APA Reference Style Guide
Content
APA Reference Style Guide
Examples reflect standards published in the 6th edition (2010) of the Publication Manual Developed and maintained by Prof. Mike Strahan Updated 03/08/2012 Note: Enforcement of APA style is up to course instructor or publication editor. Jump to Online Articles Examples Jump to Menu Nursing examples are incorporated throughout this guide Examples of how to caption & cite tables and figures from another source To cite works in-text (parenthetical citations), see Social Sciences: Documenting Sources - APA in-text citations by Diana Hacker & Barbara Fister Flash videos explaining how to create APA reference entries APA-developed Tutorials Additional Resources Annotated bibliographies: see How to Prepare an Annotated Bibliography from the Olin & Uris Libraries of Cornell University. Note: Print copies of the Manual are available in Olson Library, call number: BF 76.7 .P83 2010 at the following locations: Reference (library use only), Reserves (3-day checkout), NMU Books LRC 3rd floor (5-week check-out). Notes: Since 2007, referencing online articles and other online materials has emphasized using an assigned DOI (digital object identifier). The 6th edition also emphasizes providing the DOI for print articles. Please also see a Flash video explaining where to locate DOI & how to create a reference entry
Date of retrieval is no longer included for material that is the "version of record" / final version. As of July 1, 2009, APA no longer uses database names as the source of holding online articles. Page numbers in bolded notes refer to the Publication Manual, 6th edition, 2010. Spacing notes as discussed in the Manual, p. 87 & p. 180: For references, insert only one space following all punctuation (except for abbreviations, which do not have spaces after a period). However, when providing DOI, do not place a space following DOI: All references are double-spaced within and between references. Therefore, do not add extra blank lines between entries. Use "hanging indent" format; that is, the first line is flush along the left margin, and subsequent lines for an entry are indented one-half inch (word processing software default). Depending on individual web browsers, on this guide, indents may not appear as a true one-half inch. URLs/web addresses are not underlined (even though software will automatically underline). However, they should remain as active links. On this guide, active links appear in blue or purple. To remove the underlining in word processing software, highlight the URL, hold down the Ctrl key, then type the letter U twice.
Online Articles in Periodicals Other Online Materials Article is assigned a DOI ERIC Document (PDF full-text) (including papers presented at conferences & available as an ED)
Print & Misc. non-online Article in Professional /Scholarly Journal: With & without DOI assigned
Article is not assigned a DOI: Provide Journal/Magazine/
Web Site/Page
Article in Popular Magazine
Newspaper (periodical) home page URL
Article is not assigned a DOI, is either published in a discontinued periodical or journal web page does not exist, and is ONLY available in an electronic database: Provide holding database source URL
YouTube (Video Weblog), Video Webcast, and Audio Podcast
Newspaper Article
Advance Online Publication/Preprint (not final permanent format) version of article
Online Technical/Research Report/Document, Electronic/e-Book, eBook Chapter
ERIC Document (including papers presented at conferences & available as an ED)
Newsletter article
Online Government Publication, Legal Materials, Bills (not yet passed), & Laws
Book, Technical/Research Report, Book Chapter, & Encyclopedia
Online Master's Thesis or Dissertation
Unpublished Master's Thesis; Doctoral Dissertation Indexed in Dissertation Abstracts International (published)
Online Reference Material (encyclopedia, dictionary, etc.)
Government Publication, Legal Materials, Bills (not yet passed), & Laws
Meetings & Symposia (if provided as an ERIC document, use ERIC examples, not these)
Proceedings of Meetings & Symposia; Poster (if provided as an ERIC document, use ERIC examples, not these)
Graphic representation of data generated from a data set / data bank
Film / Movie / Motion Picture [DVD]
Abstract of a Work from either publisher site or database
Personal & Other Communications (letters, memos, etc.)
Message Posted to Blog, or to an Electronic Mailing List (Archived)
Personal & Other Electronic Communications (e-mail, memos, etc.)
Online/Electronic Articles in Periodicals (journals, magazines, newspapers, newsletters) Since July 2007, APA has emphasized using the DOI (Digital Object Identifier) when referencing articles. Unlike URLs which may change over time, the DOI is unique to an individual work. Not all publishers participate in the DOI initiative; as a result, an article may or may not have a DOI assigned. In the 6th edition of the Manual, APA presents a simple approach for referencing online articles: Article is assigned a DOI OR Article is not assigned a DOI Usually only journals (primarily scholarly/research), and some online books—are assigned a DOI. Magazines, newspapers, newsletters, and most online documents/reports do not have a DOI. Use the following sequence to determine how to format your article reference. Tools & examples appear below.
When an article is assigned a DOI, the APA standard is that researchers (including students) will always locate the DOI, and use the reference format which includes the DOI. This is not an “either-or” situation where the researcher may choose to ignore a DOI. When there is no DOI assigned, provide the periodical home page web address (URL). When an article is not assigned a DOI, is either published in a discontinued periodical or the periodical web web page does not exist, and online content is ONLY available in an electronic database such as CINAHL or JSTOR, provide the entry page URL of the database which holds the article. Although this type of reference is rare for articles, it may occur especially when the journal is discontinued.
Note: It is unacceptable to substitute an assigned DOI with the journal URL or database URL.
Article is Assigned a DOI Finding assigned DOIs: RECOMMENDED STEP FOR LIST OF REFERENCES After creating references list: Click here to quickly create an account (one time) How to find the assigned DOI for one article. Do steps in order: 1. Check first page of article (usually in smaller print near journal logo, copyright, or near author email address).
2. If not on article, check database record/abstract Next, click here, enter your e-mail address, then (sometimes labeled as DOI). CINAHL began adding copy & paste entire list into Simple Text Query DOI's in 2009. box (takes a few minutes) 3. If DOI does not appear on either article or in database: Click here to search Cross/Ref DOI Lookup using article author/title DOI may be verified/searched by entering number in: Cross/Ref DOI Resolver
Journal Article (continuous pagination throughout volume): Wilens, T. E., & Biederman, J. (2006). Alcohol, drugs, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A model for the study of addictions in youth. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 20, 580-588. doi:10.1177/0269881105058776
Journal Article (continuous pagination throughout volume), more than seven authors: Caselli, D., Carraro, F., Castagnola, E., Ziino, O., Frenos, S., Milano, G. M., . . . Aric, M. (2010). Morbidity of pandemic H1N1 influenza in children with cancer. Pediatric Blood & Cancer, 55, 226-228. doi:10.1002/pbc.22619
Journal Article (paginated by issue):
Klimoski, R., & Palmer, S. (1993). The ADA and the hiring process in organizations. Consulting Psychology Journal: Practice and Research, 45(2), 10-36. doi:10.1037/1061-4087.45.2.10
Cochrane Database Report retrieved from Cochrane Library, using DOI Shaw, K., O'Rourke, P., Del Mar, C., & Kenardy, J. (2005). Psychological interventions for overweight or obesity. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (2). doi:10.1002/14651858.CD003818.pub2
No DOI assigned and Retrieved online? Must provide journal home page web address (URL) Note: Do not provide the complete/exact URL for the article. This is to avoid nonworking URLs. (see APA Manual, pp. 198 & 201) Do steps in order: 1. 2. 3. 4. Look for web address on the article. Type complete journal title in web browser address bar. Check database record. Click here to learn about other tools to locate journal home page web address
Journal Article (continuous pagination throughout volume): Arakji, R. Y., & Lang, K. R. (2008). Avatar business value analysis: A method for the evaluation of business value creation in virtual commerce. Journal of Electronic Commerce Research, 9, 207-218. Retrieved from http://www.csulb.edu/journals/jecr/
Journal Article (paginated by issue): Williams, J. (2008). The victims of crime. Sociology Review, 17(4), 30-32. Retrieved from http://www.philipallan.co.uk/sociologyreview/index.htm
Journal Article (paginated by issue), more than seven authors: Fuchs, D., Fuchs, L. S., Al Otaiba, S., Thompson, A., Yen, L., McMaster, K. N., . . . Yang, N. J. (2001). K-PALS: Helping kindergartners with reading readiness: Teachers and researchers in partnerships. Teaching Exceptional Children, 33(4), 76-80. Retrieved from http://www.cec.sped.org/content/navigationmenu/publications2 /teachingexceptionalchildren/
Magazine Article: Bower, B. (2008, Feb. 9). Dawn of the city: Excavations prompt a revolution in thinking about the earliest cities. Science News, 173(6), 90-92. Retrieved from http://www.sciencenewsmagazine.org/ Newspaper Article: Heinlein, G. (2007, July 24). Michigan smoking ban takes big step. Detroit News. Retrieved from http://www.detnews.com Notes: 1. Avoid providing URLs of sites such as Questia, FindArticles, Ingentaconnect, InfoQuest, Infotrieve, HighBeam, etc. They are vendors who index and sell articles—they are not journal publishers. 2. Use caution when locating articles that appear on personal web pages—even on the author’s web site—because the article you see may not be the final published version. 3. Do not provide an entire URL that leads directly to article, but rather just the journal web page address.
4. URLs are not underlined (to remove, highlight URL then do Ctrl-U twice).
Article is not assigned a DOI, is published in a discontinued periodical and/or periodical web page does not exist, and online content is ONLY available in an electronic database Provide holding database home or entry page URL Database Name ABI/INFORM Global Access World News CINAHL Plus with Full Text ERIC GALE/CENGAGE databases JSTOR WilsonWeb Database Home Page URL (copy & paste into reference) http://proquest.umi.com http://infoweb.newsbank.com http://search.ebscohost.com http://www.eric.ed.gov/ http://find.galegroup.com http://www.jstor.org http://www.hwwilson.com/
Journal Article (continuous pagination throughout volume): Billson, C. J. (1892). The Easter hare. Folklore, 3, 441-466. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org Langdon, S. W., & Preble, W. (2008). The relationship between levels of perceived respect and bullying in 5th through 12th graders. Adolescence, 43, 485-503. Retrieved from http://find.galegroup.com
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Advance online article (published online before print; may or may not include pagination; indicate initial page number or range if available). Jung, T. I., Hoffmann, F., Glaeske, G., & Felsenberg, D. (2009). Disease-specific risk for an osteonecrosis of the jaw under bisphosphonate therapy. Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology. Advance online publication. doi:10.1007/s00432-009-0662-9 Newsletter article, no DOI assigned, retrieved from publisher web site Unless newsletter article is paginated, exclude pages numbers. Dowd, N., O'Donnell, P., & Snoek-Brown, J. (2007, Winter). WeLead and academic libraries: A bright future. Wisconsin Association of Academic Librarians WAAL Newsletter, 24(1). Retrieved from http://www.wla.lib.wi.us/waal/newsletter/241.html#welead
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Other Online Materials
Online ERIC Documents (Note that examples are categorized by formally or informally published works, then subarranged by ERIC Publication Type field.) ---------------------------------------Formally Published Works (Book or monograph [limited circulation], Dissertation, Speech/Meeting paper published in conference
proceedings [book, not journal]) ---------------------------------------Publication Type: Book - Limited-circulation book or monograph, from electronic database [ERIC] (Manual, p. 204) [Note: ISBN usually provided] Hipp, E. (2000). Understanding the human volcano: What teens can do about violence [Monograph]. Retrieved from http://www.eric.ed.gov/
Publication Type: Dissertations/Theses: Doctoral Dissertations, from an electronic database [ERIC] (Manual, pp. 207-208) Simon, C. E. (1995). Information retrieval techniques: The differences in cognitive strategies and search behaviors among graduate students in an academic library (Doctoral dissertation, Wayne State University). Retrieved from http://www.eric.ed.gov/
Publication Type: Speeches/Meeting Papers - Published in proceedings, limited circulation, retrieved from ERIC database (Manual, p. 192 & p. 207) Lucas, L. A. (1998). Issues in the creation and coordination of an academic computing help desk. Association of Small Computer Users in Education: Proceedings of the ASCUE Summer Conference, North Myrtle Beach, SC (pp. 87-92). Retrieved from http://www.eric.ed.gov/
-------------------------------------------------------------Informally Published or Self-Archived Works (ERIC Digest, Master's thesis, Report, Unpublished conference presentation) ------------------------------------------------------------Publication Type: ERIC Digest - Informally published or self-archived work, from ERIC (Manual, p. 212) Schuetz, P. (2000). Successful collaborations between high schools and community colleges. ERIC Digest.
Retrieved from ERIC database. (ED451856)
Publication Type: Dissertations/Theses: Master's Theses - Unpublished, from an electronic database [ERIC] (Manual, pp. 207-208) Lopez, J. (2005). Characteristics of selected multilingual education programs from around the world: A review of the literature (Unpublished master's thesis). Dominican University of California, Retrieved from ERIC database. (ED491402)
Publication Type: Report - from ERIC (Manual, p. 212) Brewster, C., & Railsback, J. (2002). Full-day kindergarten: Exploring an option for extended learning. Retrieved from ERIC database. (ED472733)
Publication Type: Speeches/Meeting Papers - Unpublished presentation retrieved from ERIC (Manual, p. 206) Shaw, C. L. M. (1997, November). Customer satisfaction: Communication training and the helpdesk hot-line. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the National Communication Association, Chicago, IL. Retrieved from ERIC database. (ED416553)
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Web Site/Page - Informally Published or Self-archived Work (Manual, p. 212) When discussing an entire web site (as opposed to a specific page on the web site), an entry does not appear in the reference list, but is cited within text as shown in the following sample sentence:
The International Council of Museums web site provides many links to museums, codes of ethics, and the museum profession (http://www.icom.org/).
Individual web page Since web pages and documents are similar to print, references to them include the same elements such as author, date, title, etc. Note that proper names and acronyms are capitalized. Date of retrieval is included because "the source material may change over time" (Manual, p. 192, and apastyle.org). Veterans of Foreign Wars of the United States. (2010). Operation Uplink. Retrieved May 6, 2010, from http://www.operationuplink.org/
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Online Video & Audio YouTube-type Video Blog Post (Note that titles are not italicized) Goyen, A. (2007, February 22). Downtown Marquette dog sled races [Video file]. Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gW3CNCGGgTY
University of Chicago. (2007, December 12). European cartographers and the Ottoman world, 1500--1750 [Video file]. Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xax5d4IKqrQ
Video Webcast from Television Series Single Episode ABC News (Producer). (2007, September 21). Dying professor's lecture of a lifetime [Video webcast]
[Television series episode]. In Good Morning America. Person of the Week. Retrieved from http://abcnews.go.com/GMA/PersonOfWeek/Story?id=3633945&page=1
Audio Podcast Charney, T. (Producer). (2007). Ashes to hope: Overcoming the Detroit riots. U.P. Family Still Struggles to Deal With Pressure of '67 Riot [Audio podcast]. Retrieved from http://www.michiganradio.org/
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Online Technical/Research Report, Electronic/e-book, e-book Chapter If you need to continue a web address/URL onto another line, make sure to turn off automatic hyphenation in word processing software, and break before most punctuation, (e.g., a forward slash / ) not after (see example below) [Manual, p. 192]. Report/Document available on the web, authored by individual(s)--not agency, has publication date & report number Russo, C. A., & Jiang, H. J. (2006). Hospital stays among patients with diabetes, 2004 (Statistical Brief No. 17). Retrieved from Agency for Healthcare Research & Quality website: http://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb17.jsp
Report/Document available on the web, no author identified, no publication date (provide title first) Elementary school math instruction questionnaire results. Most significantly improved schools. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.sharingsuccess.org/code/highperf/2002-03/es_math/msi/index.htm
Report/Document available on the web, authored by a nongovernmental organization, no publication date
Accreditation Commission for Programs in Hospitality Administration. (n.d.). Handbook of
accreditation. Retrieved from http://www.acpha-cahm.org/forms/acpha/acphahandbook04.pdf
Report/Document from institutional archive or university department web site Trapp, Y. U. (2005). Multiple intelligences: The learning process in our students. Retrieved from Yale University, Yale-New Haven Teachers Institute website: http://www.yale.edu/ynhti/curriculum /units/2001/6/01.06.10.x.html
Electronic version of print book, retrieved from STAT!Ref Nieswiadomy, R. M. (2008). Foundations of nursing research (5th ed.) [STAT!Ref version]. Retrieved from http://online.statref.com
Electronic version of print book, retrieved from EBSCO eBook Collection Vogel, C. G. (1999). Legends of landforms: Native American lore and the geology of the land [Adobe Reader version]. Retrieved from http://search.ebscohost.com
Electronic book - direct link unavailable or URL leads to information on how to obtain the item. Note use of "Available from" instead of "Retrieved from" Gonzalez-Mena, J. (2007). Diversity in early care and education: Honoring differences. Available from http://mhprofessional.com/product.php?isbn=007722289X
Electronic version of book chapter from an edited book Symonds, P. M. (1958). Human drives. In C. L. Stacey & M. DeMartino (Eds.), Understanding human motivation (pp. 11-22). doi:10.1037/11305-002
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Online Government Documents & Legal Sources
U.S. Government executive document, authored by agency, with report number. Note that the agency publication number may appear on the web document or in the library catalog.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. (1999). Smog-Who does it hurt? What you need to know about ozone and your health (EPA Publication No. EPA-452/K-99-001). Retrieved from http://www.epa.gov/airnow/health/smog.pdf
Government Report/Document available on the web, authored by individual(s)--not agency, has publication date & report number. Werner, C. A. (2011). The older population: 2010 (2010 Census Briefs, No. C2010BR-09). Retrieved from U.S. Census Bureau website: http://www.census.gov/prod/cen2010/briefs/c2010br-09.pdf
Russo, C. A., & Jiang, H. J. (2006). Hospital stays among patients with diabetes, 2004 (Statistical Brief No. 17). Retrieved from Agency for Healthcare Research & Quality website:
http://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb17.jsp
Note on legal materials: APA uses The bluebook: A uniform system of citation formats for both referencing & in-text citing. Unenacted bills - Federal - retrieved through Thomas.gov Unless you wish to provide parallel traditional and Internet references, it is not necessary to indicate where you retrieved bill text. For legislative materials such as hearings, reports, bills, etc., provide title, Congress, session, and date. Josh Miller HEARTS Act, S. 1197, 111th Cong. (2009).
Unenacted bills - State - retrieved through mi.gov H.B. 4379, 95th Leg,, Reg. Sess. (Mi. 2010).
Court Decision with record number identifier (Note source abbreviations - WestLaw: WL & Lexis-Nexis: LEXIS) Note: If screen numbers are assigned, precede with an asterisk. Hornback v. U.S., No. 03-5099, 2004 WL 68510, at *1 (C. A. Fed. Jan. 13, 2004).
Theses & Dissertations (Manual, pp. 207-208) Master's thesis from a commercial database Saarivirta-Kolpack, M. (2006). A history of early teacher training practices at Northern (Michigan University), 1899-1953 (Master's thesis). Retrieved from ProQuest Dissertations & Theses database. (UMI No. 1439820)
Doctoral Dissertation from a commercial database Jackson, S. L. (2007). Program effectiveness of job readiness training: An analysis and evaluation of selected programs in St. Louis, Missouri (Doctoral dissertation).
Retrieved from ABI/INFORM database. (UMI No. 3241781)
Doctoral Dissertation from an institutional database (sometimes referred to as a Commons) Harper, E. B. (2007). The role of terrestrial habitat in the population dynamics and conservation of pond-breeding amphibians (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from http://edt.missouri.edu/
Doctoral Dissertation from the web Bartel, T. M. C. (2005). Factors associated with attachment in international adoption (Doctoral dissertation, Kansas State University). Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/2097/131
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Online Reference Materials
Online Encyclopedia, no entry author Boss brass. (2009). In H. Kallmann & G. Potvin (Eds.), Encyclopedia of music in Canada. Retrieved from http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=U1ARTU0000367
Online Encyclopedia, entry author, multi-volume, electronic version of print book, direct link unavailable, retrieved from Gale Virtual Reference Library Hanegraaff, W. (2005). New Age movement. In L. Jones (Ed.), Encyclopedia of religion (2nd ed., Vol. 10, pp. 6495-6500). Retrieved from http://find.galegroup.com/gvrl/
Online Dictionary
Terrorism. (2009). In DOD dictionary of military and associated terms. Retrieved from http://www.dtic.mil/doctrine/dod_dictionary/data/t/7591.html
Meetings and Symposia
Paper in proceedings published regularly online Rissman, J., Greely, H. T., & Wagner, A. D. (2010). Detecting individual memories through the neural decoding of memory states and past experience. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 107, 9849-9854. doi:10.1073/pnas.1001028107
Paper in proceedings published regularly online; more than seven authors Brem, S., Bach, S., Kucian, K., Guttorm, T. K., Martin, E., Lyytinen, H., ...Richardson, U. (2010). Brain sensitivity to print emerges when children learn letter–speech sound correspondences. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 107, 7939-7944. doi:10.1073 /pnas.0904402107
Conference presentation slides Clumpner, K. E. (2007, April). Interdisciplinary blog for liaisons [PowerPoint slides]. Paper presented at the annual conference of the Wisconsin Association of Academic Librarians, Wisconsin Dells, WI. Retrieved from http://www.wla.lib.wi.us/waal/conferences/2007/postconference/clumpner.pdf
Conference panel abstract retrieved online Freier, M., Bennett, T., & Riley, A. C. (2009, March). Gender, generation, and toxicity: The implications for
academic libraries of gender and generational attitudes toward competition and workplace behavior. Panel presented at the ACRL 14th National Conference, Seattle, WA. Abstract retrieved from http://www.eshow2000.com/acrl/2009 /e_pop_profiles.cfm?session=1&session_id=112539&class_id=113811
Graphic representation of data derived from a data set / data bank When a figure (graph, map, chart, etc.) or table is generated/created from a data set/data bank available online, use the following to reference the data set. Since data sets/banks are frequently updated, provide the URL of the initial web page used to generate the graphic. Note to also properly caption & cite the resulting graphic or table. See examples of how to caption & cite tables & figures from another source. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National Center for Injury Prevention and Control. (2007). Behavioral Risk Facto Surveillance System. Trends Data [Data file]. Retrieved from http://apps.nccd.cdc.gov/brfss/ Abstract of a work Although referencing the full-text of an article is preferred, abstracts may be used as sources (Manual, p. 202). Abstract found in database - Abstract as secondary source: Johnson, P.D. (1998). Rural stroke caregivers: A qualitative study of the positive and negative response to the caregiver role. Topics in Stroke Rehabilitation, 5(3), 51-68. Abstract retrieved from CINAHL database. (Accession No. 1999045958)
Abstract found on publisher web site - Abstract as original source: Wang, J. L., Lesage, A., Schmitz, N., & Drapeau, A. (2008). The relationship between work
stress and mental disorders in men and women: Findings from a populationbased study. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 62, 42-47. Abstract retrieved from http://jech.bmj.com/
Message posted to a Blog Jacobson, J. (2009, November 8). Historic health reform bill passes but at a price: Women's groups have mixed reaction [Web log post]. Retrieved from http://www.rhrealitycheck.org/blog/2009/11/08 /historic-health-reform-bill-passes-but-at-a-price-womens-groups-have-mixed-reaction
Message posted to an electronic mailing list (archived) SaFeddern, T. (2004, May 10). Summary: EBN (nursing) resources [Electronic mailing list message]. Retrieved from Nursing & Allied Health Resources Section of the Medical Library Association (NAHRS), http://listserv.kent.edu/cgi-bin/wa.exe?LIST=NAHRS
Personal & Other Communications The APA Publication Manual (6th ed., p. 179) indicates that personal communications include letters, memos, telephone conversations, some electronic communications (e.g., e-mail or messages from nonarchived discussion groups or electronic bulletin boards), etc. Personal communications are not cited in the reference list, but are cited within text as follows: D. Walch (personal communication, January 19, 2007). (L. Brothen, personal communication, June 6, 2004).
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PRINT SOURCES (NON-ELECTRONIC)
Articles in Professional/Scholarly Journals, Magazines, and Newspapers Note: APA (6th edition) now recommends that when an assigned DOI is available (print or online), it should be included on the reference (Manual, p. 189, & p. 198). If an article was not assigned a DOI, then end the reference with page numbers.
Article in a journal (continuous pagination throughout volume) - DOI assigned Limb, G. E., & Hodge, D. R. (2008). Developing spiritual competency with Native Americans: Promoting wellness through balance and harmony. Families in society, 89, 615-622. doi:10.1606/1044-3894.3816
Article in a journal (paginated by issue) - DOI assigned Klimoski, R., & Palmer, S. (1993). The ADA and the hiring process in organizations. Consulting Psychology Journal: Practice and Research, 45(2), 10-36. doi:10.1037/1061-4087.45.2.10
Article in a journal (continuous pagination throughout volume) - No DOI assigned Organista, K. C. (2009). New practice model for Latinos in need of social work services. Social Work, 54, 297-305.
Article in a Popular Magazine Caloyianis, N. (1998, September). Greenland sharks. National Geographic, 194(3), 60-71.
Article in a Newspaper (Discontinuous pages)
Von Drehle, D. (2000, January 15). Russians unveil new security plan. The Washington Post, pp. A1, A21.
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ERIC Documents (available in microfiche) (Note that examples are categorized by formally or informally published works, then subarranged by ERIC Publication Type field.) ---------------------------------------Formally Published Works (Book or monograph [limited circulation], Dissertation, Speech/Meeting paper published in conference proceedings [book, not journal]) ---------------------------------------Publication Type: Book - [Note: ISBN usually provided] Barker, C. L., & Searchwell, C. J. (2000). Writing year-end teacher improvement plans--right now!! The principal's time-saving reference guide. Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin Press. (ED450448)
Publication Type: Doctoral dissertation available from ERIC Clark, J. L. (1983). Values and academic achievement among rural Indian high school students in North Dakota. Doctoral dissertation, University of North Dakota. (ED242469)
Publication Type: Speeches/Meeting Papers - Published in proceedings, limited circulation (Manual, pp. 206-207) Lucas, L. A. (1998). Issues in the creation and coordination of an academic computing help desk. In Association of Small Computer Users in Education: Proceedings of the ASCUE Summer Conference, North Myrtle Beach, SC (pp. 87-92). (ED425722)
-------------------------------------------------------------Informally Published or Self-Archived Works (Master's thesis, Report, Unpublished conference presentation) ------------------------------------------------------------Publication Type: Dissertations/Theses: Master's Theses - Unpublished Bastolla, R. (1994). Whole language and Basal readers. Master's thesis, Kean College. (ED366923)
Publication Type: Report - available from ERIC (microfiche-only, but without report number) Morgan, D. R. (1982). Desegregating public schools: A handbook for local officials. Norman, OK: Bureau of Government Research, University of Oklahoma. (ED215005)
Publication Type: Speeches/Meeting Papers - Unpublished presentation (microfiche-only) Kondrick, L. C., & Franklin, K. K. (2003). A conceptual model for a task analysis of methods in action research design. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Mid-South Educational Research Association, Biloxi, MS. (ED482468)
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Book, Technical/Research Report, & Book Chapter Book, no author or editor Place title in the author’s position; alphabetize by the first significant word in the title; cite in text using a few words of the title, or the whole title if it is short, in place of the author’s name. Professional guide to diseases. (1982). Springhouse, PA: Intermed Communications.
Book, one author McKibben, B. (1992). The age of missing information. New York, NY: Random House.
Book, multiple authors Larson, G. W., Ellis, D. C., & Rivers, P. C. (1984). Essentials of chemical dependency counseling. New York, NY: Columbia University Press.
Edited book (editor in place of author) Inness, S. A. (Ed.). (1998). Delinquents and debutantes: Twentieth-century American girls’ cultures. New York, NY: New York University Press.
Edited book, multiple authors (editor in place of authors) Moriarty, L. J., & Carter, D. L. (Eds.). (1998). Criminal justice technology in the 21st century. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas.
Book, subsequent edition (2nd, 3rd, etc.) Lemay, L. (1997). Teach yourself web publishing with HTML 4 in a week (4th ed.). Indianapolis, IN: Sams.net.
Report from a private organization (author & publisher same) National League for Nursing. (1990). Self-study report for community health organizations
(Pub. No. 21-2329). New York, NY: Author.
Article or chapter in an edited book Hartley, J. T., Harker J. O., & Walsh, D. A. (1980). Contemporary issues and new directions in adult development of learning and memory. In L. W. Poon (Ed.), Aging in the 1980s: Psychological issues (pp. 239-252). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Entry in an encyclopedia This includes both general and specialized encyclopedias. If an entry does not have a byline, begin the reference with the entry title and publication date. Moore, C. (1991). Mass Spectrometry. In Encyclopedia of chemical technology (4th ed.) (Vol. 15, pp. 1071-1094). New York, NY: Wiley.
Entry in Mental Measurements Yearbook (MMY) Title of the review and authorship appears in italics at the beginning of the review narrative (example provided below). Also note that many entries published in MMY contain more than one review. Review of the Comprehensive Assessment of School Environments by NANCY L. ALLEN, Research Scientist, Educational Testing Service, Princeton, NJ:
Allen, N. L. (1992). Review of the Comprehensive Assessment of School Environments. In J. J. Kramer & J. C. Conoley (Eds.), The eleventh mental measurements yearbook. Lincoln, NE: Buros Institute, University of Nebraska Press.
Master's Theses & Dissertations (Manual, pp. 207-208) Unpublished master’s thesis (not indexed in Dissertation Express or Dissertation Abstracts/Master's Abstracts) Paulosky, K. A. (1997). Knowledge and attitudes of pain and activities of nurse administrators (Unpublished master’s thesis). Northern Michigan University, Marquette, MI.
Note: According to Anne Gasque (Manual senior editor), since Dissertation Abstracts International is unavailable through NMU, researchers may substitute Dissertation Express information for DAI entry information. (Published) Master's thesis indexed in Dissertation Express McNiel, D. S. (2006). Meaning through narrative: A personal narrative discussing growing up with an alcoholic mother (Master's thesis). Available from Dissertation Express database. (UMI No. 1434728)
(Published) Doctoral dissertation indexed in Dissertation Express Met, L. (1976). A study of the development and validation of a high school leadership training program: Evaluation of the student leadership program (Doctoral dissertation). Available from Dissertation Express database. (UMI No. 7703303)
(Published) Doctoral dissertation abstracted in Dissertation Abstracts International (DAI). Gould, J. B. (1999). Symbolic speech: Legal mobilization and the rise of collegiate hate speech codes. Dissertation Abstracts International, 60(02), 533A.
Government Publications & Law
Note: For government documents which do not have a personal author, the Manual 6th ed. indicates providing the parent agency, followed by the sub-agency/-agencies. U.S. Government executive document Note that the agency publication number may appear on the document or in the online catalog. Lindeman, D. A. (1984). Alzheimer's disease handbook (DHHS Publication No. OHDS 8420813). Washington, DC: Government Printing Office.
U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service. (2004). Pictured rocks national lakeshore, Michigan final general management plan, wilderness study, environmental impact statement. Washington, DC: Author.
Michigan Government executive document Michigan Department of Community Health. (2003). Michigan dementia plan summary: Reducing the burden of dementia in Michigan. Lansing, MI: Author.
Important Note: For legislative and legal materials, APA uses the conventional legal citation format found in The Bluebook: A Uniform System of Citation. Guidelines and additional examples appear in the Manual on pp. 216-224. U.S. Government Congressional document For legislative materials such as hearings, reports, bills, etc., provide title, Congress, session, and date. Charter schools: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Early Childhood, Youth, and Families of the Committee on Education and the Workforce, House of Representatives, 105th Cong. 1 (1998).
Court decision (note that no part of entry is italicized)
United States v. Nixon, 418 U.S. 683 (1974).
Proceedings of Meetings & Symposia
Published Proceedings Capitalize the name of the symposium. Barlow, D. H., Chorpita, B. F., & Turovsky, J. (1996). Fear, panic, anxiety, and disorders of emotion. In R. Dienstbier (Ed.), Nebraska Symposium on Motivation: Vol. 43. Perspectives on Anxiety, Panic, and Fear (pp. 251-328). Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press.
Proceedings published regularly (format similar to periodicals) Wassenaar, L. I., & Hobson, K. A. (1998). Natal origins of migratory monarch butterflies at wintering colonies in Mexico: New isotopic evidence. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 95, 15436-15439.
Poster presented at conference Raspe, P. D. (1991, April). Relationship among given names in the Scilly Isles. Poster session presented at the annual meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists, Milwaukee, WI.
Film / Movie / Motion Picture
Chrisman, S. (Producer & Director). (2003). Lumberjack life U.P. days of yore [DVD]. Available from http://wnmutv.nmu.edu/video_sales.php
Personal & Other Communications The APA Publication Manual (6th ed., p. 179) indicates that personal communications include letters, memos, telephone conversations, some electronic communications (e.g., e-mail or messages from nonarchived discussion groups or electronic bulletin boards), etc. Personal communications are not cited in the reference list, but are cited within text as follows: D. Walch (personal communication, January 19, 2007). (L. Brothen, personal communication, June 6, 2004).
Source: http://library.nmu.edu/guides/userguides/style_apa.htm
Examples reflect standards published in the 6th edition (2010) of the Publication Manual Developed and maintained by Prof. Mike Strahan Updated 03/08/2012 Note: Enforcement of APA style is up to course instructor or publication editor. Jump to Online Articles Examples Jump to Menu Nursing examples are incorporated throughout this guide Examples of how to caption & cite tables and figures from another source To cite works in-text (parenthetical citations), see Social Sciences: Documenting Sources - APA in-text citations by Diana Hacker & Barbara Fister Flash videos explaining how to create APA reference entries APA-developed Tutorials Additional Resources Annotated bibliographies: see How to Prepare an Annotated Bibliography from the Olin & Uris Libraries of Cornell University. Note: Print copies of the Manual are available in Olson Library, call number: BF 76.7 .P83 2010 at the following locations: Reference (library use only), Reserves (3-day checkout), NMU Books LRC 3rd floor (5-week check-out). Notes: Since 2007, referencing online articles and other online materials has emphasized using an assigned DOI (digital object identifier). The 6th edition also emphasizes providing the DOI for print articles. Please also see a Flash video explaining where to locate DOI & how to create a reference entry
Date of retrieval is no longer included for material that is the "version of record" / final version. As of July 1, 2009, APA no longer uses database names as the source of holding online articles. Page numbers in bolded notes refer to the Publication Manual, 6th edition, 2010. Spacing notes as discussed in the Manual, p. 87 & p. 180: For references, insert only one space following all punctuation (except for abbreviations, which do not have spaces after a period). However, when providing DOI, do not place a space following DOI: All references are double-spaced within and between references. Therefore, do not add extra blank lines between entries. Use "hanging indent" format; that is, the first line is flush along the left margin, and subsequent lines for an entry are indented one-half inch (word processing software default). Depending on individual web browsers, on this guide, indents may not appear as a true one-half inch. URLs/web addresses are not underlined (even though software will automatically underline). However, they should remain as active links. On this guide, active links appear in blue or purple. To remove the underlining in word processing software, highlight the URL, hold down the Ctrl key, then type the letter U twice.
Online Articles in Periodicals Other Online Materials Article is assigned a DOI ERIC Document (PDF full-text) (including papers presented at conferences & available as an ED)
Print & Misc. non-online Article in Professional /Scholarly Journal: With & without DOI assigned
Article is not assigned a DOI: Provide Journal/Magazine/
Web Site/Page
Article in Popular Magazine
Newspaper (periodical) home page URL
Article is not assigned a DOI, is either published in a discontinued periodical or journal web page does not exist, and is ONLY available in an electronic database: Provide holding database source URL
YouTube (Video Weblog), Video Webcast, and Audio Podcast
Newspaper Article
Advance Online Publication/Preprint (not final permanent format) version of article
Online Technical/Research Report/Document, Electronic/e-Book, eBook Chapter
ERIC Document (including papers presented at conferences & available as an ED)
Newsletter article
Online Government Publication, Legal Materials, Bills (not yet passed), & Laws
Book, Technical/Research Report, Book Chapter, & Encyclopedia
Online Master's Thesis or Dissertation
Unpublished Master's Thesis; Doctoral Dissertation Indexed in Dissertation Abstracts International (published)
Online Reference Material (encyclopedia, dictionary, etc.)
Government Publication, Legal Materials, Bills (not yet passed), & Laws
Meetings & Symposia (if provided as an ERIC document, use ERIC examples, not these)
Proceedings of Meetings & Symposia; Poster (if provided as an ERIC document, use ERIC examples, not these)
Graphic representation of data generated from a data set / data bank
Film / Movie / Motion Picture [DVD]
Abstract of a Work from either publisher site or database
Personal & Other Communications (letters, memos, etc.)
Message Posted to Blog, or to an Electronic Mailing List (Archived)
Personal & Other Electronic Communications (e-mail, memos, etc.)
Online/Electronic Articles in Periodicals (journals, magazines, newspapers, newsletters) Since July 2007, APA has emphasized using the DOI (Digital Object Identifier) when referencing articles. Unlike URLs which may change over time, the DOI is unique to an individual work. Not all publishers participate in the DOI initiative; as a result, an article may or may not have a DOI assigned. In the 6th edition of the Manual, APA presents a simple approach for referencing online articles: Article is assigned a DOI OR Article is not assigned a DOI Usually only journals (primarily scholarly/research), and some online books—are assigned a DOI. Magazines, newspapers, newsletters, and most online documents/reports do not have a DOI. Use the following sequence to determine how to format your article reference. Tools & examples appear below.
When an article is assigned a DOI, the APA standard is that researchers (including students) will always locate the DOI, and use the reference format which includes the DOI. This is not an “either-or” situation where the researcher may choose to ignore a DOI. When there is no DOI assigned, provide the periodical home page web address (URL). When an article is not assigned a DOI, is either published in a discontinued periodical or the periodical web web page does not exist, and online content is ONLY available in an electronic database such as CINAHL or JSTOR, provide the entry page URL of the database which holds the article. Although this type of reference is rare for articles, it may occur especially when the journal is discontinued.
Note: It is unacceptable to substitute an assigned DOI with the journal URL or database URL.
Article is Assigned a DOI Finding assigned DOIs: RECOMMENDED STEP FOR LIST OF REFERENCES After creating references list: Click here to quickly create an account (one time) How to find the assigned DOI for one article. Do steps in order: 1. Check first page of article (usually in smaller print near journal logo, copyright, or near author email address).
2. If not on article, check database record/abstract Next, click here, enter your e-mail address, then (sometimes labeled as DOI). CINAHL began adding copy & paste entire list into Simple Text Query DOI's in 2009. box (takes a few minutes) 3. If DOI does not appear on either article or in database: Click here to search Cross/Ref DOI Lookup using article author/title DOI may be verified/searched by entering number in: Cross/Ref DOI Resolver
Journal Article (continuous pagination throughout volume): Wilens, T. E., & Biederman, J. (2006). Alcohol, drugs, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A model for the study of addictions in youth. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 20, 580-588. doi:10.1177/0269881105058776
Journal Article (continuous pagination throughout volume), more than seven authors: Caselli, D., Carraro, F., Castagnola, E., Ziino, O., Frenos, S., Milano, G. M., . . . Aric, M. (2010). Morbidity of pandemic H1N1 influenza in children with cancer. Pediatric Blood & Cancer, 55, 226-228. doi:10.1002/pbc.22619
Journal Article (paginated by issue):
Klimoski, R., & Palmer, S. (1993). The ADA and the hiring process in organizations. Consulting Psychology Journal: Practice and Research, 45(2), 10-36. doi:10.1037/1061-4087.45.2.10
Cochrane Database Report retrieved from Cochrane Library, using DOI Shaw, K., O'Rourke, P., Del Mar, C., & Kenardy, J. (2005). Psychological interventions for overweight or obesity. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (2). doi:10.1002/14651858.CD003818.pub2
No DOI assigned and Retrieved online? Must provide journal home page web address (URL) Note: Do not provide the complete/exact URL for the article. This is to avoid nonworking URLs. (see APA Manual, pp. 198 & 201) Do steps in order: 1. 2. 3. 4. Look for web address on the article. Type complete journal title in web browser address bar. Check database record. Click here to learn about other tools to locate journal home page web address
Journal Article (continuous pagination throughout volume): Arakji, R. Y., & Lang, K. R. (2008). Avatar business value analysis: A method for the evaluation of business value creation in virtual commerce. Journal of Electronic Commerce Research, 9, 207-218. Retrieved from http://www.csulb.edu/journals/jecr/
Journal Article (paginated by issue): Williams, J. (2008). The victims of crime. Sociology Review, 17(4), 30-32. Retrieved from http://www.philipallan.co.uk/sociologyreview/index.htm
Journal Article (paginated by issue), more than seven authors: Fuchs, D., Fuchs, L. S., Al Otaiba, S., Thompson, A., Yen, L., McMaster, K. N., . . . Yang, N. J. (2001). K-PALS: Helping kindergartners with reading readiness: Teachers and researchers in partnerships. Teaching Exceptional Children, 33(4), 76-80. Retrieved from http://www.cec.sped.org/content/navigationmenu/publications2 /teachingexceptionalchildren/
Magazine Article: Bower, B. (2008, Feb. 9). Dawn of the city: Excavations prompt a revolution in thinking about the earliest cities. Science News, 173(6), 90-92. Retrieved from http://www.sciencenewsmagazine.org/ Newspaper Article: Heinlein, G. (2007, July 24). Michigan smoking ban takes big step. Detroit News. Retrieved from http://www.detnews.com Notes: 1. Avoid providing URLs of sites such as Questia, FindArticles, Ingentaconnect, InfoQuest, Infotrieve, HighBeam, etc. They are vendors who index and sell articles—they are not journal publishers. 2. Use caution when locating articles that appear on personal web pages—even on the author’s web site—because the article you see may not be the final published version. 3. Do not provide an entire URL that leads directly to article, but rather just the journal web page address.
4. URLs are not underlined (to remove, highlight URL then do Ctrl-U twice).
Article is not assigned a DOI, is published in a discontinued periodical and/or periodical web page does not exist, and online content is ONLY available in an electronic database Provide holding database home or entry page URL Database Name ABI/INFORM Global Access World News CINAHL Plus with Full Text ERIC GALE/CENGAGE databases JSTOR WilsonWeb Database Home Page URL (copy & paste into reference) http://proquest.umi.com http://infoweb.newsbank.com http://search.ebscohost.com http://www.eric.ed.gov/ http://find.galegroup.com http://www.jstor.org http://www.hwwilson.com/
Journal Article (continuous pagination throughout volume): Billson, C. J. (1892). The Easter hare. Folklore, 3, 441-466. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org Langdon, S. W., & Preble, W. (2008). The relationship between levels of perceived respect and bullying in 5th through 12th graders. Adolescence, 43, 485-503. Retrieved from http://find.galegroup.com
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Advance online article (published online before print; may or may not include pagination; indicate initial page number or range if available). Jung, T. I., Hoffmann, F., Glaeske, G., & Felsenberg, D. (2009). Disease-specific risk for an osteonecrosis of the jaw under bisphosphonate therapy. Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology. Advance online publication. doi:10.1007/s00432-009-0662-9 Newsletter article, no DOI assigned, retrieved from publisher web site Unless newsletter article is paginated, exclude pages numbers. Dowd, N., O'Donnell, P., & Snoek-Brown, J. (2007, Winter). WeLead and academic libraries: A bright future. Wisconsin Association of Academic Librarians WAAL Newsletter, 24(1). Retrieved from http://www.wla.lib.wi.us/waal/newsletter/241.html#welead
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Other Online Materials
Online ERIC Documents (Note that examples are categorized by formally or informally published works, then subarranged by ERIC Publication Type field.) ---------------------------------------Formally Published Works (Book or monograph [limited circulation], Dissertation, Speech/Meeting paper published in conference
proceedings [book, not journal]) ---------------------------------------Publication Type: Book - Limited-circulation book or monograph, from electronic database [ERIC] (Manual, p. 204) [Note: ISBN usually provided] Hipp, E. (2000). Understanding the human volcano: What teens can do about violence [Monograph]. Retrieved from http://www.eric.ed.gov/
Publication Type: Dissertations/Theses: Doctoral Dissertations, from an electronic database [ERIC] (Manual, pp. 207-208) Simon, C. E. (1995). Information retrieval techniques: The differences in cognitive strategies and search behaviors among graduate students in an academic library (Doctoral dissertation, Wayne State University). Retrieved from http://www.eric.ed.gov/
Publication Type: Speeches/Meeting Papers - Published in proceedings, limited circulation, retrieved from ERIC database (Manual, p. 192 & p. 207) Lucas, L. A. (1998). Issues in the creation and coordination of an academic computing help desk. Association of Small Computer Users in Education: Proceedings of the ASCUE Summer Conference, North Myrtle Beach, SC (pp. 87-92). Retrieved from http://www.eric.ed.gov/
-------------------------------------------------------------Informally Published or Self-Archived Works (ERIC Digest, Master's thesis, Report, Unpublished conference presentation) ------------------------------------------------------------Publication Type: ERIC Digest - Informally published or self-archived work, from ERIC (Manual, p. 212) Schuetz, P. (2000). Successful collaborations between high schools and community colleges. ERIC Digest.
Retrieved from ERIC database. (ED451856)
Publication Type: Dissertations/Theses: Master's Theses - Unpublished, from an electronic database [ERIC] (Manual, pp. 207-208) Lopez, J. (2005). Characteristics of selected multilingual education programs from around the world: A review of the literature (Unpublished master's thesis). Dominican University of California, Retrieved from ERIC database. (ED491402)
Publication Type: Report - from ERIC (Manual, p. 212) Brewster, C., & Railsback, J. (2002). Full-day kindergarten: Exploring an option for extended learning. Retrieved from ERIC database. (ED472733)
Publication Type: Speeches/Meeting Papers - Unpublished presentation retrieved from ERIC (Manual, p. 206) Shaw, C. L. M. (1997, November). Customer satisfaction: Communication training and the helpdesk hot-line. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the National Communication Association, Chicago, IL. Retrieved from ERIC database. (ED416553)
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Web Site/Page - Informally Published or Self-archived Work (Manual, p. 212) When discussing an entire web site (as opposed to a specific page on the web site), an entry does not appear in the reference list, but is cited within text as shown in the following sample sentence:
The International Council of Museums web site provides many links to museums, codes of ethics, and the museum profession (http://www.icom.org/).
Individual web page Since web pages and documents are similar to print, references to them include the same elements such as author, date, title, etc. Note that proper names and acronyms are capitalized. Date of retrieval is included because "the source material may change over time" (Manual, p. 192, and apastyle.org). Veterans of Foreign Wars of the United States. (2010). Operation Uplink. Retrieved May 6, 2010, from http://www.operationuplink.org/
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Online Video & Audio YouTube-type Video Blog Post (Note that titles are not italicized) Goyen, A. (2007, February 22). Downtown Marquette dog sled races [Video file]. Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gW3CNCGGgTY
University of Chicago. (2007, December 12). European cartographers and the Ottoman world, 1500--1750 [Video file]. Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xax5d4IKqrQ
Video Webcast from Television Series Single Episode ABC News (Producer). (2007, September 21). Dying professor's lecture of a lifetime [Video webcast]
[Television series episode]. In Good Morning America. Person of the Week. Retrieved from http://abcnews.go.com/GMA/PersonOfWeek/Story?id=3633945&page=1
Audio Podcast Charney, T. (Producer). (2007). Ashes to hope: Overcoming the Detroit riots. U.P. Family Still Struggles to Deal With Pressure of '67 Riot [Audio podcast]. Retrieved from http://www.michiganradio.org/
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Online Technical/Research Report, Electronic/e-book, e-book Chapter If you need to continue a web address/URL onto another line, make sure to turn off automatic hyphenation in word processing software, and break before most punctuation, (e.g., a forward slash / ) not after (see example below) [Manual, p. 192]. Report/Document available on the web, authored by individual(s)--not agency, has publication date & report number Russo, C. A., & Jiang, H. J. (2006). Hospital stays among patients with diabetes, 2004 (Statistical Brief No. 17). Retrieved from Agency for Healthcare Research & Quality website: http://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb17.jsp
Report/Document available on the web, no author identified, no publication date (provide title first) Elementary school math instruction questionnaire results. Most significantly improved schools. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.sharingsuccess.org/code/highperf/2002-03/es_math/msi/index.htm
Report/Document available on the web, authored by a nongovernmental organization, no publication date
Accreditation Commission for Programs in Hospitality Administration. (n.d.). Handbook of
accreditation. Retrieved from http://www.acpha-cahm.org/forms/acpha/acphahandbook04.pdf
Report/Document from institutional archive or university department web site Trapp, Y. U. (2005). Multiple intelligences: The learning process in our students. Retrieved from Yale University, Yale-New Haven Teachers Institute website: http://www.yale.edu/ynhti/curriculum /units/2001/6/01.06.10.x.html
Electronic version of print book, retrieved from STAT!Ref Nieswiadomy, R. M. (2008). Foundations of nursing research (5th ed.) [STAT!Ref version]. Retrieved from http://online.statref.com
Electronic version of print book, retrieved from EBSCO eBook Collection Vogel, C. G. (1999). Legends of landforms: Native American lore and the geology of the land [Adobe Reader version]. Retrieved from http://search.ebscohost.com
Electronic book - direct link unavailable or URL leads to information on how to obtain the item. Note use of "Available from" instead of "Retrieved from" Gonzalez-Mena, J. (2007). Diversity in early care and education: Honoring differences. Available from http://mhprofessional.com/product.php?isbn=007722289X
Electronic version of book chapter from an edited book Symonds, P. M. (1958). Human drives. In C. L. Stacey & M. DeMartino (Eds.), Understanding human motivation (pp. 11-22). doi:10.1037/11305-002
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Online Government Documents & Legal Sources
U.S. Government executive document, authored by agency, with report number. Note that the agency publication number may appear on the web document or in the library catalog.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. (1999). Smog-Who does it hurt? What you need to know about ozone and your health (EPA Publication No. EPA-452/K-99-001). Retrieved from http://www.epa.gov/airnow/health/smog.pdf
Government Report/Document available on the web, authored by individual(s)--not agency, has publication date & report number. Werner, C. A. (2011). The older population: 2010 (2010 Census Briefs, No. C2010BR-09). Retrieved from U.S. Census Bureau website: http://www.census.gov/prod/cen2010/briefs/c2010br-09.pdf
Russo, C. A., & Jiang, H. J. (2006). Hospital stays among patients with diabetes, 2004 (Statistical Brief No. 17). Retrieved from Agency for Healthcare Research & Quality website:
http://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb17.jsp
Note on legal materials: APA uses The bluebook: A uniform system of citation formats for both referencing & in-text citing. Unenacted bills - Federal - retrieved through Thomas.gov Unless you wish to provide parallel traditional and Internet references, it is not necessary to indicate where you retrieved bill text. For legislative materials such as hearings, reports, bills, etc., provide title, Congress, session, and date. Josh Miller HEARTS Act, S. 1197, 111th Cong. (2009).
Unenacted bills - State - retrieved through mi.gov H.B. 4379, 95th Leg,, Reg. Sess. (Mi. 2010).
Court Decision with record number identifier (Note source abbreviations - WestLaw: WL & Lexis-Nexis: LEXIS) Note: If screen numbers are assigned, precede with an asterisk. Hornback v. U.S., No. 03-5099, 2004 WL 68510, at *1 (C. A. Fed. Jan. 13, 2004).
Theses & Dissertations (Manual, pp. 207-208) Master's thesis from a commercial database Saarivirta-Kolpack, M. (2006). A history of early teacher training practices at Northern (Michigan University), 1899-1953 (Master's thesis). Retrieved from ProQuest Dissertations & Theses database. (UMI No. 1439820)
Doctoral Dissertation from a commercial database Jackson, S. L. (2007). Program effectiveness of job readiness training: An analysis and evaluation of selected programs in St. Louis, Missouri (Doctoral dissertation).
Retrieved from ABI/INFORM database. (UMI No. 3241781)
Doctoral Dissertation from an institutional database (sometimes referred to as a Commons) Harper, E. B. (2007). The role of terrestrial habitat in the population dynamics and conservation of pond-breeding amphibians (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from http://edt.missouri.edu/
Doctoral Dissertation from the web Bartel, T. M. C. (2005). Factors associated with attachment in international adoption (Doctoral dissertation, Kansas State University). Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/2097/131
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Online Reference Materials
Online Encyclopedia, no entry author Boss brass. (2009). In H. Kallmann & G. Potvin (Eds.), Encyclopedia of music in Canada. Retrieved from http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=U1ARTU0000367
Online Encyclopedia, entry author, multi-volume, electronic version of print book, direct link unavailable, retrieved from Gale Virtual Reference Library Hanegraaff, W. (2005). New Age movement. In L. Jones (Ed.), Encyclopedia of religion (2nd ed., Vol. 10, pp. 6495-6500). Retrieved from http://find.galegroup.com/gvrl/
Online Dictionary
Terrorism. (2009). In DOD dictionary of military and associated terms. Retrieved from http://www.dtic.mil/doctrine/dod_dictionary/data/t/7591.html
Meetings and Symposia
Paper in proceedings published regularly online Rissman, J., Greely, H. T., & Wagner, A. D. (2010). Detecting individual memories through the neural decoding of memory states and past experience. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 107, 9849-9854. doi:10.1073/pnas.1001028107
Paper in proceedings published regularly online; more than seven authors Brem, S., Bach, S., Kucian, K., Guttorm, T. K., Martin, E., Lyytinen, H., ...Richardson, U. (2010). Brain sensitivity to print emerges when children learn letter–speech sound correspondences. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 107, 7939-7944. doi:10.1073 /pnas.0904402107
Conference presentation slides Clumpner, K. E. (2007, April). Interdisciplinary blog for liaisons [PowerPoint slides]. Paper presented at the annual conference of the Wisconsin Association of Academic Librarians, Wisconsin Dells, WI. Retrieved from http://www.wla.lib.wi.us/waal/conferences/2007/postconference/clumpner.pdf
Conference panel abstract retrieved online Freier, M., Bennett, T., & Riley, A. C. (2009, March). Gender, generation, and toxicity: The implications for
academic libraries of gender and generational attitudes toward competition and workplace behavior. Panel presented at the ACRL 14th National Conference, Seattle, WA. Abstract retrieved from http://www.eshow2000.com/acrl/2009 /e_pop_profiles.cfm?session=1&session_id=112539&class_id=113811
Graphic representation of data derived from a data set / data bank When a figure (graph, map, chart, etc.) or table is generated/created from a data set/data bank available online, use the following to reference the data set. Since data sets/banks are frequently updated, provide the URL of the initial web page used to generate the graphic. Note to also properly caption & cite the resulting graphic or table. See examples of how to caption & cite tables & figures from another source. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National Center for Injury Prevention and Control. (2007). Behavioral Risk Facto Surveillance System. Trends Data [Data file]. Retrieved from http://apps.nccd.cdc.gov/brfss/ Abstract of a work Although referencing the full-text of an article is preferred, abstracts may be used as sources (Manual, p. 202). Abstract found in database - Abstract as secondary source: Johnson, P.D. (1998). Rural stroke caregivers: A qualitative study of the positive and negative response to the caregiver role. Topics in Stroke Rehabilitation, 5(3), 51-68. Abstract retrieved from CINAHL database. (Accession No. 1999045958)
Abstract found on publisher web site - Abstract as original source: Wang, J. L., Lesage, A., Schmitz, N., & Drapeau, A. (2008). The relationship between work
stress and mental disorders in men and women: Findings from a populationbased study. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 62, 42-47. Abstract retrieved from http://jech.bmj.com/
Message posted to a Blog Jacobson, J. (2009, November 8). Historic health reform bill passes but at a price: Women's groups have mixed reaction [Web log post]. Retrieved from http://www.rhrealitycheck.org/blog/2009/11/08 /historic-health-reform-bill-passes-but-at-a-price-womens-groups-have-mixed-reaction
Message posted to an electronic mailing list (archived) SaFeddern, T. (2004, May 10). Summary: EBN (nursing) resources [Electronic mailing list message]. Retrieved from Nursing & Allied Health Resources Section of the Medical Library Association (NAHRS), http://listserv.kent.edu/cgi-bin/wa.exe?LIST=NAHRS
Personal & Other Communications The APA Publication Manual (6th ed., p. 179) indicates that personal communications include letters, memos, telephone conversations, some electronic communications (e.g., e-mail or messages from nonarchived discussion groups or electronic bulletin boards), etc. Personal communications are not cited in the reference list, but are cited within text as follows: D. Walch (personal communication, January 19, 2007). (L. Brothen, personal communication, June 6, 2004).
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PRINT SOURCES (NON-ELECTRONIC)
Articles in Professional/Scholarly Journals, Magazines, and Newspapers Note: APA (6th edition) now recommends that when an assigned DOI is available (print or online), it should be included on the reference (Manual, p. 189, & p. 198). If an article was not assigned a DOI, then end the reference with page numbers.
Article in a journal (continuous pagination throughout volume) - DOI assigned Limb, G. E., & Hodge, D. R. (2008). Developing spiritual competency with Native Americans: Promoting wellness through balance and harmony. Families in society, 89, 615-622. doi:10.1606/1044-3894.3816
Article in a journal (paginated by issue) - DOI assigned Klimoski, R., & Palmer, S. (1993). The ADA and the hiring process in organizations. Consulting Psychology Journal: Practice and Research, 45(2), 10-36. doi:10.1037/1061-4087.45.2.10
Article in a journal (continuous pagination throughout volume) - No DOI assigned Organista, K. C. (2009). New practice model for Latinos in need of social work services. Social Work, 54, 297-305.
Article in a Popular Magazine Caloyianis, N. (1998, September). Greenland sharks. National Geographic, 194(3), 60-71.
Article in a Newspaper (Discontinuous pages)
Von Drehle, D. (2000, January 15). Russians unveil new security plan. The Washington Post, pp. A1, A21.
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ERIC Documents (available in microfiche) (Note that examples are categorized by formally or informally published works, then subarranged by ERIC Publication Type field.) ---------------------------------------Formally Published Works (Book or monograph [limited circulation], Dissertation, Speech/Meeting paper published in conference proceedings [book, not journal]) ---------------------------------------Publication Type: Book - [Note: ISBN usually provided] Barker, C. L., & Searchwell, C. J. (2000). Writing year-end teacher improvement plans--right now!! The principal's time-saving reference guide. Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin Press. (ED450448)
Publication Type: Doctoral dissertation available from ERIC Clark, J. L. (1983). Values and academic achievement among rural Indian high school students in North Dakota. Doctoral dissertation, University of North Dakota. (ED242469)
Publication Type: Speeches/Meeting Papers - Published in proceedings, limited circulation (Manual, pp. 206-207) Lucas, L. A. (1998). Issues in the creation and coordination of an academic computing help desk. In Association of Small Computer Users in Education: Proceedings of the ASCUE Summer Conference, North Myrtle Beach, SC (pp. 87-92). (ED425722)
-------------------------------------------------------------Informally Published or Self-Archived Works (Master's thesis, Report, Unpublished conference presentation) ------------------------------------------------------------Publication Type: Dissertations/Theses: Master's Theses - Unpublished Bastolla, R. (1994). Whole language and Basal readers. Master's thesis, Kean College. (ED366923)
Publication Type: Report - available from ERIC (microfiche-only, but without report number) Morgan, D. R. (1982). Desegregating public schools: A handbook for local officials. Norman, OK: Bureau of Government Research, University of Oklahoma. (ED215005)
Publication Type: Speeches/Meeting Papers - Unpublished presentation (microfiche-only) Kondrick, L. C., & Franklin, K. K. (2003). A conceptual model for a task analysis of methods in action research design. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Mid-South Educational Research Association, Biloxi, MS. (ED482468)
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Book, Technical/Research Report, & Book Chapter Book, no author or editor Place title in the author’s position; alphabetize by the first significant word in the title; cite in text using a few words of the title, or the whole title if it is short, in place of the author’s name. Professional guide to diseases. (1982). Springhouse, PA: Intermed Communications.
Book, one author McKibben, B. (1992). The age of missing information. New York, NY: Random House.
Book, multiple authors Larson, G. W., Ellis, D. C., & Rivers, P. C. (1984). Essentials of chemical dependency counseling. New York, NY: Columbia University Press.
Edited book (editor in place of author) Inness, S. A. (Ed.). (1998). Delinquents and debutantes: Twentieth-century American girls’ cultures. New York, NY: New York University Press.
Edited book, multiple authors (editor in place of authors) Moriarty, L. J., & Carter, D. L. (Eds.). (1998). Criminal justice technology in the 21st century. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas.
Book, subsequent edition (2nd, 3rd, etc.) Lemay, L. (1997). Teach yourself web publishing with HTML 4 in a week (4th ed.). Indianapolis, IN: Sams.net.
Report from a private organization (author & publisher same) National League for Nursing. (1990). Self-study report for community health organizations
(Pub. No. 21-2329). New York, NY: Author.
Article or chapter in an edited book Hartley, J. T., Harker J. O., & Walsh, D. A. (1980). Contemporary issues and new directions in adult development of learning and memory. In L. W. Poon (Ed.), Aging in the 1980s: Psychological issues (pp. 239-252). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Entry in an encyclopedia This includes both general and specialized encyclopedias. If an entry does not have a byline, begin the reference with the entry title and publication date. Moore, C. (1991). Mass Spectrometry. In Encyclopedia of chemical technology (4th ed.) (Vol. 15, pp. 1071-1094). New York, NY: Wiley.
Entry in Mental Measurements Yearbook (MMY) Title of the review and authorship appears in italics at the beginning of the review narrative (example provided below). Also note that many entries published in MMY contain more than one review. Review of the Comprehensive Assessment of School Environments by NANCY L. ALLEN, Research Scientist, Educational Testing Service, Princeton, NJ:
Allen, N. L. (1992). Review of the Comprehensive Assessment of School Environments. In J. J. Kramer & J. C. Conoley (Eds.), The eleventh mental measurements yearbook. Lincoln, NE: Buros Institute, University of Nebraska Press.
Master's Theses & Dissertations (Manual, pp. 207-208) Unpublished master’s thesis (not indexed in Dissertation Express or Dissertation Abstracts/Master's Abstracts) Paulosky, K. A. (1997). Knowledge and attitudes of pain and activities of nurse administrators (Unpublished master’s thesis). Northern Michigan University, Marquette, MI.
Note: According to Anne Gasque (Manual senior editor), since Dissertation Abstracts International is unavailable through NMU, researchers may substitute Dissertation Express information for DAI entry information. (Published) Master's thesis indexed in Dissertation Express McNiel, D. S. (2006). Meaning through narrative: A personal narrative discussing growing up with an alcoholic mother (Master's thesis). Available from Dissertation Express database. (UMI No. 1434728)
(Published) Doctoral dissertation indexed in Dissertation Express Met, L. (1976). A study of the development and validation of a high school leadership training program: Evaluation of the student leadership program (Doctoral dissertation). Available from Dissertation Express database. (UMI No. 7703303)
(Published) Doctoral dissertation abstracted in Dissertation Abstracts International (DAI). Gould, J. B. (1999). Symbolic speech: Legal mobilization and the rise of collegiate hate speech codes. Dissertation Abstracts International, 60(02), 533A.
Government Publications & Law
Note: For government documents which do not have a personal author, the Manual 6th ed. indicates providing the parent agency, followed by the sub-agency/-agencies. U.S. Government executive document Note that the agency publication number may appear on the document or in the online catalog. Lindeman, D. A. (1984). Alzheimer's disease handbook (DHHS Publication No. OHDS 8420813). Washington, DC: Government Printing Office.
U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service. (2004). Pictured rocks national lakeshore, Michigan final general management plan, wilderness study, environmental impact statement. Washington, DC: Author.
Michigan Government executive document Michigan Department of Community Health. (2003). Michigan dementia plan summary: Reducing the burden of dementia in Michigan. Lansing, MI: Author.
Important Note: For legislative and legal materials, APA uses the conventional legal citation format found in The Bluebook: A Uniform System of Citation. Guidelines and additional examples appear in the Manual on pp. 216-224. U.S. Government Congressional document For legislative materials such as hearings, reports, bills, etc., provide title, Congress, session, and date. Charter schools: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Early Childhood, Youth, and Families of the Committee on Education and the Workforce, House of Representatives, 105th Cong. 1 (1998).
Court decision (note that no part of entry is italicized)
United States v. Nixon, 418 U.S. 683 (1974).
Proceedings of Meetings & Symposia
Published Proceedings Capitalize the name of the symposium. Barlow, D. H., Chorpita, B. F., & Turovsky, J. (1996). Fear, panic, anxiety, and disorders of emotion. In R. Dienstbier (Ed.), Nebraska Symposium on Motivation: Vol. 43. Perspectives on Anxiety, Panic, and Fear (pp. 251-328). Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press.
Proceedings published regularly (format similar to periodicals) Wassenaar, L. I., & Hobson, K. A. (1998). Natal origins of migratory monarch butterflies at wintering colonies in Mexico: New isotopic evidence. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 95, 15436-15439.
Poster presented at conference Raspe, P. D. (1991, April). Relationship among given names in the Scilly Isles. Poster session presented at the annual meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists, Milwaukee, WI.
Film / Movie / Motion Picture
Chrisman, S. (Producer & Director). (2003). Lumberjack life U.P. days of yore [DVD]. Available from http://wnmutv.nmu.edu/video_sales.php
Personal & Other Communications The APA Publication Manual (6th ed., p. 179) indicates that personal communications include letters, memos, telephone conversations, some electronic communications (e.g., e-mail or messages from nonarchived discussion groups or electronic bulletin boards), etc. Personal communications are not cited in the reference list, but are cited within text as follows: D. Walch (personal communication, January 19, 2007). (L. Brothen, personal communication, June 6, 2004).
Source: http://library.nmu.edu/guides/userguides/style_apa.htm
