Application in Moral Values in Nursing

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1. The n number umber one driver driver in in ethics ethics – the the role role of women women 2. The a appli pplicatio cation n of moral moral value value = ethics ethics a. Why we teach teach it – to know know your your own biase biases s and values values and and YO! YO! "#T$%&T'( "# T$%&T'( values ). *um *uman an values values develo developme pment nt a. "r "roduct oduct of socioc sociocultur ultural al envir environme onment nt i. +ike +ike reli,ion reli,ions s that will will not accept accept blood blood products products becaus because e some believe that their life someone force is inelse their blood and will not take blood products from because they believe that they are takin, away their life force b. !e-ects the content and process process of learnin, what is ri,ht and wron, within the culture c. oral va values lues should should be viewed viewed within within a cultura culturall perspectiv perspective e d. oves from from a focus on self/ throu,h respondin, respondin, to e0ternal e0ternal forces/ toward bein, ,uided by universal considerations . alues alues and 3elie 3eliefs fs a. Our views views of life life shape shapes s what what we value value b. alues alues derive derive from belief beliefs s – ideas that that one held to be fact fact c. 3eliefs may -ow from empirical observations// observations// lo,ic/ lo,ic/ traditions/ traditions/ faith/ or other sources d. 3eliefs from from one's conception of the world and out framework within which perceptions occur e. To,ether with with other mental mental states/ beliefs function function as reasons for action 4. et ethod hods s of of 50in 50in, , beli belief  ef  a. "eirce "eirce pro proposed posed  basic basic metho methods ds of 50in, 50in, belief  belief  i. Tenacity enacity – obstinately obstinately adheri adherin, n, to beliefs beliefs already already held held ii. #uthorit #uthority y – doctrines doctrines force forces s on people people by repeat repeatin, in, them them iii. # priori priori – seein, others others perspect perspectives/ ives/ willful willful adher adherence ence to beliefs beliefs forced by authority is ,iven up iv iv.. !easonin, easonin, – based based on discover discoverin, in, what what is real6 it seeks the truth 7. "ia "ia,et's ,et's sta,es sta,es of co,nitive co,nitive developme development nt a. #ddress #ddress hoe the mind works/ the the development development of intellectual intellectual capacities capacities b. 8our our sta, sta,es es i. "r (ensorim (ens orimotor otor 9bir th years: to to 2 hand hanpreconc d to mouth mout h l and intuitive ii. "reope eoperati rational onal9birth 92;< year s:mo: includes inclu–des pre conceptua eptual intuitive sta,es – the W*Y (ta,e 1. Tryin, ryin, to 5,ure 5,ure out what what the truth truth is here here iii iii.. >oncr >oncrete ete opera operatio tions ns 9<;11 9<;11 years years:: 1. $t is what what it is kind kind of thi thinki nkin, n, iv iv.. 8orma 8ormall opera operation tions s 911;14 911;14 years: years: 1. This says says that that you no lon,er lon,er develop develop co,nitivel co,nitively y after 14 years? do you believe that not really 2. &o further further chan, chan,es es in co,nit co,nitive ive ability ability after after a,e 14 14 ). "r "ro,r o,resse esses s from thou,hts thou,hts dominat dominated ed by motor activity activity and re-e0 to lo,ical thou,ht applied to concrete and abstract situations c. or ore e moder modern n theori theorists sts deve developed loped a 4th sta,e <. @ohlb ohlber er,' ,'s s ode odell

 

a. Often Often referr referred ed to as as the ethic ethic of of Austice Austice b. (u,,ests that choices choices are are based on obAective obAective rules and principles principles and are made from a stance of separateness c. +evel 1 i. "r "recon econventi ventioanl oanl level level – e,ocentr e,ocentric ic focus focus – include includes s 2 sta,es sta,es 1. (ta,e 1 a. "unishme "unishment nt and obedienc obedience e 9obey 9obey rules rules = avoid avoid 2. (ta,e punishment: 2 a. $ndividua $ndividuall instrumen instrumental tal purpose purpose and and e0chan, e0chan,e e 9conformity d. +evel $$ $$ i. >onventi >onventional onal level level – social social confor conformity mity – include includes s 2 sta,es sta,es 1. (ta,e ) a. utual utual interpersona interpersonall e0pectation e0pectations/ s/ relations relationships hips// and conformity 9concern about others: 2. (ta,e  a. (ocial (ocial system system and and consci conscience ence maintena maintenance nce 9conform to laws out of duty and respect: – ,uilt is more a motivator than fear of punishment e. +evel $$$ i. "ostco "ostconvent nventiona ionall and princip principled led level level – universal universal moral moral principles as its focus – includes 2 sta,es 1. (ta,e 4 a. "rior "rior ri,hts ri,hts and social social contrac contractt or utility utility 9eBuality/ 9eBuality/ liberty/ Austice: 2. (ta,e 7 a. niversa niversall ethical ethical principles principles 9inter 9internali naliCed Ced rules rules and conscience: D. Eill Eilli, i,an an's 's ode odell a. Often Often refer referred red to as the ethic ethic of of care care b. The moral moral imperative imperative is ,rounded in relationshipFp relationshipFp and mutual mutual responsibility c. >hoic >hoices es are conte0tual conte0tually ly bound/ reBui reBuirin, rin, strate, strate,ies ies that maintain maintain and a strivin, tohas hurt no one d. connections (tudied under under @ohlber, @ohlber, and more of a focus in women and eBuality eBuality e. "ro,ression "ro,ression of moral thinkin, thinkin, ,oes throu,h throu,h ) phases phases and 2 transitions – each re-ectin, ,reater understandin, and reevaluation of relationships i. "hase "hase 1 – conc concer ern n for for survi survival val ii. Transitio ransition n from sel5shnes sel5shness s to responsibi responsibility lity to others iii iii.. "hase "hase 2 – focus focusin, in, on ,ood ,oodnes ness s iv iv.. Transition from ,oodness ,oodness to truth that they are a person too v. "hase "hase ) – imperativ imperative e of care care 9carin, 9carin, for ours ourselves elves and and other other individuals is paramount: f. GWomen GWomen must must learn learn to deal with with their their own inter interests ests and and the inter interests ests of others.H (ays that women hesitate to Aud,e because they see the comple0ities of relations relationships hips I. 8owler 8owler's 's (ta,es (ta,es of of 8aith 8aith Jevelo Jevelopmen pmentt

 

a. b. c. d. e. f. ,. 1K.>lass a.

(ta,e (ta,e 16 $ntu $ntuiti itive ve proAe proAecti ctive ve (ta (ta,e ,e 26 yth ythic; ic;lit litera erall (ta (ta,e ,e )6 (ynthe (yntheti tic;c c;conv onvent ention ional al (ta,e (ta,e 6 $ndividu $ndividuative ative;re ;re-ecti -ective ve (t (ta, a,e e 46 >onA >onAun unct ctiv ive e (ta,e (ta,e 76 nive nivers rsali aliCin Cin, , faith faith $s faith faith import important ant in in moral moral develo development pment discussion discussion >ompare and contrast contrast the ethic of Austice Austice 9@ohlber,:/ 9@ohlber,:/ the ethic of care care 9Eillian:/ and sta,es of faith 98owler: b. *elps you you see the other other person person as a person; person; that that they have other other thin,s 11.>ase study – pic on ipad a. Which Which @ohlbe ohlber, r, level level i. +evel $$ b. Wh Which ich Eillia Eillian n phase phase i. ) c. #s th the e nurse/ nurse/ what would would you you tell tell oira oira i. 8acilitat acilitate e some sort sort of support support for for her. her. ii. GWhatever GWhatever decisi decision on you cho chose se to make make will be the ri,ht ri,ht decisio decision. n. #nd whatever that decision is/ we will support and help you.H

12.%thics and nursin, a. $t is throu,h throu,h the nurse;patient nurse;patient relationship relationship that nurses nurses participate participate in in ethical decision makin, b. 3y developin, developin, a workin, knowled,e of ethical ethical theory/ nurses can make make clear and consistent decisions 1)."hilosophy a. Je5nition of philosophy philosophy66 the intense intense and and critical critical e0amination e0amination of beliefs and assumptions i. OLers OLers principles principles for for decidin, decidin, what what actions actions and Buali Bualities ties are are most worthwhile ii. ora orall tth heor eory 1. "r "rovid ovides es a framework framework for cohesive cohesive and consis consistent tent ethical ethical reasonin, reasonin , and decision makin, 2. T wo moral theorie theories s havin, havinand , ,reatest ,reat est in-uence in-u ence on contemporary bioethics nursin,6 utilitarianism and deontolo,y ). oral oral philosophy philosophy respon responds ds with works works that include include66 ,ood bad b. $s mor moral alit ity y tau, tau,ht ht  i. ay c. %thi %thics cs is a formal proces process s makin, lo,ical lo,ical and consis consistent tent decisio decisions/ ns/ based upon moral philosophy. The practical application of moral philosophy i. %thical %thical theories theories e0plai e0plain n values and and behavior behavior relat related ed to cultural cultural and moral norms 1. "rofessional "rofessional codes of ethics ethics look look to ,overn professional professional behavior 1.%htical theories

 

a. &atu &aturralis alism m i. The belief belief that all all people people have have a tendenc tendency y to make make similar similar ethical decisions 1. ost people people desire desire to be happy happy / e0perien e0perience ce pleasur pleasure/ e/ and avoid pain 2. (ympathy (ympathy is the the motivatin, motivatin, facto factorr in moral moral decision decision makin,

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c. d. e.

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ii. Jiscus Jiscussi sion on oner natur nat urali alism6 sm6 1. # toddler toddl wander wand er into a busy busy intersecti intersection on with nor nor parent parent in si,ht. !atio ationa nali lism sm i. 3elieve 3elieve feelin,s feelin,s or or percept perceptions ions// thou,h thou,h they they may seem simil similar ar in many people. ay not actually be similar in all people 1. There There are universa universall truths/ truths/ independen independentt from humans/ humans/ that can be known throu,h the process of reasonin, a. i.e. Git's Git's always always ,ood to help help those those in in need need re,ardless of the circumstancesH and Gthe ,rass is perceived as ,reen but the actual color may diLerH ii. Out of of these these two two scho school ol of of thou, thou,h h 1. til tilit itar aria iani nism sm 2. Je Jeo onto tollo,y o,y $s ethic ethics s a matter of feelin, feelin, 99natu naturalis ralism: m: or reason reason 9 rationa rationalism lism: : #re individuals individuals free free to make ethical ethical choices based upon predictable predictable human nature 9naturalism:?. til tilit itar aria iani nism sm i. oral oral philos philosophy ophy of health healthcar care e deliver delivery y ii. #lso #lso cal called led cons conseBu eBuent ential ialis ism m iii iii.. # type type of theo theolo, lo,ica icall theor theory y iv iv.. *olds *olds that an actio action n is Aud,ed Aud,ed as ,ood ,ood or bad bad in relati relation on to the the conseBuence/ outcome/ or end result that it is derived from v. We look at the the outcomes outcomes and base base our our decision decision on on whether whether the the outcome was positive or ne,ative vi. Webster's ebster's dictio dictionary nary – a morally morally ,ood ,ood action action that helps helps the ,reatest number of people vii. Meremy Meremy 3entham 3entham 91<D;1 91<D;1D)2: D)2: was was the father father of this this philoso philosophy phy vi viii ii.. Mo Mohn hn (t (tua uart rt i ill ll 1. The ends ends Aust Austify ify the means means 2. The ,reates ,reatestt happin happiness ess principl principle e i0. 2 types 1. #ct utilita utilitarian rianism ism – people people choose choose actions actions that that will increase the overall ,ood/ even if it violated the ri,hts of some individuals 2. !ul ule e ; abso absolu lute te 0. When is is it permiss permissible ible to sacri sacri5ce 5ce the ri,hts ri,hts of one for for th ,reater ,reater ,ood Jeontolo,y i. # type type or rati rationa onalis lism m 9sense 9sense of duty: duty: 1. 3elief 3elief that ri,htne ri,htness ss or wron,n wron,ness ess of an act act depends depends upon the nature of the act &OT its conseBuences

 

2. oral oral rules are absolu absolute te and apply apply to all all people people a. "r "rovide ovides s clear ,uide ,uidelines lines for for Aud,in, Aud,in, ri,ht ri,ht from from wron, ). @ant @antia iani nism sm a. To treat another person person as an end it to make make hisNher own end your own ,. ir irtu tue e ethi ethics cs i. # orality ora lity depends depe a person person's 's chara cose haracter ctermorally ii. virtuous virtu ous people peonds ple upon will will naturally natura lly choose cho the morally ri,ht ri,ht decisio decision n iii. 8ocal 8ocal virtuesNmo virtuesNmorall rally y import important ant traits6 traits6 1. >o >omp mpas ass sion ion a. #n attitude attitude of active active re,ard re,ard for for another's another's welfar welfare e with an ima,inative awareness and emotional response of deep sympathy 2. Ji Jisc scer ernm nmen entt a. WisdomH WisdomH  keen keen insi,h insi,htt and ,ood ,ood Aud,ment Aud,ment coupl coupled ed with the ability to reco,niCe and understand human behavior ). Trustw rustwor orthi thines ness s a. >onsiste >onsistent/ nt/ predict predictable able// honest/ honest/ reliabl reliable/ e/ . $n $nte te, ,rity ity a. #bility #bility to follow follow moral moral norms norms consist consistently ently over over time time b. # person person with inte,ri inte,rity ty will displa display y consisten consistency cy of convictions/ actions/ emotions/ and is trustworthy trustworthy i. Je5cienc Je5ciency y6 hypocri hypocrisy/ sy/ insin insinceri cerity/ ty/ and and bad bad faith

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