When the operable panel is in the
tilt-open position, the stabilizing arms shall provide
positive positioning of the operable panel.

2.2.18.4 Hardware
Each operable panel shall be equipped with one handle
to provide either the "swing" or "tilt" operation. The
"swing" or "tilt" positions shall be individually selected
and rendered operable starting only from the closed
panel position. A secondary locking device to prevent
accidental "swing" operation shall be provided to each
operable panel.

2.2.18.5 Locks
Moveable panels shall be tested with a lock of
compatible materials, which is corrosion resistant or
which has been properly treated to resist corrosion and
be of sufficient strength to perform the function for which
it is used. Locks shall provide reasonable security
against entry and shall be readily accessible for service.
Bolt and/or strike shall be adjustable on the job.

NOTE: The term lock as used in this specification, defines the
mechanism furnished for latching and unlatching the door and does not
mean that a key-operated cylinder must be supplied.


31
2.2.18.6 Test Sample Requirements
Each specimen submitted for tests shall be a completely
assembled and glazed door of standard construction in
the largest size for which acceptance is sought under
this standard but in no case less than the minimum size
shown below.

Where stile conditions of identical design are installed in
repeating multiples, a single full module of panels is
permitted to be submitted and tested as representative
of the entire group of modules.

Door
Designation
Minimum Panel
Width
Minimum Frame
Height
DA-HGD-R15
DA-HGD-LC25
DA-HGD-C30
DA-HGD-HC40
2 ft 8 in (810 mm)
3 ft 0 in (910 mm)
3 ft 0 in (910 mm)
4 ft 8 in (1420 mm)
6 ft 6 in (1910 mm)
6 ft 10 in (2080 mm)
6 ft 10 in (2080 mm)
8 ft 0 in (2440 mm)

2.2.18.7 Performance Requirements
The following tests are in addition to Gateway
Performance Requirements specified in Table 2.1.

NOTE: The AAMA Certification Procedural Guide may be referenced
for further explanation of specific performance tests.

2.2.18.7.1 Torsion Test (HC Designated Doors Only)
The test is performed in both directions on an unglazed
operable panel. The operable panel is supported on
fulcrums at diagonally opposite corners, with a third
corner diagonally opposite the loaded corner secured in
the same plane by fulcrum support block and clamp. A
15 lbf (70 N) concentrated load, acting at the
unrestrained corner of the operable panel shall not
cause a deflection in either direction at the unrestrained
corner greater than indicated in the table:

MAXIMUM DEFLECTION (in) = 8.00 A/37.8
Where A = Area of Tested Operable Panel (ft
2
)
or
MAXIMUM DEFLECTION (mm) = 203 B/3.51
Where B = Area of Tested Operable Panel (m
2
)

2.2.18.7.2 Horizontal Concentrated Load Test
Support the unglazed operable panel by clamping the
stiles, 6 in (155 mm) from top rail to the horizontal
supports under the jambs. A 30 lbf (135 N) concentrated
load shall be applied at the center of the span of top rail,
perpendicular to the plane of the operable panel. The
concentrated load shall be applied first in one direction
and then in the opposite direction. Deflection at the point
of the load application shall not exceed 0.06 in (1.5 mm),
measured to the nearest 0.01 inch.
2.2.18.7.3 Vertical Concentrated Load Test
Support the unglazed operable panel by clamping the
stiles to vertical supports. A concentrated load acting
downward as indicated in the table shall be applied at
the center of the span of the bottom rail, parallel to the
plane of the operable panel. Deflection at the point of the
load application shall not exceed the value indicated in
the table.

Door Designation Concentrated Load Maximum Deflection
DA-HGD-R15
DA-HGD-L25
DA-HGD-C30
DA-HGD-HC40
30 lbf (140 N)
50 lbf (230 N)
50 lbf (230 N)
90 lbf (400 N)
0.06 in (1.5 mm)
0.13 in (3.3 mm)
0.13 in (3.3 mm)
0.25 in (6.3 mm)

2.2.18.7.4 Stabilizing Arm Load: Concentrated Load
on Operable Panel Corners
Mount the completely assembled glazed door vertically.
Open the operable panel inward from the top, to the full
venting position with the sash supported solely by the
stabilizing arm at one jamb. A concentrated load acting
vertically downward as indicated in the table, shall be
applied at each upper operable panel corner separately.
After load removal, there shall be no damage to the door
frame, operable panel door, components, glass,
stabilizing arm or hardware components, and the door
shall function normally.

Door Designation Concentrated Load
DA-HGD-R15
DA-HGD-LC25
DA-HGD-C30
DA-HGD-HC40
100 lbf (445 N)
200 lbf (890 N)
200 lbf (890 N)
200 lbf (890 N)

2.2.18.7.5 Stabilizing Arm Load: Concentrated Load
on Operable Panel Top Rail
Mount the completely assembled glazed door vertically.
Open operable panel inward from the top to the full
ventilating position with sash supported solely by the
stabilizing arm at one jamb. A concentrated load acting
vertically downward as indicated in the table shall be
applied to the center of the top operable panel rail. After
load removal, there shall be no damage to the window
frame, operable panel, door, components, glass,
stabilizing arm or hardware components, and the door
shall function normally.

Door Designation Concentrated Load
DA-HGD-R15
DA-HGD-L25
DA-HGD-C30
DA-HGD-HC40
200 lbf (890 N)
400 lbf (1780 N)
400 lbf (1780 N)
400 lbf (1780 N)

SLIDING GLASS DOORS

32
2.2.19 SLIDING GLASS DOORS

2.2.19.1 Definition
Sliding glass doors consist of one or more lites of glass
contained in panels which, in turn, are contained within
an overall frame designed so that one or more panels
are movable in a horizontal direction. Panels shall be all
sliding or some sliding and some fixed. Panels shall lock
or interlock with each other or shall contact a jamb
member where the panel is capable of being securely
locked. Doors shall be designed and assembled so that
panel to panel contact between horizontal members
moving relative to one another does not occur.

2.2.19.2 Designation and Performance Class
Sliding glass doors shall meet all the applicable
requirements of Sections 1, 2.1, 3 and this Section for
one of the following designations:

Designation Class
SGD-R15
SGD-LC25
SGD-C30
SGD-HC40
SGD-AW40
Residential
Light Commercial
Commercial
Heavy Commercial
Architectural

2.2.19.3 Hardware

2.2.19.3.1 Rollers and Roller Assemblies
Movable panels shall be fitted with rollers and roller
assemblies conforming to AAMA 906.3. Rollers and
roller assemblies shall be designed to provide easy
movement and to adequately support the panel during
extended usage without deforming or developing flat
spots. Corrosion resistance of hardware components
shall comply with AAMA 907, where applicable.

2.2.19.3.2 Locks
Movable panels shall be tested with a lock of compatible
material, which is corrosion resistant or which has been
properly treated to resist corrosion and of sufficient
strength to perform the function for which it is used.
Locks shall provide reasonable security against forced
entry and shall be readily accessible for service. Bolt
and/or strike shall be designed so that no damage will
result if the door is closed with the unit in locked position.

NOTE: The term lock as used in this specification, defines the
mechanism furnished for latching and unlatching the door and does not
mean that a key-operated cylinder must be supplied.

2.2.19.3.3 Adjustability
Rollers and locking devices shall be adjustable to assure
proper fit and operation.

2.2.19.4 Test Sample Requirements
Each specimen submitted for tests shall be a completely
assembled and glazed door of standard construction in
the largest size for which acceptance is sought under
this standard but in no case less than the minimum size
shown next.
Where stile conditions of identical design are installed in
repeating multiples, a single full module of panels is
permitted to be submitted and tested as representative
of the entire group of modules.

Designation
Minimum Panel
Width
Minimum Frame
Height
SGD-R15
SGD-LC25
SGD-C30
SGD-HC40
SGD-AW40
2 ft 10 in (860 mm)
3 ft 6 in (1070 mm)
3 ft 10 in (1170 mm)
4 ft 10 in (1470 mm)
4 ft 10 in (1470 mm)
6 ft 6 in (1980 mm)
6 ft 8 in (2032 mm)
6 ft 10 in (2080 mm)
7 ft 10 in (2390 mm)
7 ft 10 in (2390 mm)

NOTE: Because the size of the panels submitted for laboratory tests
and certification determines the maximum-size panels recognized as
approved by any persons or agencies requiring such certification, it is
recommended that the manufacturer submit a unit with the largest-size
panels for which acceptance is sought under this standard. Any stile
condition contained in the test unit shall be considered approved
regardless of the number of panels used.

2.2.19.5 Performance Requirements
The following tests are in addition to Gateway
Performance Requirements specified in Table 2.1.

NOTE: The AAMA Certification Procedural Guide may be referenced
for further explanation of specific performance tests.

2.2.19.5.1 Operating Force
Each movable panel shall be adjusted before any tests
are performed so that they shall operate in either
direction with a force not exceeding the value indicated
in the table after the sash is in motion.

Designation
Maximum Force
to Open
Force to Keep in
Motion
SGD-R15
SGD-LC25
SGD-C30
SGD-HC40
SGD-AW40
30 lbf (135 N)
30 lbf (135 N)
30 lbf (135 N)
40 lbf (180 N)
40 lbf (180 N)
20 lbf (90 N)
20 lbf (90 N)
20 lbf (90 N)
25 lbf (115 N)
25 lbf (115 N)

No further adjustment that would affect the operating
force shall be made for the balance of all tests.

2.2.19.5.2 Deglazing Test
When tested in accordance with ASTM E 987, the panel
members shall not move from their original position, in
relation to the glazing materials, by more than the
original glazing bite. The load for vertical rails shall be
70 lbf (320 N), and 50 lbf (230 N) for all other rails.

2.2.19.5.3 Life Cycle Testing (AW designated doors
only)
When tested in accordance with AAMA 910, there shall
be no damage to fasteners, hardware parts, or any other
damage which would cause the window to be
inoperable, and air leakage and water resistance tests
shall not exceed the Gateway Performance
Requirements specified in Table 2.1.
SECTION 3
MATERIAL AND COMPONENT REQUIREMENTS
33
3.1 MATERIALS

3.1.1 ALUMINUM
Aluminum, where used as a sash, frame, or other
structural member, shall be of commercial quality and of
proper alloy, for window and glass door construction,
free from defects impairing strength and/or durability.

Wrought aluminum alloys shall be those in which the
alloying elements do not exceed the following maximum
limits:

Silicone 7.0%
Magnesium
Manganese Total 6.0%
Chromium
Balance Aluminum
Iron 1.0%
Copper 0.4%
Zinc 1.0%
Others Total 0.5%

These limits apply to both bare product and aluminum
core of clad products. Cladding of clad products shall be
within the same limits except that the maximum zinc limit
shall be 3.0% to assure that cladding is anodic to the
core.

Aluminum extrusions shall have a minimum ultimate
tensile strength of 22,000 psi (150 MPa) and a minimum
yield strength of 16,000 psi (110 MPa).

As an example, commercial alloy 6063-T5 is one of
several alloys that will meet the above requirements.

If the manufacturer offers both thermal and non-thermal
construction using the same extrusions, testing of the
thermal construction qualifies the non-thermal
construction, but testing the non-thermal construction will
not qualify the thermal construction.

3.1.2 VINYL
Rigid PVC extrusions where used as a sash, frame, or
other structural member, shall comply with AAMA 303.

3.1.3 WOOD

3.1.3.1 Wood parts, where used, shall be wood or wood
composites that have been kiln-dried to a moisture
content no greater than twelve percent (12%) at the time
of fabrication.

3.1.3.2 All exposed wood surfaces shall be sound.
Defects and discolorations are permitted provided the
surface is suitable for an opaque finish.

3.1.3.3 The adhesives used in the manufacture of finger-
jointed and/or edge bonded parts shall comply with the
wet use adhesive requirements of ASTM D 5572 and
ASTM D 3110.
3.1.3.4 All wood parts except inside stops and inside
trim, shall be water-repellent preservative treated, after
machining, in accordance with WDMA I.S.4.

3.1.3.5 Material Used as Wood Cladding

3.1.3.5.1 Extruded Aluminum
Extruded aluminum used for cladding of wood windows,
shall comply with the requirements in Section 3.1.1.

3.1.3.5.2 Rolled Aluminum
Rolled aluminum used for cladding of wood windows,
shall comply with the requirements in Section 3.1.1,
applicable to coiled aluminum stock.

3.1.3.5.3 Vinyl
Non-structural vinyl (PVC) used for cladding of wood
windows, shall comply with the requirements in ASTM D
4726.

3.1.4 REINFORCING MEMBERS
Reinforcing members, if used, shall be made from
aluminum, non-magnetic stainless steel or other
corrosion-resistant base material compatible with
aluminum, treated wood or PVC. Wood, if used as a
reinforcing member, shall be treated in accordance with
WDMA I.S.4. Steel, other than non-magnetic stainless
steel, if used, shall conform to one of the requirements in
the following table:


34
Material or Finish Reinforcement Exposure R LC C HC AW
Not visible after installation
Type II or
Type III
Type II or
Type III
Type II or
Type III
Type II or
Type III
Type II or
Type III
Steel-Cadmium Plated per
ASTM B 766, Class 8, Type
II or Type III
Visible after installation
Type II or
Type III
Type II or
Type III
Type II
Only
Type II
Only
Type II
Only
Not visible after installation Permitted Permitted Permitted Permitted Permitted
Steel-Zinc Plated per ASTM
B 633
Visible after installation Permitted Permitted
Not
Permitted
Not
Permitted
Not
Permitted
Not visible after installation Permitted Permitted Permitted Permitted Permitted
Steel-Nickel/Chrome Plated
per ASTM B 456, Type SC
Visible after installation Permitted Permitted
Not
Permitted
Not
Permitted
Not
Permitted
Visible only if installed and
open
Permitted Permitted Permitted Permitted Permitted
Magnetic Stainless Steel
Minimum of 16% Chrome
Visible if installed and
closed
Permitted Permitted
Not
Permitted
Not
Permitted
Not
Permitted
THIS TABLE APPLIES TO STEEL REINFORCEMENT ONLY


Frame, sash and panel members shall be of such design
and structural strength to satisfy the intended purpose
and to meet the applicable performance requirements
specified herein.

3.1.5 FASTENERS
Screws, nuts, washers, bolts, rivets and other fastening
devices used in the product shall be of sufficient strength
and quality to perform their designated function.

Surfaces of nails, staples and corrugated fasteners that
are exposed after the product is installed shall be non-
rusting or protected by a rust-resistant coating.

Other fasteners shall be made from aluminum, non-
magnetic stainless steel or other corrosion-resistant
material compatible with aluminum, treated wood or
PVC. Unless made from non-magnetic stainless steel,
steel fasteners other than nails, staples or corrugated
fasteners shall conform to one of the requirements in the
following table:


Material or Finish Fastener Exposure R LC C HC AW
Not visible after installation
Type II or
Type III
Type II or
Type III
Type II or
Type III
Type II or
Type III
Type II or
Type III
Steel-Cadmium Plated per
ASTM B 766, Class 8, Type
II or Type III
Visible after installation
Type II or
Type III
Type II or
Type III
Type II
Only
Type II
Only
Type II
Only
Not visible after installation Permitted Permitted Permitted Permitted Permitted
Steel-Zinc Plated per ASTM
B 633 or ASTM A 123 or
ASTM A 641 Visible after installation Permitted Permitted
Not
Permitted
Not
Permitted
Not
Permitted
Not visible after installation Permitted Permitted Permitted Permitted Permitted
Steel-Nickel/Chrome Plated
per ASTM B 456, Type SC
Visible after installation Permitted Permitted
Not
Permitted
Not
Permitted
Not
Permitted
Visible only if installed and
open
Permitted Permitted Permitted Permitted Permitted
Magnetic Stainless Steel
Minimum of 16% Chrome
Visible if installed and
closed
Permitted Permitted
Not
Permitted
Not
Permitted
Not
Permitted


35
3.1.6 HARDWARE
Hardware shall be of aluminum, stainless steel, or other
corrosion-resistant base material compatible with
aluminum, treated wood or PVC. Steel, other than
stainless steel, if used, shall be plated with one of the
following materials or shall comply with AAMA 907.

MATERIAL SPECIFICATION
Cadmium Plated
Zinc Plated
Nickel & Chrome Plated
ASTM B 766, Class 8, Type II or Type III
ASTM B 633
ASTM B 456, Type SC

3.1.7 WEATHERSTRIP

3.1.7.1 Weatherstrip shall be of only high quality
materials proven to be capable of meeting the
environmental exposure and performance requirements.

3.1.7.2 Pile weatherstrip shall conform to AAMA 701.

3.1.7.3 Weatherseals shall conform to AAMA 702.

3.1.7.4 Weatherstrip of closed cell elastomer shall meet
ASTM C 509.

3.1.7.5 Weatherstrip of dense elastomer shall meet
ASTM C 864.

3.1.8 ANCHORS
Anchoring devices used in the erection of windows and
doors shall be of aluminum, stainless steel, or other
corrosion-resistant base material compatible with
aluminum, treated wood or PVC. Steel, other than
stainless steel, if used, shall be plated with one of the
following materials:

MATERIAL SPECIFICATION
Cadmium Plated
Zinc Plated
ASTM B 766, Class 8, Type II or Type III
ASTM B 633

NOTE: Extensive research and specification development related to
anchorage effects has been incorporated into AAMA CWG-1,
"Installation of Aluminum Curtain Walls," and AAMA TIR-A9, "Metal
Curtain Wall Fasteners." Refer to these manuals to determine what
information, if any, applies to anchorage of windows and glass doors in
this specification.

3.2 CONSTRUCTION

3.2.1 ASSEMBLY
With the exception of dual windows, windows or doors
shall be shipped either completely assembled with or
without glass, or knocked down (KD). A KD window or
door is complete in its entirety, with exception of glass,
glazing materials and/or screen, shipped in a
disassembled condition and later assembled according
to the instructions of the manufacturer, utilizing all
components supplied or specified by the manufacturer.
Dual windows shall be shipped completely assembled
with or without glass, and not knocked down (KD).
Doors may be shipped with the frame in a (KD)
configuration.

If sealant is used to seal mechanically-fixed joints, it
shall conform to AAMA 803.3, 809.2 or ASTM C 920,
Type S, Grade NS, Class 25. Gaskets are permitted to
be used to seal mechanically fixed joints.

3.2.2 MULLIONS OR OTHER STRUCTURAL
MEMBERS
When mullions occur, whether they are composed of
integral mullions, independent mullions or by a
combination of frame members, the resulting member
shall be capable of withstanding the design loads
outlined in Table 2.1.

Units where different types of windows are combined by
the manufacturer into a common frame using integral
mullions shall be tested as a single combined unit
according to the provisions of the appropriate section(s)
of this standard.

Combination window units where windows are joined by
the manufacturer using independent mullions or by a
combination of frame members shall be tested as
separate/individual windows under the appropriate
section(s) of this standard. Windows and doors tested
as separate individual units and combined into
assemblies consisting of two or more individual units in
the field without the manufacturers involvement testing
or evidence of compliance are not covered in t his
standard.

Window mullions and other structural members shall be
designed to withstand the full design load for the project
site, regardless of the window performance class.
Deflection for AW windows and HC hung windows (only)
shall not exceed 1/175th of the span. Uniform Load
Deflection Test for AW Windows (only) shall be
conducted in accordance with Section 2.1.4.1. Evidence
of compliance for all product classes may be by
mathematical calculation.

NOTE: Mullions referenced in this section are not reinforcing
members as referenced in Section 3.1.4.

3.2.3 TOLERANCES

3.2.3.1 The overall size tolerance for single units shall be
plus or minus 1/16 in (1.5 mm) for all dimensions 6 ft 0 in
(1830 mm) and under and plus or minus 1/8 in (3.1 mm)
for all dimensions in excess of 6 ft 0 in (1830 mm). This
tolerance does not apply to diagonal measurements.


36
3.2.3.2 Tolerances of the wall thicknesses and other cross
section dimensions of aluminum extrusions shall comply
with ANSI H35.2 (Section 10).

3.2.3.3 Tolerances for cross-sectional dimensions of
tested wood parts shall be plus or minus 1/32 in (0.8 mm).

3.2.4 SIZES AND SIZE TERMINOLOGY
The window dimension is the dimension for that portion of
the frame that inserts into the rough opening excluding
nailing flanges. Sizes of window dimensions and size
terminology shall not exceed the true window dimension
by more than 3/4 i n (19 mm), unless actual dimensions
are shown, the actual overall dimension being subject to
tolerances outlined in Section 3.2.3.




NOTE: Where two dimensions are used together to express size e.g., 4
ft 0 in x 6 ft 0 in (1220 mm x 1830 mm), the first dimension represents
width and the second dimension represents height.
3.3 FINISHES
Finishes for aluminum extrusions listed in the table below,
when furnished, shall conform to all requirements of the
standard referenced.

FINISH STANDARD
Pigmented Organic Coating AAMA 603.8 or AAMA 605.2*
Anodic Coating
Residential Bronze Color
(Designation R Products Only)

AAMA 604.2
Integral Color Anodic Finish AAMA 606.1*
Clear Anodic Finish AAMA 607.1*
Electrolytically Deposited
Color Anodic Finish
AAMA 608.1*
Anodized Architectural Aluminum AAMA 611*
*(AW Products Only) Pigmented organic coatings shall comply wi th
AAMA 605.2. Anodic finishes shall be Architectural Class I.

NOTE: For information on further references to mechanical, chemical
and electrochemical and organic finishes for aluminum, see
APPENDIX B.

3.4 INSECT SCREENS

3.4.1 Insect screens shall be provided when specified and
be of manufacturer's standard approved design, and
conform to ANSI/SMA 1004, ANSI/SMA 2006 or
ANSI/SMA 3001.

3.4.2 Insect screens are intended to provide reasonable
insect control and are not for the purpose of providing
security or to provide for the retention of objects or
persons from the interior. Warning labels, when used,
shall conform to SMA 7001.

3.4.3 Insect screening shall be of compatible material.
Aluminum screening shall conform to ANSI/IWS 089.
Plastic screening shall conform to ASTM D 3656.

3.5 DRAWINGS AND INSTALLATION DETAILS
Manufacturer shall furnish standard details or written
instructions showing recommendations for the installation
of windows or doors.

3.6 GLASS AND GLAZING MATERIALS

3.6.1 Annealed glass installed in windows shall meet
ASTM C 1036.

Safety glazing materials where used, shall conform to
ANSI Z97.1 or CPSC 16 CFR 1201. Tempered glass,
where used, shall conform to ASTM C 1048 (Kind FT).
Safety glazing shall be furnished on glass doors.

Sealed insulating glass, where used, shall conform to
ASTM E 774 level C or higher (Level A for AW Products).



37
Glass furnished by the manufacturer shall meet or
exceed the values given in ASTM E 1300 for the design
pressure rating of the project. Allowable pressures from
the graphs are allowed to be increased as noted for the
use of heat strengthened, fully tempered or sealed
insulating glass and are required to be decreased as
noted for the use of laminated glass.

NOTE: In general, the manufacturer will furnish glass as specified by
the architect or buyer. For individual projects, the specifier is
encouraged to require glass thicknesses appropriate to the glazed
area and design pressures for the project as indicated in ASTM E
1300.

3.6.2 CONFORMANCE TESTS
Unless otherwise stipulated in this specification,
windows and doors submitted for tests under Sections 2
and 4 shall contain glazing intended for use in the
product. For products with glass infill, the glass type
shall be the minimum strength required for a given load
and size based on ASTM E 1300. Glass shall be
selected in accordance with the provisions in ASTM E
1300, with the exception that frame or sash deflections,
where not specified in this document, are not limited to
the glass edge dimension divided by 175.

3.6.2.1 Products tested with a specific glass type shall
qualify products of a smaller size manufactured with a
different glass type provided the glass conforms to
ASTM E 1300, as referenced above.

3.6.2.2 Products tested with plastic materials shall not
qualify glass glazing materials, nor products tested with
glass qualify plastic glazing materials.

3.6.2.3 Products tested with sealed insulating glass shall
not qualify single glazed products.

3.6.3 GLAZING

3.6.3.1 Glazing gaskets shall be of material compatible
with aluminum, treated wood or PVC and those sealants
and sealing materials used in composite structures
which have direct contact with the gasket. The gasket
shall be resistant to weathering and maintain a water
resistant seal between the glass and the surrounding
frame.

3.6.3.2 Back bedding materials using aluminum, treated
wood or PVC interior or exterior face stops shall conform
to one or more of the following specifications referenced
in AAMA 800. Ductile back bedding compounds shall
meet AAMA 802.3. Bonding type back bedding
compounds shall meet AAMA 805.2.

3.6.3.3 Ductile back bedding tapes shall meet AAMA
804.3. Bonding type back bedding glazing tapes shall
meet AAMA 806.3. Cured, rubber-like back bedding
glazing tapes shall meet AAMA 807.3.

3.6.3.4 Compatible back bedding compounds and
glazing tapes meeting specifications are allowed to be
used either singly or in combination. Cellular back-
bedding glazing tapes shall meet AAMA 810.1

3.6.4 INTEGRAL VENTILATING SYSTEMS/DEVICES
Primary window or glass door products incorporating
ventilating systems/devices installed in the unit shall be
tested with the ventilating systems/devices installed and
the combination unit shall comply with all performance
requirements of this document for the window or door
type being tested.

The specimen shall be tested twice for water penetration
and twice for air leakage, once with the venting portion
of the ventilating systems/devices in the closed position
and again with the venting portion closed and taped or
sealed. Air and water performance values for both test
modes shall be included in the test report.

3.6.5 GLAZING BEADS
Glazing beads or retainers shall be of a material
compatible with aluminum, treated wood or PVC. If
required to retain the glass, the beads shall be of
sufficient strength and fixation to serve this purpose.
Thickness of glazing beads is optional, unless
specifically called for in a particular product specification.
Rigid PVC glazing beads shall be produced from a
compound conforming to ASTM D 4216.

3.7 VENETIAN BLINDS IN A DUAL GLAZED WINDOW

3.7.1 When a dual glazed window with a venetian blind
between the glass is provided, the operating sash shall
consist of the main sash and an access sash providing
an air space in which the venetian blind is mounted.

3.7.2 If a venetian blind is included in an enclosed air
space, the air space should be vented.
REFERENCE STANDARDS

38
3.8 REFERENCE STANDARDS

The following standards and specifications are a part of this
specification where referenced:

AAMA (American Architectural Manufacturers
Association)

AAMA 303-95
Voluntary Specification for Poly (Vinyl Chloride)(PVC)
Exterior Profile Extrusions

AAMA 502-90
Voluntary Specification for Field Testing of Windows and
Sliding Glass Doors

AAMA 603.8-92
Voluntary Performance Requirements and Test
Procedures for Pigmented Organic Coatings on
Extruded Aluminum

AAMA 604.2-77
Voluntary Specification for Residential Color Anodic
Finishes

AAMA 605.2-92
Voluntary Specification for High Performance Organic
Coatings on Architectural Extrusions and Panels

AAMA 606.1-76
Voluntary Guide Specifications and Inspection Methods
for Integral Color Anodic Finishes for Architectural
Aluminum

AAMA 607.1-77
Voluntary Guide Specification and Inspection Methods
for Clear Anodic Finishes for Architectural Aluminum

AAMA 608.1-77
Voluntary Guide Specification and Inspection Methods
for Electrolytically Deposited Color Anodic Finishes for
Architectural Aluminum

AAMA 609-93
Voluntary Guide Specification for Cleaning and
Maintenance of Architectural Anodized Aluminum

AAMA 610.1-79
Voluntary Guide Specification for Cleaning and
Maintenance of Painted Aluminum Extrusions and
Curtain Wall Panels

AAMA 611-92
Voluntary Standards for Anodized Architectural
Aluminum
AAMA 701-92 and AAMA 702-92
Combined Voluntary Specification for Pile
Weatherstripping and Voluntary Specification for
Replacement Fenestration Weatherseals

AAMA 800-92
Voluntary Specifications and Test Methods for Sealants
containing the following specifications and test methods:

AAMA 802.3-92
Ductile Back Bedding Glazing Compounds
(Type I and Type II)

AAMA 803.3-92
Narrow-Joint Seam Sealer (Type I and Type II)

AAMA 804.1-92
Ductile Back Bedding Mastic Type Glazing Tapes

AAMA 805.2-92
Bonding-Type Back Bedding Compounds

AAMA 806.3-92
Bonding-Type Back Bedding Glazing Tapes

AAMA 807.1-92
Back Bedding Mastic Type Glazing Tapes

AAMA 808.3-92
Exterior Perimeter Sealing Compound

AAMA 809.2-92
Non-Drying Sealant

AAMA 810.1-92
Expanded Cellular Glazing Tape

AAMA 901.1-90
Voluntary Specification for Rotary Operators in
Window Applications

AAMA 902-94
Voluntary Specification for Sash Balances

AAMA 904.1-87
Voluntary Specifications for Friction Hinges in Window
Applications

AAMA 906.3-87
Voluntary Specification for Sliding Glass Door Roller
Assemblies

AAMA 907-93
Voluntary Specification for Corrosion Resistant Coatings
on Carbon Steel Components


39
AAMA 910-93
Voluntary 'Life Cycle' Specifications and Test Methods
for Architectural Grade Windows and Sliding Glass
Doors

AAMA 1002.10-93
Voluntary Specification for Insulating Storm Products for
Windows and Sliding Glass Doors

AAMA 1302.5-76
Voluntary Specifications for Forced-Entry Resistant
Aluminum Prime Windows

AAMA 1303.5-76
Voluntary Specifications for Forced-Entry Resistant
Aluminum Sliding Glass Doors

AAMA 1503.1-88
Voluntary Test Method for Thermal Transmittance and
Condensation Resistance of Windows, Doors and
Glazed Wall Sections

AAMA 1504-88
Voluntary Standard for Thermal Performance for
Windows, Doors and Glazed Wall Sections

AAMA 1801-95
Voluntary Specification of the Acoustical Rating of
Residential, Commercial, Heavy Commercial and
Architectural Windows and Doors and Glazed Wall
Sections

AAMA AFPA-91
Anodic Finishes/Painted Aluminum

AAMA CW-DG-1-96
Curtain Wall Design Guide Manual

AAMA CWG-1-89
Installation of Aluminum Curtain Walls

AAMA CW-10-82
Care and Handling of Architectural Aluminum from Shop
to Site

AAMA CW-11-85
Design Windloads for Buildings and Boundary Layer
Wind Tunnel Testing

AAMA MCWM-1-89
Metal Curtain Wall Manual

AAMA SFM-1-87
Aluminum Store Front and Entrance Manual

AAMA TIR-A9-91
Metal Curtain Wall Fasteners

AAMA WSG.1-95
Window Selection Guide

ANSI (American National Standards Institute)

ANSI H35.2-1990
American National Standard Dimensional Tolerances for
Aluminum Mill Products

ANSI Z34.1-1993
American National Standard for Certification - Third-
Party Programs for Products, Processes and Services

ANSI Z97.1-1984 (R1994)
American National Standard for Safety Glazing Materials
Used in Buildings - Safety Performance Specifications
and Methods of Test

ASCE (American Society of Civil Engineers)

ASCE 7-93
Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other
Structures

ASME (American Society of Mechanical Engineers)

ANSI/ASME A39.1-1987
Safety Requirements for Window Cleaning

ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials)

ASTM A 123-89a
Specification for Zinc (Hot-Dipped Galvanized) Coatings
on Iron and Steel Products

ASTM A 641-92
Specification for Zinc-Coated (Galvanized) Carbon Steel
Wire

ASTM B 456-94
Specification for Electrodeposited Coatings of Copper
Plus Nickel Plus Chromium and Nickel Plus Chromium

ASTM B 633-85 (1994)
Specification for Electrodeposited Coatings of Zinc on
Iron and Steel

ASTM B 766-86 (1993)
Specification for Electrodeposited Coatings of Cadmium

ASTM C 509-94
Specification for Elastomeric Cellular Preformed Gasket
and Sealing Material

ASTM C 864-93
Specification for Dense Compression Elastomeric Seal
Gaskets, Setting Blocks and Spacers


40
ASTM C 920-94
Specification for Elastomeric Joint Sealants

ASTM C 1036-91
Specification for Flat Glass

ASTM C 1048-92
Standard Specification for Heat -Treated Flat Glass---
Kind HS, Kind FT Coated and Uncoated Glass

ASTM C 1199-91
Test Method for Measuring the Steady State Thermal
Transmittance of Fenestration Systems Using Hot Box
Methods

ASTM D 618-61 (1995)
Standard Practice for Conditioning Plastics and
Electrical Insulating Materials for Testing

ASTM D 3110-91 (E1)
Standard Specification for Adhesives Used in
Nonstructural Glued Lumber Products

ASTM D 3656-94
Standard Specification for Insect Screening and Louver
Cloth Woven from Vinyl-Coated-Glass Fiber Yarns

ASTM D 4216-92
Specification for Rigid Poly (Vinyl Chloride)(PVC) and
Related Plastic Building Products Compounds

ASTM D 4726-92
Standard Specification for White Rigid Poly (Vinyl
Chloride)(PVC) Exterior-Profile Extrusions Used for
Assembled Windows and Doors

ASTM D 5572-94
Specification for Adhesive Used for Finger Joint in
Nonstructural Lumber Products

ASTM E 29-93
Standard Practice for Using Significant Digits in Test
Data to Determine Conformance with Specifications

ASTM E 283-91
Test Method for Determining the Rate of Air Leakage
Through Exterior Windows, Curtain Walls and Doors
Under Specified Pressure Differences Across the
Specimen

ASTM E 330-90
Test Method for Structural Performance of Exterior
Windows, Curtain Walls and Doors by Uniform Static Air
Pressure Difference
ASTM E 331-93
Test Method for Water Penetration of Exterior Windows,
Curtain Walls and Doors by Uniform Static Air Pressure
Difference

ASTM E 413-87
Classification for Rating Sound Insulation

ASTM E 547-93
Test Method for Water Penetration of Exterior Windows,
Curtain Walls and Doors by Cyclic Static Air Pressure
Differential

ASTM E 774-92
Specification for Sealed Insulating Glass Units

ASTM E 783-93
Test Method for Field Measurement of Air Leakage
Through Installed Exterior Windows and Doors

ASTM E 987-94
Standard Test Methods for Deglazing Force of
Fenestration Products

ASTM E 1300-94
Standard Practice for Determining the Minimum
Thickness and Type of Glass Required to Resist a
Specified Load

ASTM E 1332-90
Standard Classification for Determination of Outdoor-
Indoor Transmission Class

ASTM E 1423-91
Practice for Determining the Steady State Thermal
Transmittance of Fenestration Systems

ASTM E 1425-91
Practice for Determining the Acoustical Performance of
Exterior Windows and Doors

ASTM F 588-85
Test Methods for Resistance of Window Assemblies to
Forced Entry Excluding Glazing

ASTM F 842-83
Test Methods for Measurement of Forced Entry
Resistance of Horizontal Sliding Door Assemblies

CAWM (California Association of Window
Manufacturers)

CAWM 300-96
Forced Entry Resistance Tests for Sliding Glass Doors

CAWM 301-90
Forced Entry Resistance Tests for Windows


41
CPSC (Consumer Product Safety Commission)

16 CFR 1201-1986
Safety Standard for Architectural Glazing Materials

ISWA (Insect Screen Weavers Association)

ANSI/IWS 089-1990
Recommended Standards and Specifications for Insect
Wire Screening (Wire Fabric)

NFRC (National Fenestration Rating Council)

NFRC 100-91
Procedure for Determining Fenestration Product
Thermal Properties (Currently Limited to U-values)

WDMA (Window and Door Manufacturers
Association) – formerly NWWDA

WDMA
Care and Finishing of Wood Windows

NWWDA I.S.2-93
Industry Standard for Wood Window Units

NWWDA I.S.3-95
Wood Sliding Patio Doors

WDMA I.S.4-99
Industry Standard for Water-Repellent Preservative
Treatment for Millwork

NWWDA I.S.8-95
For Wood Swinging Patio Doors

SMA (Screen Manufacturers Association)

ANSI/SMA 1004-1987
Specifications for Aluminum Tubular Frame Screens for
Windows

ANSI/SMA 2006-1987
Specifications for Aluminum Sliding Screen Doors

ANSI/SMA 3001-1987
Specifications for Aluminum Swinging Screen Doors
SECTION 4
OPTIONAL PERFORMANCE GRADES
42
NOTE: This Section contains additional requirements and tests for products when required by the specifier. It incorporates both higher Uniform Load
Structural Test Pressures and higher Water Resistance Test Pressures than those contained in Section 2.

As specified below, this Section is to be used in conjunction with Sections 1, 2 and 3. All products tested under this Section are required to conform with
all of the particular requirements of Sections 1, 2 and 3 for the product designation under consideration.

4.1 GENERAL
Prior to being considered for an optional performance grade, a product must:

• comply with the general requirements of Sections 1 and 3
• comply with the Gateway Performance Requirements for the minimum performance grade listed in Table 2.1
• comply with all of the specific product performance requirements listed in Section 2.2 for that product type
• comply with all of the appropriate material and component requirements listed in Section 3

After complying with these requirements at the minimum test size for that product, a product is permitted to be tested in
the same or a smaller test size for conformance to an Optional Performance Grade as listed in Table 3.1.

OPTIONAL PERFORMANCE GRADES
Water Resistance Test Pressure Design
Pressure
Structural
Test Pressure
R, LC, C and HC AW
Optional
Performance
Grade
Applicable
Product
Designation
lb/ft
2
(Pa) lb/ft
2
(Pa) lb/ft
2
(Pa) lb/ft
2
(Pa)
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
R
R
R,LC
R,LC,C
R,LC,C
R,LC, C,HC,AW
R,LC,C,HC,AW
R,LC,C,HC,AW
R,LC,C,HC,AW
R,LC,C,HC,AW
R,LC,C,HC,AW
R,LC,C,HC,AW
R,LC,C,HC,AW
R,LC,C,HC,AW
R,LC,C,HC,AW
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
(960)
(1200)
(1440)
(1680)
(1920)
(2160)
(2400)
(2640)
(2880)
(3120)
(3360)
(3600)
(3830)
(4080)
(4320)
30.0
37.5
45.0
52.5
60.0
67.5
75.0
82.5
90.0
97.5
105.0
112.5
120.0
127.5
135.0
(1440)
(1800)
(2160)
(2520)
(2880)
(3240)
(3600)
(3960)
(4320)
(4680)
(5040)
(5400)
(5750)
(6110)
(6470)
3.00
3.75
4.50
5.25
6.00
6.75
7.50
8.25
9.00
9.75
10.50
11.25
12.00
12.00
12.00
(150)
(180)
(220)
(260)
(290)
(330)
(360)
(400)
(440)
(470)
(510)
(540)
(580)
(580)
(580)
— —
— —
— —
— —
8.00
9.00
10.00
11.00
12.00
12.00
12.00
12.00
12.00
12.00
12.00
— —
— —
— —
— —
(390)
(440)
(480)
(530)
(580)
(580)
(580)
(580)
(580)
(580)
(580)
TABLE 3.1

4.2 CRITERIA
A higher than minimum performance grade designation
means that the product has successfully been tested to
conform to higher uniform load structural and water
resistance criteria than the performance levels specified
in Table 2.1 and also complies with the air leakage
performance levels found in Table 2.1.

The structural test pressures shown are for both positive
and negative loads. At the conclusion of these tests,
there shall be no glass breakage, permanent damage to
fasteners, hardware parts, support arms or actuating
mechanisms or any other damage which causes the
window or door to be inoperable.

There shall be no permanent deformation of any main
frame, sash, panel or sash member in excess of 0.4% of
its span for R, LC, C and HC class products or 0.2% of
its span for AW class products. In dual windows the
permanent deformation requirement applies to primary
window members only.

Where the manufacturer offers or specifies an exterior
insect screen, the water resistance test shall be
performed both with and without the insect screen in
place. Dual windows shall be tested in both the summer
and winter modes.

Optional performance grades higher than values
indicated in the table in increments of 5 psf (240 Pa)
may be used. When these higher classes are used, the
following relationships shall be followed:

Design Pressure = Performance Grade
Structural Test Pressure = 1.5 x Design Pressure

Water Resistance Test Pressure:
R, LC, C & HC = .15 x Positive Design
Pressure (12 psf max)
AW = .20 x Positive Design
Pressure (12 psf max)



43

4.3 WATER RESISTANCE TEST
With the unit closed and locked, R, LC and C windows
and doors shall be subjected to a water resistance test in
accordance with ASTM E 547. R, LC and C units shall
be tested for four test cycles. Each cycle consisting of
five minutes with pressure applied and one minute with
pressure released, during which the water spray is
continuously applied. In dual windows, the test shall be
performed with the unit in both the summer and winter
modes.

For Optional Performance Grades of 40 or above, C and
HC windows and doors shall also be tested for water
resistance in accordance with ASTM E 331.

For AW windows and doors only, water resistance tests
shall be performed in accordance with ASTM E 331 at
the test pressure for the desired performance grade both
before and after life cycle testing in accordance with
AAMA 910.

For all grades there shall be no leakage as defined in the
test methods ASTM E 331 and ASTM E 547, at the
specified test pressure (given in pounds per square
foot.)

4.4 UNIFORM LOAD TESTS

4.4.1 UNIFORM LOAD DEFLECTION TEST (AW
Architectural Windows and HC Hung Windows Only)
The unit shall be subjected to a uniform load at the
specified design pressure in Section 4.2 given in pounds
per square foot (psf) applied both positive and negative
to the surface of the unit. No member shall deflect more
than 1/175th of its span. Test shall be conducted in
accordance with ASTM E 330.

4.4.2 UNIFORM LOAD STRUCTURAL TEST
A minimum uniform structural test pressure as specified
(given in pounds per square foot) shall be applied to the
unit, first the exterior pressure (positive) and then the
interior pressure (negative). The sequence of applying
the load may be reversed at the option of the laboratory.
Each maximum pressure shall be stabilized and
maintained for a period of 10 seconds. Tests shall be
conducted in accordance with ASTM E 330. Unit shall be
evaluated after each load. Dual windows shall be tested
in both the summer and winter modes.

4.5 IDENTIFICATION
Products that have been tested and have attained an
optional performance grade shall be identified by test
size, and rated by replacing the 15 (for R products), 25
(for LC products), 30 (for C products) and 40 (for HC and
AW products) with the numerical designation for the
highest performance grade level attained during the test.

If the test size for optional performance grade is smaller
than the minimum test size for the original product type
and class, an asterisk (*) shall be added to the
performance grade.

For example, if a H-HC40 product which has passed the
General Requirements of Section 1, the Gateway
Performance Requirements in Table 2.1, the Specific
Performance Requirements of Sections 2.2, and the
Material and Component Requirements of Section 3, is
then tested and passes the performance requirements
for an Optional Performance Grade 60 according to
Section 4, that product is now identified as a H-HC60
(W x H).

If the test size for this product at the HC60 optional
performance grade were smaller than that required for
an H-HC40 specimen, the new designation would be
H-HC60* (W x H).

Test size is a critical component in the determination of
compliance with this standard. Selection of a test size for
an Optional Performance Grade is further explained in
Section 1.2.1.4.
APPENDIX A (Mandatory) APPENDIX B (Non-Mandatory)

44
CORNER WELD TEST PROCEDURE
(Rigid PVC products only)

1. Test Procedure

1.1 The welded corner samples shall be of sufficient size
to be accommodated in the test fixture and shall be
conditioned per Procedure A of ASTM D 618, "Standard
Practice for Conditioning Plastics and Electrical
Insulating Materials for Testing," prior to testing.

1.2 The corner sample is to be mounted in the test
fixture as indicated.

2. Gradually apply load "L" in the direction indicated until
breakage of the corner occurs.


Corner Weld Test Fixture
RELATED SUBJECTS

NOTE: This Appendix contains additional information that will be
helpful to the specifier of aluminum, wood or rigid PVC prime wi ndows
and glass doors. This Appendix also includes a discussion of Uniform
Loads and a Wind Velocity Map, that may be different from those
required by local building codes. In all cases, compliance with
applicable building codes is required.

Appendix B is not part of AAMA/NWWDA 101/I.S.2-97. It is included
for informational purposes only.

GENERAL

1. Some general factors which can assist in
maintaining minimum cost are:

A. Use of standard designs and sizes
B. Maximum utilization of one type and size of
product throughout the building
C. Uniform design of products
D. Only minor adjustments, at most, on a standard
design recommended by the manufacturer.
(See Item 3 below).

2. In cases where factory assembly of individual parts
into larger units is limited by transportation
considerations, assembly at the site may be utilized.

3. When standard products are not suited for the
required conditions, the manufacturer can usually
alter his standard design or fabrication processes to
meet the specific requirement.

MATERIALS

1. Weatherstripping should:

A. Resist air and water leakage
B. Withstand atmospheric conditions
C. Be compatible with aluminum, wood or rigid
PVC
D. Hold up mechanically under use

Pile, extruded vinyl, neoprene, and EDPM are often
used to accomplish the above objectives. Stainless steel
may also be used. Pile weatherstrip must meet AAMA
701, "Voluntary Specification for Pile Weatherstrip."
Weatherseals must meet AAMA 702, "Voluntary
Specification for Replaceable Fenestration
Weatherseals." Weatherstrips of closed cell elastomer
must meet ASTM C 509, "Specification for Cellular
Elastomeric Preformed Gasket and Sealing Material."
Weatherseals of dense elastomer must meet ASTM C
864, "Specification for Dense Elastomeric Compression
Seal Gaskets, Setting Blocks and Spacers."



45
CONSTRUCTION

Products should be designed and constructed to provide
for adjustment to field variations.

Either mechanical joining or welding is satisfactory for
PVC when properly performed. Either mechanical
joining, brazing or welding is satisfactory for aluminum
when properly performed. If brazing or gas welding is
used, it is important that all flux be completely removed
immediately after the brazing or welding process is
completed; otherwise the residue may act as a corrosive
substance. Shielded arc-welding and flash welding
present no residue problem. Do not solder aluminum.

WINDOW CLEANING ANCHORS

Window members supporting Window Cleaner Anchor
Bolts, when specified, shall be capable of withstanding
the impact fall of a Window Cleaner as required in the
ANSI/ASME A39.1 standard. Additional reinforcement of
the window anchorage to the building may be required.

Local codes should be checked for additional
requirements concerning window cleaning anchors.

ALUMINUM FINISHES

Aluminum possesses a silvery, bright and clean looking
natural finish. This inherent finish --- an ever-present,
usually transparent, inert surface coating of aluminum
oxide --- protects aluminum against most atmospheric
corrosion. Consequently, architectural aluminum
products provide long life with little, if any, maintenance.
Atmospheric conditions may, however, affect the surface
appearance of natural aluminum by superficial
roughening and soiling. If appearance and/or a color
other than natural al uminum is a primary consideration,
organic coatings may be applied to aluminum.

ANODIC FINISHES

Like aluminum's natural finish, anodic coatings are
composed of aluminum oxide and are an integral part of
the aluminum substrate. Careful control permitted by the
electrolytic anodizing process, however, provides
substantial improvement over the natural oxide film
because of the greater thickness, density and hardness
of these factory-produced finishes. They may be "clear"
("natural") or colored. Color may be "electrolytically
deposited" or "integral." Anodizing is often preceded by
chemical treatments to achieve attractive appearance
effects. The Aluminum Association classifies
architectural anodic coatings as Architectural Class I
Coatings and Architectural Class II Coatings depending
on coating thickness and recommended use. For further
detailed information concerning anodic finishes, the
following AAMA publications should be consulted:
AAMA 604.2-77, "Voluntary Specification for
Residential Color Anodic Finishes"

AAMA 606.1-76, "Voluntary Guide Specifications
and Inspection Methods for Integral Color Anodic
Finishes for Architectural Aluminum"

AAMA 607.1-77, "Voluntary Guide Specification and
Inspection Methods for Clear Anodic Finishes for
Architectural Aluminum"

AAMA 608.1-77, "Voluntary Guide Specification and
Inspection Methods for Electrolytically Deposited
Color Anodic Finishes for Architectural Aluminum"

AAMA 611-92, "Voluntary Standards for Anodized
Architectural Aluminum"

AAMA CW-DG-1-96, "Curtain Wall Design Guide
Manual"

AAMA AFPA-91, "Anodic Finishes/Painted
Aluminum"

ALUMINUM ASSOCIATION, "Designation System
for Aluminum Finishes"

ORGANIC FINISHES

These include paints, enamels and lacquers. Enamels
which may be of either the air-drying or baking type, are
the most versatile of these applied finishes. Baked
enamel is most frequently used for shop application
where it is cured under carefully controlled conditions. A
wide range of colors is achieved through pigmentation.
For further detailed information concerning organic
coatings on aluminum, the following AAMA publications
should be consulted:

AAMA 603.8-92, "Voluntary Performance
Requirements and Test Procedures for Pigmented
Organic Coatings on Extruded Aluminum"

AAMA 605.2-92, "Voluntary Specification for High
Performance Organic Coatings on Architectural
Extrusions and Panels"

AAMA AFPA-91, "Anodic Finishes/Painted
Aluminum"


46
PROTECTION DURING INSTALLATION

Aluminum, wood and rigid PVC products are actually
"finished" building products, and, like lighting fixtures or
bathroom fixtures, should be treated accordingly. All
trades should exercise care during handling and
installation. For further detailed information consult
AAMA CW-10, "Care and Handling of Architectural
Aluminum from Shop to Site," and NWWDA's
Professional Tips Guideline, "Care and Finishing of
Wood Windows." AAMA 609 and 610 may also provide
useful information.

PROTECTION AND CLEANING

The general contractor is responsible for the protection
of windows and doors during the course of construction
and for cleaning all portions of windows and doors after
the painting and finishing of the building is completed.

DRAWINGS AND INSTALLATION DETAILS

Each manufacturer will normally show in his own
literature the best method of installing and anchoring
products to the surrounding construction.

A manufacturer's representative should be consulted in
the event that a special design is used, and shop
drawings should be submitted for approval in duplicate if
the installation does not follow standard installation
details.

INSTALLATION

It is essential to specify proper workmanship and
installation. Minimum requirements are that the work
shall be erected plumb, level, straight and true,
accurately fitted with tight joints and intersections and
adequately reinforced and anchored in place.

THERMAL MOVEMENT

Rigid PVC has a coefficient of thermal expansion
between 0.000022 and 0.000044 inches per inch per
degree Fahrenheit (approximately 0.21 in to 0.42 in per
100°F change in temperature per 8 foot length) or
between 0.00004 and 0.00008 mm per mm per degree
Celsius (approximately 2.0 to 4.0 mm per 50°C change
per meter length).

Aluminum alloys have a coefficient of thermal expansion
of 0.000013 inch per inch per degree Fahrenheit
(approximately 1/8 in per 100°F change in temperature
per 8 foot length) or 0.000023 mm per mm per degree
Celsius (approximately 1.15 mm per 50 °C change per
meter length).
Both hardwood and softwood products have a coefficient
of thermal expansion between 0.0000017 and
0.0000025 inch per inch per degree Fahrenheit
(approximately 0.01 in to 0.02 in per 100°F change in
temperature per 8 foot length) or between 0.000002 and
0.000004 mm per mm per degree Celsius
(approximately 0.1 to 0.2 mm per 50°C change per
meter length).

Products must be anchored so that they will not be
distorted, nor the fasteners over-stressed from
expansion and contraction.

ANCHORAGE

Recognition and application of the following
fundamentals for anchorage will help assure proper
installation:

A. Anchoring devices which are secured directly to
aluminum frame materials, without being insulated from
the frame, must be made of aluminum, non-magnetic
stainless steel, or other corrosion-resistant materials
compatible with aluminum. This is necessary in order to
avoid weakening of the aluminum framing members
through galvanic corrosion attack, and staining of
exposed aluminum surfaces. Steel anchors may be
used, provided they are galvanized, zinc plated or
finished with other suitable protective coating after
fabrication. AAMA's Metal Curtain Wall Manual gives
specific recommendations on this subject.

B. Anchorage must support the dead load of the
window or door, resist applied forces such as positive
and negative wind loads and must permit thermal
movement resulting from temperature change.

C. Anchorage and sill support of the window or door
should be adequate to withstand forces from foot traffic,
such as the forces exerted by cleaning personnel.

D. Design and installation of anchors at jambs of
windows which are required to resist forces exerted by
cleaning personnel must receive special attention.


47
DISSIMILAR MATERIALS

A. Where aluminum surfaces may come in contact with
metals other than stainless steel, zinc, cadmium or small
areas of white bronze, keep aluminum surfaces from
direct contact with incompatible metals.

This is achieved by providing suitable protection
coatings of paint, by using good quality caulking material
between the surfaces, by using non-absorptive plastic or
elastomeric tapes or gaskets, or in the case of steel,
using a sufficiently thick galvanized coating. Coatings
containing lead pigmentation must be avoided.

B. Steel anchors and other types of unexposed clips
may be zinc or cadmium plated or finished with other
suitable protective coating after fabrication.

C. Dissimilar metals should be painted if used in
locations where drainage from them passes over
aluminum.

D. Paint aluminum surfaces in contact with lime mortar,
concrete or other masonry materials with alkali resistant
coatings.

PERIMETER CAULKING

The architect or sealant manufacturer should be
consulted to assist in the proper selection of materials
and their application.

GLAZING

Aluminum, wood and PVC products can be prepared for
either inside or outside glazing. Consult individual
manufacturers to determine their respective glazing
details.

PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS

The performance requirements included in Section 2 of
this specification were developed by AAMA and
NWWDA for use by the entire industry after carrying out
experimental tests and observing performance
requirements, and were established in preference to
specifically designated physical characteristics. Those
required of all products are highlighted below.

AIR LEAKAGE

The standard method of expressing air leakage is in
cubic feet per minute per square foot of area (cfm/ft
2
)
[cubic meters per hour per square meter of area
(m
3
/h•m
2
)] for a given pressure differential across the
product when it is adjusted for normal operation.

WATER RESISTANCE

Resistance to water leakage can be an important
consideration in the appearance and maintenance of the
product and surrounding areas and, in some cases, the
control of humidity.

The test methods used in this standard for determining
water resistance are ASTM E 331, "Test Method for
Water Penetration of Exterior Windows, Curtain Walls
and Doors by Uniform Static Air Pressure Difference,"
and ASTM E 547, "Test Method for Water Penetration of
Exterior Windows, Curtain Walls and Doors by Cyclic
Static Air Pressure Differential." These nationally
recognized standards require the uniform application of
water against the exterior surface of the product at a rate
of 5 gal/hr•ft
2
(3.40 L/min•m
2
). This rate corresponds to
a rainfall of 8 in (200 mm) per hour. The severity of this
test is seen when it is realized that, according to U.S.
Department of Commerce, Weather Bureau Technical
Paper No. 40-1963, "Rainfall Frequency Atlas of the
United States for Durations from 30 Minutes to 24 Hours
and Return Periods from 1 to 100 Years", on rainfall
frequency published by the National Weather Service,
the greatest rainfall expected anywhere in the
contiguous 48 United States for a one-hour period during
a span of 50 years is less than 5 in (125 mm) per hour.

Since excessive water leakage may jeopardize
furnishings and equipment, it is important to design and
select products that will not permit significant leakage
under normal service conditions. It is generally accepted,
however, that water leakage can be tolerated during
periods combining high winds and heavy rains.

In recognition of this, water resistance is generally
determined at a pressure less than the Design Pressure.
The required Water Resistance Test is commonly
conducted at a pressure equal to 15% of the Design
Pressure for R, LC, C and HC products (20% for AW
products) but never less than 2.86 psf (140 Pa) nor more
than 12 psf (580 Pa).


48
FIELD TESTING

AAMA has developed a short form specification to simplify specifying field air leakage and water resistance testing. The
document is AAMA 502, "Voluntary Specification for Field Testing of Windows and Sliding Glass Doors." The inside cover
of the AAMA 502 specification has been duplicated as follows:

SHORT FORM FIELD TESTING SPECIFICATION
HOW TO USE THE SHORT FORM FIELD TESTING SPECIFICATION

To simplify the writing of field testing specifications for windows and sliding glass doors, AAMA and NWWDA have
prepared a "Short Form Specification," which is recommended whenever possible. It may be used by merely inserting
the following paragraph(s) into the project specifications.
SHORT FORM FIELD TESTING SPECIFICATION

(Insert windows and/or glass doors) shall be field tested in accordance with AAMA 502, "Voluntary Specification for
Field Testing of Windows and Sliding Glass Doors," using Test Method .

NOTE: Test Method A will be used unless Test Method B is selected here. (See AAMA 502 for descriptions
of both test methods.)

AAMA 502 specifies air leakage and water resistance field testing for three (3) windows immedi ately after installation
begins. Default performance values for air leakage and water penetration are also specified. Any of the following
optional paragraphs may be added to modify the standard specification, however, consideration should be given to the
cost of additional testing.

1. Test additional windows for air leakage and water
penetration as specified at percent of the window
installation.

2. Air leakage tests shall be conducted at a uniform static test pressure
of psf (Pa). The maximum allowable rate of air leakage
shall not exceed cfm (m
3
/h) per ft
2
(m
2
).

3. Water penetration tests shall be conducted at a static test pressure
of psf (Pa).

4. The following shall also be field tested:

A. (Insert the appropriate test(s) and
procedure(s).


DESIGN WINDLOAD

The pressure exerted by the wind on a wall component is assumed to be uniformly distributed across the surface of the
product. Its magnitude is dependent on such factors as the geographical location, shape and surroundings of the building
as well as the height of the product above grade and its location within the wall.

The jurisdiction where the windows or doors will be installed should be contacted to determine the wind load requirements
that have been adopted and are enforced. For additional information on wind loads on buildings the following publications
should be consulted:

CW-11, "Design Windloads for Buildings and Boundary Layer Wind Tunnel Testing"

ASCE 7-93, "Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures"


49
WINDLOADS ON COMPONENTS AND CLADDING
FOR BUILDINGS LESS THAN 90 FEET TALL

The material presented in this publication has been prepared to
simplify the determination of structural wind load requirements per
ASCE 7-93. It should be noted that ASCE 7-93 may not have local
precedence. The resulting wind load tables may or may not agree with
local codes.*

The design wind load tables are based on ASCE 7-93
with the following assumptions:
• Wind load tables are based on Exposure C.
• The tributary area of the structural element is less
than or equal to 10 ft
2
.
• Does not apply to roof areas.
• The slope of the roof is greater than 10°.
• Building is less than 90 feet tall. For buildings over
90 feet tall, ASCE 7-93 should be consulted.
• The building is completely enclosed and all cladding,
windows and doors are designed to withstand the
full wind load.
• Applicable to components and cladding.

If the tributary area is greater than 10 ft
2
or if the roof
slope is less than 10°, the design wind loads from the
tables may be conservative. However, if the building has
openings in the elevation which may allow wind to pass
through, the design values in the tables may be too low.
For these cases, ASCE 7-93 should be consulted.

NOTE: Windows and doors designed to resist the wind loading are not
considered openings.

INSTRUCTIONS:

1. Determine the Basic Wind Speed (V) in mph from Figure 1 based
on the location of the building.

2. Determine the Roof Height (h) of the building in feet. This is the
mean height of the roof above the lowest grade adjacent to the
building. Eave height may be used for roof slope θ of less than 10
o
.

3. Determine least width (B) of the building in feet. This is defined as
the shortest distance between two parallel lines which contain the
entire building floor plan.

4. Determine high pressure outside corner loading zones (a) in feet
from Figure 2.
a = (0.10) x (B) or
a = (0.4) x (h), whichever is smaller.
but not less than either (0.04) x (B) or 3 feet.

5. Determine design wi nd loads from Table 1: "Design Wind Load
Tables" which follow.

6. All design pressure values are assumed for buildings with an
Importance Factor Cate miles inland from a hurricane oceanline.
See Table 2 for the definition of other categories.

7. If category II, III or IV is more appropriate and/or if the building is
located within 100 miles of a hurricane oceanline, then multiply the
design pressure by the corresponding factor in Table 3.

TABLE 1: DESIGN WIND LOAD TABLES (psf)
Negative Pressure Mean Roof
Height (ft)
Positive Pressure
All Areas
Area 4 Area 5
BASIC WIND SPEED - 70 MPH
15
20
25
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
16.6
18.0
19.2
20.3
21.9
23.4
24.6
25.7
26.7
27.7
-17.6
-19.1
-20.4
-21.5
-23.3
-24.8
-26.1
-27.2
-28.3
-29.4
-22.6
-24.6
-26.2
-27.7
-29.9
-31.9
-33.6
-35.0
-36.4
-37.8
BASIC WIND SPEED - 80 MPH
15
20
25
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
21.6
23.5
25.1
26.5
28.7
30.5
32.2
33.5
34.9
36.2
-22.9
-24.9
-26.7
-28.1
-30.4
-32.4
-34.1
-35.6
-37.0
-38.4
-29.5
-32.1
-34.3
-36.1
-39.1
-41.7
-43.9
-45.7
-47.6
-49.4
BASIC WIND SPEED - 90 MPH
15
20
25
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
27.4
29.8
31.8
33.5
36.3
38.7
40.7
42.4
44.1
45.8
-29.0
-31.6
-33.7
-35.6
-38.5
-41.0
-43.2
-45.0
-46.8
-48.6
-37.3
-40.6
-43.4
-45.7
-49.5
-52.7
-55.5
-57.9
-60.2
-62.5
BASIC WIND SPEED - 100 MPH
15
20
25
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
33.8
36.7
39.3
41.4
44.8
47.7
50.3
52.4
54.5
56.6
-35.8
-39.0
-41.7
-43.9
-47.5
-50.6
-53.3
-55.6
-57.8
-60.0
-46.1
-50.1
-53.6
-56.5
-61.1
-65.1
-68.5
-71.4
-74.3
-77.2
BASIC WIND SPEED - 110 MPH
15
20
25
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
40.9
44.5
47.5
50.1
54.2
57.8
60.8
63.4
65.9
68.5
-43.4
-47.2
-50.4
-53.1
-57.5
-61.3
-64.5
-67.2
-69.9
-72.6
-55.8
-60.6
-64.8
-68.3
-73.9
-78.8
-82.9
-86.4
-89.9
-93.4
*ASCE 7-93 (formally ANSI A58.1) "Minimum Design
Loads for Building and Other Structures." ASCE, 345
East 47th Street, New York, NY 10017-2398.



50


F
I
G
U
R
E

1
:

B
A
S
I
C

W
I
N
D

S
P
E
E
D

(
m
p
h
)



51
Nature of Occupancy Category
All buildings and structures except those listed below. I
Buildings and structures where the primary occupancy is
one in which more than 300 people congregate in one
area.
II
Buildings and structures designed as essential facilities
including, but not limited to:
Hospital and other medical facilities having
surgery or emergency treatment areas

Fire or rescue and police stations

Structures and equipment in government

Communication centers and other facilities
required for emergency response

Power stations and other utilities required in an
emergency

Structures having critical national defense
capabilities

Designated shelters for hurric anes
III
Buildings and structures that represent a low hazard to
human life in the event of failure, such as agriculture
buildings, certain temporary facilities, and minor storage
facilities.
IV





TABLE 3: DESIGN FACTORS
Category
Greater Than 100 Miles
From Hurricane Oceanline
Less Than 100 Miles From
Hurricane Oceanline
I
II
III
IV
1.00
1.14
1.14
0.90
1.10
1.23
1.23
1.00

EXAMPLE 1:

A 200 foot by 300 foot (22 foot mean roof height)
hospital is located in Kansas City, Kansas. What are the
appropriate design wind load pressures for this building?

1A. Using this document:

Figure 1 shows that Kansas City lies between Basic
Wind Speed isotachs of 70 and 80 mph, V = 80 mph.
For this example, the higher of the two has been chosen.
Enter Table 1, "Design Wind Load Tables," for a Basic
Wind Speed of 80 mph at a mean roof height of 25 feet
(the mean roof height has been rounded up from 22 feet
to the next higher table increment). The positive
pressure in all areas is +25.1 psf and the negative
pressure is -34.3 psf in area 5 (building corners) and -
26.7 psf in area 4 (remainder of the building).

The notation in Figure 2 defines the dimension "a". Ten
percent of the minimum building width is 0.10 x 200 feet
or 20 feet; forty percent of the mean roof height is 0.40 x
22 feet or 8.8 feet; four percent of the minimum building
width is 0.04 x 200 feet or 8 feet. The width of area 5
(corners) is the smaller of 20 feet or 8.8 feet but not less
than 8 feet or 3 feet, whichever is greater (in this case 8
feet).

Therefore, in this example, "a" is 8.8 feet. Since this
building is a hospital, it falls under Category III from
Table 2 (importance factor). The values from the Wind
Load Tables are therefore multiplied by the Design
Factor of 1.14 from Table 3.

All glass and glazing systems within 8.8 feet of the
corners of the building (area 5) must withstand design
wind loads of -39.1 psf outward and +28.6 psf inward. All
other areas of the building (area 4) must meet design
wind loads of +28.6 psf inward and -30.4 psf outward.

1B. Using the Local Code:

The local applicable code is the Uniform Building
Code™. The Basic Wind Speed indicated in this code is
between 70 and 80 mph.

For this example, the higher of the two has been chosen,
V = 80 mph. Using Exposure "C" and the 1991 edition of
the Code, C
e
= 1.19. C
q
= 1.2 inward and outward for
wall elements except at the corners where C
q
= 1.5
outward and 1.2 inward.

The Wind Stagnation Pressure q
e
= 16.4 psf. Hospitals
require an Importance Factor, I = 1.15.

Therefore, all glass and glazing systems within 10 feet of
the corners must withstand design wind loads of -33.7
psf outward and +26.9 psf inward. Remaining areas of
the glass and glazing must withstand design wind loads
of ±26.9 psf inward and outward.


52
Since the design wind loads from the local code are less
severe, the designer might be well served to determine
the design values required by the local code.

EXAMPLE 2:

The same 200 foot by 300 foot (22 foot mean roof
height) hospital is located in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
What are the appropriate design wind load pressures for
this building?

2A. Using this document:

Figure 1 shows that Philadelphia lies less than 100 miles
from a hurricane coastline and between Basic Wind
Speed isotachs of 70 and 80 mph. For this example, the
higher of the two has been chosen, V = 80 mph. Enter
Table 1, "Design Wind Load Table" for a Basic Wind
Speed of 80 mph at a mean roof height of 25 feet (the
mean roof height has been rounded up from 22 feet to
the next highest table increment). The positive pressure
in all areas is +25.1 psf and the negative pressure is -
34.3 psf in area 5 (building corners) and -26.7 psf in area
4 (remainder of the building).

The notation in Figure 2 defines the dimension "a." Ten
percent of the minimum building width is 0.10 x 200 feet
or 20 feet; forty percent of the mean roof height is 0.40 x
22 feet or 8.8 feet; four percent of the minimum building
width is 0.04 x 200 feet or 8 feet. The width of area 5
(corners) is the smaller of 20 feet or 8.8 feet but not less
than 8 feet or 3 feet, whichever is greater (in this case 8
feet).

Therefore, in this example, "a" is 8.8 feet. Since this
building is a hospital, it falls into Category III from Table
2 (importance factor). The values from the Wind Load
Tables are therefore multiplied by the Design Factor of
1.23 (at hurricane oceanline) from Table 3.

All glass and glazing systems within 8.8 feet of the
corners of the building (area 5) must withstand design
wind loads of -42.2 psf outward and +30.9 psf inward. All
other areas of the building (area 4) must meet design
wind loads of +30.9 psf inward and -32.8 psf outward.

2B. Using the Local Code:

The local applicable code is the BOCA National Building
Code. The Basic Wind Speed indicated in the code is
between 70 and 80 mph.

For this example, the higher of the two was chosen.
According to the 1990 edition of this Code, if the tributary
area of the building element is less than 700 square feet

(the AAMA document is based upon 10 square feet), the
glass and glazing members must be designed using
ASCE 7-88. This would result in the same design wind
loads as calculated in part A above.
EXAMPLE 3:

The same 200 foot by 300 foot (22 foot mean roof
height) hospital is located in Corolla City, Currituck
County, North Carolina. What are the appropriate design
wind load pressures for this building?

3A. Using this document:

Figure 1 shows that Corolla City lies less than 100 miles
from a hurricane coastline and between Basic Wind
Speed isotachs of 90 and 100 mph. For this example,
the higher of the two has been chosen, V = 100 mph.
Enter Table 1, "Design Wind Load Tables" for a Basic
Wind Speed of 100 mph at a roof height of 25 feet (the
mean roof height has been rounded up from 22 feet to
the next highest table increment). The positive pressure
in all areas is +39.3 psf and the negative pressure is -
53.6 psf in area 5 (building corners) and -41.7 psf in area
4 (remainder of the building).

The notation in Figure 2 defines the dimension "a." Ten
percent of the minimum building width is 0.10 x 200 feet
or 20 feet; forty percent of the mean roof height is 0.40 x
22 feet or 8.8 feet; four percent of the minimum building
width is 0.04 x 200 feet or 8 feet. The width of area 5
(corners) is the smaller of 20 feet or 8.8 feet but not less
than 8 feet or 3 feet, whichever is greater (in this case 8
feet).

Therefore, in this example, "a" is 8.8 feet. Since this
building is a hospital, it falls into Category III from Table
2 (importance factor). The values from the Wind Load
Tables are therefore multiplied by the Design Factor of
1.23 (at hurricane oceanline) from Table 3.

All glass and glazing systems within 8.8 feet of the
corners of the building (area 5) must withstand design
wind loads of -65.9 psf outward and +48.3 psf inward. All
other areas of the building (area 4) must meet design
wind loads of +48.3 psf inward and -51.3 psf outward.

3B. Using the Local Code:

From the 1991 North Carolina State Building Code,
Table 1205.2A and Figure 1205.3, the Basic Design
Wind Velocity for Corolla City is 120 mph. Then, from
Table 1205.2B, velocity pressure can found as 29 psf for
120 mph basic design wind velocity. From statement
1205.3.3, for tributary areas of 200 ft
2
and less, the
velocity pressure should be increased by 15% and
becomes 29 x 1.15 = 33.35 psf. The shape factor can be
obtained from Table 1205.5 as ±1.1. Therefore, the
positive pressure in all areas shall be 33.35 x 1.1 =
+36.7 psf and the negative pressure in all areas shall be
33.35 x (-1.1) = -36.7 psf.

The local building code is again less severe in this
example.


53
CONDENSATION

The resistance of windows and doors to condensation is
important in buildings which contain activities that
periodically release significant amounts of water vapor
and which may or may not have humidification during
winter months. The potential for condensation is
increased in relation to the severity of cold weather
conditions.

The interior humidity level at which condensation occurs
will vary for a specific product. Conditions which may
affect interior surface temperatures of windows and
doors and, thus, the amount of condensation, include
(but are not necessarily limited to) the following:

A. Type of wall construction and material(s) used
therein.

B. For cavity walls, location of thermal break in
aluminum products with respect to the wall cavity.

C. Closed drapes and/or shades.

D. Depth of reveal (recess at stool, jambs and head).

E. Positive (exterior) and or negative (interior)
pressures in the building which may increase
leakage of cold air.

1. Height of product above grade

2. Location of surrounding buildings and type of
surrounding terrain.

3. Wind Velocity

4. Operation of HVAC Equipment

F. Solar radiation and orientation

G. Water vapor pressure and temperature indoors

H. Water vapor pressure and temperature outdoors
The Condensation Resistance Factor (CRF) is a rating
number obtained under standard test conditions which
allows the prediction, within reasonable accuracy, of the
condensation performance of a window or door. While
the CRF rating number that is obtained by the procedure
outlined in AAMA 1503.1 "Voluntary Test Method for
Thermal Transmittance and Condensation Resistance of
Windows, Doors and Glazed Wall Sections," is not an
absolute value (i.e., it may not predict the first location
where condensation occurs), the CRF does provide a
comparative performance rating for similar products and
permits the determination of the conditions beyond
which an objectionable amount of condensation may
occur.

The selection of the proper Condensation Resistance
Factor is dependent upon three main variables; the
exterior design temperature, the interior air temperature
and the inside relative humidity. The average interior
relative humidity at the winter exterior design
temperature determines the CRF rating that a window or
door should have to perform satisfactorily.

Interior relative humidity tends to be reduced as a result
of the lower water vapor pressure of cold exterior air.
Generally, colder exterior temperatures result in a
greater difference in vapor pressure. For this reason,
interior relative humidity levels are usually reduced as
exterior air temperatures decrease during the winter.

While higher humidity conditions may be considered
more comfortable, they are undesirabl e for other
reasons. High humidity levels cause condensation to
form on windows and doors and increase the chances of
water vapor condensing in wall and ceiling insulation,
deteriorating wood framing and sheathing, exterior paint
failure and buckling of roof sheathing. To be safe,
humidity levels must be moderate and controlled.

Reference can be made to Chart A which plots winter
temperatures based on ASHRAE data for 97.5% design
values. The winter outdoor design temperature should
be selected first.


54
CHART A


Temperature data for specific locations are given in
Weather Data and Design Considerations, "ASHRAE
Handbook of Fundamentals" published by American
Society of Heating, Refrigeration and Air Conditioning
Engineers, Inc.

Maximum recommended inside relative humidity levels
for a range of winter outdoor design temperatures are
given in Table 4.

TABLE 4: MAXIMUM RECOMMENDED HUMIDITY LEVELS
OUTSIDE AIR TEMPERATURE INSIDE RELATIVE HUMIDITY
-20°F or Below Not Over 15%
-20°F to-10 Not Over 20%
-10°F to 0 Not Over 25%
0°F to 10 Not Over 30%
10°F to 20 Not Over 35%
20°F to 40 Not Over 40%
Based on Engineering Studies at 70°F conducted at the University of
Minnesota Laboratories.

Relative humidity levels above these are not
recommended at the low outside temperatures indicated,
unless special provisions are taken in building
construction.

Minimum Condensation Resistance Factors are selected
from Table 5 for particular sets of design conditions.
Locate the recommended relative humidity at the top of
the chart and the exterior design temperature on the left
hand side of the chart. The CRF number at the
intersection of the inside relative humidity and exterior
design temperature is the minimum rating which should
prevent an objectionable amount of condensation. For
example, a CRF rating of 46 would be required for an
exterior design temperature of minus 10 degrees
Fahrenheit and an inside relative humidity of 20%.
TABLE 5: MINIMUM RECOMMENDED CONDENSATION
RESISTANCE FACTOR (CRF)
(Interior Air Temperature = 68°F . . . Wind Velocity = 15 mph)
OUTSIDE AIR
TEMPERATURE
MAXIMUM
RECOMMENDED
INSIDE RELATIVE
HUMIDITY
INSIDE RELATIVE
HUMIDITY
15% 20% 25% 35% 40%
-20°F
-10°F
0°F
10°F
20°F
20
25
30
35
40
46
39
30
17
0
52
46
39
29
16
57
52
45
37
25
--
60
57
50
40
--
--
61
57
48
HEAT TRANSMISSION

When there is a temperature difference across a window
or door, heat will flow from the high temperature side of
the product to the low temperature side. During the
winter, heat will flow from the warm inside air to the cold
outside air. During the summer, heat will flow in the
opposite direction. Heat flow due to temperature
difference is referred to as conductive heat flow. The
rate of conductive heat flow from air to air through a
window or door is determined by the thermal resistance
of the glass and framing plus the air film resistance at
the inner and outer surfaces of the glass and framing. In
the case of single glass the resistance to heat flow is
due almost entirely to the resistance at the surfaces.
This resistance from surface to air depends on surface
emissivity and the velocity of air across the surface.
Higher emissivity results in lower resistance. Higher air
velocity produces lower resistance. The effect is most
noticeable at low velocities from still air up to about 15
mph.

The total resistance to heat flow across the frame and
glass area of a window or door is the sum of the inside
surface to air resistance, the resistance of the frame and
the glass itself, and the outside surface to air resistance.
The reciprocal of the sum of these resistances is the
conductance. Unit air-to-air heat conductance is also
called heat transmittance. It is the heat which is
conducted through one square foot of window area in
one hour when the temperature difference across the
window is 1°F. This is written as BTU/h•ft
2
•F and is
referred to as the "U"-value.

Values for conductive heat transmission, or "U"-values,
for windows and doors are determined by the test
method described in AAMA 1503.1, "Voluntary Test
Method for Thermal Transmittance and Condensation
Resistance of Windows, Doors and Glazed Wall
Sections," or NFRC 100, "Procedure for Determining
Fenestration Product Thermal Properties."


55
Many conditions can influence thermal transmittance.
Some of those that specifically affect the thermal
performance of windows and doors include the following:

A. Type of wall construction and material(s) used
therein

B. For cavity walls, location of thermal break in
aluminum framing members with respect to the
cavity

C. Absence or presence of drapes and/or shades

D. Depth of reveal (recess at sill, jambs and head)

E. Location of heat sources and rate of inside air
convection

F. Average wind velocity different from 15 mph

G. Orientation and solar radiation

H. Outdoor temperature and relative humidity

ACOUSTICS

The ability of windows and doors to attenuate sound
transmissions is important in locations where exterior
noise is excessive or disruptive. Sound attenuation may
be measured and rated either as STC (Sound
Transmission Class) for interior frequencies or OITC
(Outside-Inside Transmission Class) for exterior sound
sources.

AAMA 1801 or ASTM E 1425 may be used to develop
acoustical ratings for windows and doors. AAMA TIR-A1
is also a useful reference on acoustical performance and
requirements.
APPENDIX C – (Non-Mandatory)

56
ROUNDING PROCEDURE FOR PRODUCT TESTING

Appendix C is not part of AAMA/NWWDA 101/I.S.2-97. It is included
for informational purposes only.

Wherever possible, the laboratory shall measure the
quantities being tested in the primary units of the
standard. If this is not possible the numbers will require
conversion to the units indicated in the standards as
follows:

When converting numbers from inch-pounds to metric,
round the metric value of the same number of digits as
there were in the inch-pound number (11 miles at 1.609
km/mi equals 17.699 km which rounds to 18 km). After
the conversion is made the sensitivity of the converted
units should be maintained at the same sensitivity level
as the original units.

For example, 3 inches implies a sensitivity of ± 1/2 in but
when converted to mm the conversion is 76.2 mm which
rounds off to 76 mm. Since 1/2 in is approximately 13
mm the sensitivity of the converted value might range
from approximately 63 mm to 89 mm. In this case the
sensitivity of the conversion needs to be addressed and
should be consistent with the intent of the standard.

Example:

A lab wishes to report the results of testing for air
leakage to show conformance to a standard where the
primary unit for reporting is meters cubed per hour per
square meter and the alternate unit for reporting air
leakage is cubic feet per minute per square foot. The
lab apparatus consists of a device which measures
volume of air in cubic feet, a stop watch capable of
measuring in minutes and a tape measure whose units
are metric. The decision is made to conduct the test in
inch-pound units so the lab must acquire a tape measure
capable of measuring in feet and inches. Measurements
are taken and are as follows: volume = 17.65 cubic feet,
elapsed time is 10 minutes and 13.4 seconds, window
dimensions are 6 feet, 3 3/16 inches by 4 feet.

Step one is to calculate leakage in inch-pound units:

13.4 seconds converts to 0.2233 minutes and rounds to
0.22 minutes.

17.65 cubic feet divided by 10.22 minutes yields 1.727
cfm and rounds to 1.73 cfm.

6 feet 3 3/16 inches is converted to 6.2656 feet and is
rounded to 6.27 feet.

The area is found to be 6.27 times 4 or 25.08 square
feet.

The air leakage is found to be 1.73 divided by 25.08
yielding 0.0689 which rounds to 0.07 cfm/ft
2
.

If the standards requires reporting this value to 2 decimal
places, it would be reported as 0.07. If the standard
requires 1 decimal place reporting, it would be rounded
to 0.1 and if this were a secondary unit in the standard it
might be reported as a pass or fail without reporting the
calculated value.

Step two is to convert the inch pound units to metric
units:

The conversion for cfm/ft
2
to m
3
/hr•m
2
is 0.0546.

0.07 divided by 0.0546 yields 1.28 m
3
/hr•m
2
. If the
standard requires reporting the metric performance
value to whole numbers, this rounds to 1 m
3
/hr•m
2
.

Questions of rounding intermediate numbers other than
specifically shown above shall be handled in accordance
with ASTM E 29, "Standard Practice for Using Significant
Digits in Test Data to Determine Conformance with
Specifications."
APPENDIX D – (Non-Mandatory)

57
GLOSSARY

Appendix D is not part of AAMA/NWWDA 101/I.S.2-97. It is included
for informational purposes only.

AAMA - American Architectural Manufacturers
Association. A national trade association that
establishes voluntary standards for the window, door
and skylight industry.

ACOUSTICS - The science of sound and sound control.

AIR LEAKAGE - The amount of air leaking through
cracks in walls, windows and doors.

APPLIED STOP - Surface mounted stop attached to a
cased opening frame.

ASTRAGAL - A vertical member placed at the meeting
edges of a double door to provide a weather seal and
may be used to anchor the fixed door.

AWNING WINDOW - Awning windows are projected
windows having one or more sash hinged or pivoted at
the top edge and projecting outward from the plane of
the window at the bottom (POB).

BALANCE - A mechanical device (normally spring
loaded) used in single and double hung windows as a
means of counter-balancing the weight of the sash
during opening and closing.

BASEMENT WINDOW - A sash unit, usually of the
inswinging awning or hopper type, used for basement or
cellar sash openings. Any operating type may be tested
as a basement window provided they are intended to be
installed at or below grade for the purposes of ventilating
a basement or cellar area. Products may include
screens or storm sash and may include provisions for
emergency egress from the basement area.

BITE - A term used in glazing referring to t he dimension
by which the inner edge of the frame or glazing stop
overlaps the edge of the glass or panel.

BREAKAWAY FORCE - The force required to start a
sash (or panel) in motion from a fully closed position.

CASEMENT WINDOW - Casement windows contain
inswinging and/or outswinging sash that project away
from the plane of the frame and are side hinged or
pivoted at the jambs and swing about the vertical axis.
Sash are mounted by use of hinging hardware which
allow them to swing. The sash are usually operated by
means of roto-operators or a handle. One or more
locking handles are furnished to secure sash tightly in
the frame in the closed position. They contain one or
more sash, fixed lites and transoms in various
combinations.
CERTIFICATION - A process that indicates a product
line has been tested, meet specified requirements, and
is subject to ongoing inspections by an outside
certification agency.

COMBINATION MULLIONS - Occur when two or more
different style units/jambs are mulled together creating a
multiple assembly. Evidence of compliance shall be
either by testing or mathematical calculation. Individual
units must be tested to the appropriate section(s) of this
standard to use the calculation method.

COMMON MULLIONS - Occur when two or more similar
units are assembled in rows or ribbons (back to back).
The individual units must be tested to the appropriate
section(s) of this standard, but may be either factory or
field mulled. Evidence of compliance shall be either by
testing or mathematical calculation.

CONCENTRATED LOAD - Test which measures
deflection by applying a fixed point load on a window or
door component.

CONDENSATION - When water vapor, which is present
in all but the driest air, comes in contact with a surface
that is below the "dew point temperature," the vapor
becomes liquid and is called condensation. Moisture
appears on the colder surface. Windows made of
thermally broken aluminum, wood or vinyl and insulated
glass will cause the inner surfaces of a window to be
warmer than the outside air, which will cause less
condensation to occur.

CORROSION - The deterioration of metal by chemical or
electro-chemical reaction resulting from exposure to
weathering, moisture, chemicals or other agents or
media.

DEFLECTION - Displacement of a member under an
applied load.

DESIGN PRESSURE (DP) (DESIGN WINDLOAD) - The
pressure a product is designed to withstand.

DOUBLE GLAZING - In general, any use of two
thicknesses of glass, separated by an air space, within
an opening, to improve insulation against heat transfer
and/or sound transmission.

DOUBLE-HUNG WINDOW - Double-hung windows are
vertically operating windows in which the sash weight is
offset by a counterbalancing mechanism mounted in the
window. One or more locking devices are furnished to
secure the sash in the closed position. Both sash in a
double-hung window are operable.


58
DUAL ACTION WINDOW - Dual action windows consist
of a sash that tilts into the room from the top for
ventilation and swings in from the side for cleaning of the
outside surface.

DUAL ACTION HINGED GLASS DOOR - Dual action
hinged glass doors consist of one or more glazed panels
contained within an overall frame designed so that one
of the glazed panels is operable in a swing mode and
can be tilted inward from the top for ventilation.

DUAL WINDOW - Dual windows are windows
composed of one of the configurations listed in Section
1.2.2 and offered by the manufacturer as a complete
factory pre-assembled or integral unit. Operation of the
primary and secondary sash shall be completely
independent of each other. Dual windows are marketed
and tested as integral units.

EGRESS - The act of leaving an enclosed space. In the
window industry the term refers to the dimensions of the
opening of a window or door (the horizontal clear
distance, vertical clear distance and the area of the
opening which are established by the building codes).
The reason for establishing minimum egress dimensions
is to insure that a person attempting to leave a building
in an emergency situation will have room to maneuver.
Also proper "egress" will allow a fireman to enter a home
while wearing emergency equipment. In 1985, the
minimum egress dimensions required by most codes are
22" horizontally, 24" vertically and 5.7 square feet in
area. Some areas of the country use different
dimensions.

EGRESS WINDOW - A window providing egress.

FENESTRATION - Openings in a building wall, such as
windows and doors, designed to permit the passage of
air, light, and people.

FIXED WINDOW - Fixed windows consist of a glazed
frame or a fixed sash and frame installed into the
opening and are not operable. Provisions are made so
they can be reglazed or replaced in the field.

FORCED ENTRY RESISTANCE - The ability of a
window or door in the locked position to resist opening
under a specified load and conditions.

FRENCH DOOR - Hinged glass doors consist of one or
more glazed panels contained within an overall frame
designed so that one or more of the glazed panels are
operable. The operable glazed panels swing either to the
inside or to the outside (not both).
At least one panel shall be operable, with others either
operable or fixed. Panels lock or interlock with each
other or with a jamb member.

FRENCH WINDOW - Two sash, each hinged on one
stile and opening in the middle.

GREENHOUSE WINDOW (GARDEN WINDOW) -
Greenhouse windows are units which consist of a three-
dimensional, five-sided structure, with provisions made
for supporting plants and flowers in the enclosed space
outside the plane of the wall. Operating sash are
allowed but are not required.

HINGED EGRESS WINDOW - A hinged perimeter frame
window assembly consists of any primary window which
has passed the applicable performance requirements, in
Section 2.1 that is mounted into a stationary perimeter
frame and is permanently pivoted or hinged at one jamb
to permit swinging inward or outward at least 90
degrees. One or more locking devices shall secure the
primary window to the stationary perimeter frame.

HINGED GLASS DOOR - Hinged glass doors consist of
one or more glazed panels contained within an overall
frame designed so that one or more of the glazed panels
are operable. The operable panels swing either to the
inside or to the outside (not both). Panels shall be all
operable or some operable and some fi xed. Panels
shall lock or interlock with each other or shall contact a
jamb member where the panel is capable of being
securely locked.

HOPPER WINDOW - Hopper windows are projected
windows having one or more sash hinged or pivoted at
the bottom edge and projecting inward from the plane of
the window at the top (PIT).

HORIZONTAL PIVOTED WINDOW - Refer to "Pivoted
Window."

HORIZONTAL SLIDING WINDOW - Horizontal sliding
windows consist of one or more horizontally operable
sash in a sealing (or weathering) frame. When one
sliding sash (X) and one fixed lite (O) make up the
arrangement, the type is classified as a single slide (XO
or OX). When two sash are separated by a fixed lite, the
type is classified as a picture slide (XOX). When one
sash is located at or near the center of the unit with a
fixed lite at each end, the type is classified as a center
slide (OXO). When two bi -parting sash are located at the
center of the unit with fixed lites at each end, the type is
classified is a bi-part center slide (OXXO). When two
adjacent sash by-pass, the type is classified as a double
slide, (such as XX or XXO).

INSULATING GLASS - Insulating glass refers to two or
more pieces of glass spaced apart and hermetically
sealed to form a single-glazed unit with an air space
between.


59
INTEGRAL MULLIONS - Vertical or horizontal
members, mounted within a common frame with
continuous head, sill, or jambs, creating multiple sash or
panel openings. Product and mullions are evaluated
during certification testing.

INTEGRAL VENTILATING SYSTEMS/DEVICES - An
apparatus that is independent from but installed into a
fenestration product for the purpose of controlling the
transfer of air through the fenestration product.

JAL-AWNING WINDOW - Jal-awning windows consist
of a multiplicity of top-hinged sash arranged in a vertical
series within a common frame and each operated by its
own control device which swings the bottom edges of
the sash outward.

JALOUSIE WINDOW - Jalousie windows consist of a
series of overlapping, horizontal louvers which pivot
simultaneously in a common frame and are actuated by
one or more operating devices so that the bottom edge
of each louver swings toward the exterior and the top
edge swings toward the interior during opening.

JAMB(S) - Vertical members of the window's or door's
master frame.

KNOCKED DOWN (KD) - All fabricated unassembled
components to make a window, patio door or entrance
door except glass.

LITE (LIGHT) - Another term for a pane of glass used in
a window. Frequently spelled "Lite" in the industry
literature to avoid confusion with light as in "visible light".

LOCK - The device on a window or door that secures it
in a closed position.

MULLION - An intermediate connecting member used to
"join" two or more fenestration products together in a
single rough opening.

MUNTINS - A decorative profile that divides a lite of
glass or panel into smaller sections. Examples:

Applied Muntin - A profile member applied to
the exterior or interior of a lite of glass to
simulate individual glass lites. The members
may be tape applied, sandwiched with the glass
and glazed in, or designed to be removable.

Between Glass Muntin - A small profile
member installed between the lites of glass, in a
sealed insulating glass unit, to simulate
individual glass lites.

True Muntins - A profile member used
horizontally or vertically to divide a vision area
into individual smaller lites of glass.

OPERATING FORCE - The forces required to maintain
a sash (or panel) in motion in either the opening or
closing direction.

OUTDOOR-INDOOR TRANSMISSION CLASS (OITC) -
A single number rating calculated in accordance with
ASTM E 1332, using value of outdoor-indoor
transmission loss. It provides an estimate of the
performance of an exterior partition in certain common
sound insulation problems. The frequency range used is
typical of outdoor traffic noises.

PANEL - A part of a fenestration product composed of a
light of glass and surrounded by a frame. Panels can be
fixed in place or movable. Similar to a sash or vent.

PATIO DOOR - Refer to "Hinged Glass Door" or "Sliding
Glass Door."

PERMANENT SET - The amount of deflection left in a
member after the application and release of a load.

PICTURE SLIDER - A horizontal sliding window with
one or two moving sash located on one or both sides of
a fixed panel to make up a two or three panel window.

PICTURE WINDOW - A non-operating window. A
window consisting of frame and glass only.

PIVOTED WINDOW - Vertically or horizontally pivoted
windows consist of a sash pivoted either at head and sill
or at the jambs in the center of the main frame which
reverses or rotates a full 360
o
around its vertical and
horizontal axis. When rotated 180
o
, where it is held for
the purpose of cleaning the outside surfaces, it also
provides a weather seal. Upon completion of the
cleaning operation, the sash is rotated another 180
o
to
the normal, closed position where it is again locked.

PRIMARY WINDOW - That window in a dual window
unit so designated by the manufacturer, capable of
protecting the building's interior from climatic elements
as opposed to a secondary window used mainly for
energy conservation.

PROJECTED WINDOW - Projected windows have one
or more sash hinged or pivoted at the top or bottom
which project inward or outward from the plane of the
window with or without fixed lites of glass.

REINFORCEMENT - Material added to individual sash
or frame members to increase strength and/or stiffness.



60
REMOVABLE DOUBLE GLAZING - The use of a
second sash or pane of glass as a storm panel to
provide an air space between the glass of the window
and the storm panel.

ROUGH OPENING - The opening in a wall into which a
door, window or rough buck is to be installed.

SASH - The portion of a window which includes the
glass and framing sections which are directly attached to
the glass. Normally, the moving segment of a window,
although sash are sometimes fixed.

SCREEN - A product used with a window or door,
consisting of a four-sided frame surrounding a mesh of
wire or plastic material used to keep out insects. The
screen can be fixed in place or it can be rolled side to
side as on a sliding glass door or a pass-thru window.

SEALANT - A compound used to fill and seal a joint or
opening. Also the material used to seal the edges of
insulated glass.

SECONDARY LOCK - A secondary lock is any lock that
does not allow forced-entry from the exterior by
restricting the movement of a sash or vent to less than
one-half inch. Any mechanism which allows more than a
one-half inch opening shall be classified as a ventilating
lock.

SECONDARY WINDOW - That window in a dual
window unit so designated by the manufacturer, used on
the exterior of, or interior of, and in tandem with a
primary window for the purpose of energy conservation
or acoustical enhancement. Secondary windows are not
intended to be used by themselves as primary windows.

SIDE-HINGED (INSWINGING) WINDOW - Side-hinged
(inswinging) windows contain sash that project inward
from the plane of the frame and are hinged at the jamb
to swing about a vertical axis. Sash are mounted to the
frame with exposed or concealed butt (close-up) hinges
or four bar hinges on smaller vents. They contain one or
more sash with or without fixed lites and transoms in
various combinations. Side-hinged (inswinging) windows
are used for cleaning access or emergency ventilation.

SINGLE HUNG WINDOW - Single hung windows are
vertically operating windows in which the sash weight is
offset by a counterbalancing mechanism mounted in the
window. One or more locking devices are furnished to
secure the sash in the closed position. Only one sash in
a single hung window is operable.

SLIDER - Refer to "Horizontal Sliding Window."

SLIDING GLASS DOOR - Sliding glass doors consist of
one or more lites of glass contained in panels which, in
turn, are contained within an overall frame designed so
that one or more panels are movable in a horizontal
direction. Panels shall be all sliding or some sliding and
some fixed. Panels shall lock or interlock with each other
or shall contact a jamb member where the panel is
capable of being securely locked. Doors shall be
designed and assembled so that panel to panel contact
between horizontal members moving relative to one
another does not occur.

SOUND TRANSMISSION CLASS (STC) - A single
number rating calculated in accordance with ASTM E
413 using values of sound transmission loss. It provides
an estimate of the performance of an interior partition in
certain common sound insulation problems. The
frequency range used is typical of indoor office noises.

SPAN – The clear distance measured parallel to the
length of a mullion or divider between support points.

STORM DOOR - A secondary door, installed on the
outside of an entrance door, to reduce air leakage,
thereby saving energy.

STORM WINDOW - A full length sash, either fixed or
movable fitted to the outside or inside of a window frame
to afford protection during cold or storm weather.

STRUCTURAL MULLIONS - Also called "mullion
stiffeners," must independently or in conjunction with
Common or Combination Mullions be designed to
withstand full design load requirements of the project
specifications. Evidence of compliance shall be either
by testing for mathematical calculation.

STRUCTURAL TEST PRESSURE (STP) - The pressure
differential applied to a window to determine structural
load capacity. Normally 150% of design pressure.

SUMMER MODE - Summer mode is when the primary
window is closed and locked, the secondary window or
outer primary window is opened and the insect screen
(when offered or specified by the manufacturer) is in the
functional position.

TILT WINDOW - A hung window whose operable sash
can be tilted into the room for interior washability.

TOP-HINGED WINDOW - A top-hinged window consists
of a sash hinged to the main frame at the head so that it
swings open to the inside (inswinging) or swings open to
the outside (outswinging). Windows of this type are
normally kept closed and locked or the opening
dimension is limited. Top-hinged inswinging windows are
designed to operate primarily for cleaning, not to provide
ventilation. Top-hinged outswinging windows are
designed to operate primarily for ventilation, limited
access or emergency egress.


61
TRIPLE HUNG WINDOW - Triple hung windows are
vertically operating windows in which the sash weight is
offset by a counterbalancing mechanism mounted in the
window. One or more locking devices are furnished to
secure the sash in the closed position. Three sash in a
triple hung window are operable.

TROPICAL AWNING WINDOW - Tropical awning
windows have one or more sash hinged or pivoted at the
top and operated by one control device which swings the
bottom edge of the sash away from the plane of the
frame. A control or operating device shall operate all
sash, securely closing them at both jambs without the
use of any additional manually controlled locking
devices.

"U" FACTOR - Hourly rate of heat transfer for one
square foot of surface when there is a temperature
difference of one degree F of the air on the two sides of
the surface; also known as "U" value or Heat
Transmission Coefficient.

VERTICAL SLIDING WINDOWS - Vertical sliding
windows are units in which manually operated sash
move vertically in relation to either fixed or similarly
operating sash within a common frame and are held in
one or more pre-selected or infinitely variable open
positions by mechanical means (instead of conventional,
hung-window balancing devices). One or more locking
devices are furnished to secure the sash in the closed
position.

VERTICALLY PIVOTED WINDOW - Refer to "Pivoted
Window."

WDMA - Window and Door Manufacturers Association.
A national trade association that establishes voluntary
standards for the wood window and door industry.

WEATHERSTRIPPING - A material or device used to
seal the opening between the sash and/or sash and
frame.

WEEPHOLE - An opening at the sill of a window or door
that allows moisture to drain free.

WINDOW - An opening constructed in a wall or roof and
functioning to admit light or air to an enclosure, usually
framed and spanned with glass mounted to permit
opening and closing. (From the old Norse word
"vindauga", which is formed from "vinder", wind, and
"auga", eye. Therefore a window is an "eye for the wind"
or "wind-eye".)

WINTER MODE - Winter mode is when both the primary
and secondary windows or both primary windows are
closed, the primary window is locked and the insect
screen (when offered or specified by the manufacturer)
is in the stored position.

REFERENCE STANDARD SOURCES

62
For copies of the specifications and standards
referenced herein, contact the organizations listed
below:




The Aluminum Association (AA)
900-19th Street, NW
Washington, DC 20006
(202) 862-5100

American Architectural Manufacturers Association
(AAMA)
1827 Walden Office Square, Suite 550
Schaumburg, IL 60173-4268
(847) 303-5664

American National Standards Institute, Inc. (ANSI)
11 West 42nd Street - 13th Floor
New York, NY 10036
(212) 642-4900

American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE)
1801 Alexander Bell Drive
Reston, VA 20191-4400
(703) 295-6000

American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and
Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc. (ASHRAE)
1791 Tullie Circle NE
Atlanta, GA 30329-2305
(404) 636-8400

American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME)
22 Law Drive, Box 2300
Fairfield, NJ 07007-2300
(973) 882-1170

American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM)
100 Barr Harbor Drive
West Conshohocken, PA 19428
(610) 832-9500







Consumer Products Safety Commission (CPSC)
Washington, DC 20207
(301) 504-0400

Insect Screening Weavers Association (ISWA)
P. O. Box 1018
Ossining, NY 10562
(914) 962-9052

National Fenestration Rating Council (NFRC)
1300 Spring Street, Suite 120
Silver Spring, MD 20910
(301) 589-6372

Screen Manufacturers Association (SMA)
2850 South Ocean Blvd., #114
Palm Beach, FL 33480-5535
(561) 533-0991

Sealed Insulating Glass Manufacturers Association
(SIGMA)
401 N. Michigan Avenue, Suite 2200
Chicago, IL 60611
(312) 644-6610

U.S. Department of Commerce (USDC)
National Bureau of Standards
Standards Development Services Section
Washington, DC 20234
(301) 921-2356

Window and Door Manufacturers Association
(WDMA) - formerly NWWDA
1400 East Touhy Avenue, Suite 470
Des Plaines, IL 60018
(847) 299-5200






































1827 Walden Office Square, Suite 550
Schaumburg, Illinois 60173
Phone: 847/303-5664 Fax: 847/303-5774









1400 E. Touhy Avenue, Suite 470
Des Plaines, Illinois 60018
Phone: 847/299-5200 Fax: 847/299-1286