Annex+Defence+Policy+Pakistan

Defence and security policy of Pakistan

GRAPH I. EVOLUTION DEFENCE EXPENDITURE

THE ARMED FORCES OF PAKISTAN

IN PAKISTAN 2001-2012

Pakistan’s military is one of the country’s most powerful institutions, and has played a strong role since its inception.
civilian regimes, been in power in Pakistan for half of the

Sources: Pakistan Economic Survey
World Bank
http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/MS.MIL.XPND.GD.ZS
Produced by CIDOB

country’s history since independence. It has engaged in two
declared wars with India (in 1965 and 1971), and allegedly
has been closely involved in two undeclared ones (in 1947
and 1999). Since 2001 has supported the US in the War
on terror, which has resulted in heightened tensions along

% GDP

Billion $

The military has, either directly or through military backed

7,000

4.5

the border with Afghanistan, and a rise in militancy and
extremism domestically.

4.0

6,000

In 2011, Osama Bin Laden was killed by US forces in
Pakistan, a humiliating oversight on the part of the security agencies, as his presence in Pakistan which was

3.5
5,000
3.0

vehemently denied by both the Musharraf and the Zardari
administrations. This failure has created a vociferous de-

4,000

2.5

3,000

2.0

mand for detailed discussion and review of the defence
budget in the Parliament. Defence budgets have always
been assumed as a ‘given’ and only recently, for the first
time since 1965, a summary budget was presented before the National Assembly in 2008/09. The military has

1.5
2,000

always argued it is against national interest to publicly discuss the defence budget.
Before the war on terror, the threat from India was al-

1.0
1,000

0.5

ways been used to justify high military expenditure, yet the

2011
2012

2010
2011

2009
2010

2008
2009

2007
2008

2006
2007

2005
2006

2004
2005

India’s increase. Defence expenditure has been budgeted

0.0
2003
2004

the 2011/12 federal defence budget was noted, matching

0
2002
2003

the world has never been shared. An increase of 12% in

2001
2002

cost breakdown for maintaining the 7th largest military in

at just over $5 billion for the last two fiscal years, or at
almost 2.5 percent of GDP. According to official estimates,
spending on defence as a percentage of total expenditure

servicing. As debt servicing is ‘mandatory’ and the govern-

has been decreasing for some years in the mid-noughties,

ment has little room to manoeuvre when allocating funds

which contradicts the rise in defence and related activities

for this category, defence expenditure (as a component of

due to the war on terror.

the current expenditure) and development expenditure (as a
major category of the budget) provide a greater indication

THE DEBATE ON THE FEDERAL DEFENCE
BUDGET

of government policy tendencies.

The entire federal budget can be divided into current and

about 18 percent for the first half of the decade, but then

development expenditure. Current expenditure, which in-

fell significantly in 2006/07 and 2007/08 with the eco-

cludes mainly salaries and operational expenses, typically

nomic boom wearing off, with the latter being the lowest

accounts for the bulk of the budget in most countries. The

level of defence spending, as well as the highest level of

development category tends to include infrastructure or

development expenditure, as a proportion of total expendi-

construction schemes, ranging from roads and irrigation

ture, since the creation of Pakistan. Development expendi-

channels, to building schools, clinics and a range of other

ture followed the converse pattern, peaking in 2005/06,

public service amenities. Within current expenditure, the

but maintaining a relatively high level for the following two

two biggest sub-categories are typically defence and debt

fiscal years. By 2008/09, Pakistan’s military was more

Defence expenditure as a percent of the total, averaged

1

Pakistan: Country Profile
CIDOB International Yearbook 2012
2

TABLE II. ABSOLUTE VALUE
OF DEFENCE EXPENDITURE

TABLE I. EXPENDITURE
ON DIFFERENT HEADS
AS A PERCENT OF TOTAL
Year/Head of
Expenditure1

Current

Development

Defence

Debt
Servicing

2001-02

84.7

15.3

18.1

2002-03

88.1

14.4

17.8

2003-04

81.1

16.8

2004-05

77.4

2005-06
2006-07

Defence Expenditure Development Expenditure
Million
US $

Million Rs.

52.5

2001-02

149,254

2,377

126,250

2,010

31.6

2002-03

159,700

2,666

129,200

2,157

19.3

36.6

2003-04

184,904

3,216

161,000

2,800

20.4

19

26.2

2004-05

211,717

3,682

227,718

3,960

73.8

26

17.2

24.4

2005-06

241,063

4,045

365,100

6,126

76.4

24.1

13.9

25.4

2006-07

249,858

4,144

433,658

7,192

2007-08

81.4

19.9

12.2

25.4

2007-08

277,300

4,591

451,896

7,482

2008-09

80.7

19

20.5

34.8

2008-09

329,902

4,627

480,282

6,736

2009-10

78.6

21.1

17.2

27.1

2009-10

378,135

4,556

444,344

5,354

2010-11

88

12

16.6

31.9

2010-11

444,640

5,200

321,244

3,757

2011-12

84.1

15.9

17.5

36.5

2011-2012**

495,215

5,732

451,957

5,230

*

Million Rs.

Million
US $

Year

1. Defence expenditure figures for 2008/09 and 2009/10 not comparable to
earlier years because of difference in definition used.
Figures after 2010 are author’s own calculations, based on Economic Survey
2010/11

*Revised Budget estimate.
**Budget estimate.

Source: Pakistan Economic Survey,
2009/10. Table 4.5.

Source: Pakistan Economic Survey 2009/10. Table 4.4 for the years
2001/02 to 2008/09. Figures for last two years from Annual Budget
Statement of the Federal Budget 2011/2012
Produced by CIDOB

Produced by CIDOB

embroiled than ever in the operations against militancy, de-

In the 2009/10 the IMF Country Report, revised esti-

fence spending rose sharply. As compared to the previous

mates for 2009/10 defence expenditure were set at Rs.

year, defence expenditure rose by 11 percent in 2007/08,

513 billion, and projected that this allocation was Rs. 593

then by 19 percent in 2008/09 (EAW 2010, Table 4.4).

billion (or close to $7 billion) in 2010/11 (IMF 2010, Ta-

Development expenditure, in contrast, increased by a mod-

ble 3a). Although the IMF did not explain where its esti-

est 5 percent, on average, over those two years.

mates came from, these are likely to have incorporated

In absolute terms, Pakistan is estimated to have spent Rs.

military pensions as well as salaries and pensions of per-

390 billion (or $4.5 billion) under the development budget in

sonnel from paramilitary institutions, which fall under the

2010/11; and about Rs.442 billion (or about $5.1 billion) on

purview of the Ministry of Interior rather than the Ministry

defence. Thus 2010/11 was the year when expenditure on

of Defence, but which would normally be considered as

defence again began to outstrip development, in spite of the

part of the defence structure of the country in any discus-

fact that budget estimates had placed development expendi-

sion of security capabilities. If the Fund’s estimates are

ture at slightly higher levels, as seen from the table below.

considered accurate, then the true figure for the allocated

This trend was perpetuated in the 2011/12 budget, with an

defence expenditure in 2010/11 is 34 percent higher

estimated Rs. 495 billion (or $5.7 billion) allocated to defence,

than the number reported in the federal budget under

and Rs. 451 billion (or $5.2 billion) to development.

the head of Defence, and about 32 percent higher than

Since the Musharraf administration, a new accounting tech-

the allocated development budget. If this true across the

nique has been adopted, with the military budget re-allo-

board, that the actual defence budget (as calculated from

cated across civilian and military expenses. The 2011/12

different budget heads) is about 30 percent higher than

military budget, for example, does not include over Rs. 73

that reported under Defence, than the increased profile

billion allocated for pensions of military personnel and a

of development expenditure relative to defence is just a

separate allocation for ‘security’-related expenses.1 Since

statistical anomaly.

2000/01, military pensions have been subsumed into the

Breakdown of service wise expenditure is likely to be 45%

head of “public administration” in budget documents on the

or Rs. 220 billion ($ 2.60 billion) for the Army, 25% or

basis of the argument that retired personnel resume civil-

Rs.125 billion ($ 1.44 billion) for the Air Force and 10% or

ian status upon superannuation. Salaries of personnel of

Rs.50 billion ($ 599 Million) for the Navy and 20 percent

defence production establishments, and amounts allocated

for other elements such as the defence production given

for the upkeep of cantonments, to name just another two

past trends.  A majority of the expenses are likely to be

heads of expenditure, are also routinely included in budget

spent on pay and allowances but approximately 40 percent

allocations for civil entities.

will go for capital acquisitions. 2

70,000 personnel forms the second largest group, structured in 3 regional commands: Northern (Peshawar), Cen-

Expenditure/Budget year

2009-10

2010-11

2011-12
(Estimates)

Employee Related Expenses

138,389

176,726

206,488

90% of troops have traditionally been deployed along the

97,398

111,327

128,283

eastern border, although increased troop deployment has

110,126

117,557

117,591

taken place along the western border in the last decade as

Civil Works

32,088

38,890

42,638

the army has been called in to fight militancy and insurgency.

Less Recoveries

(1,154)

(1,254)

(1,255)

Finally the paramilitary forces with about 304,000 active

1,289

1,395

1,470

378,135

444,640

495,125

are composed by the Coast Guard, the Frontier Corps, the

Operating Expenses
Physical Assets

Defence Administration
TOTAL

Source: Pakistan Economic Survey 2009/10

Produced by CIDOB

tral (Sargodha), Southern (Masroor). The Navy, with about
22,000 active personnel forms the smallest group. Up to

Maritime Security Agency, National Guard, the Northern
Light Infantry, and the Pakistan Rangers.
The country is a declared nuclear weapons state, but the
military does not officially release information on the stockpile of nuclear weapons. A range of organizations have at-

TABLE IV. PARTICIPATION OF PAKISTAN

tempted to estimate the size of the nuclear arsenal and have

IN PEACEKEEPING MISSIONS 2011

typically come up with numbers that lie within a range of 70
to 90 warheads (Norris and Kristensen, 2010).

Mission

In 2001, President Musharraf strategically joined the US

Total troops

MONUSCO (Dem. Rep.of Congo)

3,754

UNMIL (Liberia)

2,979

UNOCI (Côte d'Ivoire)

1,547

UNAMID (Sudan-Darfur)

812

MINUSTAH (Haití)

294

UNMIT (Timor-Leste)

128

MINURSO (Western Sahara)

11

UNMISS (South Sudan)

1

UNMIK (Kosovo)

1

9,527

TOTAL TROOPS
Source: www.un.org/en/peacekeeping/

Produced by CIDOB

Defence and security policy of Pakistan

TABLE III. DEFENCE AFFAIRS AND SERVICES
BREAKDOWN (MILLION RS.)

in the global ‘War on Terror’ with the NATO led invasion in
Afghanistan. The controversial decision is one of the factors behind the increased internal conflict in Pakistan, which
has seen its key institutions become targets for a range of
militant groups opposed to the country’s role in the war. The
campaign against terrorism has seen an erosion of stability
and security at all levels – social, political, economic, ethnic and individual– across Pakistan. Pakistan has pursued
a two-pronged strategy in the elimination of extremist elements, both through the use of force and political dialogue.
Peace deals have been signed with militants, and security
offensives have been launched against them, yet neither has
resolved the on-going issue of insecurity in the country, especially in the tribal region along the border with Afghanistan
and KPK.

POST 9/11 AND CONCERNS ABOUT
INTERNAL SECURITY

KPK and Tribal areas

Pakistan’s army is the world’s seventh-largest in terms of

cant pressure on the Taliban to hand over Osama bin Laden

troops (International Institute of Strategic Studies, 2010).

and Al Qaeda. With their refusal, the US and coalition forces

The three main services are the Army, Navy and the Air

jointly commenced a heavy air campaign targetingkey Taliba-

Force, supported by a number of paramilitary forces which

nadministrative and military sites. The regime was unseated

carry out internal security roles and border patrols. Paki-

as a result of this campaign, and by December 2001, the

stani defence forces have had close military relations with

coalition forces had entered Kabul. With the airstrikes tak-

China and the United States and predominantly acquire mili-

ing a heavy toll and the Taliban unable to counteract, many

tary equipment from these two countries. Pakistan is also

Al-Qaeda, Taliban supporters and other Islamist combative

one of the largest contributors to UN Peacekeeping Forces,

found safe sanctuary in the rugged Pakistan-Afghanistan

having participated in 19 global missions (Pakistan Army

border region. With the establishment of an interim govern-

Website).3

ment under tribal leader HamidKarzai, the region began to

The Pakistan Armed forces are an all volunteer military with

Following the September 11 attacks, the US placed signifi-

demonstrate cautious optimism for a brighter future.

an active force of about 642,000 personnel (The Military

By 2003 the Taliban had begun to regroup and started

Balance, 2012), and reserves of a further 500,000. The

attacking the coalition forces inAfghanistan and Pakistan,

Army, with about 550,000 active personnel forms the big-

allegedly from the Waziristan agencies in Pakistan’s tribal

gest group within the armed forces, composed of six “Fight-

belt. In December 2003, two assassination attempts on

ing and Supporting” arms including the Armoured Corps, the

President Musharraf were traced back to Waziristan, and

Infantry, Artillery, Air Defence, Aviation Corps and Engineers.

the Pakistan Army moved to conduct a military operation in

The Army is structured in various corps located in: Mangla,

the region. But military action was followed up by the sign-

Multan, Lahore, Karachi, Rawalpindi, Peshawar, Quetta, Gu-

ing of peace agreements also. Three controversial peace

jranwala and Bahawalpur. The Pakistan Air Force with about

agreements were signed during this time, the first lasting a

3

Pakistan: Country Profile

TABLE V. COMPARISON OF ATTACKS
AND CASUALTIES

mere two months in 2004, the second one signed in 2005
with BaitullahMasood,4 bringing relative calm to the South
Waziristan region and the final accord signed in North
Waziristan in September 2006, with the Pakistani army
withdrawing troops from the area.After the 2006 Accord,
the Army agreed to stop military action against militants in
Waziristan provided no incursions would take place in Pakistan or Afghanistan.
The cease-fire was short-lived, as the Taliban rescinded
the accord in July 2007 after clashes between government

Year

Frequency of Attacks

Killed

2008

2,577

7,997

9,678

2009

3,816

12,632

12,815

2010

3,393

10,003

10,283

2011

2,985

7,107

6,736

Source: Pakistan Security Report 2011, PIPS

Injured

Produced by CIDOB

troops and radical Islamist clerics and students at Islamabad’s Red Mosque. The army returned to Waziristan and

TABLE VI. LOCATION OF TERRORISTS ATTACKS

heavy fighting erupted, with a series of suicide attacks car-

2011

ried out by the Taliban on military targets. In October 2007,
MaulanaFazullah, leader of Tehreek-e-Nafaz-e-Shariat-Mohammadi (TNSM), a splinter faction of the Tehreek-e-Taliban, attempted to impose Shariah law on the Swat Valley,
mobilizing several thousand paramilitary troops to the area.
Heavy fighting ensued, and by November, the insurgents
had control over much of the district. TNSM set up parallel
administrative structures of the former Malakand division,
burning down girls’ schools, and killing artists, teachers,
government officials, policemen, paramilitary soldier and
army troops – often by beheading them. A peace accord
signed in May 2008 failed to hold. Attempting to crush the
uprising, the army stepped in and several battles took place

Province/Area

Frequency

Killed

KP

512

820

Balochistan

640

710

853

FATA

675

612

1,190

Punjab

30

116

378

Karachi

58

115

224

Sindh (excluding Karachi)

21

5

32

Gilgit Baltistan

26

9

24

Kashmir

0

0

0

Islamabad

4

4

4

1,966

2,391

4,389

TOTAL

Injured
1,684

in the subsequent months. Operations also spread to the
Bajaur and Mohmand agencies in the tribal areas.

Source: Pakistan Security Report 2011, PIPS

Produced by CIDOB

In February 2009, the provincial government agreed to a
truce with TNSM, agreeing to implement Shariah law in the
former Malakand division5 through the enforcement of the

TABLE VII. NATURE OF ATTACKS 2011

2009 Nizam-e-Adl Regulation Order,6 In spite of the concession, a continued threat by TNSM is felt in the Malakand

Attacks/Clashes

Division with their refusal to halt their activities, and peace

Terrorist attacks

was not held for long. By June the military announced that
their operations had been successful in driving out the militants from Swat. The operations in Swat, Dir and Buner
contributed to a grave refugee crisis, displacing nearly 2

CIDOB International Yearbook 2012

and a half million people in a very short span of time.

4

Punjab
Punjab-based jihadist groups have operated since the
1980s, yet are increasingly operating in tandem with tribal
groups and distinctions are often blurred. The most notori-

Frequency

Killed

Injured

1,966

2,391

4,389

Clashes between security forces
and militants

301

1,668

642

Operational attacks by security
Forces

144

1,046

384

75

557

153

Drone attacks
Border clashes/attacks
Political and ethnic violence
Inter-tribal clashes
TOTAL

84

261

206

265

698

532

150

486

430

2,985

7,107

6,736

ous of these groups is Lashkar-e-Jhangvi (LeJ), responsible
for most major terrorist attacks in the Pakistani heartland,

Source: Pakistan Security Report 2011, PIPS

Produced by CIDOB

and is widely believed to be the militant offshoot of the
Sipah-e-Sahaba (SSP), formed in the 1980s as an anti-Shia
group, with the direct support from General Zia-ul-Haq’s regime. Although the SSP fought the Soviets in Afghanistan,

movement started in Balochistan in the 1960s and gained

and later the Indians in Kashmir, their primary objective was

momentum, resulting in a military operation in the region in

the spread of Deobandi7 Islam in Pakistan, the keystone of

1973. During the 1980s this movement was quelled, butre-

Zia’s government.

gained strength after 2006. Much of the violence in Balochistan stems from tribal animosity, especially between the

Balochistan

Bugti and Marri tribes, but is no less serious or destabilising

Baloch nationalist groups such as the Baloch National Par-

because of this; especially as the preferred targets are the

ty (BNP), Baloch Liberation Army (BLA) and other groups

natural gas pipelines in the region. Tribal disputesare often

maintain secessionist agendas in Balochistan.A separatist

resolved with extreme violence, often through the use of

math of the attack, a series of raids on LeT camps in Pakistan-

International, Baloch activists, student leaders and politi-

administered Kashmir and arrests of personnel took place,

cians are amongst those targeted in the growing ‘kill and

including the house arrest of the group leader Hafiz Saeed.

dump’ trend, with forced disappearances, arrests, abduc-

The UN Security Council also added Saeed, three of his col-

tions and cases of ill-treatment and torture.8

leagues and the Jamaat-ud-Dawa (JuD), the LeT’s associated

After the death of Akbar Khan Bugti, the leader of the Bugti

charity wing, to a blacklist of people and organisations linked to

tribe, in a government security operation in August 2006, ten-

Al-Qaeda or the Taliban. The UN Security Council also classified

sions were significantly raised, and there were increased risks

the JuD as a front for the LeT.

of instability. Arson attacks, random shootings and kidnappings
were not uncommon. In May 2008, the new government un-

Current trends

der Zardari apologized and released Akbar Bugti’s grandson,

The intensification of global campaign against terror has

ShahzainBugti, who had been in custody for over one year on

stirred all levels of society. Pakistan as a frontline state

ambiguous charges of anti-state activities. In late 2008, Ba-

especially has had to bear the brunt of the repercussions.

loch nationalist groups agreed to an indefinite ceasefire, in a

Pakistan has borne the human cost of over 35,000 civil-

move that was seen as a vindication of the PPP government’s

ians, 3,500 security personnel, as well the destruction of

conciliatory policies in the province. By 2009, Balochistan was

infrastructure and the extreme nose dive the economy has

once again embroiled in crisis as the head of UN High Commis-

taken. The decade after September 11 has cost the country

sioner for Refugees’s (UNHCR) Quetta office, John Solecki, a US

directly and indirectly, $67.93 billion, according to a special

national, was kidnapped, allegedly by relatively unknown Baloch

section of the Pakistan Economic Survey 2010/11. The in-

Liberation United Front (BLUF), who demanded the release of

ternal migration of millions from the north-western parts of

Baloch prisoners. Solecki was released in April 2009, but the

Pakistan and consistent insecurity through attacks has erod-

province saw another major crisis soon after, with the abduction

ed Pakistani’s faith in government protection, and awoken a

of three Baloch nationalist leaders, their mutilated bodies found

deep disgruntlement. Since 2006, the war has spread like

days after, sparking rioting across the province. While Baloch

a contagion into settled areas of Pakistan, with a number of

nationalists and political parties insist that the killings were car-

groups with sectarian, ethnic and Islamist agendas coming

ried out by intelligence agencies of the Pakistan government, the

together under the banner of jihad against the presence

government denies any such act and blames external agents.

of Western forces in Afghanistan, and the Pakistani gov-

Defence and security policy of Pakistan

rockets and other heavier weapons. According to Amnesty

ernment as an ally in the war. Although these groups are
India

neither centralized in character, nor directly controlled by Al

Pakistan’s primary external security concern is India. Despite

Qaeda, they envision a peace in Afghanistan and Pakistan,

numerous attempts at peace talks, several major incidents

with the withdrawal of Western/NATO troops in Afghanistan

over the past decade have prevented the two countries from

and Pakistani forces in the tribal areas, envisioning an Is-

making progress in the peace process. India blames Paki-

lamic rule across the region as the sole solution.

stan for the 2001 attacks on the Indian parliament, bringing

The growth of several forms of extremism have been ob-

the two countries very close to a nuclear confrontation. This

served over the years, which can be categorized as inter-

attack occurred only a year after terrorists from Lashkar-

faith, sectarian, attacks against shrines and schools, and

e-Taiba had infiltrated the Delhi Red Fort and only two days

other forms. From September 2010-2011, 181 incidents

after Pakistan and India had declared a ceasefire in the af-

of religious extremism was recorded, resulting in the loss

termath of the Kargil crisis. Lashkar-e-Taiba (LeT), whose

of 534 lives and 1,391 injured, with KP seeing the highest

objective is to “liberate” the Muslims in Kashmir, has claimed

number of incidents and the greatest loss of life. Punjab

responsibility for many of the terrorist incidents that have

recorded the second highest number of attacks and injuries,

plagued the two countries, and was banned in Pakistan in

but the deadliest cases were observed in Balochistan. Inter-

2002. In 2006, a series of bombings took place in Mumbai

faith extremism, i.e. incidents involving Muslim, Christian,

train stations, once more with LeT identified as responsible.

Hindu and Ahmaddiya communities, and blasphemy related

In 2007, the Samjhauta Express, a train running between

incidents, saw the highest number of incidents at 53, but

Delhi and Lahore was bombed, with a Hindu fundamentalist

sectarian violence, i.e. attacks against Shia, Sunni, Barelvi

group identified as responsible. Relations also came under

and Al-hadith groups, was the most violent, with 454 deaths

strain in July 2008 when the Indian embassy in Kabul was

and 1,089 injuries recorded in the year. The highest sta-

bombed, with CIA claiming solid evidence of the Inter-Servic-

tistic in sectarian violence relates to violent attacks against

es Intelligence Directorate’s (ISI) role.

Shias, especially in the months leading up to the Holy month

The new administration under Zardari renewed their commit-

of Moharram. For several sectarian incidents, the Tehreek-e-

ment towards peace, with Zardari stating that Pakistan would

Taliban or Lashkar-e-Jhangvihave claimed responsibility. The

follow a policy of no first use of nuclear weapons with respect

blasphemy law was highlighted in January 2011 when the

to India.The peace process suffered a severe backlash when

Punjab Governor was assassinated by his own bodyguard for

ten gunmen, who had come from Pakistan, held Mumbai hos-

his views on the misuse of the law against minorities; weeks

tage for three days in November 2008. A sole gunman was

after, the Minister of Minorities suffered the same fate. This

captured after the attack, was identified as Pakistani, and ad-

issue has polarized Pakistani communities, highlighting the

mitted the attacks had been carried out by LeT. In the after-

extreme intolerance the country’s minorities are facing.

5

Pakistan: Country Profile

2011 saw a deterioration in drone and suicide attacks, contribution to a period of comparative peace. With violence decreasing 24% in the last two years (PIPS security report 2011),
Pakistan is still considered one of the most volatile regions in the
world. 2011 saw Karachi remain a battlefield for ethno-political
and sectarian violence, with growing influence of militants. A
surge in revenge attacks was expected after the death of Osama
bin Laden by US security forces, yet due to increased surveillance and arrests of key militants, it was limited. With US claims
of covert Pakistani intelligence support for bin Laden, Pakistan
has claimed the operation breached of its’ sovereignty, leading
to a severe deterioration of relations between the two countries.
Although there have been significant improvements in the security situation in Punjab, Kashmir and Islamabad, the situation
remains critical in Karachi, KP, Balochistan and FATA.
Notes
1.

http://tribune.com.pk/story/182147/budget-2010-

2011-defence-spending-up-by-12/
2.

http://www.security-risks.com/security-trends-south-asia/

pakistan/pakistan-defence-budget-2011-2012-1350.html
3. http://www.pakistanarmy.gov.pk/
4. Former leader of Tehreek-e-Taliban, an umbrella organisation claiming to represent 40 Pakistani Taliban groups
from all seven agencies and several NWFP districts
5. Swat, Chitral, Dir, Buner and Shangla and Kohistan district
6. Ratified by the Pakistani parliament in April 2009, and
was signed into a law
7. A movement in Sunni Islam under the Hannafi school
8.

http://www.amnesty.org/en/news-and-updates/paki-

CIDOB International Yearbook 2012

stan-urged-investigate-murder-and-torture-baloch-activists-

6

2010-10-26

Bibliographical References:
ECONOMIC ADVISOR’S WING (EAW), Ministry of Finance,
Government of Pakistan. 2010. Pakistan Economic Survey
2009/10. June.
INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND (IMF). 2010. Country
Report 10/158. June.
NORRIS, Robert S.; KRISTENSEN, Hans M. 2010, “Global
Nuclear Weapons Inventories,” Bulletin of Atomic Scientists,
July/August 2010.
THE MILITARY BALANCE 2012. The International Institute
For Strategic Studies, London 2012 / http://www.defence.pk