Chapter I Introduction 1.1 Backgro Background und Sensory organs have a special receptors that allow to smell, taste, see, hear and maintain equilibrium or balance. Information conveyed from these receptors to the central nervous system is used to help maintain homeostatis. Reseptor for the general senses are scattered throught the body and are relative simple in structure. Reseptors for the spesial sense smell, taste, vision, hearing and equilibrium are anatomically distinc from one another and are concentrated in specific location in the head. In this chapter we will eamine the structure and function of olfactory sense that is nose as a smell receptors 1.! "urpos "urposee #o know about anatomy of nose • • #o know about physiology of nose
Chapter II Literature Review
A. Ana Anatom tomy y of No Nose se 1. Exte Extern rnal al Nose Nose
#he eternal nose is the portion of the nose visible on the face and consist a supporting framework of bone and hyalin cartilage covered of muscle and skin and lined by mucous membranes. $ Bony part % frontal bones, nasal bones and maille bones $ &artilaginous part a. upper lateral cartilage b. lower lateral cartilage 'alar cartilage( c. septal cartilage d. accessory cartilage
#he eternal nose is a triangular pyramid pro)ecting from the face with its roof above and the base directed downwards. It has bony and cartilaginous framework. #he* upper bony part of the dorsum of the nose is called the bridge. #he rounded lower borders are called alae nasi. +nterior +nterior ares are situated in the base of the nose and face downwards. downwards. #hey are separated by the columella. Bony Bon y framework is formed by the following bones% '1( #he nasal bones. '!( #he nasal processes of the frontal bone '-( #he frontal processes of the mailla.
&artilagi &artil aginous nous ramew ramework ork is formed formed by small small cartil cartilage agess and the quadri quadrilat latera erall septal septal cartilage. Blood supply is by acial and /phthalmic arteries and the veins. 0ymphatic rainage passes to the pre$auricular and sub$mandibular lymph nodes. n odes.
2. Nasal sal Ca Cavity
asal cavity is a large space in the anterior aspect of the skull that lies inferior to the nasal bone and superior to oral cavity. #he nasal Septum divides the nose into ! nasal cavities. #hese two nasal cavities lie below the cranial cavity, above the oral cavity and between the
-. +natomy +natomy of ose ose as a /lfa /lfacti ction on % Sense Sense of Smel Smelll
#he nose contain 12 million to 122 milion receptors for the sense of smell or olfaction, contained within a region called the olfactory epithellium. #he olfactory epithellium occupies the superior part of the nasal cavity, covering the inferior surface the cribriform plate and etending along the superior nasal chonca. #he olfactory epithellium consist of - kind of cell ce ll % •
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/lfactory Receptors #he first order neurons of the olfactory pathway. #he part of olfactory receptors that respond to inhaled chemical are the olfactory hairs, cilia that pro)ect from the dendrit. Supporting &ell &olumnar epithael cell of the mucous membrane lining the nose Basal &ell Stem cells located between the bases of the supporting cell
. !hys !hysiolo" iolo"y y of Nasal Cavit Cavity y #he nose is the organ of smell, with receptors from &ranial erve I '/lfactory( located in the upper areas. #his organ can be devided into an eternal portion and an internal portion called the nasal cavity. or the upper section of eternal nose is consists of bony framework of the eternal etern al nose which are frontal bone, nasal bone, and mailla mailla and hyaline hyaline cartilage covered with muscle and skin and lined by a mucous membrane. +nd for the lower section of eternal nose is consists of cartilaginous framework which are lateral nasal cartilages inferior to the nasal bones, septal nasal cartilage which forms the anterior portion of the nasal septum, and alar cartilages which form a portion of the walls of the nostrils. Because two third of the lower section of eternal nose is composed of cartilage, it3s allowing some movement for the nose. /n the undersurface of the eternal nose are two openings called the eternal nares or nostrils 'singular% naris(.
#he interior structures of the eternal nose have three functions% 1. 4armin 4arming, g, moisteni moistening, ng, and filtering filtering incoming incoming air. air. !. etect etecting ing olfact olfactory ory sti stimul muli. i. -. 5odifying 5odifying speech vibrati vibrations ons as they pass pass through through the large, large, hollow resonati resonating ng chambers. chambers. Resonance refers to modifying a sound by b y vibration. #he nasal cavity is a large space in the anterior of the skull that lies inferior to the nasal bone and superior to the oral cavity6 it is lined with muscle and mucous membrane. +nteriorly, the nasal cavity merges with the eternal nose, and posteriorly it communicates with the pharyn
through two opening called the internal nares or choanae. ucts from the paranasal sinuses 'which drain mucus( and the nasolacrimal ducts 'which drain tears( also open into the nasal cavity.. Skull bones containing cavity containing the paranasal sinuses are the frontal, frontal, sphenoid, sphenoid, ethmoid, and maillae. Besides producing mucus, the paranasal sinuses are to provide resonance during speak or sing and to decrease the weight of the skull. #he lateral walls of the internal nose are formed by the ethmoid, maillae, lacrimal, palatine, and inferior nasal conchae bones. #he ethmoid bone also forms the roof. #he palatine bones and palatine processes of the maillae, which together constitue the hard palate, pa late, form the floor of the internal nose.
Physiology Physiolo gy of Olfaction Olfaction
/lfaction distinguish among and classify primary sensation of smell. 7enetic evidence now suggest the eistance of hundreds of primary odors. /ur ability to recogni8e about 12.222 differ dif ferent ent odors odors probab probably ly depends depends on patter patterns ns of activi activity ty in the brain that that ari arise se from from activation of many different combination of olfactory receptors. Somee of the aons of the olfa Som olfacto ctory ry tract pro)ect pro)ect to the primar primary y olfactory olfactory area of the cerebral corte 6 located at the inferior and medial surface of the temporal lobe, the primary olfactory rea is where concious awareness of smell begins. /lfactory sensation are the only sensation that reach the cerebral corte without first synapsis in the thalamus. /ther aon of the olfactory tract pro)ect to the limbic system and hypothalamus these connection account for our emotional and memory response to odors. odo rs. 9amples include seual ecitement on smeeling a certain parfume, nausea on smelling a food that oncemade you violently ill, or an odor$evoked memory of a childhood eperience.
Chapter III
Conclusion
-. -.1 1 &o &onc nclu lusi sion on #he eternal portion of the nose is made of cartilageand skin and is lined with a mucous membrane . opening to the eterior are the eternal nares. #he nasal cavity is divided by by a septum. #he anterior portion of the cavity is called the vestibule. #he nose warm, moisten and filters air and function in olfaction 'smell( and speech. asal cavity as a receptors in smell have
References #ortora,7err #ortor a,7errad ad : ; errickson errickson Bryan. '!211(. '!211(. Principles of Anatomy and Physiology. Physiology . +sia % 4illey Sobotta, +tlas of <uman +natomy, =olume !
ursing of Sensory "erception +natomy and "hysiology of ose
5arissa >lkhair
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Sindy Rahmawati
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&indy urnia engcy
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