Anatomy and Physiology

 

Physiology  Anatomy and Physiology Question 1  body into:  A frontal section section divides the body

Anterior and posterior parts Right and left parts Midsagittal and median section Superior and inferior parts Question 1 Explanation:A frontal section is a cut made along a lengthwise plane dividing the body into anterior and posterior parts. 

Question 2  Which membrane junction is responsible for preventing the skin cells from pulling apart during a mechanical stress such as someone pulling a person’s extremity? extremity?  

Gap junctions Desosomes Tight junctions Microvilli Question 2 Explanation:a. Gap junctions –  commonly seen in the junctions – commonly heart and embryonic cells that functions mainly to allow communication. communicatio n. b. Desosomes Desosomes –  – anchoring  anchoring junctions that prevent the skin cells from pulling apart during a mechanical stress c. Tight junctions – junctions – impermeable  impermeable junctions that bind cells together into leakproof sheets that prevent substances from passing through the extracellular space between cells. d. Microvilli – Microvilli – tiny  tiny fingerlike projections that increases the cell’s surface area for absorption. 

Question 3  The fragile, transparent barrier that contains the cell contents is called:

 Nuclear membrane Cytoplasm  Nucleoli Plasma membrane Question 3 Explanation:Plasma membrane (or cell membrane) contains all cell contents and separates them from the

 

surrounding environment. a. Nuclear membrane membrane –  – a  a double membrane barrier that binds the nucleus b. Cytoplasm – Cytoplasm  – the  the cellular material outside the nucleus but inside the plasma membrane. c. Nucleoli – Nucleoli – dark-staining,  dark-staining, round bodies in the nucleus. 

Question 4  The knee in relation to the thigh is termed as:

Distal Proximal Ventral Dorsal Question 4 Explanation:The knee is distal (farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk) to the thigh. Proximal means closer to the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk. Ventral means anterior or toward or at the front of a body. Dorsal means posterior or toward or at the backside of the body.  

Question 5  The process by which molecules are moving from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration to become evenly distributed is called:

Filtration Diffusion Passive transport process Active transport process Question 5 Explanation:Diffusion is the process by which molecules are moving from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration to become evenly distributed. Filtration is the process by which water and solutes are forced through a membrane or capillary wall by fluid or hydrostatic pressure. Passive transport processes substances are transported across the membrane without energy input from the cell. In active transport processes, the cell provides the metabolic energy ATP that drives the transport process. 

Question 6  The substance present in the largest amount in a solution is which of the following?

Solutes Solvent

 

Solution   Interstitial fluid Solutes –  – tiny  tiny components present in Question 6 Explanation:a. Solutes small amounts. b. Solvent – Solvent – the  the substance present in the largest amount. c. Solution - A homogeneous mixture of two or more components d. Interstitial fluid – fluid  – the  the fluid that continuously bathes the exterior of the cells. 

Question 7 complaining omplaining of pain in the region at the right right side of the hypogastric hypogastric region. This This area of the abdomen abdomen is  A patient is c also known as:

Right Hypochondriac region Right iliac region Right lumbar region Umbilical region Question 7 Explanation:Right iliac region is located at the right side of the hypogastric h ypogastric region. Right hypochondriac hypochondriac lies beside the epigastric region while the right lumbar lies beside the umbilical area. 

Question 8  The cellular material outside the nucleus but is located inside the cell membrane is called:

 Nucleoli Chromatin Cytoplasm Plasma membrane Question 8 Explanation:Cytoplasm is the cellular material outside the nucleus but inside the plasma membrane. a. Nucleoli - darkstaining, round bodies in the nucleus. b. Chromatin – Chromatin – loose  loose network of bumpy threads that is scattered throughout the nucleus. c. Cytoplasm d. Plasma membrane - (or cell membrane) contains all cell contents and separates them from the surrounding environment. 

Question 9  The process by which water and solutes are forced through a membrane or capillary wall by fluid or o r hydrostatic pressure is called:

Filtration

 

Diffusion Passive transport process Active transport process

Question 9 Explanation:Filtration is the process by which water and solutes are forced through a membrane or capillary wall by fluid or hydrostatic pressure. Diffusion is the process by which molecules are moving from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration to become evenly distributed. Passive transport processes substances are transported across the membrane without energy input from the cell. In active transport processes

Question 10  If the located area is at pointing away from the midline of the body it is termed as:

Caudal Distal Proximal Lateral Question 10 Explanation:a. Caudal – Caudal  – inferior;  inferior; away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure or the body. b. Distal farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk c. Proximal – Proximal – closer  closer to the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk. d. Lateral - pointing away from the midline of the body 

Question 11  The cells that fight disease is known as: Nerve Cell Epithelial Cell Fibroblast Macrophages Question 11 Explanation:A phagocytic cell or macrophages are cells that crawl through tissue to reach infection sites. Epithelial cells are the ones that cover and lines body organs. Fibroblast connects body parts while nerve cells or neurons are for gathering information and controlling body function. 

 

Question 12  The plasma membrane in the body allows some substances to pass through it while excluding others. This type of barrier is termed as:

Passive transport process Selective permeability Filtration Active transport processes Question 12 Explanation:The plasma membrane is a selective permeable barrier. Passive transport processes substances are transported across the membrane without energy input from the cell. In active transport processes, the cellprovides the metabolic energy ATP that drives the transport process. Filtration is the process by which water and solutes are forced through a membrane or capillary wall by fluid or hydrostatic pressure.  

Question 13   A clinical inst instructor ructor is discussing discussing about the the body planes and sections. sections. When a section is made made along a horizontal plane the body is divided into:

Anterior and posterior parts Right and left parts Midsagittal and median section Superior and inferior parts Question 13 Explanation:When a section is made along a horizontal plane (transverse section) the body is divided into superior and inferior parts. If a sagittal section is done (lengthwise/longitudinal (lengthwise/longi tudinal plane) the body is divided into right and left parts. A frontal section is a cut made along a lengthwise plane dividing the body into anterior and posterior parts.  

Question 14  Most school age children are having cuts or wounds at the anterior knee region because of the tendency to fall during extreme activity involvement. involvement. The anterior knee region is also known as: a s:

Popliteal Patellar Antecubital Tarsal

 

Question 14 Explanation:a. Popliteal – Popliteal – posterior  posterior knee area b. Patellar – Patellar  – anterior  anterior knee c. Antecubital Antecubital –  – anterior  anterior surface of the elbow d. Tarsal – Tarsal – ankle  ankle region 

Question 15   A correct anatomical exemplified by which of the following? anatomical position is best exemplified

Standing up with palms held unnaturally forward with thumbs pointing towards the body. Standing up with palms held backward with thumbs  pointing towards the body. Standing up with palms held unnaturally forward with thumbs pointing away from the body. Standing up with palms held unnaturally forward with thumbs pointing towards the body. Question 15 Explanation:A correct anatomical position is similar to a “standing at attention” att ention” but is less comfortable because the palms held unnaturally forward with thumbs pointing away from the body. 

Question 16  To maintain homeostasis the body function interacts. The homeostatic control mechanism that responds to environmental changes is called:

Effector Receptor Control center Stimuli Question 16 Explanation:a. Effector –  produces the response b. Effector  – produces Receptor – Receptor  – responds  responds to environmental change c. Control center – center  –   assesses the changes present d. Stimuli – Stimuli  – the  the change itself  

Question 17  When the body is divided into right and left parts the cut is a:

Frontal section Sagittal section Coronal section Cross section

 

Question 17 Explanation:a. Frontal section – section  – divides  divides the body into anterior and posterior parts b. Sagittal section – section  – divides  divides the body into right and left parts c. Coronal section – section – other  other term for frontal section d. Cross section – section  – divides  divides the body into superior and inferior parts 

Question 18  The dorsal cavity of the body has two subdivisions. Select all dorsal body cavity. A. Thoracic B. Cranial C. Spinal D.  Adbominopelvic

A and B B and C C and D B and D Question 18 Explanation:Dorsal (posterior) body cavities are well protected by bones and consist of the cranial and spinal cavities. Ventral cavities are less protected and consist of thoracic and abdominopelvic abdominopelv ic cavities. 

Question 19  Knowledge on body landmarks is essential to learn about anatomy and physiology. The posterior surface of the lower leg is known as:

Sural Olecranal Crural Fibular Question 19Olecranal – Explanation:a. Sural -surface the posterior the  –   lower leg b. Olecranal  – posterior  posterior of the surface elbow c.of Crucal Crucal – anterior leg area/region d. Fibular Fibular –  – lateral  lateral part of the leg 

Question 20  The genetic material , deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is contained in:

 Nucleus  Nucleoli Chromatin Chromosome Question 19 Explanation:a. Sural - the posterior surface of the

 

Olecranal – posterior lower leg b. Olecranal –  posterior surface of the elbow c. Crucal – Crucal –   anterior leg area/region d. Fibular Fibular –  – lateral  lateral part of the leg 

Question 21  While on duty, the student nurse notices that the client’s crural area has lesions and abrasions. Crural area i s also known as the:

Posterior surface of the lower leg Posterior surface of the elbow Anterior leg area Lateral part of the leg Question 21 Explanation:a. Posterior surface of the lower leg sural b. Posterior surface of the elbow - olecranal c. Anterior leg area - crural d. Lateral part of the leg – leg  – fibular   fibular  

Question 22   An adolescent has been participating in a competitive competitive sport game. Accidentally, Accidentally, he fell off and and complains of pain in his coxal area. The adolescent has pain on:

Posterior knee area Hip area Thigh area Point of shoulder Question 22 Explanation:a. Posterior knee area –  popliteal b. Hip area – popliteal area – area  – coxal  coxal c. Thigh area – area – femoral  femoral d. Point of shoulder s houlder –  –   acromial 

Question 23  mixture of two or more components is known  A homogeneous mixture known as:

Solutes Solvent Solution Interstitial fluid Solutes – tiny Question 23 Explanation:a. Solutes –  tiny components present in small amounts. b. Solvent – Solvent – the  the substance present in the largest amount. c. Solution - A homogeneous mixture of two or more components d. Interstitial fluid – fluid  – the  the fluid that continuously bathes the exterior of the cells. 

 

Question 24  To sustain life an individual must be able to function properly. Survival needs include the following apart from:

Atmospheric pressure Oxygen Gravity  None of these Question 24 Explanation:Survival needs include water, food, oxygen, appropriate temperature, atmospheric pressure. Because of the word “apart from” the correct answer is letter D. (Source: Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology by Marieb 8th Ed. P 9) 

Question 25  The abdominal region located at the left side of the umbilical area is called:

Left Hypochondriac region Left iliac region Left lumbar region Epigastric area Question 25 Explanation:Left lumbar lies beside the umbilical area. Left hypochondriac lies beside the epigastric region. Left iliac region is located at the left side of the hypogastric region.