Appendix A

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APPENDIX A

Focus Group Summary

Table of Contents Introduction  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   Methodology   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .    General Themes Discussed in Focus Groups   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   

Challenges faced by communities adapting to a changing population   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .    The role of politics and media in influencing local immigration enforcement policy   . . . . . . . .    The costs and benefits of local police enforcement of federal immigration law:   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .    Is it a federal or local responsibility? Counterterrorism and immigration enforcement   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .    Should undocumented immigrants and their children be entitled to public benefits?   . . . . . .    Proposed solutions and recommendations   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .    Focus Group Sites   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   

Topeka, Kansas   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .    El Paso, Texas   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     Arlington, Texas Texas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .    Collier County, Florida   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .    Tables

Table 1. Crime Statistics for Topeka Participating Agencies   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .    Table 2. Crime Statistics for Some El Paso Participating Agencies   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .    Table 3. Demographic Statistics for Arlington Represented Counties – 2006   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .    Table 4. Racial Makeup of Arlington Participating Agency Sworn   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .    Personnel - 2006 Table 5. Crime Statistics for Arlington Participating Agencies   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .    Table 6. Crime Statistics for Collier County Participating Agencies   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .    Figures

Figure 1. Topeka Focus Group Site Map   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   Figure 2. El Paso Focus Group Site Map   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   Figure 3. Arlington Focus Group Site Map   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   Figure 4. Collier County Focus Group Site Map   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   Endnotes   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

FOUNDATION TION POLICE FOUNDA

  |   41

 

APPENDIX A

Focus Group Summary

Introduction

The primary goal of the Police Foundation project,  The Role of Local Police: Striking a Balance wass to bri bring ng to toget gether her la law w en enfor forcem cement ent ag agenen Betwee  Bet ween n Imm Immigr igratio ation n Enfo Enforce rcement ment and Civ Civil il Libe Libertie rties, s, wa cies,, publ cies public ic off officia icials, ls, and com commun munity ity sta stakeh keholde olders rs to coll collabor aborati atively vely ex examin aminee one of the most time timely  ly  and controversial topics in policing today—how local and state police strike the balance between civil civ il lib libert erties ies and fed federa erall imm immigr igrat ation ion enf enfor orcem cement ent.. One of th thee pri princi ncipal pal act activi ivitie tiess th thee Poli olice ce Fou ounndation dat ion und undert ertoo ook k wa wass to ho host st a ser series ies of foc focus us gr grou oups ps acr across oss th thee cou countr ntryy inc includ luding ing re repre presen senta tativ tives es 1 of law enfo enforce rcement ment,, elec elected ted off officia icials, ls, and immi immigra grant nt comm communit unities. ies. Focus ocusgro groups ups wer weree held heldin in Topek opekaa (KS) (K S),, El Pas aso o (T (TX) X),, Ar Arli ling ngto ton n (T (TX) X),, an and d Co Coll llie ierr Co Coun unty ty (F (FL) L).. Th Thee ob obje ject ctiv ivee of th thee fo focu cuss gr grou oups ps wa wass to eli elicit cit the theper perspe specti ctives vesand andins insigh ights ts of tho those se dir direct ectly ly imp impact acted ed by the theissu issues es sur surrou roundi nding ng imm immigr igrati ation. on.  As st stat ated ed by th thee pr presi esiden dentt of th thee Poli olice ce Fou ounda ndatio tion, n, Hu Huber bertt Wi Willi lliam ams, s, “I “It’ t’ss abs absolu olute tely ly cri criti tical calfr from om ou ourr perspective perspect ive that the people who are most directly affected at the ground level have their voices heard hea rd at the pol policy icy-ma -makin king g lev level el and ha have ve som somee imp impac actt and dis discu cussi ssion on rel relat ated ed to th this is iss issue ue..” Thee inf Th inform ormat ation ion der derive ived d fr from om fo focus cusgr grou oups ps is cit cited ed at va vario rious us poi points ntsin in th thee fin final al pr proj oject ect re repor port, t, wa wass influential influe ntial in the develo development pment of the agenda for the national conference, conference, and is one of the main sources of data upon which the ultimate recommendations proposed were based. Because of the keyy ro ke role le pla playe yed d by fo focu cuss gr grou oups ps,, th this is sum summa mary ry of th thee con conve versa rsatio tions ns is inc inclu luded ded her heree as an ap appen pendix dix.. This summary begins with an overview of focus group methodology, followed by a review of  general themes raised across all or the majority of sites. Presented next is a description of each of the four focus group sites, including any issues unique to a specific site. Methodology

In choosing focus group sites, the Police Foundation wanted to include a varied set of law enforcement agencies and geographic locations so that recommendations would reflect the diversity of this nation and the different environments in which law enforcement agencies thro th rough ughout out th thee cou countr ntryy ope opera rate te.. Cri Criter teria ia est establ ablish ished ed fo forr sel select ecting ing a hos hostt age agency ncy fo forr eac each h foc focus us gro group up inclu inc luded ded the pol police ice ex execu ecutiv tive’ e’ss wil willin lingne gness ss to wo work rk wit with h th thee Poli olice ce Fou ounda ndatio tion, n, th thee ma make keup up an and d size of the jur jurisdi isdicti ction’ on’ss immi immigra grant nt pop popula ulatio tion, n, and the age agency’ ncy’ss ex experi perienc encee in con confro fronti nting ng issu issues es related to serving an immigrant population. Agencies directly involved in litigation were not selected. The local host law enforcement agency was responsible for assisting the Police Foundation in selecting a location that could accommodate focus group discussions. Two nin ninety ety-mi -minu nute te ses sessio sions ns we were re co condu nducte cted d at eac each h sit site. e. La Law w enf enfor orcem cement ent ex execu ecutiv tives es and of offificers ce rs of va vary rying ingra rank nkss at atte tend nded ed th thee fi firs rstt se sessi ssion on,, sch sched edul uled ed fr from om 11 11:0 :00 0 a. a.m. m. to 1: 1:00 00 p.m .m.. Pol olic icyy ma make kers rs,, legislat legi slators ors,, com commun munity ity gro groups ups,, serv service ice pro provide viders, rs, and andcom commun munity ity memb members ers at lar large ge gene general rally ly att attend ended ed the second session, held from 6:30 p.m. to 8:30 p.m. The chief executive of the host law enforcement agency or his designee also attended the evening civilian session as an observer. A member of th thee Poli olice ce Foun oundat dation ion sta staff ff wit with h kno knowle wledge dge of pol polici icing ng and imm immigr igrat ation ion fa facil cilita itated ted th thee ses sessio sions. ns. The foundation contracted with a local professional transcriber to record the conversation. As needed, need ed, the moder moderator ator or a part participa icipant nt inte interpre rpreted ted for limit limited-E ed-English nglish prof proficien icientt part participa icipants nts.. Thee Pol Th olic icee Fou ound ndat ation ion pr pres eside ident nt an and d ea each ch ho host st la law w en enfo forc rcem emen entt ex exec ecut utiv ivee jo join intl tlyy sig signe ned d a le lettterr of in te invi vita tati tion on ma mail iled ed to se serv rvic icee pr prov ovid ider ers, s, po poli licy cy ma make kers rs,, sp spec ecia iall in inte tere rest st gr grou oups ps,, ad ho hocc co commmittees, coalitions, and associations. The foundation also requested that host agencies draw

42   |   THE THE ROLEOF LOCA LOCAL L POLI POLICE: CE: Stri Striking king a Bal BalanceBetwe anceBetween en Immi Immigrat gration ion Enfo Enforce rcemen mentt and Civi Civill Libe Libertie rtiess

 

APPENDIX A

Focus Group Summary

from div from divers ersee nei neighb ghbor orhoo hoods, ds, gov govern ernmen mentt dep depart artmen ments ts,, and or organ ganiza izatio tions ns in or order der to obt obtain ain a va varried set of viewpoints and experien experiences ces at the civilian sessions. Finally, Finally, the founda foundation tion specifically cal ly req reques uested ted tha thatt inv invita itatio tions ns be sen sentt to rep repres resent entat ative ivess of min minori ority ty gro groups ups and oth others ers imp impact acted ed  by immigra immi gration tion issues. Thedrafted designat desi gnated edthe point poin t of cont contact act invi invited ted which selected, selec ted, potenti pot ential al partici par ticipant pantssabout tele-tele phonically and issu by aes. letter by Police Foundation, included information thee na th natu ture re of th thee me meet etin ing g bu butt no nott fo focu cuss gr grou oup p qu ques esti tion ons. s. Nam ames es of th thos osee co conf nfir irmi ming ng th thei eirr in inte tenntion to attend were forwarded to the Police Foundation. Once the maximum number of twenty  attendees atten dees was reach reached, ed, the process was closed and additio additional nal persons were not permitt permitted ed to atten at tend. d. Th Thee ho host st ag agenc encyy als also o in invit vited ed re repr prese esent ntat ativ ives es of nei neigh ghbor boring ing la law w enf enfor orcem cement ent ag agenc encies ies to atte at tend nd th thee mo morn rnin ing g la law w en enfo forc rceme ement nt ses sessio sions ns.. As a re resu sult lt,, th thir irty ty-t -thr hree ee lo loca call an and d st stat atee ag agen enci cies es we were re represented in the four law enforcement focus groups. Each civilian and law enforcement enforcement session began with an introduction introduction from the host chief  and from the president of the Police Foundation, who explained to participants the purpose of  thee fo th focu cuss gr grou oup p. Th Thee fa faci cili lita tato torr th then en pr prov ovid ided ed a sh shor ortt br brie iefi fing ng on th thee pr proc oces esss an and d se sett th thee gr grou ound nd rules for discussion. The questions asked were open-ended and designed to elicit opinions, experi ex perienc ences, es, and per perspec spectiv tives es fro from m par partic ticipa ipants nts reg regar ardin ding g the fol follo lowin wing g top topics: ics: cha challe llenge ngess and opport opp ortuni unities ties pre present sented ed ser serving ving immi immigra grant nt com commun munitie ities, s, agen agency cy pra practi ctices ces and pol policie iciess on immi immi-gration enforcement and police-immigrant community relations, benefits and costs of local involv inv olveme ement nt in imm immigr igrat ation ion enf enfor orcem cement ent,, pol politi itical cal and eco econom nomic ic fa facto ctors rs inv involv olved ed wit with h imm immigr igrati ation on enforcement, constitutional and civil liberty implications, and recommended approaches to striking the balance between immigration enforcement and civil liberties. General Gener al Themes Discussed Discussed in Focus Groups

Challenges faced by communities adapting to a changing population In all sites except El Paso, participants discussed challenges associated with growth in the popula pop ulatio tion, n, or a shi shift ft in the com compos positi ition, on, of imm immigr igrant ant com commun muniti ities es an and d the ten tensio sions ns pro produc duced ed  by this change. In Arlington, for instance, law enforcement executives mentioned that the Dallas-Fort Worth Metroplex area has seen enormous population increases, which some partici-

pantss at pant attr tribu ibute ted d to gr grow owth th in imm immigr igran antt com commu munit nities ies an and d “e “eth thni nicc min minor oriti ities es..” In Tope opeka ka,, wh wher eree immigration is relatively new and immigrants are still a very small part of the population, participants expressed concern about the resultant budgetary burdens of a large growth in the immigrant population. In Collier County, as well, participants discussed the growth in immigrant population and the resulting fiscal burdens placed on public services. This Th is gro growt wth h in imm immigr igran antt com commu munit nities ies pro produc duces es cha challe llenge ngess fo forr imm immigr igrant ants, s, lon longg-sta standi nding ng res res-ident ide nts, s, an and d po polic licee dep depar artm tment entss ser servin ving g th them em bec becau ause se imm immigr igran ants ts bri bring ng wit with h th them em ne new w cul cultu ture res, s, languages, and lifestyles. Some participants, both civilian and law enforcement, felt that the intro int roduc ductio tion n of th these ese cu cultu ltura rall dif differ ferenc ences es can pro produc ducee ten tensio sions ns wit with h oth other er com commun muniti ities. es. As one police executive in the Arlington session stated: I do don’t n’t thi think, nk, ge gener nerall ally y spe speaki aking, ng, pe peop ople le are com compla plaini ining ng abo about ut the fac factt tha thatt som someeone on e is he here re in th this is co coun untr try y wi with thou outt of offi fici cial al le lega gall au auth thor oriz izat atio ion n to be he here re.. . . Al Alll of  a sud sudde den n the their ir co commu mmunit nity y is be beco comin ming g mo more re he heav avily ily po popu pulat lated ed wit with h pe peop ople le who

FOUNDATION TION   |   43 POLICE FOUNDA

 

APPENDIX A

Focus Group Summary

are di are diff ffer eren entt fr from om th them em wh who o en enjo joy y do doin ing g th thin ings gs tha thatt ar are e un unlik like e wha whatt ot othe herr pe peop ople le in the co comm mmun unity ity ha have ve his histo tori rical cally ly do done ne.. An And d so ra rathe therr tha than n ad addr dres essin sing g the un unea easy  sy  feeling about differences among the newcomers, they just cast this label “illegal im immi ation on” ” ov over that, th and then the n the they yom want wa nt us toey enfo en forc e im immi migr grati ation laws ws to ge gett rid ri dmigr ofgrati the th e pe peop ople leer who wh oat, are ar e diff di ffer eren ent t fr from what wh at th they are ar erce accu ac cust stom omed ed..on la

 Arlington and Topeka law enfor  Arlington enforcement cement partici participants pants also talke talked d about challen challenges ges present presented ed by  language barriers, in particular that some officers become frustrated when they cannot communic mu nicat atee wit with h wi witne tnesse ssess or vic victim timss an and d th that at Hi Hispa spanic nic of offic ficers ers of often ten ar aree ov overb erbur urden dened ed by re respo spondnding to th thee lan langu guage age bar barrie rierr. In El Pas aso, o, a pa part rtici icipan pantt me ment ntion ioned ed th that at bec becau ause se of lan langu guage age bar barrie riers rs it is difficult for different ethnic communities to communicate, thereby creating challenges to resolving differences or creating mutual understanding. In all sites except Collier County, many participants believed that attacks against “illegal immigration” are often motivated by racial discrimination. One Arlington participant stated: When the pu When publ blic ic tal talks ks ab abou outt the op open en pr prob oble lem m wi with th ill illeg egal al im immi migr grati ation on,, th the e fo focu cuss is re real ally ly on th the e La Lati tino no co comm mmun unit ity y. Th That at sa same me le leve vell of co conc ncer ern n do does es no nott ext xten end d to the As the Asia ian n po popu pula lati tion on.. An And d th then en I th thin ink k the pe perc rcep epti tion on of th the e Mu Musli slim m po popu pulat latio ion n is nott th no that at th they ey’r ’re e re real ally ly il ille lega gall im immi migr gran ants ts as mu much ch as th they ey ar are e te terr rror oris ists ts or po pote tenntial terr terroris orists. ts.

 An El Paso par partic ticipa ipant nt sta stated ted,, “I “It’ t’ss bee been n eas easyy for the them m to hid hidee thi thiss who whole le ra racism cism th that at is hap happen pening  ing  against the immigrant Mexicans, especially Latin America people, with the issue of the legality  or illegality.” Topeka participants characterized the current anti-immigrant environment as a continuation of a historical pattern of racism against African Americans in Topeka. This perspec sp ecti tive ve co coul uld d be du duee to th thee co comp mpos osit itio ion n of th thee ci civi vilia lian n gr grou oup p or th thee hi hist stor oric ical al si sign gnif ific ican ance ce th that at the antiracism movement has played in Topeka, the home of  Brown  Brown v. Board of Education. One pol police ice ex execu ecutiv tivee fro from m th thee Da Dalla llas-F s-Fort ort Wort orth h Me Metr tropl oplex ex pro provid vided ed an ane anecdo cdote te dem demon onstr strat ating  ing  that th at ra racia ciall dis discr crimi imina nati tion on is un under derlyi lying ng th thee imm immigr igrat ation ion deb debat ate. e. Th Thee mor morni ning ng of th thee fo focu cuss gr grou oup, p, he ha had d re rece ceiv ived ed a re repo port rt th that at a pr pred edom omina inant ntly ly Wh Whit itee ne neigh ighbo borh rhoo ood d wa wass inc incen ensed sed th that at a Pu Puer erto to Rican family had moved into a home there, out of which they ran a landscaping business. The homeowner employs predominantly Puerto Rican workers who come and go from the home throughout the day. Unaware that the family and their workers are Puerto Rican or that they  are U.S. citizens, the community demanded that the police take action towards deporting the family and their workers. A Topeka participant, who works with youth, gave another example indi in dica cati tive ve of th thee ra raci cial al un unde derc rcur urre rent nt to th thee de deba bate te.. He wa wass tr tran ansp spor orti ting ng a gr grou oup p of La Lati tino no yo yout uth h to a Hispanic orientation at a college and, while he was standing away from the group, some loca lo cals ls mi mist stoo ook k th thee gr grou oup p of La Lati tino no yo yout uth h fo forr ga gang ng me memb mber ers. s. El Pas aso o wa wass dif diffe fere rent nt fr from om ot othe herr sit sites es in th that at it ha hass tr trad adit itio iona nall llyy be been en a La Lati tinono-do domi mina nate ted d ci city ty an and d th ther eref efor oree th ther eree wa wass le less ss di disc scus ussi sion on of local racial tension; however, participants felt the national discourse on immigration often stemmed from racist attitudes towards Latinos. In Collier County, there was no discussion of racism against Latinos or the challenges of  integrating new cultures and differences. The participants, however, discussed the financial chal ch allen lenges ges pu publi blicc ag agenc encies ies fa face ce int integr egrat ating ing th thee ne needs eds of th these ese ne new w co commu mmunit nities ies an and d co comme mment nted ed

44   |   THE THE ROL ROLE E OF LOCA LOCAL L POLI POLICE: CE: Stri Strikinga kinga Bal BalanceBetwe anceBetween en Imm Immigra igrationEnforce tionEnforcemen mentt and Civi Civill Libe Libertie rtiess

 

APPENDIX A

Focus Group Summary

on th thee bel belie ieff th that at im immi migr gran ants ts of ofte ten n do no nott co cont ntri ribu bute te pr prop opor orti tion onat atel elyy in into to th thee sy syst stem em by pa payi ying  ng  taxes. A law enforcement official mentioned that the majority of arrested immigrants do not have social security numbers, which he assumed meant they were not paying taxes. Other partic ticipa ipants ntsalex expla plaine ined d th that when whe n thee nity th costs cos ofrticu immigr imm igrat ion outw ou tweig eigh h ta tax x kes reven re ue,wntu , itturn prov pr ovok a ver very  y  emot em otion ional respo re sponse nse inat the th e co commu mmunit yts , pa part icula larly rlyation as the th e eco econo nomy my take ta svenue a do down rn. . okes Ines Top opek eka, a, one participant suggested suggested that as state and local budgetary burdens burdens resulta resultant nt from increa increased sed migrat mig ration ion rise rise,, the loc local al deb debate ate on imm immigr igrati ation on enf enforc orcemen ementt migh mightt gro grow w mor moree con conten tentio tious. us. He  believed once Midwesterners “see their emergency rooms close, as they see their school distric tr ictt co cost stss go up 30 pe perc rcen entt or 40 pe perc rcen entt to de deal al wi with th bi bili ling ngua uall ed educ ucat atio ion, n, an and d as th they ey se seee or pe perrceiv ce ivee th that at th they ey se seee an in incr crea ease se in cr crim imee ba base sed d on im immi migr gran antt po popu pula lati tion on,, th then en [t [the heir ir]] at atti titu tude dess [a [are re]] going to change too.” In El Paso, representatives of several law enforcement agencies talked about the additional law enforcement resources needed to address the challenges produced by  thee cha th changi nging ng dy dyna namic micss of mi migr grat ation ion ac acro ross ss th thee so sout uthe hern rn bor border der.. For ex exam ample ple,, on onee of offi ficer cer ex expl plain ained ed that they are encountering more corpses in the desert and that additional police resources are required to deal with these bodies appropriately. The relation of immigration to crime was discussed in some of the sessions. Many participant pa ntss sp spok okee of th thee pu publ blic ic’’s pe perc rcep epti tion on th that at cr crim imee pr prob oble lems ms we were re ca caus used ed in pa part rt by im immi migr grat atio ion. n.  A Dallas-Fort Worth Worth Metroplex chief gave the example of a drug-trafficking cartel setting up a  base in his city and the resul resultant tant publi publicc outr outrage age and perce perception ption that immigr immigratio ation n had brou brought ght this prob pr oble lem m to th thei eirr co comm mmun unit ityy. Th Thee po poli lice ce ex exec ecut utiv ive, e, on th thee ot othe herr ha hand nd,, di did d no nott be belie lieve ve th ther eree wa wass a co conne nnecti ction on bet betwe ween en imm immigr igrat ation ion and th thee dru drug g tr traf affic ficke kers’ rs’ dec decisi ision on to set up in his co commu mmunit nityy. There were, however, different viewpoints on the relation of gang activity to immigration. In Collier County, one participant said “immigration exacerbates the gang problem,” versus an  Arlington participant who said the two issues are not connected. In El Paso Paso,, the sentiment was expressed expre ssed more genera generally lly that homegr homegrown own American problems are being blamed on Mex Mexico. ico. In Ar Arli ling ngto ton, n, on onee po poli lice ce ch chie ieff st stat ated ed th that at he re regu gula larl rlyy re rece ceiv ives es co comp mpla lain ints ts ab abou outt a da dayy la labo borr hi hirring site in his city where typically twenty to forty “Latino-looking” workers congregate, which community members fear is a threat to public safety.  A couple of participants also attributed some of the tensions mentioned above not only to the grow gr owth th in imm immigr igrant ant co commu mmunit nities ies bu butt als also o to th thee gr grow owth th in the their ir vis visibi ibilit lityy po polit litica ically lly.. For ins insta tanc nce, e, somee Arl som Arling ington ton la law w enf enfor orcem cement ent par partic ticipa ipant ntss fel feltt th that at lar large ge imm immigr igrant ant ma march rches, es, whe where re th thous ousan ands ds of Latinos and other immigrants publicly demonstrated in favor of immigrant rights, exacer bated racial tensions. In addition, a Topeka participant expressed the belief that the relative  youth of the Latino community also causes fear and, consequently, consequently, racial tension. The role of politics and media in influencing local immigration enforcement policy  In every site, law enforcement enforcement complained that media cover coverage age of the immigration immigration debate and the role of law enforcement is often sensationalized and has exacerbated an already sensitivee env tiv envir ironm onment ent.. On bot both h sid sides es of thi thiss hig highly hly emo emotio tiona nall an and d con conten tentio tious us deb debat ate, e, la law w enf enfor orcem cement ent parti pa rticip cipan ants ts fel feltt th that at med media ia co cove vera rage ge wa wass of often ten ina inaccu ccura rate te an and d th that at adv advoc ocat ates es ma manip nipula ulate te med media ia cove co vera rage ge to adv advan ance ce th their eir age agenda nda.. To dem demon onstr strat atee th this is pos positi ition on,, one Tope opeka ka pa parti rticip cipan antt re recou count nted ed

thee st th stor oryy of an ac acci cide dent nt th that at oc occu curr rred ed in invo volv lvin ing g a va van n of un undo docu cume ment nted ed im immi migr gran ants ts.. Th Thee dr driv iver er

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APPENDIX A

Focus Group Summary

of the vehicle had a Mexican driver’s license and since the officers had no database to verify  the validity of the document, they called Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE). ICE advised that it did not have resources available at that moment to respond to the scene and, since no criminal crimina had been violated, violat ed, thea deputi deputies esitic released the driver and passengers. gers. Subse Su bsequ quen entl tlyy, th theel law poli po lice ce exec ex ecut utiv ive e re rece ceiv ived ed lott of cr lo crit icism ism in th the e me media dia ab abou outtthe theepassen th decis de cisio ion n of  his officers to release the passengers. On the other side of the immigration debate, a Collier County Cou nty la law w enf enfor orcem cement ent par partic ticipa ipant nt rel relate ated d his exp experi erienc encee wit with h the med media ia pub publis lishin hing g ina inaccu ccurat ratee stories, storie s, namely that the Collier County Sheriff’s Office was preparing to initiate immigration immigration sweeps of undocumented immigrant communities, which he felt was an inaccurate portrayal of th their eir 287 287(g) (g) pr progr ogram am.. The par partic ticipa ipant nt st stat ated ed th that at adv advoca ocates tes fo forr imm immigr igran ants ts use used d th thee med media ia to advance their agenda and, in the process, created fear in immigrant communities. In El Paso, one participant also commented that the media coverage of the border after the attacks of September 11 was highly sensationalized and unnecessarily intensified the immigration debate. Thiss hy Thi hyped ped med media ia cov cover erage age,, com combin bined ed wit with h the ra racia ciall ten tensio sions ns res result ulting ing fr from om th thee dem demogr ograph aphic ic changes, can generate a lot of political pressure on local police to expand their activities into the immigration enforcement arena. In all but the Collier County focus group, law enforcement participants candidly talked about the pressures they face from politicians to be more aggressively  invo in volv lved ed in imm immigr igrat atio ion n enf enfor orcem cement ent.. It is po possi ssible bleth that at th this is to topic picdid didno nott ar arise isein in Co Colli llier er Cou Count ntyy bec becau ause se many of the participants were themselves elected officials, including three sheriffs. Some police execu ex ecutiv tives es als also o sai said d tha thatt oft often en th they ey fee feell pul pulled ledin in opp opposi osite te dir direct ection ions; s; th they ey nee need d to pre preser serve ve goo good d pol police ice-commun com munity ity rel relati ations ons wit with h a Cau Caucas casian ian maj majori ority ty com commun munity ity tha thatt oft often en wan wants ts the them m to enf enforc orcee immi immi-gration gra tionlaw law,, whil whilee simu simultan ltaneous eously ly build building ing tru trust st in a mino minority rityimmig immigran rantt comm communit unityy who whose se coop coopera eration tion is ess essen enti tial al to ma maint intai ainin ning g pu publi blicc sa safe fety ty.. So Some me fe felt lt th that at ma many ny lo loca call po polit litic ician ianss ar aree un unde derr sim simila ilarr pr pres es-sures. sur es. In fa fact, ct, on onee she sherif riff, f, wh who o is cur curre rentl ntlyy cam campai paigni gning ng for ree reelec lectio tion, n, st state ated d th that at imm immigr igrat ation ion is a  big issu issuee ra raised ised by con consti stitue tuents nts.. Vote oters rs fru frustr strate ated d by the dem demogr ograph aphic ic cha changes nges in the their ir com commun munitie itiess put pr press essur uree on loc local al pol politi iticia cians, ns, suc such h as ma mayo yors, rs, cit cityy cou counci ncill rep repre resen senta tativ tives, es, and cou count ntyy com commis mis-sioner sio ners, s, an and d th these ese pol politi iticia cians ns in tu turn rn pla place ce pr press essur uree on po polic licee ex execu ecutiv tives es,, som somee of wh whom om we were re hir hired ed  by tho those se very same polit politician icians. s. As one Arlin Arlington gton law enfo enforcem rcement ent part participa icipant nt stat stated: ed: In my ci city ty an and d in ot othe herr ci citi ties es ar arou ound nd he here re,, [pe [peop ople le]] ar are e ge gett ttin ing g el elec ecte ted d an and d un unel elec ecte ted d on this issue alone. It’s that big. . . So people people at the municipal level are running scar sc ared ed on th this is is issu sue e an and d ar are e ju just st tr tryi ying ng to fi find nd th thei eirr wa way y, re rega gard rdle less ss of wh what at th thei eirr pers pe rson onal al be beli lief efss ar are e. . . .You go gott to fi figu gurre ou outt ho how w fa farr you ar are e wi will llin ing g to go an and d wh what at  you are willing to get fired for on this issue.

Some la Some law w enf enfor orcem cement ent pa parti rticip cipant antss no noted ted th that at,, whi while le som somee pol politi iticia cians ns ar aree mer merely ely res respon pondin ding  g  to po polit litic ical al pr pres essu sure re th they ey fe feel el fr from om th thee me medi diaa an and d th thee pu publi blic, c, ot othe herr po polit litici ician anss us usee th thee im immi migr graation tio n deb debate ate and emo emotio tions ns sur surro round unding ing it to win ele electi ctions ons.. One Arl Arling ington ton par partic ticipa ipant nt rec recoun ounted ted,, in ou outr trag age, e, an in inci cide dent nt wh wher eree a lo loca call po poli liti tici cian an in hi hiss co comm mmun unit ityy “w “was as qu quot oted ed in th thee me medi diaa as sa sayying that we should sit at the border and shoot the illegal immigrants as they come across the  border..” Some participant  border participantss noted that the politics surroundin surrounding g immigration enforcemen enforcementt do not alwa al ways ys re refl flect ect ov over eral alll pu publi blicc se sent ntim imen entt on th thee iss issue ue,, bec becau ause se a la larg rgee pr prop opor orti tion on of La Lati tino noss ar aree eit eithe herr ineligible to vote or do not choose to vote.

46   |   THE THE ROLEOF LOCA LOCAL L POLI POLICE: CE: Stri Strikinga kinga Bal BalanceBetwe anceBetween en Imm Immigra igrationEnforce tionEnforcemen mentt and Civi Civill Libe Libertie rtiess

 

APPENDIX A

Focus Group Summary

The costs and benefits of local police enforcement of federal immigration law: Is it a federal or local responsibility? Focu ocuss gro group up par partic ticipa ipants nts disa disagre greed ed ov over er whe whethe therr imm immigr igrat ation ion enf enfor orcem cement ent is and sho should uld be

sol solely ely aspeaking, feder fed eral al re respo sponsi nsibil bility ity or a dua duall perspective respo re sponsi nsibil bility ity feder fed eral and an dsites local loc al(all law la wbut enfor enf orcem cement ent. . Ge Gennerally the law enforcement in of three ofalthe Collier County) wass th wa that at imm immigr igrat ation ion en enfo forc rceme ement nt is a fe fede dera rall re respo sponsi nsibil bilit ityy. On Onee la law w en enfo forc rcem ement ent of offi ficia ciall in th thee  Arlington session explained that local law enforcement’s authority to enforce laws comes from the state. While he agreed that local law enforcement sometimes collaborates with federal auth au thor orit ities ies on spe specif cific ic in inve vest stiga igati tion ons, s, he st stat ated ed th that at th they ey mu must st be ca caut utiou iouss wh when en do doin ing g so an and d th thos osee poli po lice ce of offi fici cial alss wh who o si sitt on fe fede dera rall ta task sk fo forc rces es of ofte ten n be beco come me fe fede dera rall of offi fice cers rs to do so so.. Wh When en as aske ked d whethe whe therr imm immigr igrati ation on enf enforc orceme ement nt is a fed federa erall or loc local al re respo sponsi nsibil bility ity,, one la law w enf enfor orcem cement ent off offiicial ci al in th thee El Pas aso o gr grou oup p st stat ated ed,, “[ “[I] I]ff ev ever eryb ybod odyy do does es th thei eirr ow own n jo job b an and d qu quit itss tr tryi ying ng to be so some me-thing that they’re not, we could get a lot more done. Border Patrol Patrol doesn’t answer calls in my  community. They don’t go and patrol neighborhoods and stuff like that. But I’ve got to go and patrol their border?” Throughout Throu ghout the discussion discussions, s, many argum arguments ents against and in fav favor or of local enforcement enforcement of  federal immigration laws were discussed. Prior to discussing these costs and benefits, it would  be helpful to deconstruct the differing perspectives on what constitutes “immigration enforcement” because the variations in definitions often result in miscommunication. Frequently, law enfor enf orcem cement ent age agenci ncies es ass assert ert th they ey ar aree no nott in invo volve lved d in imm immigr igrat ation ion en enfo forc rceme ement nt,, whi while le th thee imm immiigrant gra nt comm communi unitie tiess serv served ed disa disagre gree, e, insi insisti sting ng tha thatt the their ir com commun munity ity mem members bers ha have ve been dep deport orted ed as a result of law enforcement’s actions. For ins insta tance nce,, in th thee El Paso an and d Do Doña ña Ana Co Coun unty ty ses sessio sions ns,, wh wher eree la law w en enfo forc rceme ement nt pa part rtici icipan pants ts acro ac ross ss th thee bo boar ard d se seem emed ed to ha have ve a po polic licyy of no none nenf nfor orce ceme ment nt of imm immig igra rati tion on la laws ws,, ma many ny co comm mmun unit ity  y  members complained that police were indeed enforcing immigration law and had examples to supp su ppor ortt th their eir cl clai aim. m. Par artt of th thee re reas ason on fo forr th these ese div diver ergin ging g pe pers rspec pecti tive vess mi migh ghtt be at attr tribu ibute ted d to dif dif-fering conceptions of what is “immigration enforcement.” For instance, a representative of the Socor So corro ro Poli olice ce De Depar partm tment ent ex expla plaine ined d th that at th they ey do no nott as ask k imm immigr igran ants ts or vis visito itors rs fo forr th their eir imm immiigration are people; deserve stated to be served.” same anotherdocumentation: representative of“These the Socorro Police they Department that theyBut do at notthe have thetime, kind of databases that a larger agency, such as the El Paso Police Department, has to verify the identityy of peo tit people ple who ha have ve per perpet petra rate ted d a cri crime me.. The There refor fore, e, the theyy som someti etimes mes co conta ntact ct Cu Custo stoms ms and Bor Bor-der Protection (CBP), which has access to more sophisticated sophisticated criminal databa databases, ses, e.g., EPIC, after which CBP typically takes steps towards deporting the undocumented immigrant. This, thee spe th speak aker er ex expla plaine ined, d, per perpet petua uate tess th thee per percep cepti tion on th that at th they ey wo work rk wit with h CBP CBP.. An Anot other her pol police ice re reppresen re senta tativ tivee ex expla plaine ined d th that at on once ce th they ey arr arrest est so someo meone ne,, CBP mig might ht int interv erview iew th thee ar arre rest stee ee an and d la late terr initiate removal proceedings. This participant also complained that the community blames the law la w enf enfor orcem cement ent age agency ncy for dep deport ortat ation ion of the these se det detain ainees ees.. Fro From m the com commun munity’ ity’ss per perspe specti ctive ve,, howe ho wever ver,, th these ese act action ionss des descri cribed bed by pol police ice par partic ticipa ipants nts mig might ht con consti stitu tute te “im “immig migra ratio tion n enf enfor orcecement.” Even Ev en a pa part rtici icipa pant nt fr from om th thee Co Colli llier er Co Coun unty ty Sh Sheri eriff’s ff’s Of Offi fice ce,, a la law w en enfo forc rcem ement ent ag agen ency cy th that at ha hass sign si gned ed a me memo mora rand ndum um of ag agre reem emen entt wi with th IC ICE E as pa part rt of it itss 28 287(g) 7(g) pr prog ogra ram m (a (arg rgua uably bly th thee hi high gh--

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APPENDIX A

Focus Group Summary

est lev level el of in invol volvem vement ent of loc local al la law w enf enfor orcem cement ent in imm immigr igrat ation ion con contr trol) ol),, sta stated ted th that at the 287 287(g) (g) prog pr ogra ram m is no nott re real ally ly an im immi migr grat atio ion n en enfo forc rcem emen entt pr prog ogra ram. m. “I “Itt is si simp mply ly ju just st so we ca can n ac acce cess ss th thee database so we [can] document the people we’re encountering who have already committed cri crimin al la law w vio violat lation ionsnot s and inform inf orming ing ICE ICE,, fil fillin g out the of paperw pap erwork ork,agency.” , and sub subjec jectin ting g tho those se peopleminal to removal. So it’s really performing allling the duties the ICE In the three sites where participants considered considered immigration enforcement enforcement solely a federa federall responsibility (Topeka, El Paso, and Arlington), participants provided numerous examples of  thee cos th costs ts of loc local al in invol volvem vement ent in imm immigr igrat ation ion enf enfor orcem cement ent.. Ma Many ny bel believ ieved ed the lit little tle tru trust st imm immiigrant gr ant com commun muniti ities es ha have ve in pol police ice wo would uld dis disapp appear ear we were re loc local al pol police ice to ass assist ist fed feder eral al aut autho horit rities ies depor dep ortt una unaut utho horiz rized ed imm immigr igran ants ts.. Bec Becau ause se so ma many ny fa famil milies ies ar aree mix mixeded-st stat atus us (t (they hey inc includ ludee bot both h docume doc umente nted d an and d un undoc docum ument ented ed mem member bers), s), not on only ly wo woul uld d un undoc docum ument ented ed imm immigr igran ants ts bec become ome difficult for police to work with, but also legally present relatives would be hesitant to cooperate. at e. Th This is re redu duce ced d tr trus ustt wo woul uld d le lead ad to an un unde derr rrep epor orti ting ng in cr crim imee an and d le less ss co coop oper erat atio ion n fr from om wi wittness ne sses es,, wh whic ich h in tu turn rn wo woul uld d ma make ke it mo more re di diff fficu icult lt to pr pros osec ecut utee ca cases ses su succ cces essf sful ully ly.. As on onee Top opek ekaa law la w en enfo forc rcem emen entt pa part rtic icip ipan antt ex expr pres esse sed, d, “H “How ow do we po poli lice ce a co comm mmun unit ityy th that at wo won’ n’tt ta talk lk to us us?” ?” More Mo reov over er,, civ civili ilian an pa part rtici icipa pant ntss ex expla plaine ined d th that at wh when en on onee vic victim tim or wit witne ness ss is dep depor orte ted, d, th this is in info forrmation spr mation spread eadss rap rapidly idly wit within hin the soc social ial net netwo works rks of imm immigr igrant ant com commun muniti ities es and fea fearr pro prolif lifer er-ates at es.. As a re resu sult lt of th thee la lack ck of co coop oper erat atio ion, n, th thee de decr crea ease se in cr crim imee re repo port rtin ing, g, an and d th thee ch chal alle leng nges es th this is lack of cooper cooperation ation presents to successfu successfull prosecu prosecutions, tions, some particip participants ants believed that ultimately it would lead to an increase in crime. Many participants also believed that increased fear of police and deportation would lead to increa inc reased sed vic victim timiza izatio tion n and exp exploi loitat tation ion of und undocu ocumen mented ted immi immigra grants nts.. Whi While le the there re wa wass a gen gen-eral er al con consen sensus sus acr across oss sit sites es th that at cri crimin minals als alr alread eadyy ta targe rgett und undocu ocumen mented ted imm immigr igrant ants, s, bel believ ieving ing tha thatt they th ey wi will ll no nott re repo port rt th thee of offe fens nsee to po poli lice ce,, ma many ny fe felt lt th this is dy dyna nami micc wo woul uld d wo wors rsen en.. In pa part rtic icul ular ar,, pa parrticipa tic ipants nts ex expr press essed ed con concer cern n th that at vic victim timss of dom domest estic ic vio violen lence ce wo would uld no nott com comee for forwa ward rd and tha thatt  batterers would not only use the threat of deportation of the victim but also use the threat that the principal earner in the family—the family—the batter batterer— er—would would be deporte deported d after arrest. One partici partici-pant in El Paso also believed that more enforcement would lead to more human trafficking, as smu smuggl gglers ers orinto traf tr affic ficke kers rs ar aree of better bet ter abl ableelabor. to useInth the e th threa reattCounty, of dep deport ortat ation ion to coe coerc rcee un undoc docume ument nted ed immigrants situations forced Collier one participant, while agreeing  that th at un undo docu cumen mente ted d imm immigr igran ants ts ar aree of often ten ta targ rgets ets of cr crime ime,, ha had d a sli sligh ghtl tlyy dif differ ferent ent per perspe spect ctiv ivee on immigr imm igrant ant vic victim timiza izatio tion n and sta stated ted tha thatt the inc incre rease ased d pat patrol rol res resour ources ces nee needed ded to dea deall wit with h thi thiss increa inc reased sed vic victim timiza izatio tion n is ano anothe therr cos costt of und undocu ocumen mented ted imm immigr igrati ation on bor borne ne by loc local al la law w enf enfor orcecementt age men agenci ncies. es. Sev Severa erall par partic ticipa ipant ntss als also o bel believ ieved ed tha thatt the there re wo would uld be inc incre rease ased d emp emplo loyer yer abu abuse se and exploitation of undocumented immigrants. immigrants. In addition, these fears, some participan participants ts  believed, will deter immigrants from accessing other municipal services, such as health care and education. Duri Du ring ng th thee El Pas aso o se sessi ssion ons, s, th thee iss issue ue of po poli lice ce mi misco scond nduc uctt ar aros ose. e. Par arti tici cipa pant ntss su supp ppos osed ed th that at immigrants’ fear of police and the threat of possible deportation would lead to an increase in poli po lice ce mi misc scon ondu duct ct.. As on onee po poli lice ce ex exec ecut utiv ivee st stat ated ed,, “I mi migh ghtt ha have ve is issu sues es ou outt in th thee fi fiel eld d wi with th of offi fi-cers ce rs wh who o ar aree do doin ing g th thin ings gs th that at th they ey’r ’ree no nott su supp ppos osed ed to be do doin ing, g, bu butt pe peop ople le ar aree af afra raid id to te tell ll us us,, simply because they’re afraid.”

48   |   THE THE ROL ROLE E OF LOCA LOCAL L POLI POLICE: CE: Stri Strikinga kinga Bal BalanceBetwe anceBetween en Imm Immigra igrationEnforce tionEnforcemen mentt and Civi Civill Libe Libertie rtiess

 

APPENDIX A

Focus Group Summary

Many la Many law w en enfo forc rcem emen entt pa part rtic icipa ipant ntss st stat ated ed th that at th thee eco econo nomi micc an and d la labor bor co cost stss of po polic licee in invo volv lveementt in imm men immigr igrat ation ion enf enfor orcem cement ent we were re hig high h an and d wo would uld div divert ert sca scarc rcee re resou sourc rces es fr from om tr tradi aditio tiona nall law la w enf enforc orceme ement nt act activit ivities ies.. Tho Those se cos costs ts incl include ude the fun funds ds nee needed ded to tem tempor porari arily ly det detain ain immi immigra grants nts,, medical those need of care while being by local authorities, and transportationcosts costsfor to the jail.inMoreover, an agency woulddetained need to invest patrol resources to arrest, to aw awai aitt fe fede dera rall re resp spon onse se,, an and d to pr proc oces esss pa pape perw rwor ork k re requ quir ired ed by IC ICE. E. Th Thee fe fede dera rall 28 287(g 7(g)) pr prog ogra ram m merely pays for training local officers; the federal government does not cover all of these other costs. cos ts. One par partic ticipa ipant nt ex expla plaine ined, d, “Y “You ou can can’t ’t def deficit icit spe spend nd in Kan Kansas sas but the fed federa erall gov govern ernmen mentt can.” In the two Texas locations, participants also talked about the possibility of the federal government distributing funds to local agencies to enforce immigration laws. In the Arlington law enfo en forc rcem emen entt se sess ssio ion, n, so some me pa part rtic icip ipan ants ts fe felt lt th thee pr pric icee to pa payy fo forr ac acce cept ptin ing g th thes esee fu fund ndss wa wass no nott wo wort rth h the gains. One participant noted federal funds are already being diverted to the Department of  Homel Ho melan and d Sec Securi urity ty fr from om fu funds nds tha thatt use used d to be all alloca ocated ted to ass assist ist la law w enf enfor orcem cement ent wit with h tr tradi aditio tiona nall crime control efforts. He stated, “How many of you are getting money from Homeland Security ri ty fo forr th that at st stuf ufff th that at ab abso solu lute tely ly ma mak kes no se sens nsee in a ra rati tion onal al wo worl rld? d? . . . CO COPS PS gr gran ants ts ha have ve go gone ne . . . We don’t have have our local law enforcement enforcement block grants. grants. The [Byrne] grant grant situation situation is just appalling. You You have to get an earmark from a senator to get a grant.” grant.” Participants also discussed the impact of increased deportation on children and families. When the principal earner is deported, how will those families manage? Will those families who wh o ar aree eli eligib gible le re requi quire re as assis sista tanc ncee fr from om th thee st stat ate? e? Cit Citize izen n chi childr ldren en of dep depor orte ted d pa pare rent ntss mig might ht nee need d to enter the foster care system if they do not have a legal relative that could care for them. One participant believed that because of poor outcomes in the foster care system, these children might eventually end up in the juvenile delinquency system.  Another cost of immigration enforcement many law enforcement officials raised was potential litigation costs,  especially those resulting from racial-profiling and civil rights lawsuits.  Across sites, law enforcement e nforcement participants agreed that they could not legally arrest someone solely on the basis that they look Latino. Participants in every site also agreed that police could no not t jus just t st stop opCounty people peo ple on thee st th stre reet et stated, and an d ask“If abou ab out t imm immigr igrat atio ion n st stat atus us dur during a ca casu sual al en enco coun unte terr. As one Collier participant you start picking them uping sitting on the sidewalk  because they look illegal, then I got a problem.” One Collier County law l aw enforcement official ackn ac know owle ledg dged ed th that at th thee de depa part rtme ment nt wo woul uld d be ex expo pose sed d to li liti tiga gati tion on we were re it to us usee th thee 28 287(g 7(g)) pr proogram gr am to pa patr trol ol fo forr im immi migr grat atio ion n vi viol olat ator ors. s. For th this is re reas ason on,, th thee sh sher erif ifff ha hass li limi mite ted d th thee us usee of th thee 28 287(g 7(g)) program to target criminals who the department has already arrested and are detained in their  jails and those who are the subject of an ongoing criminal investigation. An El Paso participant also als o not noted ed tha thatt loc local al age agencie nciess wo would uld exp expose ose the themse mselve lvess to lit litiga igatio tion n whe when n off officer icerss mist mistak akenl enlyy arr arrest est a cit citize izen n or leg legal al per perma manen nentt re resid sident ent.. Fin Finall allyy, on onee of th thee Tope opeka ka pa part rtici icipa pant ntss ex expla plaine ined d th that at con con-sequen seq uences ces of ra racia ciall pr prof ofili iling ng ex exte tend nd bey beyond ond civ civil il lit litiga igatio tion n in Kan Kansas sas,, wh which ich ha hass a st stat atee st stat atut utee pro pro-hibiting the use of race or ethnicity as the sole criteria for arrest. Par artic ticipa ipant ntss in Col Collie lierr Co Coun unty ty,, wh wher eree th thee she sherif riff’s f’s of offic ficee pa part rtici icipa pate tess in ICE ICE’’s 287 287(g) (g) pr progr ogram am,, raised raise d most of the benefits benefits of local enforcement enforcement of immigration immigration laws laws.. The Collier Count Countyy Sheriff’s Office did an analy analysis sis of jail costs costs and foun found d that approx approximatel imatelyy 24 percent of of its jail popu-

POLICE FOUNDA FOUNDATION TION   |   49

 

APPENDIX A

Focus Group Summary

lation lati on wa wass im immi migr grat atio ion n vi viol olat ator orss an and d th that at th thee pu pure re ja jail il co cost stss as asso soci ciat ated ed wi with th th thei eirr ca case sess co cost st th thee count cou ntyy app appro roxim ximat ately ely nin ninee mil millio lion n dol dollar lars. s. Th This is wa wass th thee pri princi ncipal pal ar argum gument ent th they ey ga gave ve cou count ntyy of offificials for entering into the 287(g) program. Currently, ICE removes one out of five detainees, which contend savesimmigration the countynjail costs. The they sheriff also views immigratio enforcement as a criminal enforcement enforcement tool to remov removee crimin cri minals als fro from m his com commun munity ity.. As he ex expla plaine ined, d, the Col Collie lierr Cou County nty she sherif rifff lim limits its 287 287(g) (g) act activi ivity  ty  to imm immigr igran ants ts ar arre rest sted ed fo forr an ind indepe epende ndent nt st stat atee la law w vio violat lation ion an and d th those ose wh who o ar aree ta targ rget etss of cr crimiminal investigations. Another Collier County participant contended that sophisticated criminals are not going to get caught committing crimes but, if the agency discovers that they are unauthorized residents, they could be removed from the community through deportation. In Topeka, one participant articulated his unease with releasing undocumented immigrants on bon bond d bec becau ause se th they ey ma mayy pr provi ovide de fa false lse ide identi ntitie tiess an and d bec becau ause se of the dif diffic ficult ulties ies pol police ice age agenci ncies es have verifying their addresses due to a shortage of interpreters. Another participant in Topeka also feared the establishment of vigilante movements if local and federal government do not cont co ntro roll im immi migr grat atio ion n an and, d, in fa fact ct,, pr prov ovid ided ed an ex exam ampl plee of a to town wn in Ka Kans nsas as wh wher eree a gr grou oup p of ci cittizens made such threats. While law enforcement participants in Topeka clearly were opposed to sharing responsibility for immigration enforcement with the federal government, they seem to make an exception forr im fo immi migr gran ants ts wh who o co comm mmit it cr crim imin inal al la law w vio viola lati tion ons, s, in pa part rticu icula larr ga gang ng me memb mber ers. s. So Some me fe felt lt it wa wass impor imp orta tant nt fo forr cr crimi imina nals ls to ser serve ve th their eir cr crimi imina nall sen sente tence nce in a st stat atee or lo local cal cor corre rect ctio iona nall fa facil cility ity pri prior or to deportation. On the other hand, another participant explained that at times during criminal pros pr osecu ecutio tions ns,, th thee def defend endan antt is of offer fered ed th thee opt optio ion n to vo volun lunta taril rilyy agr agree ee to dep depor orta tatio tion n in ex excha change nge for a dismissal of charges. As this participant explained, if the defendant then returns to the country, he or she can be prosecuted on the federal charge of illegal reentry. Another Topeka parti pa rticip cipant ant po point inted ed ou outt th thee com comple plexit xityy of th thee iss issue ue of dep deport ortat ation ion of cri crimin minal al la law w vio violat lator ors, s, sta statting in g th that at wh whil ilee al alll ag agre reee th that at mu murd rder erer erss sh shou ould ld be de depo port rted ed,, th thee is issu suee be beco come mess co comp mpli lica cate ted d wi with th an undocumented immigrant who uses false documents to work in the country and has thus technically committed a felony offense. Intere Inte rest sting ingly ly,, in al alll co conv nver ersat sation ionss ab abou outt cri crimin minal al ali aliens ens,, th they ey we were re re refe ferr rred ed to as “il “illeg legal al imm immiigrants” who commit crimes. At no point did they mention legal permanent residents who are deported upon conviction of a crime; therefore, it is not clear if the participants’ opinions on the issue would vary based on the legal status of the immigrant. Counterterrorism and immigration enforcement While the topic of the attacks of September 11 and counterterrorism was surprisingly infrequently mentioned during the sessions, a few participants commented on changes that have occurred post 9/11 and the relation between immigration enforcement and counterterrorism effo ef fort rts. s. Du Duee to ch chan ange gess th that at ha have ve oc occu curr rred ed as a re resu sult lt of th thee in incr crea ease se in th thee bu budg dget et an and d re reso sour urce cess dedic de dicat ated ed to ho home mela land nd sec secur urit ityy an and d imm immigr igrat ation ion enf enfor orcem cemen ent, t, pa part rtic icipa ipant ntss fe felt lt th that at IC ICE E is mu much ch moree re mor respo sponsi nsive ve tha than n th thee leg legacy acy Imm Immigr igrat ation ion and Na Natu tura raliz lizat ation ion Ser Servic vicee (IN (INS). S). Pri Prior or to 200 2001, 1, it wass ve wa very ry di diff ffic icul ultt to ge gett IN INS S to de depo port rt a cr crim imin inal al al alie ien. n. Si Sinc ncee th then en,, at le leas astt re rega gard rdin ing g ga gang ng me memm-

 bers, parti participant cipantss believ believed ed that ICE is more respon responsive. sive. Mor Moreover eover,, commen comments ts were made that the

50   |   THE THE ROLEOF LOCA LOCAL L POLI POLICE: CE: Stri Striking king a Bal BalanceBetwe anceBetween en Imm Immigra igrationEnforce tionEnforcementand mentand Civi Civill Libe Libertie rtiess

 

APPENDIX A

Focus Group Summary

federa fede rall go gove vern rnme ment nt al also so ha hass of offe fere red d fu fund ndss to lo loca call ag agen enci cies es to ge gett th them em in invo volv lved ed in bo bord rder er se secu cu-rityy an rit and d imm immigr igrati ation on enf enfor orcem cement ent.. As sta state ted d abo above ve,, in Arl Arling ingto ton, n, th thee par partic ticipa ipant ntss wa warn rned ed th that at ta tak king th these ese fu funds nds div divert ertss re resou sourc rces es fr from om tr tradi aditio tiona nall cri crimin minal al la law w enf enfor orcem cement ent fu fundi nding ng st strea reams, ms, suc such h as the COPS Byrne grants. There wasand some disagreement disagre ement between the various sites about the link between between terrorism and immigr immigration ation.. In Arlingt Arlington, on, a parti participant cipant stat stated ed that there was no relat relationshi ionship p betwe between en ter ter-rorism and the Hispanic community. In El Paso, one participant questioned the emphasis of  newer new er secu securit rityy mea measur sures es on the U.S .S.-M .-Mex exico ico bor border der ver versus sus the Can Canadi adian an bor border der.. The par partic ticipan ipantt maintained that if counterterrorism were the primary objective, the government would not make ma ke su such ch a dis disti tinc nctio tion. n. Par arti ticip cipan ants ts in th thee El Pas aso o civ civili ilian an ses sessio sion n re rela late ted d an inc incide ident nt wh wher eree th thee Uval Uv alde de Co Coun unty ty sh sher erif ifff pu publ blic icly ly st stat ated ed th that at th ther eree we were re al Qa Qaed edaa tr trai aini ning ng ca camp mpss on th thee ot othe herr si side de of th thee bor border der,, to jus justif tifyy see seekin king g fed feder eral al bor border der sec securi urity ty fu funds nds and act active ively ly par partic ticipa ipatin ting g in imm immiigration enforcement. When asked to substantiate his claim, the sheriff stated, “Well, that’s the whole who le poi point. nt. The They’re y’re ter terror rorist ists. s.”” The El Paso par partic ticipa ipants nts also rec recoun ounted ted an inc inciden identt whe where re an ICE IC E of offi fici cial al,, at atte temp mpti ting ng to ju just stif ifyy ra raid idss in a to town wn lo loca cate ted d in th thee re regi gion on,, al alle lege ged d th that at a gr grou oup p of al Qaeda Qa eda ope opera rativ tives es cr cross ossed ed th thee bor border der wit with h a gr group oup of und undocu ocumen mented ted Me Mexic xican an mig migra rants nts.. Whe When na local loc al con congre gressio ssional nal rep repres resent entati ative ve con confro fronte nted d the ICE off officia iciall abo about ut the ver veraci acity ty of thi thiss cla claim, im, the ICE IC E of offi ficia ciall ba back cked ed do down wn.. In su sum, m, pa part rtici icipa pant ntss in th thes esee tw two o Tex exas as loc locat atio ions ns ge gene nera rally lly fe felt lt th that at th ther eree was no connection between terrorism and immigration and that the government used fear of  terrorism to justify immigration enforcement initiatives. In th thee Co Coll llie ierr Co Coun unty ty se sess ssio ions ns,, on th thee ot othe herr ha hand nd,, so some me ex expr pres esse sed d th thee po posi siti tion on th that at fa fail ilur uree to enfo en forc rcee ou ourr na nati tion on’’s im immig migra rati tion on la laws ws is a th thre reat at to na nati tion onal al sec secur urit ityy. On Onee of th thee la law w en enfo forc rcem emen entt partic par ticipa ipants nts sugg suggest ested ed tha thatt pot potent ential ial ter terror rorist istss migh mightt be comi coming ng in thr throug ough h Me Mexic xico, o, ado adoptin pting g Spa Spannish is h su surn rnam ames es,, le lear arni ning ng Sp Span anis ish h an and d a Cu Cuba ban n ac acce cent nt,, an and d be bein ing g gr gran ante ted d pe perm rmiss issio ion n to st stay ay in th thee Unite Un ited d St Stat ates es un under der sa sanct nctua uary ry po polic licies ies dir direct ected ed at Cub Cuban ans. s. Th This is pa part rtici icipa pant nt als also o st stat ated ed th that at bot both h Presi Pr esiden dentt Cha Chavez vez of Ven enezu ezuela ela (w (who ho he cla claime imed d ga gave ve Vene enezu zuela elan n nat nation ional al ide ident ntity ity ca card rdss to al alll th that at apply ap ply)) an and d Fid Fidel el Ca Cast stro ro ar aree kn know own n to ha have ve clo close se re rela latio tions ns wit with h fo fore reign ign te terr rror orist ist or orga ganiz nizat ation ions. s. Als Also, o, one participant stated that they do not have access to government databases of many countries either eith er be beca caus usee of th thee la lack ck of te tech chno nolo logy gy or pr priv ivac acyy ri righ ghts ts (a (ass is th thee ca case se wi with th Eu Euro rope pe)) an and, d, th ther ereefore, are are unable to verify identity of immigrants from from these countries. This, the the participant felt, was a national security threat. Should undocumented immigrants and their children be entitled to public benefits? Duri Du ring ng th thee ci civi vili lian an se sess ssio ions ns of th thee fo focu cuss gr grou oups ps,, a qu ques esti tion on po pose sed d wa was, s, “W “Wha hatt ty type pe of be bene nefi fits ts,, if any, do you think the government should provide to the undocumented immigrant who pays taxes? What about those who do not pay taxes?” In all but Collier County, the participants  believed that undocumented immigrants were entitled to certain ce rtain health and education benefits fi ts (t (to o th thee ex exte tent nt th that at U.S .S.. ci citi tize zens ns ar aree en enti titl tled ed to th thes esee be bene nefi fits ts)) an and d th that at su such ch a pu publ blic ic po polic licyy wo woul uld d genera gen erally lly ben benefi efitt the cou countr ntryy. Fir Firstl stlyy, som somee par partic ticipa ipants nts ex expla plaine ined d tha thatt chi childr ldren en ha have ve a con consti stitut tution ional al right rig ht to edu educa catio tion, n, re regar gardle dless ss of th their eir imm immigr igrat ation ion st stat atus us.. Mo More reov over er,, in th thee ev even entt th that at th thee fed feder eral al gover go vernme nment nt dep deport ortss par parent entss of U.S .S.. cit citize izen n chi childr ldren, en, som somee com commen mented ted tha thatt the go gover vernme nment nt has

an obl obliga igatio tion n to pr prov ovide ide su suppo pport rt to th that at chi child. ld. Ev Even en in Co Colli llier er Cou Count ntyy, wh wher eree pa part rtici icipan pants ts gen gener erall ally  y 

FOUNDATION TION   |   51 POLICE FOUNDA

 

APPENDIX A

Focus Group Summary

felt th felt that at imm immigr igran ants ts sh shou ould ld no nott re recei ceive ve go gove vern rnmen mentt ben benef efits its,, on onee par parti ticip cipan antt st stat ated ed th that at it wo woul uld d  be morall morallyy difficult to deny benefits to a child but simultan simultaneously eously argued that provid providing ing childre children n with benefits could provide an incentive to the undocumented to migrate to the United States. There The re wa wass muc much h deb debate ate dur during ing sev severa erall ses sessio sions ns ov over er wh wheth ether er th thee un undoc docume umente nted d pay ta taxes xes an and d whether these taxes outweigh public expenditures on the undocumented. One tax attorney in Tope opeka ka sta stated ted tha thatt he oft often en pre prepar pares es tax taxes es for und undocu ocumen mented ted immi immigra grants nts.. An El Paso par partic ticipa ipant nt contended conten ded that anyo anyone ne who pays rent is indirect indirectly ly paying propert propertyy taxes and undocumented undocumented immigrants at the very least pay sales taxes when they purchase items. Another participant argued that it would be very difficult to identify which undocumented immigrants pay taxes. In Col Collie lierr Cou Count ntyy, on th thee ot other her han hand, d, sev severa erall par partic ticipa ipants nts cla claime imed d tha thatt the exp expens enses es inc incurr urred ed in serving the undocumented outweigh the revenue gained through taxes. Proposed solutions and recommendations While Wh ile th ther eree ma mayy ha have ve be been en di disa sagr gree eeme ment nt on th thee ce cent ntra rall qu ques esti tion on of wh whet ethe herr lo loca call la law w en enfo forc rceement shares responsibility responsibility for enfor enforcing cing federal immigration immigration laws, common to both sides of the debate was a call for a national policy to provide policy consistency from locality to locality. As

one Co one Colli llier er Co Coun unty ty pa part rtici icipa pant nt st stat ated, ed, “H “How ow wo would uldwe we re resol solve ve wh what at is fu fund ndam ament ental ally ly a na nati tion onal al pr proboblem whe when n eac each h jur jurisdi isdicti ction on dea deals ls wit with h it diff differe erentl ntly?” y?” In Arl Arling ington ton,, law enf enforc orcemen ementt par partic ticipan ipants ts felt fe lt a na natio tiona nall po polic licyy, or at lea least st a re regio giona nall on one, e, wo would uld pr prot otect ect po polic licee ch chief iefss aga agains instt po polit litica icall pr press essur uree to en enfo forc rcee im immig migra rati tion on la laws ws.. Wi With th a na nati tion onal al po polic licyy (o (orr at le leas astt re regi gion onal al), ), th thee pu publi blicc or po polit litici ician anss woul wo uld d no nott be ab able le to pr pres essu sure re po poli lice ce ch chie iefs fs us usin ing g a co comp mpar aris ison on to a ne neigh ighbo bori ring ng po polic licee ch chief’ ief’ss po pollicy of co colla llabor borat atio ion n wi with th IC ICE. E. Mo More reov over er,, pa part rtici icipa pant ntss in Ar Arlin lingt gton on fe felt lt th that at th thee imp impac actt of an ag agen ency’ cy’ss decisio dec ision n to act active ively ly par partic ticipat ipatee in imm immigr igrati ation on enf enforc orceme ement nt is fel feltt in neig neighbo hborin ring g citi cities es and cou counntiess and tie and,, the there refor fore, e, it is imp import ortant ant to ha have ve a uni unifo form rm re regio giona nall pol policy icy.. In Tope opeka ka,, whe where re nei neighb ghbori oring  ng  states such as Colorado, Oklahoma, and Nebraska have passed measures against unauthorized immigrants, concern was raised whether these states’ undocumented population would move to Kansas Kan sas in the abs absenc encee of sim simila ilarr Kan Kansas sas sta state te la laws. ws. One Arl Arling ington ton par partic ticipa ipant nt sta stated ted tha thatt Con Congre gress ss and th thee att attorn orney ey gen genera erall did an ex extr treme eme diss disserv ervice ice to loc local al la law w enf enfor orcem cement ent age agenci ncies es whe when n giv giving  ing  them authority to enforce federal immigration laws. “The federal government needs to come in and an d sa sayy th that at en enfo forc rcem emen entt of fe feder deral al la laws ws is ou ourr pu purv rview iew..”  Across  Acro ss sites, there there was also a general general frustration frustration with Congress’ Congress’ss inability to pass pass immigration immigration refo re form rm an and d a bel belief ief th that at ma many ny of th thee pr prob oblem lemss as asso socia ciate ted d wit with h un undo docu cume ment nted ed im immig migra rati tion on co coul uld d  be reso resolved lved thr through ough both admin administr istrativ ativee and legisl legislativ ativee refo reform rm of the feder federal al immig immigrati ration on benef benefits its and enforcement system. In Topeka and Collier County, some participants stated that Congress should sho uld inc increa rease se fu fundi nding ng to the va vario rious us imm immigr igrat ation ion dep depart artmen ments ts wit within hin th thee Dep Depart artmen mentt of Ho Homemeland lan d Sec Securi urity ty,, inc includ luding ing CBP CBP,, ICE ICE,, an and d U.S .S.. Cit Citize izensh nship ip and Imm Immigr igrati ation on Ser Service vices, s, so tha thatt the theyy can more mo re eff effect ective ively ly fu fulfi lfill ll th their eir re respe spect ctive ive mis missio sions. ns. Oth Others ers fel feltt tha thatt Con Congr gress ess sho should uld cr creat eatee a pat pathw hway  ay  to legalization for the millions of undocumented immigrants currently in the country. Many also  believed that the governm government ent must make the process easier for migrants to come legally to the Unit Un ited ed St Stat ates es an and d fo forr th thee un undo docu cume ment nted ed to ad adju just st th their eir st stat atus us.. In Co Colli llier er Co Coun unty ty,, on onee pa part rtici icipa pant nt,, who had exp experie erience nce hir hiring ing tem tempor porary ary sea season sonal al wo work rkers ers,, arg argued ued tha thatt the fed federa erall gov govern ernmen mentt sho should uld make ma ke th thee pr proc ocess ess ea easie sierr fo forr bu busin siness esses es to hi hire re te tempo mpora rary ry la lawf wful ul wo work rker ers. s.

52   |   THE THE ROLEOF LOCA LOCAL L POLI POLICE: CE: Stri Strikinga kinga Bal BalanceBetwe anceBetween en Imm Immigra igrationEnforce tionEnforcemen mentt and Civi Civill Libe Libertie rtiess

 

APPENDIX A

Focus Group Summary

Several Sever al rec recomm ommend endat ation ionss we were re men mentio tioned ned to imp impro rove ve th thee wo work rking ing re relat lation ionshi ship p bet betwe ween en pol police ice and immigrant communities. In Topeka, the law enforcement group agreed that bilingual-pay  incen in centi tive vess wo woul uld d he help lp at attr trac actt mo more re bil biling ingua uall of offi fice cers rs.. Th They ey al also so be belie lieve ved d th that at po polic licee dep depar artm tmen ents ts sh shou ould ldalof offer ferSpa Spanis nishlangu nguag age e tr trai ning ge to offi of ficer cers. Adco coupl elingt ofgton part pa rtici icipa pant nts sipant innts differ dif entsa sites sit sugges sug ted de cult cu ltur ural sensi se nsiti tivit vity yh-la trai tr aini ning ng for fo r ainin polic po lice offi of ficer cers. s. s. And An inuple Arlin Ar on, , pa part rtic icipa sferent also al so said idesth that at geste polic po lice shou sh ould ld te teac ach h imm immig igra rant ntss ab abou outt po poli lice ce an and d pu publi blicc saf safet etyy iss issue ues. s. Several participants raised additional recommendations. In Collier County, for instance, a law enfo en forc rceme ement nt pa parti rticip cipan antt sug sugges geste ted d br broa oaden dening ing th thee T vis visaa an and d U vis visaa pr progr ogram amss to inc inclu lude de a br broa oader der rang ra ngee of cr crim imes es (t (the hese se ar aree vi visa sass fo forr vic victi tims ms of tr traf affi fick ckin ing g an and d vic victi tims ms of ce cert rtai ain n se seri riou ouss cr crim imes es th that at assis as sistt in pr pros osec ecut utio ions ns). ). Al Also so,, th they ey su sugg gges este ted d th that at si sinc ncee it wo woul uld d be im impr prac acti tica call to de depo port rt al alll un undo doccumented immigrants in the country, local and federal government should focus on the criminal alien al ien po popul pulat ation ion.. One civ civili ilian an pa part rtici icipan pantt in Co Colli llier er Cou Count ntyy su sugge ggest sted ed ta takin king g aw away ay all inc incen entiv tives es fo forr undocumented migration, including jobs and benefits. In El Paso, where participants expressed concern about civil rights abuses and misconduct of federal immigration officials, a participant recomm rec ommend ended ed cre creati ating ng civi civilia lian n ove oversi rsight ght com commiss mission ionss to ove overse rseee fed federa erall and loc local al la law w enf enforc orceme ement nt agenci age ncies es inv involv olved ed in imm immigr igrat ation ion enf enforc orceme ement. nt. In Arl Arling ington ton,, one par partic ticipa ipant nt sug sugges gested ted leg legisl islati ation on thatt wo tha would uld shie shield ld pol police ice ex execu ecutiv tives es fro from m pol politic itical al infl influen uence. ce. Focus Group Sites

Topeka, Kansas FIGURE 1. TOPEKA FOCUS GROUP SITE MAP

FOUNDATION TION POLICE FOUNDA

  |   53

 

APPENDIX A

Focus Group Summary

Topeka is the capital of Kansas and the most populous city in Shawnee County. The Census Bureau estimated Shawnee County’s population at 172,529 on average from 2005 to 2007,2 with Topek opeka’ a’ss at 121,18 121,184. 4.3 Th Thee lo loca cati tion on is un uniq ique uein in th that at it wa wass th thee on only ly Mi Midw dwes estt si site te of ofth thee fo focu cuss gr grou oup p pr proj oj-ec ect t an and d has ha s a ersity rela re lati tive vely small sma popu po lati tion onbec comp co mpar ared with thimport theeortanc th othe ot herresit sites . Bes Beside idessigrat prov pr ovid iding ingde desir sired ed geo geograph gr aphica ical l div divers ity, , Tly opeka ope kallwa was spula chosen cho sen becaus ause eed of wi theimp the ance ofes.the theimm immigr ation ion issue iss ue there th ereand andthee Poli th olice ce Fou ounda ndatio tion’ n’ss pri prior or his histo tory ry wo worki rking ng wit with h its pol police ice chi chief ef,, Ro Ron n Mil Miller ler.. Chi Chief ef Mil Miller ler in invit vited ed other ot her la law w enf enfor orcem cement ent of offic ficial ials, s, inc includ luding ing the Sha Shawne wneee Cou County nty She Sherif rifff and mem member berss of his age agency  ncy  and an d a re repre presen senta tativ tivee of the Sha Shawn wnee ee Cou County nty Dis Distr trict ict At Attor torney ney and Kan Kansas sas Hig Highw hway ay Pat atro rol. l. For the civi civilian lian sess session ion,, the Tope opeka ka Po Police lice Dep Depart artmen mentt con contac tacted ted com commun munity ity par partne tners, rs, suc such h as the Law Enforcement Partnership Panel, the NAACP, and a number of Hispanic organizations, which wh ich we were re as aske ked d to ex exte tend nd in invit vitat atio ions ns to th their eir mem membe bers rs.. On Once ce pe peop ople le st star arte ted d lea learn rning ing ab abou outt th thee event ev ent,, a nu numbe mberr of add additi itiona onall peo people ple cal called led the pol police ice dep depart artmen mentt to req reques uestt per permis missio sion n to at atten tend. d. Ultimately,, representatives attended the civilian session from the Topeka City Council, Kansas Ultimately Human Rights Commission, Kansas Hispanic and Latino Commission, the NAACP, League of  United Unit ed Lat Latin in Ameri American can Citiz Citizens, ens, comm communit unity-b y-based ased orga organiza nization tions, s, priva private te busin business, ess, and the cler clergy gy.. Give Gi ven n th that at Top opek ekaa is th thee mo most st po popu pulo lous us pa part rt of Sh Shaw awne neee Co Coun unty ty an and d th thee Top opek ekaa Pol olice ice De Depa part rtme ment nt organized the event, it was no surprise that all of the community focus group participants were from fr om th thee ci city ty of Top opek eka. a. During Dur ing foc focus us gro group up dis discus cussio sions, ns, ref refere erence nce wa wass mad madee to Tope opeka ka’’s ra racia ciall his histor toryy. One of Tope opeka’ ka’ss school sch ool dis distri tricts cts wa wass the def defend endant ant in Br  Brown own v. Boar Board d of Edu Educat cation ion, th thee la land ndma mark rk Su Supr prem emee Co Cour urtt ca case se requ re quiri iring ng ra racia ciall int integr egrat ation ion of Am Ameri erica can n pu publi blicc sch schoo ools. ls. In ad addit dition ion,, in th thee la late te 19 1980 80s, s, a gr grou oup p of cit cit-izens calling themselves the Task Force to Overcome Racism in Topeka formed to address the proble pro blems ms ass associ ociate ated d wit with h rac racism ism in the cit cityy, incl includi uding ng hou housing sing segr segrega egatio tion, n, disp disprop roport ortion ionate ate min minor or-ity inc incarc arcera eratio tion, n, and con contin tinuin uing g sch school ool segr segrega egatio tion. n. Of all the project sites, Topeka had the smallest immigrant population. population. According to the U.S. U.S. Census Cen sus Bur Burea eau u Ame Americ rican an Com Commun munity ity Sur Survey vey thr threeee-ye year ar est estima imates tes of 200 2005 5 to 200 20077, app appro roxim ximat ately  ely  4 5 5 per perce cent nt of th thee po popu pula lati tion on of Top opek ekaa an and d 4 pe perc rcen entt of th thee po popu pula lati tion on of Sh Shaw awne neee Co Coun unty  ty  wa wass for for-eign born. Of Topeka’ Topeka’ss foreign foreign-born -born residents, approximately approximately 33 percent were naturalized naturalized citi6

zens and 35ofpercent entered in ye the year 2000 or later. In both locations, only larger perc pe rcen enta tage ge thee po th popu pula lati tion on fi five ve year ars s or ol olde derr sp spok oke e a la lang ngua uage ge ot othe her r th than an En Engl glis ish haatslightly home ho me:: 12 perrpe 7 8 centt in Tope cen opeka ka and 8 per percen centt in Sha Shawne wneee Cou County nty.. In add additi ition, on, app appro roxim ximat ately ely 11 per percen centt of Tope opeka ka’’s popu po pula lati tion on id iden enti tifie fied d as Hi Hispa spanic nic or La Lati tino no of an anyy ra race ce,, 12 per perce cent nt Bl Blac ack k or Af Afri rica can n Am Amer eric ican an,, 1 per per-9 centt Nat cen ative ive Ame Americ rican an,, an and d a lit littl tlee les lesss th than an 2 per percen centt Asi Asian an.. Simil Similarly arly,, in Sha Shawne wneee Cou County nty,, appr approx ox-imat im atel elyy 9 pe perc rcen entt of th thee po popu pula lati tion on id iden enti tifi fied ed as Hi Hispa spani nicc or La Lati tino no of an anyy ra race ce,, 9 pe perc rcen entt Bla Black ck or  African  Africa n American, American, and a little over over 1 percent identified identified as Asian and Native Native American. American.10 Shawnee County saw a 58.4 percent increase in its Hispanic or Latino population between 1990 and 2000, which wh ich is slig slightl htlyy abo above ve th thee nat nation ional al aver verage age gro growth wth ra rate te of 57 57.6 .6 per percen cent. t.11 From 20052005-2007 2007,, media median n househ hou sehold old inc income ome in Tope opeka ka wa wass $36 $36,0 ,071 71 and med median ian fam family ily inc income ome wa wass $46 $46,50 ,500; 0; med median ian hou housese12 hold ho ld in inco come me wa wass $4 $45, 5,27 274 4 an and d me media dian n fa famil milyy inc incom omee wa wass $5 $577,6 ,636 36 in Sh Shaw awne neee Co Coun unty ty.. The Tope opeka ka Poli olice ce Dep Depart artmen mentt is a med medium ium-si -size ze pol police ice for force ce wit with h 338 ful full-t l-time ime emp employ loyees ees,, 283 of wh whom om ar aree sw swor orn n pe pers rson onne nel. l. Of th thee sw swor orn n of offi fice cers rs,, 89 pe perc rcen entt ar aree Wh Whit ite, e, 4 pe perc rcen entt Bla Black ck,, 6 pe perr13 cent Hispanic or Latino, and 1 percent Native American. The Topeka Police Department saw

54   |   THE THE ROL ROLE E OF LOCA LOCAL L POLI POLICE: CE: Stri Strikinga kinga Bal BalanceBetwe anceBetween en Imm Immigra igrationEnforce tionEnforcemen mentt and Civi Civill Libe Libertie rtiess

 

APPENDIX A

Focus Group Summary

slightly lower rates of reported violent and property crime in 2006 than in 1985 (see table 1), althou alt hough gh the num number ber of tho those se cri crimes mes inc increa reased sed dur during ing the per period iod.. For th thee Sha Shawne wneee Cou County nty She Sherriff’s if f’s Of Offi fice ce,, th thee ra rate te of re repo port rted ed vi viole olent nt cr crim imes es dec decre reas ased ed sli sligh ghtl tlyy wh whil ilee th thee ra rate te of re repo port rted ed pr propop14

ertyy crim ert crimes es inc increa reased sed con conside siderab rably ly.. See tab table le 1 for mor moree det detail ailed ed sta statis tistic tics. s. TABLE 1. CRIME STATISTICS FOR TOPEKA PARTICIPATING AGENCIES

Agency

985 Violent Crime Rate

985 Property Crime Rate

2006 Violent Crime Rate

2006 Property Crime Rate

Topeka Police Department

580.6

7,180

544.8

7,123.4

Shawnee County Sheriff’s Office

226.7

1,476.1

205.2

3,310.6

Crime me & Ju Justi stice ce Dat Data a Onl Online ine, an CrimeTr Trends ends from Dataa Sour Dat Source: ce: U.S. .S.Depa Departme rtment nt of Ju Justi stice, ce, Bur Bureau eau of Ju Justic sticee Sta Statist tistics, ics, Cri and d Crime  FBI Uniform Uniform Crime Reports. Violent and property crime rates are number of crimes reported per 100,000 population. Data are unavailable for some of the smaller agencies that participated. Violent crimes include murder and non-negligent homicide, forcible rape, robbery, and aggravated assault. The definition of property crimes includes burglary, larceny/the ceny /theft, ft, motor vehi vehicle cle thef theft, t, and arson arson..

Overall, Overal l, dur during ing the Tope opeka ka law enf enforc orcemen ementt sess session ion,, par partic ticipa ipants nts mad madee mor moree com comment mentss abo about ut lack of ICE responsiveness than during the other sessions. To support this claim, a representativee of the Kan tiv Kansas sas Hig Highw hway ay Pat atro roll rel relat ated ed an inc incide ident nt in invo volvi lving ng sei seizur zuree of tw two o hu hundr ndred ed an and d fif fifty  ty  thou th ousan sand d dol dollar larss wo wort rth h of mar mariju ijuan anaa fr from om und undocu ocumen mente ted d imm immigr igran ants ts.. Th Thee off office icerr cal called led ICE to resp re spon ond d bu butt IC ICE E di did d no nott ha have ve of offi fice cers rs ava vail ilab able le to do so so.. So Some me pa part rtic icip ipan ants ts fe felt lt th that at if IC ICE E di did d no nott resp re spon ond d to su such ch a se seri riou ouss in inci cide dent nt,, it ce cert rtai ainl nlyy wo woul uld d no nott ha have ve th thee re reso sour urce cess to re resp spon ond d to al alll ca call llss for service were local law enforcement to start actively enforcing immigration law. Moreover,  becausee of ICE’s inabil  becaus inability ity to respon respond d in a timel timelyy manner, the local law enforce enforcement ment agency  woul wo uld d inc incur ur sig signi nific fican antt det detent ention ion (se (seve vent ntyy-t -two wo do dolla llars rs per da day) y) an and d la labor bor co cost sts. s. Th Thee lo loca call ag agen ency  cy  woul wo uld d al also so be fo forc rced ed to al allo loca cate te va valu luab able le be beds ds in th thee de dete tent ntio ion n ce cent nter er to im immi migr grat atio ion n de deta tain inee ees. s. If th thee ag agen ency cy no lo long nger er ha had d th thee sp spac acee to de deta tain in al alll cr crim imin inal al la law w vi viol olat ator ors, s, it wo woul uld d be fo forrce ced d to pa pay  y  another anot her jurisdiction jurisdiction to hold the prisoners. The reason this issue mainly arose in this site is unclear, but perhaps it is due to the relatively fewer immigration resources allocated to this region.

POLICE FOUNDA FOUNDATION TION

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APPENDIX A

Focus Group Summary

El Paso, Tex Texas as FIGURE 2. EL PASO FOCUS GROUP SITE MAP

El Pas aso o Co Coun unty ty,, th thee we west stern ernmos mostt co coun unty ty in Tex exas as,, bo bord rders ers Ne New w Me Mexic xico o an and d th thee Me Mexi xican can st stat atee of  Ch Chihu ihuahu ahua. a. El Paso City Cit share sha res s aarez border bor with wit h lex, Ciudad Ciu Jua uare rezzpop (the (t heulatio larges lar gest cityyter cit inon Chihu Ch ihuah ahua ua), ), wh which ich togeth tog ether er mak make e up the ElyPa Paso/ so/Ju Juare zder Borderp Bor derplex , dad the lar largest gest popula tion ntcen center any interna int ernatio tional nal 15  borderr in the world.  borde world. About 2.2 million live in the area area.. In the Borderplex region, there are four major maj or bor border der poin points ts of ent entry ry and andpede pedestr strian ian tra traffi fficc of appr approxi oximat mately ely 8. 8.3 3 mill million ion ann annual ually ly..16 Wit ith h a po poppulat ul atio ion n of 60 609 9,41 415 5, El Pas aso o is th thee tw twen enty ty-f -fir irst st la larg rges estt ci city ty in th thee na nati tion on an and d wa wass th thee se seve vent nth h fa fast stes estt gr grow ow-17 ing lar large ge cit cityy (ci (citie tiess wit with h a po popul pulat ation ion ov over er 50 500, 0,000 000)) in th thee na nati tion on fr from om 200 20000-200 2006. 6. Fr From om 20 2005 05 to 18 2007, El Pa Paso so Cou County nty had an est estima imated ted pop popula ulatio tion n of 724 724,21 ,2177. El Pas aso o Co Coun unty ty inc inclu ludes des El Pas aso o Ci City ty,, Horizon Ho rizon City City,, Soco Socorro rro,, Anth Anthony ony,, Clint Clint,, and Vin Vinton. ton. Chief Chi ef Ric Richar hard d Wi Wiles les of th thee El Paso Poli olice ce Dep Depar artme tment nt,, the hos hostt age agency ncy,, inv invite ited d la law w enf enfor orcem cement ent repr re prese esent ntat ativ ives es fr from om bot both h El Pas aso o Co Coun unty ty an and d bo bord rder erin ing g Do Doña ña An Anaa Co Coun unty ty,, Ne New w Me Mexic xico o. Do Doña ña An Anaa Coun Co unty ty in incl clud udes es th thee cit cities ies of La Lass Cr Cruc uces es an and d Su Sunl nlan and d Par ark k an and d bo bord rder erss th thee U.S .S..-Me Mexi xico co bor borde derr st stat atee of Chi Chihu huahu ahua. a. A lar large ge num number ber of the la law w enf enfor orcem cement ent ses sessio sion n at atten tendee deess we were re chi chiefs efs of pol police ice fr from om these the se age agenci ncies. es. For the civi civilian lian sess session ion,, Chie Chieff Wil Wiles es wo worke rked d wit with h com commun munity ity-ba -based sed org organi anizat zation ionss to suppor sup portt eff effort ortss to get com commun munity ity par partic ticipa ipatio tion. n. The fin final al lis listt of civ civilia ilian n ses sessio sion n par partic ticipa ipants nts inc includ luded ed

56   |   THE THE ROLEOF LOC LOCAL AL POLI POLICE: CE: Stri Strikinga kinga Bal BalanceBetwee anceBetween n Imm Immigra igration tion Enfo Enforcem rcement ent and Civi Civill Libe Libertie rtiess

 

APPENDIX A

Focus Group Summary

represent repres entati atives ves fr from om the theBor Border der Ne Netw twork ork for forHu Human man Rig Rights hts,, Cen Centro tro Mu Mujer jeres es de la Esp Espera eranza nza,, Pase aseo o del Norte Civil Rights Project, Diocesan Migrant and Refugee Services, and a local private attorney; ne y; mo most st of th thee ci civi vili lian an pa part rtic icip ipan ants ts we were re ba base sed d in El Pas aso o Co Coun unty ty.. Innty addition toed being counties, El County, atinos slightly lesser extent Doña Ana Cou Count y, com compar pared with wit hborder other ot her sel select ected ed sit sites, es,Paso aree uni ar unique que inand that th atto Latin La os ar aree th the e ma major jority ity pop popula ulatio tion n and an d a sig signif nifica icant nt per percen centag tagee of the them m ar aree eli eligib gible le to vot votee (ci (citiz tizens ens). ). Wh While ile the pop popula ulatio tion n of La Latin tinos os is very high in the region—approximately 81 percent of El Paso County 19 and 65 percent of Doña  Ana Cou County nty iden identif tified ied as Hisp Hispanic anicor or Lat Latino ino acc accord ording ing to thr threeee-yea yearr est estima imates tes fro from m 2005 to 2007 of  20 theAmer the American icanComm Communit unityy Surv Survey  ey  —t —the he gr grow owth th ra rate te in th thee His Hispan panic ic or La Latin tino o po popul pulat ation ionin in bot both h cou counnties ti es wa wass lo lowe werr th than an th thee na nati tion onal al ave vera rage ge of 58 pe perc rcen ent. t.21 El Pas aso o Co Coun unty ty sa saw w a 29 pe perc rcen entt in incr crea ease se in 22 Hispan His panic ic or La Latin tino o pop popula ulatio tion n bet betwe ween en 199 1990 0 and 200 2000, 0, wh whil ilee Do Doña ña An Anaa Co Coun unty ty sa saw w a 45 pe perc rcen entt 23 increase. Both El Paso County and Doña Ana County also have a foreign-born population well above the national rate of 12.5 percent. From 2005 to 2007, the U.S. Census Bureau estimated that approximatel ma telyy 27 per percen centt of re resid sident entss of El Paso asoCou Count ntyy we were re bor born n ou outsi tside de th thee Un Unite ited d St Stat ates es or its itste terri rrito torie ries. s. Of th thee fo fore reign ign bo born rn,, ap appr prox oxim imat atel elyy 41 pe perc rcen entt we were re na natu tura raliz lized ed U.S .S.. cit citize izens ns an and d 18 per percen centt ent enter ered ed 24 thee Un th Unit ited ed St Stat ates es af afte terr 200 2000. 0. In th thee sam samee tim timee per period iod,, th thee Cen Census susBu Bure reau au est estima imate ted d th that at ap appr prox oxima imatel tely  y  19 percent of Doña Ana County’s 193,888 residents were foreign born. Of the foreign born, 31 percent ce nt we were re na natu tura raliz lized ed U.S .S.. cit citiz izens ens an and d 22 per percen centt en ente tere red d th thee Un Unit ited ed St Stat ates es in 200 2000 0 or la late terr. 25 In both counties, the majority of the population speaks a language other than English at home— ho me—ap appr prox oxim imat atel elyy 76 per perce cent nt in El Pas aso o an and d 54 pe perc rcen entt in Do Doña ña An Anaa Co Coun unty ty fr from om 200 2005 5 to 200 20077. Durin Du ring g th this is per period iod,, me media dian n ho house useho hold ld inc incom omee in El Pas aso o wa wass $3 $33, 3,68 684 4 an and d med media ian n fa famil milyy in incom comee was $36,817. In Doña Ana County, median household income was $34,118 and median family  income was $39,453.26, 27 Thee El Pas Th aso o Pol olice ice De Depa part rtmen mentt is th thee la larg rgest est la law w en enfo forc rceme ement nt ag agen ency cy in th thee re regio gion n an and d ha hass by fa farr thee la th larg rgest est pe perc rcen enta tage ge of Hi Hispa spani nicc or La Lati tino no of offi ficer cerss of al alll ag agen enci cies es pa part rtic icipa ipati ting ng in th thee fo focu cuss gr grou oups ps..  As of 2000 2000,, the El Paso Poli olice ce Dep Depart artmen mentt ha had d 1,3 1,351 51 ful full-t l-time ime emp employ loyees ees,, 1, 1,057 057 of who whom m we were re sw sworn orn.. Of the full-time sworn personnel, 24 percent were White (non-Hispanic), 2 percent Black (nonHispanic Hispa nic), ), 72 per perce cent nt His Hispan panic, ic, 1 per percen centt Asi Asian an,, an and d 1 per percen centt Na Nativ tivee Am Ameri erica can. n. Th Thee sec secon ond d la larg rgest est agency age ncy pr prese esent nt at th thee El Paso la law w enf enfor orcem cement ent ses sessio sion n wa wass th thee Las LasCru Cruces ces Poli olice ce Dep Depart artmen ment, t, whi which ch had ha d 199 fu fullll-tim timee emp employ loyees ees,, 14 1411 of wh whom om we were re sw sworn orn per person sonnel nel.. Of sw sworn orn fu fullll-tim timee per person sonnel nel,, 46 percent were White (non-Hispanic), 7 percent Black (non-Hispanic), 45 percent Hispanic, and 1 percent perc ent Na Native tive Amer American ican..28 In the past twenty years, the rate of both violent and property crimes reported in El Paso City  declined decl inedcon conside siderab rably ly desp despite ite an app apprec reciabl iablee incr increas easee in pop popula ulatio tion n size sizeand and desp despite ite foc focus us gro group up com com-ments that in recent years crimes relating to drug trafficking increased significantly and became more mo re vio violen lent. t. Th Thee El Paso Co Coun unty ty she sherif rifff re repo port rted ed a sli sligh ghtt inc incre rease ase in th thee vio violen lentt cr crime ime ra rate te,, mo most st of  this increase caused by a rise in aggravated assault charges. Murder/non-negligent Murder/non-negligent manslaughter, manslaughter, forcible forcib le rape, and robber robberyy rates all declined. The other agencies with available available data for the past twent tw entyy ye years ars sa saw w sli slight ght inc incre rease asess in th thee ra rate te of vio violen lentt cri crimes mes re repor ported ted but lar large ge dec decrea reases ses in pr propoperty er ty cr crime imera rate tes. s. Des Despit pitee pr prox oximi imity ty to th thee bo bord rder er,, El Paso asoCit Cityy wa wass na named medth thee sec secon ond d sa safes festt cit cityy in Ame Amerricaa (o ic (off ci citi ties es wi with th a po popu pula lati tion on of 50 500 0,0 ,000 00 or mo more re). ).29 See ta table ble 2 fo forr mor moree det detail ailed ed sta statis tistic tics. s.30

POLICE FOUNDA FOUNDATION TION

  |   57

 

APPENDIX A

Focus Group Summary

TABLE 2. CRIME STATISTICS FOR SOME EL PASO PARTICIPATING AGENCIES

Agency

985 Violent Crime Rate

985 Property Crime Rate

2006 Violent Crime Rate

2006 Property Crime Rate

El Paso Police Department

771.2

6,324.9

393.5

3,370.6

El Paso Sheriff’s Office

243.7

2,549.8

266.4

1,486.1

Las Cruces Police Department

504.8

8,749.9

614.6

4,661.4

Doña Ana County Sheriff’s Office

289.5

2,231.1

331

1,367.3

Trends ends from FBI  Data Sou Data Source: rce:U U.S .S.. Dep Depart artmen mentt of Ju Justi stice, ce,Bur Bureau eau of Just ustice ice St Stati atisti stics, cs, Cri Crime me & Just ustice ice Dat Data a Onl Online ine and Crime Tr Uniform Crime Reports. Violent and property crime rates are number of crimes reported per 100,000 population. Data areuna are unavail vailabl ablee for som somee of the sma smaller lleragen agenciesthat ciesthat par partici ticipat pated. ed. Vio Violent lentcrim crimes es inc include ludemur murder der and non non-neg -neglige ligent nt hom homiicide, forcible rape, robbery, and aggravated assault. The definition of property crimes includes burglary, larceny/theft,

motor mot or veh vehicl iclee th theft eft,, an and d ars arson. on.

Because Becau se El Pa Paso so is sit situa uated ted on the U.S .S.-M .-Mex exico ico bor border der,, par partic ticipa ipants nts had par partic ticula ularr per perspe specti ctives ves,, issues, and concerns relating to the border that were not raised in other sessions. In El Paso, law la w enf enforc orcemen ementt int intera eracts cts wit with h immi immigra grant nt res residen idents, ts, und undocu ocumen mented ted migr migrant antss who ha have ve rec recent ently  ly  cross cr ossed ed th thee bor border der an and d ar aree hea headin ding g to th thee int inter erior ior of th thee co coun untr tryy, an and d Me Mexic xican an vis visit itor orss leg legal ally ly pr presesent in the United States with a border-crossing card. Furthermore, many residents of El Paso have family on both sides of the border, which influences their viewpoints on migration issues. El Paso an and d Do Doña ña An Anaa Co Coun unty ty la law w enf enfor orcem cement ent ag agenc encies ies,, par partic ticul ularl arlyy th those ose loc locat ated ed in ru rura rall bo borrder cities, often must respond to criminal activity specific to border communities, such as drug  and an d hu human man tr traf affic fickin king g an and d th thee re resul sultin ting g vio violen lence ce.. Som Somee la law w en enfo force rcemen mentt pa parti rticip cipan ants ts ex expr press essed ed conce co ncern rn th that at th these ese cr crimi imina nall pr probl oblem emss ha have ve wo worse rsene ned d in re recen centt ye year ars. s. On Onee par parti ticip cipan antt con conte tende nded d that the Juarez and Sinaloa drug cartels have begun to enter the human traff trafficking icking business. These local law enforcement agencies feel overwhelmed by criminal enforcement demands placed on them, and for this reason the Border County Sheriff’s Coalition sought federal funds to ad addr dres esss bo bord rder er cr crim imin inal al ac acti tivi vity ty an and d to de dete terr cr crim imin inal al ac acti tivi vity ty by ha havi ving ng mo more re of a pr pres esen ence ce in thee ru th rura rall ar area eass of th thee co coun unty ty.. On Onee pa part rtic icip ipan antt re repo port rted ed a dec decli line ne in tr tres espa pass ss an and d bu burg rgla lary ry co comp mpla lain ints ts from farmers since more deputies were placed in these areas. Thee dis Th discu cussi ssion onss in El Pas aso o of ofte ten n in incl clud uded ed co comm mmen ents ts ab abou outt th thee ro role le an and d pr prese esenc ncee of CBP in th thee regio re gion. n. In th thee pa past st,, as on onee civ civili ilian an par partic ticipa ipant nt men mentio tione ned, d, th thee ag agenc encyy did no nott pa patr trol ol bey beyon ond d th thre reee miless of the bor mile border der.. No Now w, ho howev wever er,, it is con conduct ducting ing enfo enforce rcement ment act activit ivities ies fur furthe therr inla inland, nd, pat patrol rolling  ling  publi pu blicc ar area eass su such ch as sh shop oppi ping ng ma malls lls.. On oc occa casio sion, n, so some me po polic licee ag agen enci cies es in th thee ar area ea ha have ve co colla llabborat or ated ed wit with h CBP on cri crimin minal al inv invest estiga igatio tions, ns, par partic ticula ularly rly in jur jurisd isdict iction ionss whe where re pat patro roll res resour ources ces are limited. For example, an officer in a more rural area may call CBP for backup.

58   |   THE THE ROLEOF LOCA LOCAL L POLI POLICE: CE: Stri Strikinga kinga Bal BalanceBetwe anceBetween en Imm Immigra igrationEnforce tionEnforcemen mentt and Civi Civill Libe Libertie rtiess

 

APPENDIX A

Focus Group Summary

 Arling  Arl ington ton,, Texas FIGURE 3. ARLINGTON FOCUS GROUP SITE MAP

 Arlington, Texas, Texas, is part of the Dallas-Fort Worth-Arlington Worth-Arlington Metropolitan Metropolitan area, as named by  thee U.S th .S.. Ce Cens nsus us Bu Bure reau au,, or as it is co comm mmon only ly na name med d in th thee re regi gion on,, th thee Da Dall llas as-F -For ortt Wor orth th Met etro ro-plex. In 200 plex. 2006, 6, the pop popula ulatio tion n of the Me Metr tropl oplex ex rea reache ched d alm almost ost six mil millio lion, n, mak making ing it th thee fo four urththlargest metropolitan area in the United States.31 It is an enormous geographic area covering  9,286 square miles, which includes the third and fifth larges largestt cities in Texas Texas (Dallas and Fort Wor orth th). ). For ortt Wor orth th wa wass th thee fa fast stes estt gr grow owin ing g ci city ty in th thee na nati tion on fr from om Jul ulyy 20 2000 00 to Jul ulyy 20 2006 06,, ha havving increased its population by more than 20 percent.32 The Dallas-Fort Worth Metroplex includ inc ludes es th thee fo follo llowin wing g cou counti nties es tha thatt we were re re repre presen sented ted in th thee la law w enf enfor orcem cement ent fo focus cus gro group: up: Da Dalllas, Tarrant, Collin, Johnson, and Denton. Parker, Rockwall, Kaufman, Hunt, Ellis, and Wise counties, also located in the metropolitan area, did not have their law enforcement agencies represented at the law enforcement focus group session.  According  Accor ding to estima estimates tes of the 2006 America American n Commu Community nity Surve Surveyy, the forei foreign-bor gn-born n popula population tion 33 of the Metroplex area was estimated at approximately 18 percent. In 2006, 56 percent of foreign ei gn-b -bor orn n re resi side dent ntss we were re bo born rn in Me Mexi xico co an and d 67 per perce cent nt ca came me fr from om La Lati tin n Am Amer eric ica. a.34 In add additi ition, on, appro app roxim ximat ately ely 29 per percen centt of the met metro ropol polita itan n ar area ea spo spoke ke a lan langua guage ge oth other er tha than n Eng Englis lish h at ho home me..35

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APPENDIX A

Focus Group Summary

Chief The Chief Thero ron n Bow Bowman man of the Arl Arling ington ton Po Police lice Depa Departm rtment ent inv invite ited d loc local al are areaa pol police ice ex execu ecutiv tives es on th thee bas basis is of the their ir pro proxim ximity ity to Arl Arling ington ton,, age agency ncy siz size, e, and com commun munity ity sim simila ilarit rities ies.. Bec Becau ause se thi thiss group regularly meets twice a month, they have had a lot of experience discussing complex issues, incl issues, includin uding g cha challen llenges ges asso associat ciated ed wit with h immi immigra gration tion.. Mo Moreo reover ver,, unl unlike ike oth other er site sites, s, alm almost ost all participants were chiefs of police. Sheriff’s offices in the metropolitan area were not represent se nted ed no norr we were re th thee la larg rger er po poli lice ce de depa part rtme ment ntss in th thee re regi gion on,, sp spec ecif ific ical ally ly th thee Da Dall llas as Pol olic icee De Depa part rt-ment and the Fort Worth Police Department. The Arli Arlingto ngton n Po Police lice Depa Departme rtment nt coll collabor aborate ated d with a vari variety ety of loca local-a l-area rea part partners ners,, incl includin uding  g  faithfai th-bas based ed or organ ganiza izatio tions, ns, pol police ice par partne tners, rs, and res residen identia tiall com commun muniti ities, es, to who whom m the theyy dra drafte fted d an invit in vitat ation ion let letter ter de descr scribi ibing ng th thee pu purpo rpose se of th thee ev event ent an and d re reque quest sting ing th that at th thee co commu mmunit nityy pa part rtner nerss invite residents residents to attend. They used this approach to establish a layer of trust with members of th thee co commu mmunit nityy who mig might ht no norma rmally lly fe feel el un uncom comfo fort rtabl ablee at atte tendi nding ng an ev event ent ho hoste sted d by a pol police ice agency age ncy.. Ma Many ny par partic ticipa ipants nts we were re too fri fright ghtene ened d to giv givee the their ir nam namee and con conta tact ct inf inform ormati ation, on, pre pre-ferring ferrin g to remai remain n anon anonymous; ymous; thus thus,, we do not hav havee specific specific informat information ion about the composit composition ion of this group, unlike the other sites. Since the Arlington Police Department invited focus group participants by using organization ti onss it wo work rked ed wi with th in th thee pa past st,, mos mostt civ civili ilian an par parti ticip cipan ants ts we were re fr from om th that at cit cityy. Th Ther erefo efore re,, a mor moree detailed description of its population is available. Arlington is a suburb of Fort Worth in Tarrant ra nt Co Coun unty ty.. Th Thee dem demog ogra raph phic ic pr prof ofile ile fo forr Arl Arling ingto ton n is qu quite ite sim simila ilarr to th thee ent entir iree met metro ropo polit litan an ar area. ea. From 2005 to 2007, the U.S. Census Bureau estimated Arlington’s foreign-born population at 19 pe perc rcen ent, t, an and d 30 pe perc rcen entt of th thee po popu pula lati tion on fi five ve ye year arss ol old d or ove verr wa wass es esti tima mate ted d to sp spea eak k a la lann36 guag gu agee ot othe herr th than an En Engli glish sh at ho home me.. Of th thee 30 per percen cent, t, 71 pe perc rcen entt spo spoke ke Spa Spani nish sh an and d ap appr prox oxima imate tely  ly  37 51 percent reported that they did not speak English “very well.” From 2005 to 2007, 32 percentt of th cen thee fo fore reign ign-bo -born rn pop popula ulatio tion n we were re na natu tura raliz lized ed cit citize izens ns and 32 per percen centt ent entere ered d in 200 2000 0 or 38 later. Of the estimated 356,764 residents in Arlington from 2005 to 2007, 62 percent were Whit Wh ite, e, 17 pe perc rcen entt Bl Blac ack, k, 6 pe perc rcen entt As Asia ian, n, an and d le less ss th than an 1 pe perc rcen entt wa wass Nat ativ ivee Am Amer eric ican an.. App ppro rox ximately 26 percent reported they were Hispanic or Latino (of any race). The city is relatively  prosp pr osper erou ous, s, wi with th a med media ian n ho hous useh ehol old d inc incom omee of $5 $50, 0,58 582 2 an and d med media ian n fa famil milyy in inco come me of $6 $60, 0,36 364. 4.39  According to Chief Bowman, Arlington’s population has almost doubled in the past twenty to twenty-five years, and most of that growth is due to increases in ethnic minority communities. Specifi Spec ifical cally ly,, Arl Arlingt ington’ on’ss Hisp Hispani anicc pop popula ulatio tion n gro growth wth is sign signific ificant ant,, as is the una unauth uthoriz orized ed por portio tion n of this community, according to the chief. c hief. Table 3 presents brief demographic statistics of the five counties that had at least one police depar dep artme tment nt re repre presen sented ted in th thee la law w enf enfor orcem cement ent ses sessio sion n an and d giv gives es th thee re reade aderr a bri brief ef ov overv erview iew of  thee po th popu pula lati tion on se serv rved ed by th this is la larg rgee nu numb mber er of po polic licee ag agen enci cies es.. Im Impo port rtan antt to no note te in th this is ta tabl blee is that th at a si sign gnif ific ican antt po port rtio ion n of th thee im immi migr gran antt po popu pula lati tion on po poss ssib ibly ly re resi side dess in th thee ci citi ties es of Da Dall llas as an and d Fort Worth; those cities were not represented in the law enforcement session. All five counties experienced tremendous growth in the Latino community between 1990 and 2000. Tarrant County’ Cou nty’ss La Latin tino o pop popula ulatio tion n gre grew w 104 per percen cent; t; Da Dalla llass Cou County’ nty’s, s, 110 per percen cent; t; Col Collin lin Cou County’ nty’s, s, 178 40 percen per cent; t; Den Denton ton Cou County’ nty’s, s, 177 per percen cent; t; and Jo Johns hnson on Cou Count nty’ y’s, s, 106 per percen cent. t. Som Somee la law w enf enfor orcecement group participants discussed growth not only in the Latino community but in various  Asian and Middle Eastern communities as well.

60   |   THE THE ROL ROLE E OF LOCA LOCAL L POLI POLICE: CE: Stri Striking king a Bal BalanceBetwe anceBetween en Imm Immigra igrationEnforce tionEnforcemen mentt and Civi Civill Libe Libertie rtiess

 

APPENDIX A

Focus Group Summary

TABLE 3. DEMOGRAPHIC STATISTICS FOR ARLINGTON REPRESENTED COUNTIES - 2006

County

Population

Foreign Born

Speak a Language

Hispanic

Asian

(percent)

Other than English (percent)

(percent)

(percent)

Dallas

2,336,012

24

40

37

4

Tarrant

1,668,042

16

26

25

4

Collin

695,317

17

23

14

10

Johnson

146,663

6

14

15

.4

Denton

585,139

13

20

16

5

FactFinder, 2005-2007 American Community Survey 33-Y Year Estimates: Estimate s: Data Source: U.S. Census Bureau , American FactFinder,  Data Profile Highlights.

The Arl Arling ingto ton n Poli olice ce Dep Depart artmen mentt wa wass th thee lar larges gestt age agency ncy re repre presen sented ted in the la law w enf enforc orceme ement nt sess se ssio ion, n, wi with th 64 643 3 fu full ll-t -tim imee em empl ploy oyee eess (4 (485 85 sw swor orn) n) in 200 2000 0 an and d th thee la larg rges estt pr prop opor orti tion on of Hi Hisp span anic ic sworn sw orn of offic ficers ers,, 13 per percen cent. t. Six Sixty ty-n -nine ine per percen centt of sw sworn orn fu fullll-tim timee emp employ loyees ees we were re Whi White te (no (nonn-His His-panic), 12 percent Black (non-Hispanic), 3 percent Asian, and 3 percent Native American. Hispani pa nicc co comp mpos osit itio ion n of sw swor orn n pe pers rson onne nell in th thee ot othe herr po polic licee de depa part rtme ment ntss fo forr wh which ich da data ta on ra racia ciall 41 makeup were available was less than 10 percent. See table 4 for more detailed statistics. TABLE 4. RACIAL MAKEUP OF ARLINGTON PARTICIPATING AGENCY SWORN PERSONNEL - 2006

Agency

White (non-Hispanic) (percent)

Black (non-Hispanic) (percent)

Hispanic (percent)

Asian (percent)

Native American (percent)

Arlington PD

69 69

12

13

3

3

Irving PD

87

4

6

1

1

Plano PD

88

5

5

0

1

Grand Prairie PD

86

7

8

0

0

Mesquite PD

94

3

4

0

1

Carrollton PD

91

2

7

0

0

Denton PD

91

2

5

0

2

Crime ime & Ju Justi stice ce Dat Data a Onl Online ine, Law Enfo Enforce rcement ment Man Man-Data Sou Data Source: rce: U.S. .S.Dep Departm artment ent of Ju Justi stice, ce, Bur Bureau eau of Ju Justi stice ce Sta Statis tistics tics,, Cr agement ageme nt and Ad Adminis ministra trative tive Stat Statisti istics cs 2000 (LEMAS).

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APPENDIX A

Focus Group Summary

 All police departme departments nts participa participating ting in the Arlington focus group group,, except for the Frisco Polic Policee Department, saw a decrease in property crime rates between 1985 and 2006. A little more than half ha lf of pa part rtici icipa pati ting ng po polic licee dep depar artm tmen ents ts als also o sa saw w a dec decre reas asee in vio viole lent nt cri crime me ra rate tes. s. Se Seee ta table ble 5 fo forr 42

more detailed statistics. TABLE 5. CRIME STATISTICS FOR ARLINGTON PARTICIPATING AGENCIES

Agency

985 Violent Crime Rate

985 Property Crime Rate

2006 Violent Crime Rate

2006 Property Crime Rate

Arlington PD

507

8,461.1

731.2

5,271.2

Bedford PD

198.6

6,414.4

510.4

3,239.5

Burleson PD

157.2

6,137

187.2

3,881.5

Carrollton PD

195.5

5,930.5

187.3

3,093.9

Colleyville PD

50.5

3,398.6

39.1

1,311.4

Denton PD

666.8

8,398.3

310.9

3,001.7

Duncanville PD

222.2

6,059.4

304.3

4,014.3

Farmers Branch PD

210.7

6,534.9

238.6

4,376.2

Frisco PD

598.1 (1988)

3,646.5

134.6

4,375.1

Grand Prairie PD

629.2

8,162.2

330.1

5,038.8

Haltom City PD

342.8

8,722

463.4

5,689.6

Irving PD

687.4

9,095.3

426.8

4,842.9

Keller PD

264.8

4,583.4

68.1

1,497.9

Mesquite PD

588.8

8,315.7

371.3

4,023

North Richland Hills PD

316.8

6,724.6

299.1

3,758.3

Plano PD

167.4

5,973.2

287.7

3,338.1

Crime me & Ju Justi stice ce Dat Data a Onl Online ine, an CrimeTr Trends ends from Data Sour Data Source: ce: U.S. .S.Depa Departme rtment nt of Ju Justic stice, e, Bur Bureau eau of Ju Justic sticee Sta Statist tistics, ics, Cri and d Crime  FBI Uniform Uniform Crime Reports. Violent and property crime rates are number of crimes reported per 100,000 population. Data are unavailable for some of the smaller agencies that participated. Violent crimes include murder and non-negligent homicide, forcible rape, robbery, and aggravated assault. The definition of property crimes includes burglary, larceny/the ceny /theft, ft, motor vehi vehicle cle thef theft, t, and arson arson..

62   |   THE THE ROL ROLE E OF LOCA LOCAL L POLI POLICE: CE: Stri Striking king a Bal BalanceBetwe anceBetween en Imm Immigra igrationEnforce tionEnforcemen mentt and Civi Civill Libe Libertie rtiess

 

APPENDIX A

Focus Group Summary

Collier County, Florida FIGURE 4. COLLIER COUNTY FOCUS GROUP SITE MAP

With Wi th the ex excep ceptio tion n of a few rep repres resent entati atives ves,, la law w enf enforc orceme ement nt and civ civilia ilian n par partic ticipa ipants nts of the Col Col-lierr Co lie Coun unty ty fo focu cus s gr grou oup p se sessi ssion onss we were re1923 larg la rgel ely y fr from om split two tw o co coun unti ties es,, Co Colli llier ertyCo Coun unty ty an and d Le Lee e Co Coun unty ty,-,  both loc located ated in Southwest South west Florida. Florida . In 1923, , Collier from Lee Coun County and includes include s the incor incorpora po rate ted d cit cities ies of Ev Ever ergl glad ades es Ci City ty,, Ma Marc rco o Is Isla land nd,, an and d th thee Cit Cityy of Nap aples les.. Th Thee un unin inco corp rpor orat ated ed ar area eass of th thee co coun unty ty in incl clud udee Im Immo moka kale leee an and d Ea East st Nap aple less (bo (both th ha had d re repr pres esen enta tati tive vess at th thee fo focu cuss gr grou oup) p).. Th Thee 43 44 popu po pula latio tion n of Co Colli llier er Co Coun unty ty fr from om 20 2005 05 to 200 20077 wa wass 31 311, 1,92 926; 6; Lee Cou County’ nty’ss wa wass 567 567,7 ,711. 11. Both Bo th co coun unti ties es sa saw w a mo more re th than an do doub ubli ling ng of th their eirHi Hispa spani nicc or La Lati tino no po popu pula lati tion onss fr from om 19 1990 90 to 200 2000, 0, well we ll ab abov ovee th thee na nati tion onal al ave vera rage ge.. Th Thee gr grow owth th ra rate te in th thee Hi Hispa spani nicc or La Lati tino no po popu pula lati tion on wa wass 13 1377.8 pe perr45 cent ce nt in Co Coll llier ier Co Coun unty ty an and d 17 178. 8.5 5 pe perc rcen entt in Le Leee Co Coun unty ty.. The U.S .S.. Cen Census sus Bur Bureau eau Ame Americ rican an Com Com-munit mu nityy Su Surv rvey ey 200 20055-200 20077 33-Y Yea earr Es Esti tima mate tess al also so ind indica icate te th that at 25 pe perc rcen entt of Co Colli llier er Co Coun unty ty an and d 16 perc pe rcen entt of Le Leee Co Coun unty ty we were re Hi Hisp span anic ic or La Lati tino no (o (off an anyy ra race ce). ). In ad addi diti tion on,, 24 pe perc rcen entt of th thee po poppulat ul atio ion n of Co Colli llier er Co Coun unty ty wa wass fo fore reign ign bo born rn.. Of th thee 76 per perce cent nt of th thee po popu pula lati tion on bo born rn in th thee Un Unit ited ed 46 Stat St ates es,, mer merel elyy 21 per perce cent nt wa wass bo born rn in Fl Flor orida ida.. Du Duri ring ng th this is sa same me pe peri riod od of ti time me,, 14 pe perc rcen entt of th thee popu po pula lati tion on of Le Leee Co Coun unty ty wa wass fo fore reig ign n bo born rn.. Of th thee 86 pe perc rcen entt bo born rn in th thee Un Unit ited ed St Stat ates es,, 24 pe perc rcen entt was born in Florida (similar to Collier County).47 Thirty percent of the population five years or

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APPENDIX A

Focus Group Summary

over spo over spoke ke a la lang ngua uage ge ot othe herr th than an En Engl glish ish at ho home me in Co Colli llier er Co Coun unty ty;; 19 per perce cent nt in Le Leee Co Coun unty ty di did d also. Median household income in Collier County from 2005 to 2007 was $57,166, and median family fam ily inco income me was $66 $66,84 ,846. 6.48 In Le Leee Co Coun unty ty,, me media dian n ho hous useh ehol old d inc incom omee in 200 2006 6 wa wass $4 $49 9,742 42,, an and d 49

median fam median family ily inco income me wa wass $57 $57,,475 475.. When Whe n co count untyy sta stati tisti stics cs for Col Collie lierr an and d Le Leee Cou Count nties ies ar aree dis disagg aggre regat gated ed int into o sma smalle llerr geo geogra graph phica icall area ar eas, s, th ther eree is mu much ch va vari riat atio ion n in ra raci cial al an and d et ethn hnic ic ma make keup up,, me medi dian an in inco come me,, pl plac acee of bi birt rth, h, an and d la lannguages spoken. Included within Collier County, for instance, is Immokalee, where, in 2000, 46 percent of the population was foreign born, 71 percent was Hispanic or Latino, and 78 percent spoke a language other than English at home. Immokalee is also a very poor community, with median household household income of $24,315 and a median family income of $22 $22,628 ,628 in 2000.50 In contras tr ast, t, in th this is sa same me ye year ar,, Nap aple less Ci City ty,, al also so in Co Coll llie ierr Co Coun unty ty,, ha had d a fo fore reig ignn-bo born rn po popu pula lati tion on of on only ly 9 perc pe rcen ent, t, a Hi Hisp span anic ic or La Lati tino no po popu pula lati tion on of 2 pe perc rcen ent, t, an and d on only ly 10 pe perc rcen entt of th thee po popu pula lati tion on sp spok okee a lan langua guage ge ot other her tha than n Eng Englis lish h at ho home me.. Napl aples es is als also o a we wealt althie hierr mun munici icipal pality ity tha than n Imm Immok okale alee, e, wit with h 51 a med media ian n ho hous useh ehol old d inc incom omee of $6 $65, 5,64 6411 an and d me media dian n fa famil milyy inc incom omee of $8 $83 3,8 ,831 31.. Immok Imm okal alee ee is th thee hom homee ba base se of th thee Coa Coalit lition ion of Imm Immok okale aleee Work orkers ers (CI (CIW) W),, a com commu munit nityy-bas based ed work wo rker er or orga ganiz nizat atio ion n wh whos osee mem membe bers rs ar aree la larg rgely ely La Lati tino no an and d Ha Hait itia ian n im immig migra rant nts. s. It is we well ll kn know own n nation nat ionall allyy for boy boycot cotts ts aga agains instt Taco Bell and Mc McDon Donald ald’s ’s,, res result ulting ing in bot both h com compan panies ies agr agreein eeing g to payy a hi pa high gher er pr pric icee fo forr to toma mato toes es in or orde derr to in incr crea ease se wor ork ker ers’ s’ wag ages es.. Th Thee CI CIW W is al also so wel elll kn know own n for its ant antitr itraff affick icking ing and ant antisla islaver veryy pro progra grams ms wit with h far farm m wor worke kers. rs. Sheriff Don Hunter and his staff coordinated participation in the Collier County focus group. Twelve of the twenty-one law enforcement session participants were from the Collier County  Sheriff’s Office. Seven members of the sheriff’s office attended the afternoon civilian session, six merely mer ely as obs observ ervers ers.. The civ civilia ilian n sess session ion inc includ luded ed rep repres resent entati atives ves fr from om the Col Collie lierr Cou County nty Sch School ool Board, East Naples Civic Association, Collier County Board of County Commissioners, City of  Bonita Boni ta Sprin Springs, gs, Flor Florida ida Fish and Wil Wildlif dlifee Comm Commissio ission, n, Coll Collier ier Cou County nty gov governm ernment ent,, Gre Greate aterr Na Naples ples Chambe Cha mberr of Com Commer merce ce,, Go Golde lden n Gat Gatee Fir Firee Com Commis missio sion, n, Col Collie lierr Cou Count ntyy Sch Schoo ooll Dis Distri trict, ct, an and d Ma Marco rco Island Isl and Cit Cityy Cou Counci ncil. l. No immi immigra grant nt com commun munity ity rep repres resent entati atives ves or org organi anizat zation ionss par partic ticipat ipated ed in the theColl Collier ier Cou County nty foc focus us group grou p. Th This is si site te wa wass ad adde ded d la late terr in th thee pr proj ojec ectt an and d th ther eree wa wass a re rela lati tive vely ly sh shor ortt am amou ount nt of ti time me to organ or ganiz izee th thee civ civili ilian an ses sessio sion n co comp mpar ared ed wit with h th thee ot othe herr fo focus cus gr grou oup p sit sites. es. Als Also, o, th thee Pol olice ice Fou ounda ndatio tion n had req reques uested ted tha thatt elec elected ted and app appoin ointed ted gov govern ernmen mentt off offici icials als we were re inc includ luded ed in the civi civilia lian n sess session ion.. In 200 2000, 0, th thee Co Colli llier er Co Coun unty ty Sh Sher erif iff’s f’s Of Offi fice ce ha had d 91 915 5 em emplo ploye yees es,, 504 be being ing fu fullll-tim timee sw swor orn n per per-sonnel. Of full-time sworn personnel, 87 percent were White (non-Hispanic), 2 percent Black (non-H (no n-Hisp ispani anic), c), 11 per percen centt His Hispan panic, ic, and 1 per percen centt Asi Asian. an. Th Thee Lee Cou County nty She Sherif riff’s f’s Off Office ice had 910 full-t ful l-time ime empl employe oyees, es, 410 of who whom m we were re ful full-t l-time ime swo sworn rn pers personn onnel. el. Of ful full-t l-time ime swo sworn rn per person sonnel, nel, 94 pe perc rcent ent we were re Wh Whit itee (n (non on-H -Hisp ispan anic) ic),, 3 per perce cent nt Bla Black ck (no (nonn-Hi Hispa spanic nic), ), an and d 2 per perce cent nt Hi Hispa spani nic. c. Thee For Th ortt My Myers ers Pol olice ice De Depa part rtmen mentt ha had d 238 fu full ll-t -tim imee emp emplo loye yees es,, 15 152 2 of wh whom om we were re fu fullll-ti time me sw swor orn n person per sonnel nel.. Of ful full-t l-time ime swo sworn rn per person sonnel nel,, 84 per percen centt we were re Whi White te (no (non-H n-Hispa ispanic nic), ), 11 per percen centt Bla Black ck 52 (non-H (no n-Hispa ispanic nic), ), 5 per percen centt Hisp Hispani anic, c, and 1 per percent cent Asia Asian. n. Thee Co Th Colli llier er Co Coun unty ty Sh Sher erif iff’s f’s Of Offi fice ce ha had d a hi high gher er vi viol olen entt cr crime ime ra rate te in 200 2006 6 th than an in 19 1985 85,, al alth thou ough gh thee ra th rate tess ha have ve bee been n dec decre reasi asing ng slo slowly wly sin since ce 19 1999 99 (ar (arou ound nd th thee per period iod wh when en vio violen lentt cri crime me ra rate tess we were re relatively high in the jurisdiction). The county has seen consistent decreases in property crime

64   |   THE THE ROLEOF LOCA LOCAL L POLI POLICE: CE: Stri Strikinga kinga Bal BalanceBetwe anceBetween en Imm Immigra igrationEnforce tionEnforcemen mentt and Civi Civill Libe Libertie rtiess

 

APPENDIX A

Focus Group Summary

rates sin rates since ce 19 1996 96.. Th Thee Na Naple pless Poli olice ce Dep Depar artme tment’ nt’ss vio violen lentt an and d pr prope opert rtyy cri crime me ra rate tess bot both h dro droppe pped d du durring in g th this is pe peri riod od.. As no note ted d in ta tabl blee 6, th thee Le Leee an and d Ch Char arlo lott ttee Co Coun unty ty Sh Sher erif iff’s f’s Of Offi fice cess sa saw w in incr crea ease sess in  violent  viole nt crime rate ratess and bare barely ly any chan change ge in prop property erty crime rat ratee betw between een 1985 and 2006. The Fo Fort rt Myers Police Department’s property crime rate decreased; and while the violent crime rate was slig sl ight htly ly hi high gher er in 200 2006 6 th than an in 19 1985 85,, th thee vi viol olen entt cr crim imee ra rate te ha hass be been en st stea eadi dily ly de decr crea easin sing g si sinc ncee 19 1992 92,, when wh en vi viol olen entt cr crim imee wa wass at a hi high gh.. TABLE 6. CRIME STATISTICS FOR COLLIER COUNTY PARTICIPATING AGENCIES

Agency

985 Violent Crime Rate

985 Property Crime Rate

2006 Violent Crime Rate

2006 Property Crime Rate

Collier County Sheriff’s

383.2

4,823.9

477.4

1,873.2

Lee County Sheriff’s

188.4

3,230

522.6

3,420.6

Naples PD

500.2

7,218.8

240.1

3,891.3

Fort Myers PD

1,229.3

9,241.2

1,577.1

4,897.9

Charlotte County Sheriff’s

182.9

3,360.6

483.9

3,505.8

Crime me & Ju Justi stice ce Dat Data a Onl Online ine, an CrimeTr Trends ends from Dataa Sour Dat Source: ce: U.S. .S.Depa Departme rtment nt of Ju Justi stice, ce, Bur Bureau eau of Ju Justic sticee Sta Statist tistics, ics, Cri and d Crime  FBI Uniform Uniform Crime Reports. Violent and property crime rates are number of crimes reported per 100,000 population. Data are unavailable for some of the smaller agencies that participated. Violent crimes include murder and non-negligent homicide, forcible rape, robbery, and aggravated assault. The definition of property crimes includes burglary, larceny/the ceny /theft, ft, motor vehi vehicle cle thef theft, t, and arson arson..

Because of the large Cuban population in Florida, participants in Collier County discussed specia spe ciall imm immigr igrati ation on bene benefit fitss and pri privile vileges ges gra grante nted d to Cub Cubans ans.. Un Unlik likee imm immigr igrant antss fr from om oth other er cou counntries, ICE will not initiate removal proceedings against a Cuban who has committed a criminal law violation. One participant expressed his belief that Cubans should not receive such special treat tr eatmen mentt bec becau ause se th they ey ar aree no wo worse rse of offf th than an imm immigr igran ants ts fr from om man manyy ot othe herr co coun untri tries. es. Som Somee pa parrticip ti cipant antss als also o cla claime imed d th that at th thee Cas Castr tro o ad admin minist istra ratio tion n pr prov ovide idess sup suppor portt to Cub Cuban an smu smuggl gglers ers,, who are smuggling not only Cubans but also other foreign nationals. One member of the U.S. Coast Guard supported this claim, stating that the Coast Guard had recently intercepted a boat coming in g fr from om Cu Cuba ba wh wher eree ni nine ne ou outt of el elev even en of th thee pa pass ssen enge gers rs we were re Ch Chin ines esee na nati tion onal als. s. Ot Othe hers rs cl clai aime med d that Cubans are now entering the United States through the U.S.-M .S.-Mexico exico border, and that their smuggli smu ggling ng net netwo works rks ar aree tr train aining ing mig migra rants nts fro from m oth other er cou countr ntries ies on Cub Cuban an acc accent entss and man manner ner-isms so that they can benefit from the immigration privileges extended to Cubans.

POLICE FOUNDA FOUNDATION TION

  |   65

 

APPENDIX A

Focus Group Summary

Endnotes 1

Througho Thro ughout ut this repo report, rt, the term “imm “immigran igrant” t” is used usedto to desc describe ribe any for foreign eign-bor -born n resid resident, ent, inclu including ding legalpermanen legalpermanentt resi residentsand dentsand other legal other legally ly pres present ent fore foreign ign natio nationals nals,, natur naturalize alized d citize citizens, ns, undo undocume cumented ntedimmig immigrants rants,, and out out-of-s -of-statusimmigran tatusimmigrants. ts. 2

 American can Fa FactFi ctFinder nder,, 20052005-2007 2007. Amer American ican Commu Community nity Survey3-Year Esti Estimates mates Data Prof Profile ile Hig Highligh hlights, ts, Shaw Shawnee nee U.S. U. S. Census Bureau. Ameri County, Kansas. http://factfind County, http://factfinder.census.gov er.census.gov/servlet/ACS /servlet/ACSSAFFFacts?_event SAFFFacts?_event=Search&g =Search&geo_id=&_ge eo_id=&_geoContext=&_st oContext=&_street=&_count reet=&_county  y  =Shawnee+County&_cityTown=Shawnee+County&_state=04000US20&_zip=&_lang=en&_sse=on&pctxt=fph&pgsl=010. 3

U.S. Cens Census us Bur Bureau. eau. Ameri American can Fa FactFi ctFinder nder,, 20052005-2007 2007. Amer American ican Commu Community nity Survey3-Year Esti Estimates mates Data Prof Profile ile Hig Highligh hlights, ts, Topeka opeka,,  Kansas. http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/ACSSAFFFacts?_event=Search&geo_id=05000US20177&_geoContext=01000US%7C0  Kansas. 4000US20%7C05000US20177&_street=&_county=Topeka&_cityTown=Topeka&_state=04000US20&_zip=&_lang=en&_sse=on&Acti  veGeoDiv  veGe oDiv=geo =geoSelec Select&_us t&_useEV eEV=&pct =&pctxt=fp xt=fph&pgs h&pgsl=050 l=050&_su &_submen bmenuId uId=fact =factshee sheet_1 t_1&ds_n &ds_name=A ame=ACS_2 CS_2007_3 007_3YR_S YR_SAFF& AFF&_ci_n _ci_nbr=n br=null&q ull&qr_ r_ name=null&reg=null%3Anull&_keyword=&_industry=. 4

 Id.

5

 American ican Fac FactFin tFinder der,, 20052005-2007 2007. Ameri American can Commu Community nity Survey 33-Y Year Esti Estimates mates Data Prof Profile ile High Highlight lights, s, Shaw Shawnee nee U.S. U. S. Census Bureau. Amer County, Kansas. http://factfind County, http://factfinder.census.gov er.census.gov/servlet/ACS /servlet/ACSSAFFFacts?_event SAFFFacts?_event=Search&g =Search&geo_id=&_ge eo_id=&_geoContext=&_st oContext=&_street=&_count reet=&_county= y= Shawnee+County&_cityTown=Shawnee+County&_state=04000US20&_zip=&_lang=en&_sse=on&pctxt=fph&pgsl=010. 6

 Ameri ericanFact canFactFi Finde nderr, Sel Select ected ed Soc SocialChar ialCharact acteri eristi stics cs in theUnit theUnited ed St State ates: s:200 2005-2 5-2007 007, 200 2005-2 5-2007Ameri 007AmericanCommu canCommunit nity y U.S.. Census U.S CensusBureau. Bureau. Am  Survey3-Y  Survey3YearEstim earEstimate ates,Top s,Topeka eka,, Kan Kansas sas. http://factfind http://factfinder.census.gov er.census.gov/servlet/A /servlet/ADPTable?_bm=y&-geo_i DPTable?_bm=y&-geo_id=16000US20710 d=16000US2071000&00&qr_name=ACS_2007_3YR_G00_DP3 qr_name=ACS _2007_3YR_G00_DP3YR2&-ds_name=AC YR2&-ds_name=ACS_2007_3YR_G00_& S_2007_3YR_G00_&-_lang=en&-_ss -_lang=en&-_sse=on. e=on. 7

 Id.

8

 American can Fa FactFin ctFinder der,, 20052005-2007 2007. Ameri American can Commu Community nity Survey3-Year Estim Estimates ates Data Prof Profile ile High Highlight lights, s, Shaw Shawnee nee U.S. U. S. Census Bureau. Ameri County, Kansas. http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/ACSSAFFFacts?_event=Search&geo_id=&_geoContext=&_street=&_county= County, Shawnee+County&_cityTown=Shawnee+County&_state=04000US20&_zip=&_lang=en&_sse=on&pctxt=fph&pgsl=010. 9

 Ameri ericanFact canFactFi Finde nderr, Sel Select ected ed Soc SocialChar ialCharact acteri eristi stics cs in theUnit theUnited ed St State ates: s:200 2005-2 5-2007 007, 200 2005-2 5-2007Ameri 007AmericanCommu canCommunit nity y U.S.. Census U.S CensusBureau. Bureau. Am  Survey3-Y  Survey3YearEstim earEstimate ates,Top s,Topeka eka,, Kan Kansas sas. http://factfind http://factfinder.census.gov er.census.gov/servlet/A /servlet/ADPTable?_bm=y&-geo_i DPTable?_bm=y&-geo_id=16000US20710 d=16000US2071000&00&qr_name=ACS_2007_3YR_G00_DP3 qr_name=ACS _2007_3YR_G00_DP3YR2&-ds_name=AC YR2&-ds_name=ACS_2007_3YR_G00_& S_2007_3YR_G00_&-_lang=en&-_ss -_lang=en&-_sse=on. e=on. 10

 Id..  Id

11

http://www.hablamosjuntos.org/latinos/statetable.asp?st=kansas.

12

 American ican Fac FactFin tFinder der,, 20052005-2007 2007. Ameri American can Commu Community nity Survey 33-Y Year Esti Estimates mates Data Prof Profile ile High Highlight lights, s, Shaw Shawnee nee U.S. U. S. Census Bureau. Amer County, Kansas. http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/ACSSAFFFacts?_event=Search&geo_id=&_geoContext=&_street=&_ County, county=Shawnee+County&_cityTown=Shawnee+County&_state=04000US20&_zip=&_lang=en&_sse=on&pctxt=fph&pgsl=010. 13

Crime me & Ju Justi stice ce Dat Data a Onl Online ine, Law Enfor Enforcement cement Mana Managemen gementt and Adm Administ inistraraU.S. Depa Departmen rtmentt of Ju Justic stice, e, Bure Bureau au of Ju Justic sticee Stati Statistic stics, s, Cri tive Stat Statisti istics, cs, 2000 (LEMAS) , Law Enfor Enforcement cement Agen Agency cy Prof Profile ile for Topeka Poli Police ce Depart Department, ment, KS. The There re we were re no LEM LEMAS AS dat dataa av avail ailabl ablee for Shawnee County Sheriff’s Office. http:/ http://bjsdata.ojp.usdo /bjsdata.ojp.usdoj.gov j.gov/dataonline/ /dataonline/Search/Law Search/Law/Local/Run /Local/RunLawLocalAgen LawLocalAgencyProfile. cyProfile.cfm. cfm. 14

U.S. Depa Departmen rtmentt of Ju Justice stice,, Bure Bureau au of Ju Justic sticee Stati Statistic stics, s, Cri Crime me & Ju Justi stice ce Dat Data a Onl Online ine, an and d Crime Tr Trends ends from FBI Unifor Uniform m Crime Uniform rm Crime Repo Reports rts beganreportin Reports.. The FBI Unifo Reports  beganreporting g on crime rate ratess for indiv individual idualagen agencies cies in 1985and the mos mostt curr current ent data available are for 2006. http:/ http://www /www.fbi.gov .fbi.gov/ucr/cius20 /ucr/cius2006/data/table_0 06/data/table_08_tx.html, 8_tx.html, http:/ http://www /www.fbi.gov .fbi.gov/ucr/cius /ucr/cius2006/data/table 2006/data/table_08_nm. _08_nm. html. 15

http://www.elpasoinfo.com.

16

Dataa pro Dat provid vided ed by Ma Mayo yorr Jo John hn Co Cook ok of El Pa Paso so Cit Cityy in hisprese hispresenta ntatio tion n at thePoli thePolice ce Fo Found undati ation on nat nation ional al con confer ferenc encee on Au Augu gust st 21, 2008. 17

Les Christie, “The Fastest FastestGrowing Growing U.S U.S.. Cities, Cities,”” CNNMo CNNMoney ney.com, .com, June June28, 28, 2007 2007.. http:/ http://money /money.cnn. .cnn.com/2007 com/2007// 06/27 06/27/real_estate/  /real_estate/  fastest_ growing growing _cities/. 18

 American ican Fac FactFin tFinder der,, 20052005-2007 2007. Ameri American can Commu Community nity Surve Survey y 33-Y Year Esti Estimates mates Data Prof Profile ile High Highlight lights, s, El Pas Paso o U.S.. Census Bureau. Amer U.S County, Tex County, Texas. as. http://factfinde http://factfinder.census.gov r.census.gov/servlet/ACS /servlet/ACSSAFFFacts?_event SAFFFacts?_event=Search& =Search&geo_id=16000 geo_id=16000US4824000 US4824000 &_geoContext =01000US%7C04000US48%7C16000US4824000&_street=&_county=El+Paso+County&_cityTown=El+Paso+County&_state=04000 US48&_zip=&_lang=en&_sse=o US48&_zip=&_lan g=en&_sse=on&ActiveGeo n&ActiveGeoDiv=geoSelect& Div=geoSelect&_useEV=& _useEV=&pctxt=fph&pgsl=16 pctxt=fph&pgsl=160&_submenu 0&_submenuId=factsheet_1 Id=factsheet_1&ds_name=AC &ds_name=ACS S  _2007_3YR  _2007 _3YR_SAFF _SAFF&_ci_ &_ci_nbr= nbr=null& null&qr_na qr_name=n me=null& ull&reg= reg=null null%3An %3Anull& ull&_key _keywor word=&_i d=&_indus ndustry=. try=. 19

 Id.

20

U.S.. Census Bureau. Amer U.S  American ican Fac FactFin tFinder der,, 20052005-2007 2007. Amer American ican Commu Community nity Surve Survey y 33-Y Year Esti Estimates mates Data Profi Profile le High Highlight lights, s, Doña  Ana Count County y, New Mex Mexico. ico. http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/ACSSAFFFacts?_event=Search&geo_id=&_geoContext=&_street= &_county=Dona+Ana+County&_cityTown=Dona+Ana+County&_state=04000US35&_zip=&_lang=en&_sse=on&pctxt=fph&pgsl=010. 21

 Hispanicsin panicsin the Unite United d Stat States es. http:/ U.S. U. S. Census Bureau, His http://www /www.census .census.gov .gov/population/w /population/www/ ww/socdemo/hispanic/file socdemo/hispanic/files/ s/ Internet_Hispanic_in_US_2006.pdf.

66   |   THE THE ROL ROLE E OF LOCA LOCAL L POLI POLICE: CE: Stri Strikinga kinga Bal BalanceBetwe anceBetween en Imm Immigra igrationEnforce tionEnforcemen mentt and Civi Civill Libe Libertie rtiess

 

APPENDIX A

Focus Group Summary

22

“Growth “Grow th in Latino Populatio Population,” n,”table table accessed at http:/ http://www /www.hablamosjunto .hablamosjuntos.org s.org/latinos/statetable.as /latinos/statetable.asp?st=texas p?st=texas..

23

“Growthin “Growth in Latino Popul Population, ation,”” table accessed at http:/ http://www /www.hablamosjunto .hablamosjuntos.org s.org/latinos/statetable.asp? /latinos/statetable.asp?st=newme st=newmexico. xico.

24

 American can Fac FactFin tFinder der,, Select Selected ed Social Char Character acteristi istics cs in the Unite United d Stat States: es: 20052005-2007 2007, 20052005-2007 2007 Ameri American can ComU.S. U. S. Census Bureau, Ameri munity Survey3-Year Estim munity Estimates ates,, El Pas Paso o Coun County ty,, Texas exas.. http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/ADPTable?_bm=y&geo_id=05000US4814 geo_id=05000U S48141&-qr_name=A 1&-qr_name=ACS_2007_3YR_G00 CS_2007_3YR_G00_DP3YR2&-ds_name= _DP3YR2&-ds_name=ACS_2007_3YR ACS_2007_3YR_G00_&-_lang=en&_G00_&-_lang=en&-redoLog=fals redoLog=false&-_s e&-_s se=on. 25

 American can Fa FactFin ctFinder der,, Select Selected ed Social Char Character acteristi istics cs in the Unite United d Stat States: es: 20052005-2007 2007, 20052005-2007 2007 Amer American ican ComU.S. U. S. Census Bureau, Ameri munity Survey3-Year Estim munity Estimates ates,, Doña Ana Count County y, New Mexi Mexico. co. http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/ADPTable?_bm=y&geo_id=05000US35013&-qr_nam geo_id=05000U S35013&-qr_name=ACS_2007_3 e=ACS_2007_3YR_G00_DP3YR2& YR_G00_DP3YR2&-ds_name=ACS_2007 -ds_name=ACS_2007_3YR_G00_&-_lang=e _3YR_G00_&-_lang=en&-redoLog n&-redoLog=false&-_s =false&-_s se=on. 26

 American can Fa FactFi ctFinder nder,, 20052005-2007 2007. Amer American ican Commu Community nity Survey3-Year Esti Estimates mates Data Prof Profile ile Hig Highligh hlights, ts, El Paso U.S. Census Bureau. Ameri U.S. County,, Tex County Texas. as. http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/ACSSAFFFacts?_event=Search&geo_id=16000US4824000&_geoContext =01000US%7C04000US48%7C16000US4824000&_street=&_county=El+Paso+County&_cityTown=El+Paso+County&_state=04000 US48&_zip=&_lang=en&_sse=o US48&_zip=&_lan g=en&_sse=on&ActiveGeo n&ActiveGeoDiv=geoSelect& Div=geoSelect&_useEV=& _useEV=&pctxt=fph&pgsl=16 pctxt=fph&pgsl=160&_submenu 0&_submenuId=factsheet_1 Id=factsheet_1&ds_name=AC &ds_name=ACS S  _2007_3YR  _2007 _3YR_SAFF _SAFF&_ci_ &_ci_nbr= nbr=null& null&qr_na qr_name=n me=null& ull&reg= reg=null null%3An %3Anull& ull&_key _keywor word=&_i d=&_indus ndustry=. try=. 27

 American ican Fac FactFin tFinder der,, 20052005-2007 2007. Ameri American can Commu Community nity Survey 33-Y Year Esti Estimates mates Data Prof Profile ile High Highlight lights, s, Doña U.S.. Census Bureau. Amer U.S  Ana Count County y, New Mex Mexico. ico. http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/ACSSAFFFacts?_event=Search&geo_id=&_geoContext=&_street= &_county=Dona+Ana+County&_cityTown=Dona+Ana+County&_state=04000US35&_zip=&_lang=en&_sse=on&pctxt=fph&pgsl=010. 28

Enforcement cement Mana Managementand gementand Adm Administ inistrat rative ive Stat Statistic istics, s, 2000 (LEMAS). U.S.Departmen .S.Departmentt of Jus Justice tice,, Bure Bureau au of Ju Justice stice Stat Statistic istics, s, Law Enfor Statistic Statis ticss areavai areavailab lable le on only ly fo forr loc local al pol policeand iceand she sherif riffs fs’’ age agenci ncies es wit with h onehund onehundredor redor mo more re sw swornoffi ornofficer cerss andfiftyor mor moree un unifo iforme rmed d offic of ficersassig ersassigne ned d to res respon pond d to cal calls ls fo forr ser servic vice,which e,which is wh whyy dat dataa we were re una unavai vailab lable le fo forr oth other er pol policepartic iceparticipa ipatin ting g age agenci ncies. es. http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/pub/pdf/lemas00.pdf. 29

Mayor Jo Mayor John hn Coo Cook’ k’ss pres presenta entation tion at the Po Police lice Fo Founda undation tion’s ’s natio national nal conf conferen erence ce on Aug August ust 21, 2008 2008,, citin citing g 12th Annu  Annual al Ameri America’ ca’ss Safest Safe st (and (andMos Mostt Dang Dangerou erous) s) Citie Cities, s, Mor Morgan gan Quit Quitno no Aw Awards ards.. 30

Crime me & Jus Justic ticee Dat Data a Onl Online ine, an Trends ends from FBI Unifo Uniform rm Crime U.S. Depar Departmen tmentt of Ju Justice stice,, Bur Bureau eau of Ju JusticeStatistic sticeStatistics, s, Cri and d Crime Tr  Reports. http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov  Reports http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov// bjs/data/ bjs/data/lgcithom lgcithom.csv, .csv, http://www.fbi.gov http://www.fbi.gov/ucr/cius200 /ucr/cius2006/data/tabl 6/data/table_08_tx e_08_tx.html, .html, http://www.fbi.gov/ucr/cius2006/data/table_08_nm.html. 31

 Estimates ates of Pop Populati ulation on Chang Changee for Met Metropo ropolitan litan Stat Statisti istical cal Are Areas as and Rank Rankings ings:: July 1, 2006 2006,, to July 1, 2007. U.S. U. S. Census Bureau, Estim http://www.census.gov/popest/metro/CBSA-est2007-pop-chg.html. 32

Les Christie, “The Fastes Fastestt Growing U.S U.S.. Cities, Cities,”” CNN CNN.com, .com, June June28, 28, 2007 2007.. http:/ http://money /money.cnn. .cnn.com/2007 com/2007/06/27 /06/27/real_estate/fas /real_estate/fastest_ test_ growing_cities/. 33

U.S.. Census Bureau, Unite U.S United d Stat States—Me es—Metrop tropolita olitan n and Micr Micropolit opolitan an Stat Statisti istical cal Are Area; a; and for Puert Puerto o Rico Rico,, Per Percent cent of Peop People le Who are For For--

eign Bor eign Born: n: 200 2006. 6. http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/GCTTable?_bm=y&-geo_id=01000US&-_box_head_nbr=GCT0501&ds_name=ACS_2006_EST_G00_&ds_name=ACS _2006_EST_G00_&-_lang=en&-redo _lang=en&-redoLog=false&Log=false&-format=US-35 format=US-35&-mt_name=ACS &-mt_name=ACS_2006_EST_G00_GC _2006_EST_G00_GCT0703_US3 T0703_US35&-C 5&-C ONTEXT=gct.. 34

UnitedStat tedStates—M es—Metr etropo opolit litan an and Mi Micro cropol polita itan n St Stati atisti stical cal Ar Area; ea; and for Pue Puerto rto Ri Rico,Perc co,Percent ent of Pe Peopl oplee Bor Born n in Me MexxU.S. Census Bureau, Uni U.S. ico:: 200 ico 2006: 6: Pe Perc rcent ent of Pe Peopl oplee Bor Born n in Lat Latin in Am Ameri erica: ca: 200 2006. 6. http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/GCTSubjectShowTablesServlet?  _lang=en&  _lang =en&_ts=2 _ts=25555 55556846 6846835 835.. 35

UnitedStat tedStates—M es—Metr etropo opolit litan an andMicro andMicropol polita itan n Sta Statis tistic tical al Ar Area; ea; and for Pue Puerto rto Ri Rico,Perc co,Percent ent of Pe Peopl oplee 5 and Ove Overr U.S. U. S. Census Bureau, Uni Who Spe Who Speak ak a Lan Langua guage ge Oth Other er tha than n Eng Englis lish h at Ho Home: me: 200 2006. 6. http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/GCTSubjectShowTables Servlet?_lang=en&_ts=25555684 Servlet?_lang=e n&_ts=255556846835. 6835. 36

 American can Fa FactFi ctFinder nder,, 20052005-2007 2007. Amer American ican Commun Community ity Survey3-Year Esti Estimates mates Data Prof Profile ile Hig Highligh hlights, ts, Arli ArlingngU.S. Cens Census us Bur Bureau, eau, Ameri ton, Texas. http://factfind http://factfinder.census.gov er.census.gov/servlet/ACSSA /servlet/ACSSAFFFacts?_event FFFacts?_event=Search&geo_ =Search&geo_id=&_geoCon id=&_geoContext=&_stre text=&_street=&_county et=&_county=Arlingt =Arlington on &_cityTown=Arlington &_cityTo wn=Arlington&_state=04000U &_state=04000US48&_zip=&_lang=en S48&_zip=&_lang=en&_sse=on&pctxt= &_sse=on&pctxt=fph&pgsl=010 fph&pgsl=010.. 37

 American ican Fac FactFin tFinder der,, Pop Populatio ulation n and Hous Housing ing Narr Narrativ ativee Profi Profile: le: 20052005-2007 2007, 20052005-2007 2007 Amer American ican Commu Community nity SurU.S. Census Bureau, Amer U.S. vey 33-Y Year Estimates. http://factfind http://factfinder.census.gov er.census.gov/servlet/NPTable?_ /servlet/NPTable?_bm=y&-geo_id= bm=y&-geo_id=16000US4804000 16000US4804000&-qr_na &-qr_name=ACS_2007 me=ACS_2007  _3YR_G00_  _3YR _G00_NP01 NP01&-ds_n &-ds_name= ame=&-re &-redoLo doLog=fa g=false lse..

POLICE FOUNDA FOUNDATION TION

  |   67

 

APPENDIX A

Focus Group Summary

38

U.S. Cens Census us Bur Bureau, eau, Ameri  American can Fa FactFi ctFinder nder,, Select Selected ed Social Char Characteri acteristics stics in the Unite United d Stat States: es: 20052005-2007 2007, Arli Arlington ngton,, Texas. http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/ADPTable?_bm=y&-geo_id=16000US4804000&-qr_name=ACS_2007_3YR_G00_DP3YR2&ds_name=ACS_2007_3YR_G00_&-_lan ds_name=ACS _2007_3YR_G00_&-_lang=en&-redo g=en&-redoLog=false&-_s Log=false&-_sse=on. se=on. 39

 American can Fa FactFi ctFinder nder,, 20052005-2007 2007. Amer American ican Commun Community ity Survey3-Year Esti Estimates mates Data Prof Profile ile Hig Highligh hlights, ts, Arli ArlingngU.S. Cens Census us Bur Bureau, eau, Ameri

ton, Texaswn=Arlington&_state=04000U . http://factfind http://factfinder.census.gov er.census.gov/servlet/ACSSA /servlet/ACSSAFFFacts?_event FFFacts?_event=Search&geo_ =Search&geo_id=&_geoCont id=&_geoContext=&_stre ext=&_street=&_county et=&_county=Arlingt =Arlington on &_cityTown=Arlington &_cityTo &_state=04000US48&_zip=&_lang=en S48&_zip=&_lang=en&_sse=on&pctxt= &_sse=on&pctxt=fph&pgsl=010 fph&pgsl=010. . 40

“Growth “Gro wth in Latino Populatio Population, n,”” tables accessed at http:/ http://www /www.hablamosjunto .hablamosjuntos.org s.org/latinos/statetable.as /latinos/statetable.asp?st=texas p?st=texas..

41

U.S. Depar Departmen tmentt of Ju Justice stice,, Bur Bureau eau of Ju JusticeStatistic sticeStatisticss , Law Enfor EnforcementManagemen cementManagementt and Admi Administr nistrative ative Stat Statisti istics, cs, 2000 (LEMAS). Statis Sta tistic ticss areonly av avail ailabl ablee fo forr loc local al pol policeand iceand she sherif riffs fs’’ age agenci ncies es wit with h onehund onehundredor redor mo more re sw swornoffi ornofficer cerss andfiftyor mor moree un unifo iforme rmed d offic of ficersassig ersassigne ned d to res respon pond d to cal calls ls fo forr ser servic vice,which e,which is wh whyy dat dataa we were re una unavai vailab lable le fo forr oth other er pol policepartic iceparticipa ipatin ting g age agenci ncies. es. http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/pub/pdf/lemas00.pdf. 42

Wheree stati Wher statisticswere sticswere una unavaila vailable ble for 1985 1985,, the comp compariso arison n year is pro provided vided..

43

 American can Fa FactFin ctFinder der,, 20052005-2007 2007 Amer American ican Commu Community nity Survey3-Year Esti Estimates mates,, Data Prof Profile ile High Highlight lights, s, Colli Collier er U.S. U. S. Census Bureau, Ameri County. http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/ACSSAFFFacts?_event=Search&geo_id=&_geoContext=&_street=&_county  =Collier+County&_cityTown=Collier+County&_state=04000US12&_zip=&_lang=en&_sse=on&pctxt=fph&pgsl=010. 44

U.S.. Census Bureau, Amer U.S  American ican Fac FactFin tFinder der,, 20052005-2007 2007 Amer American ican Commu Community nity Surve Survey y 33-Y Year Esti Estimates mates,, Data Prof Profile ile Hig Highligh hlights, ts, Lee County, Florida. http://factfind County, http://factfinder.census.gov er.census.gov/servlet/ACS /servlet/ACSSAFFFacts?_event SAFFFacts?_event=Search&ge =Search&geo_id=&_ge o_id=&_geoContext=&_str oContext=&_street=&_count eet=&_county  y  =Lee+County&_cityTown=Lee+County&_state=04000US12&_zip=&_lang=en&_sse=on&pctxt=fph&pgsl=010. 45

http://www.hablamosjuntos.org/latinos/statetable.asp?st=florida.

46

U.S.. Census Bureau, Amer U.S  American ican Fac FactFin tFinder der,, Select Selected ed Social Char Character acteristi istics cs in the Unit United ed Stat States: es: 20052005-2007 2007, Colli Collier er Count County y, Flori Florida da. http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/ADPTable?_bm=y&-geo_id=05000US12021&-qr_name=ACS_2007_3YR_G00_DP3YR2&ds_name=ACS_2007_3YR_G00_&-_lan ds_name=ACS _2007_3YR_G00_&-_lang=en&-redo g=en&-redoLog=false&-_s Log=false&-_sse=on. se=on. 47

 American ican Fa FactFi ctFinder nder,, Select Selected ed Social Char Characteri acteristics stics in the Unite United d Stat States: es: 20052005-2007 2007, Lee Coun County ty,, Flori Florida da. U.S.. Census Bureau, Amer U.S http://factfinder.census.gov/se http://factfinder.census.go v/servlet/ADPTable?geo_id=05000US1 rvlet/ADPTable?geo_id=05000US12071&ds_name=ACS_2007_3YR_G00_&qr_name=ACS_2007_3YR 2071&ds_name=ACS_2007_3YR_G00_&qr_name=ACS_2007_3YR__ G00_DP3YR2&_lang=en&_sse=on. 48

 American n Fac FactFinde tFinderr, 2005-2 2005-2007 007 Americ American an Communi Community ty Survey 33-Y Year Estima Estimates, tes, Data Profil Profilee High Highlights lights,, Collie Collierr U.S. Censu Censuss Bure Bureau, au, America County, Florida. http://factfinder County, http://factfinder.census.go .census.gov/servlet/A v/servlet/ACSSAFFFacts?_event=Search&geo CSSAFFFacts?_event=Search&geo_id=&_geoContext=&_street=&_county  _id=&_geoContext=&_street=&_county  =Collier+County&_cityTown=Collier+County&_s =Collier+County&_cityT own=Collier+County&_state=04000US12&_zip=&_lang=en&_sse=on&pctxt=fph&pgsl=010 tate=04000US12&_zip=&_lang=en&_sse=on&pctxt=fph&pgsl=010.. 49

 American an Fact FactFinde Finderr, 2005-2 2005-2007 007 Ameri American can Communi Community ty Survey 33-Y Year Estima Estimates, tes, Data Profi Profile le Highl Highlights ights,, Lee U.S. U. S. Cens Census us Burea Bureau, u, Americ County, Florida. http://factfinder County, http://factfinder.census.go .census.gov/servlet/A v/servlet/ACSSAFFFacts?_event=Search&geo CSSAFFFacts?_event=Search&geo_id=&_geoContext=&_street=&_ _id=&_geoContext=&_street=&_ county=Lee+County&_cityTown=Lee+County county=Lee+County&_cityT own=Lee+County&_state=04000US12&_zip=&_lang=en&_sse=on&pctxt=fph&pgsl=010. &_state=04000US12&_zip=&_lang=en&_sse=on&pctxt=fph&pgsl=010. 50

 Fact ct Shee Sheet, t, Immo Immokale kaleee CDP CDP,, Flor Florida, ida, 200 2000 0. Dat U.S. Censu Censuss Bureau Bureau,, Fa Dataa is una unavail vailablefor ablefor the year2005year2005-2007 2007. http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/SAFFFacts?_event=Search&geo_id=&_geoContext=&_street=&_county=Immokalee&_cityTown=Im mokalee&_state=04000US12&_zip=&_lang=en&_sse=on&pctxt=fph&pgsl=010&show_2003_tab=&redirect=Y. 51

Napless City City,, Florida, 2000. Dat U.S. Censu Censuss Bure Bureau, au, Fact Sheet, Naple Dataa is una unavai vailabl lablee forthe yea yearr 200 20055-200 20077. http://factfinder.census.gov/se http://factfinder.census.go v/servlet/SAFFFacts?_event=&geo_id=16000U rvlet/SAFFFacts?_event=&geo_id=16000US1247625&_geoC S1247625&_geoContext=01000US|04000US12|1 ontext=01000US|04000US12|16000US12 6000US12 47625&_street=&_county=Naples+City&_cityTo 47625&_street=&_county=N aples+City&_cityTown=Naples+City&_state=04000US1 wn=Naples+City&_state=04000US12&_zip=&_lang=en&_sse=on&ActiveGeoDiv=&_ 2&_zip=&_lang=en&_sse=on&ActiveGeoDiv=&_ useEV=&pctxt=fph&pgsl=160&_submenuId=factsheet_1&ds_name=ACS_2007_3YR_SAFF&_ci_nbr=null&qr_name=null&reg=&_key  word=&_industry=. 52

Crime me & Jus Justic ticee Dat Data a Onli Online ne, Law Enforce Enforcement ment Manag Management ement and Admin AdminisisU.S. U. S. Departm Department ent of Jus Justice, tice, Burea Bureau u of Jus Justice tice Statis Statistics, tics, Cri trative Stati trative Statistics stics,, 2000 (LEMAS). http://www http://www.ojp.usdo .ojp.usdoj.gov j.gov/bjs/pub/pdf/lemas00.pdf. /bjs/pub/pdf/lemas00.pdf.

68   |   THE THE ROLEOF LOC LOCAL AL POLI POLICE: CE: Stri Strikinga kinga Bal BalanceBetwee anceBetween n Imm Immigra igration tion Enfo Enforcem rcement ent and Civi Civill Libe Libertie rtiess

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