Case Study
Content
Introduction:
Pension is one of the important financial assistance which provides to government employee after his/her retirement. Pension is the provision of annuities for the matured; it is the companies sponsored fund that is supposed to provide a company's employees with a habitable income for their Retirements. Pension policy for the 1st time developed in 19th century which is followed by UK in 1834. In the year 1972 time Bangladesh has introduce pension system among the government employees. Later on it has been modified several times when the government felt changes are essential to take places. Principally it is a motivation factor on the way to employees who give the golden period of life with the organization. Pension is given to government employee after his retirement from public services. Usually government provides pension to former government servant till his death. And continually given to his/her better half. During the appointment government fixes an age limit. In certain cases this age limit is relaxed. According to general recruitment rules a person can enter into government service from at least eighteen years’ age provided that the person has requisite qualification for service. Pension was provided fixing pay on average of last 12 month’s salaries At present in many autonomous organizations namely universities, nationalized enterprises, banks, etc, pension system has been introduced. Since its attract many qualified candidate to the organization as pension acts like job security, The government servants receive their pension from the government and officials of autonomous bodies receive their pension from their appointing authority. The candidates/recipients are selected based on certain characteristics which are (a) age (b) average yearly income (e) health status, (d) socio-economic condition (f) expenditure in different heads and (g) land ownership. The following categories of persons are excluded from the benefit of old age pension. According to the Public Servants
Retirement Act 1974, a public servant is any person in the service of the Republic, but he/she is not any person who:
• • • •
It’s a member of any defense service. It’s a teacher or employee of any university. It’s employed in or under a commission, committee or Board setup for a temporary period for specified purposes. It’s a contingent or a work charged employee working in the state owned manufacturing industries. holds any office which is filled by election or nomination under any law and holds any office the tenure of which is determined by or under law
• •
There are many types of pension system in Bangladesh such as:
Compensation pension:
This pension is provided to the officials who have lost jobs because of abolition of their posts in downsizing some offices or organizations by the government to keep these in economic size. A government servant can claim compensation pension for his/her past service. She/he is either appointed in new post or transferred to other establishments. The procedure in providing this pension involves preparing of a list of the officials losing their jobs at a minimum expenditure of the government. The important point in this case is that in abolishing the posts the income of the government has to be increased. Again in this process the income of the government has to be more than the amount of the compensation pension to be paid. Invalid pension: A government servant can claim compensation pension for his/her past service. She/he is either appointed in new post or transferred to other establishments. The procedure in providing this pension involves preparing of a list of the officials losing their jobs at a minimum expenditure of the government. The important point in this case is that in
abolishing the posts the income of the government has to be increased. Again in this process the income of the government has to be more than the amount of the compensation pension to be paid. Superannuation pension: In this process, if an employee is discharged from a post after completion of service in terms of fixed service conditions; in that case he/she cannot claim any pension. For loss of any special pay pension or compensation allowance is not allowable. School teachers or other employees who perform duties in the postal department in addition to their own duties and if they are released from the department in that case they are not entitled to pension. When public servant reaches at age 57 and For judges and public university teachers age limit is 65 years If an employee is engaged in two posts and because of abolition of one post, s/he wants to retire or the authority intends to retire him/her, in that case the matter has to be sent for decision of the government. Retiring pension: According to the law of the country the government may, if it considers necessary in the public interest so to do, retire from service a public servant at any time after s/he has completed 25 years of service without assigning any reason. But any other appointing authority is not authorized to exercise this power. If any sub-ordinate appointing authority desires that an employee employed by it should retire after 25 years of service, in that case that authority shall propose to the concerned ministry to that effect. In the case of gazetted officers the issue of retiring shall be referred to the President of Bangladesh for decision. Optional pension: A public servant has unqualified right to opt to retire from service at any time after s/he has completed 25 years of service upon the only condition that s/he shall have to give a notice in writing to the appointing authority at least 30 days prior to the date of his/her
intended retirement. In this case the government is bound to accept the option and has no legal scope to refuse. But such option once exercised shall be final and shall not be permitted to be modified or withdrawn. Family pension: Pension is allowed to the family of a pensioner on his/her death and this is called family pension. In the case of family pension, a public servant while remaining in service at any time afterwards may nominate one or more members of his/her family as successor for the whole or part of his/her family pension. But in the absence of nomination and if the wife of the deceased pensioner or any member of the family is not available, in that case his/her last controlling authority shall decide the successor for providing family pension and gratuity. However mention is made here that the rules for family pension are different for different members nominated. Pension in private sector: The persons who are in the service of the government or of any funded corporate organization or local authority are only entitled to pension and retirement benefits. But there is no provision for pension for the persons working in agriculture and industries sectors. The migrant labourers also do not qualify for pension. According to the latest available information there are about 20 million labourers who are working in the agriculture sector constituting about 50% of the total employment in the country. As mentioned earlier, this sector contributes about 40 percent of the total GDP. The sector consists of forestry, crops and horticulture, animal farming and fishing sub-sectors. Despite this size, there is no retirement and pension concept in the agriculture sector. Bangladesh has not made any policy for retirement and pension of the agricultural workers. These workers are as such not entitled to retirement and pension benefits for their old age during which they loose their working and earning capability
Strength and weakness of a pension: Strength:
• • • • It can be an incentive for those employees who work in that particular sector; it can create a future security benefited for them. It works as financial assistance to those people who faced some accident on their work so that they can cover up their recovery cost. It can help the retired people to maintain a financially healthy life without any hassle. It can help those people to contribute in the development of their sector which basically help Bangladeshi economic sector.
Weakness:
• Our economy is not only depends on govt. sector or govt. related sector there are some other sector too like agriculture but on this particular sector we don’t find the pension system. • • People who work in foreign countries they pay remittance but there are no pension system for them. People who work in private sector like garments' they are not falling in any type of pension/allowance system which is very poor for them.
Find out the problem:
Bangladesh economy is not only control by the government sector or government sponsored sector, there are some other sector which have the equal contribution for our economy. Those employees are relate with that sector are also very significant for our economy so it’s not so easy to neglect them. So for the boost up the whole economy we need to work together.
It has been mentioned that vast number of old people engaged in agriculture, industry, services and overseas employment are not covered by the pension system which is primarily designed to serve a small section of people employed in government and semigovernment organizations. This small fraction of government employees enjoys some form of security at old age. There are about 1500 NGOs in Bangladesh. But there is no NGO in Bangladesh which works for retire and aged population. Programs are not directed specifically for the older people. The NGO Bureau of the government should see that the NGOs are undertaking adequate number of programs for the elderly care in Bangladesh, i.e. their programs must be focused for the older people. As the elderly people will continue to increase in size, the basic needs issue of the elderly will be challenging. The elderly people will be consistently lacking the means for fulfilling their basic needs. Government and NGOs must undertake projects for meeting the basic needs of the old people in the country. The prevailing pension system should be improved to provide more security to the retired government employees at the old age. 100% pension instead of 80% should be provided to the public servants. Government policy should as such be formulated towards that gratuity may be allowed for the whole amount of the gross pension of the retired employee at one single increased rate than the present system. Government should formulate policies for extended facilities of accommodation, benevolent and group insurance funds for the pensioners. Leave preparatory to retirement should be allowed for 2 years instead of present 1 year with increased leave benefits in monetary form. Government should formulate policies/laws for providing pension and retirement benefits for the workers/employees of the agriculture and industrial sectors so that the workers/employees can survive economically in their old age. This may be progressively
implemented starting with the formal sector. The migrant laborers of the country working abroad and positively contributing to the economic development of the country through their remittances should be granted pension on their repatriation for their reintegration and rehabilitation in the mainstream of the society. This can be achieved by creating a retirement benefit fund for migrant workers.
Future Challenges:
Bangladesh a small proportion of the total population constitutes the elderly persons. But the absolute number of the older persons is quite significant and their rate is also alarming. According to 1911, 1951, 1981 and 1991 decennial censuses the elderly population (aged 60 years and above) in Bangladesh were 1.37 million, 1.86 million, 4.90 million and 6.05 million. Side by side projected numbers of older persons in 2000, 2015 and 2025 are 7.25 million, 12.05 million and 17.62 million (United Nations 1994-5). This change in population characteristics will have serious consequences on the society as well as on the overall socio-economic development of the country. In spite of rapidly increasing numbers, the older persons are all but invisible in development policy and practice in Bangladesh. Bangladesh, as an Asian country, has a long cultural and religious tradition of looking after the elderly and families and communities are expected to take care of their own elderly members. But rapid socio economic and demographic transformation, mass poverty, declining social and religious values, influence of western culture and other factors have broken down the traditional extended family and community care system. Most of the older people in the country are suffering from many basic human problems such as lack of sufficient income and employment opportunities, absolute poverty, senile diseases and absence of proper health and Medicare facilities, exclusion, negligence, deprivation, socio-economic insecurity, etc. 80% of the older persons live in rural Bangladesh and suffer from cumulative effects of a lifetime of deprivation. Because of increased life expectancy the elderly people will live for longer years resulting in increased dependency ratio and declining potential support ratio. Current and
future health needs of the older people should be urgently addressed through promotion of health education and information targeting elderly population. Elderly people are increasing and will continue to increase. Government has only very limited programs to provide care to the elderly. As stated earlier, one such program is Old Age Allowance which has been highlighted. There are other government programs targeting the poor and woman. For example Vulnerable Group Development (VGD) and Vulnerable Group Feeding (VGF). These programs aim to provide development or food assistance to the poor. These programs do not directly target older people. The elderly people instead of being dependent on the families and communities may undertake activities like rearing livestock, small business and rearing poultry for maintaining their livelihood. Institutional arrangement should be made to give them training and financial support for this. Measure should be initiated for the welfare of the elderly population which should include the following: • Medicines at reduced cost • Free treatment • Health care near the residence • Home care by health workers • Increased old age allowance • Shelter and food
Recommendation
• • • • Government should impose some sort of law and regulation for the private sectors. They must be maintaining a monitory system to look after this system. Their must be some guide line for both manager and workers. There must be a authority in rural area who can watch the equal distribution among agricultural labor.
•
There must be an authority in every foreign commission who can look after those people who work outside of Bangladesh.
Conclusion:
Pension system has a very prominent power to our economic circle. In order to run this circle without hassles we need to think very deeply about the pension plan. Pension plan also make proper clearances' to maintain this process. Retirements due to old age makes the elderly people very insecure and vulnerable. Low economic growth, overall impoverished condition of the society, and increasing dependency ration erodes into the traditional family support system fro the elderly. This calls for policy level initiatives taken by the government and institutional arrangements for care of the old age population. This problem has been globally recognized in the International Conference on Population and Development, 1994. Programmer of Action of the Conference emphasized that the economic and social impact of the ageing populations is both an opportunity and a challenge to all societies. Despite the potential of elderly in the population and its inevitable and varied impacts, policy makers of the country have given little attention to this issue. Available information suggests that about half of the aged population live in poverty and policies and programs often overlook them who are women. Inadequate support and the erosion of traditional support by migration, urbanization and other factors leave many older people in extreme difficulty. In the perspective of prevailing socio-economic situation, increasing landlessness and poverty have been affecting the elderly population. Although the government has instituted an old age allowance covering about 12 percent of the elderly population of Bangladesh, this is a very small fraction of the elderly people. This is an encouraging step towards welfare of the elderly population, but it is yet to be seen at what level this allowance could be sustained with 100% coverage in future under the given economic condition of the country.
Elderly population lack income earning opportunities because of physical limitations, cultural barriers and lack of micro credit. If they are given the training and micro credit they could earn their livelihood. National policies need to incorporate the issue of ageing and appropriate support mechanisms for older people into the mainstream of the social, economic and health planning. Community members have to be sensitized about the problems of the elderly so that a greater commitment and involvement could be ensured to include care for the elderly within health care system. Government should evolve policy measures for providing job opportunities for all the retired employees by creating avenues in both the public and private sectors and enabling the retired employees for generating income for their living in old age with dignity and social status. The existing retirement and pension system in Bangladesh has a very limited coverage. This should be extended to cover the entire formal sector of the economy. Gradually a national system of pension should be evolved to cover the entire retired and elderly population to create a welfare oriented society where elderly can live with dignity and self-respect.
Bibliography BBS, Statistical Year Book of Bangladesh, 23rd Edition, 2002 ESCAP, Population Ageing in Asia and the Pacific, 1996 Establishment Ministry, Government of Bangladesh (GOB), Establishment Manual (Vol. I), 1996
Kabir, M. A., “Elderly Care in Bangladesh, Challenges Ahead” The Daily Star, Dhaka Ministry of Planning (GOB), Fifth Five Year Plan Document (1997-2000) Ministry of Social Welfare (GOB), Old Age Allowance Program, Implementation Manual, 2004
Pension is one of the important financial assistance which provides to government employee after his/her retirement. Pension is the provision of annuities for the matured; it is the companies sponsored fund that is supposed to provide a company's employees with a habitable income for their Retirements. Pension policy for the 1st time developed in 19th century which is followed by UK in 1834. In the year 1972 time Bangladesh has introduce pension system among the government employees. Later on it has been modified several times when the government felt changes are essential to take places. Principally it is a motivation factor on the way to employees who give the golden period of life with the organization. Pension is given to government employee after his retirement from public services. Usually government provides pension to former government servant till his death. And continually given to his/her better half. During the appointment government fixes an age limit. In certain cases this age limit is relaxed. According to general recruitment rules a person can enter into government service from at least eighteen years’ age provided that the person has requisite qualification for service. Pension was provided fixing pay on average of last 12 month’s salaries At present in many autonomous organizations namely universities, nationalized enterprises, banks, etc, pension system has been introduced. Since its attract many qualified candidate to the organization as pension acts like job security, The government servants receive their pension from the government and officials of autonomous bodies receive their pension from their appointing authority. The candidates/recipients are selected based on certain characteristics which are (a) age (b) average yearly income (e) health status, (d) socio-economic condition (f) expenditure in different heads and (g) land ownership. The following categories of persons are excluded from the benefit of old age pension. According to the Public Servants
Retirement Act 1974, a public servant is any person in the service of the Republic, but he/she is not any person who:
• • • •
It’s a member of any defense service. It’s a teacher or employee of any university. It’s employed in or under a commission, committee or Board setup for a temporary period for specified purposes. It’s a contingent or a work charged employee working in the state owned manufacturing industries. holds any office which is filled by election or nomination under any law and holds any office the tenure of which is determined by or under law
• •
There are many types of pension system in Bangladesh such as:
Compensation pension:
This pension is provided to the officials who have lost jobs because of abolition of their posts in downsizing some offices or organizations by the government to keep these in economic size. A government servant can claim compensation pension for his/her past service. She/he is either appointed in new post or transferred to other establishments. The procedure in providing this pension involves preparing of a list of the officials losing their jobs at a minimum expenditure of the government. The important point in this case is that in abolishing the posts the income of the government has to be increased. Again in this process the income of the government has to be more than the amount of the compensation pension to be paid. Invalid pension: A government servant can claim compensation pension for his/her past service. She/he is either appointed in new post or transferred to other establishments. The procedure in providing this pension involves preparing of a list of the officials losing their jobs at a minimum expenditure of the government. The important point in this case is that in
abolishing the posts the income of the government has to be increased. Again in this process the income of the government has to be more than the amount of the compensation pension to be paid. Superannuation pension: In this process, if an employee is discharged from a post after completion of service in terms of fixed service conditions; in that case he/she cannot claim any pension. For loss of any special pay pension or compensation allowance is not allowable. School teachers or other employees who perform duties in the postal department in addition to their own duties and if they are released from the department in that case they are not entitled to pension. When public servant reaches at age 57 and For judges and public university teachers age limit is 65 years If an employee is engaged in two posts and because of abolition of one post, s/he wants to retire or the authority intends to retire him/her, in that case the matter has to be sent for decision of the government. Retiring pension: According to the law of the country the government may, if it considers necessary in the public interest so to do, retire from service a public servant at any time after s/he has completed 25 years of service without assigning any reason. But any other appointing authority is not authorized to exercise this power. If any sub-ordinate appointing authority desires that an employee employed by it should retire after 25 years of service, in that case that authority shall propose to the concerned ministry to that effect. In the case of gazetted officers the issue of retiring shall be referred to the President of Bangladesh for decision. Optional pension: A public servant has unqualified right to opt to retire from service at any time after s/he has completed 25 years of service upon the only condition that s/he shall have to give a notice in writing to the appointing authority at least 30 days prior to the date of his/her
intended retirement. In this case the government is bound to accept the option and has no legal scope to refuse. But such option once exercised shall be final and shall not be permitted to be modified or withdrawn. Family pension: Pension is allowed to the family of a pensioner on his/her death and this is called family pension. In the case of family pension, a public servant while remaining in service at any time afterwards may nominate one or more members of his/her family as successor for the whole or part of his/her family pension. But in the absence of nomination and if the wife of the deceased pensioner or any member of the family is not available, in that case his/her last controlling authority shall decide the successor for providing family pension and gratuity. However mention is made here that the rules for family pension are different for different members nominated. Pension in private sector: The persons who are in the service of the government or of any funded corporate organization or local authority are only entitled to pension and retirement benefits. But there is no provision for pension for the persons working in agriculture and industries sectors. The migrant labourers also do not qualify for pension. According to the latest available information there are about 20 million labourers who are working in the agriculture sector constituting about 50% of the total employment in the country. As mentioned earlier, this sector contributes about 40 percent of the total GDP. The sector consists of forestry, crops and horticulture, animal farming and fishing sub-sectors. Despite this size, there is no retirement and pension concept in the agriculture sector. Bangladesh has not made any policy for retirement and pension of the agricultural workers. These workers are as such not entitled to retirement and pension benefits for their old age during which they loose their working and earning capability
Strength and weakness of a pension: Strength:
• • • • It can be an incentive for those employees who work in that particular sector; it can create a future security benefited for them. It works as financial assistance to those people who faced some accident on their work so that they can cover up their recovery cost. It can help the retired people to maintain a financially healthy life without any hassle. It can help those people to contribute in the development of their sector which basically help Bangladeshi economic sector.
Weakness:
• Our economy is not only depends on govt. sector or govt. related sector there are some other sector too like agriculture but on this particular sector we don’t find the pension system. • • People who work in foreign countries they pay remittance but there are no pension system for them. People who work in private sector like garments' they are not falling in any type of pension/allowance system which is very poor for them.
Find out the problem:
Bangladesh economy is not only control by the government sector or government sponsored sector, there are some other sector which have the equal contribution for our economy. Those employees are relate with that sector are also very significant for our economy so it’s not so easy to neglect them. So for the boost up the whole economy we need to work together.
It has been mentioned that vast number of old people engaged in agriculture, industry, services and overseas employment are not covered by the pension system which is primarily designed to serve a small section of people employed in government and semigovernment organizations. This small fraction of government employees enjoys some form of security at old age. There are about 1500 NGOs in Bangladesh. But there is no NGO in Bangladesh which works for retire and aged population. Programs are not directed specifically for the older people. The NGO Bureau of the government should see that the NGOs are undertaking adequate number of programs for the elderly care in Bangladesh, i.e. their programs must be focused for the older people. As the elderly people will continue to increase in size, the basic needs issue of the elderly will be challenging. The elderly people will be consistently lacking the means for fulfilling their basic needs. Government and NGOs must undertake projects for meeting the basic needs of the old people in the country. The prevailing pension system should be improved to provide more security to the retired government employees at the old age. 100% pension instead of 80% should be provided to the public servants. Government policy should as such be formulated towards that gratuity may be allowed for the whole amount of the gross pension of the retired employee at one single increased rate than the present system. Government should formulate policies for extended facilities of accommodation, benevolent and group insurance funds for the pensioners. Leave preparatory to retirement should be allowed for 2 years instead of present 1 year with increased leave benefits in monetary form. Government should formulate policies/laws for providing pension and retirement benefits for the workers/employees of the agriculture and industrial sectors so that the workers/employees can survive economically in their old age. This may be progressively
implemented starting with the formal sector. The migrant laborers of the country working abroad and positively contributing to the economic development of the country through their remittances should be granted pension on their repatriation for their reintegration and rehabilitation in the mainstream of the society. This can be achieved by creating a retirement benefit fund for migrant workers.
Future Challenges:
Bangladesh a small proportion of the total population constitutes the elderly persons. But the absolute number of the older persons is quite significant and their rate is also alarming. According to 1911, 1951, 1981 and 1991 decennial censuses the elderly population (aged 60 years and above) in Bangladesh were 1.37 million, 1.86 million, 4.90 million and 6.05 million. Side by side projected numbers of older persons in 2000, 2015 and 2025 are 7.25 million, 12.05 million and 17.62 million (United Nations 1994-5). This change in population characteristics will have serious consequences on the society as well as on the overall socio-economic development of the country. In spite of rapidly increasing numbers, the older persons are all but invisible in development policy and practice in Bangladesh. Bangladesh, as an Asian country, has a long cultural and religious tradition of looking after the elderly and families and communities are expected to take care of their own elderly members. But rapid socio economic and demographic transformation, mass poverty, declining social and religious values, influence of western culture and other factors have broken down the traditional extended family and community care system. Most of the older people in the country are suffering from many basic human problems such as lack of sufficient income and employment opportunities, absolute poverty, senile diseases and absence of proper health and Medicare facilities, exclusion, negligence, deprivation, socio-economic insecurity, etc. 80% of the older persons live in rural Bangladesh and suffer from cumulative effects of a lifetime of deprivation. Because of increased life expectancy the elderly people will live for longer years resulting in increased dependency ratio and declining potential support ratio. Current and
future health needs of the older people should be urgently addressed through promotion of health education and information targeting elderly population. Elderly people are increasing and will continue to increase. Government has only very limited programs to provide care to the elderly. As stated earlier, one such program is Old Age Allowance which has been highlighted. There are other government programs targeting the poor and woman. For example Vulnerable Group Development (VGD) and Vulnerable Group Feeding (VGF). These programs aim to provide development or food assistance to the poor. These programs do not directly target older people. The elderly people instead of being dependent on the families and communities may undertake activities like rearing livestock, small business and rearing poultry for maintaining their livelihood. Institutional arrangement should be made to give them training and financial support for this. Measure should be initiated for the welfare of the elderly population which should include the following: • Medicines at reduced cost • Free treatment • Health care near the residence • Home care by health workers • Increased old age allowance • Shelter and food
Recommendation
• • • • Government should impose some sort of law and regulation for the private sectors. They must be maintaining a monitory system to look after this system. Their must be some guide line for both manager and workers. There must be a authority in rural area who can watch the equal distribution among agricultural labor.
•
There must be an authority in every foreign commission who can look after those people who work outside of Bangladesh.
Conclusion:
Pension system has a very prominent power to our economic circle. In order to run this circle without hassles we need to think very deeply about the pension plan. Pension plan also make proper clearances' to maintain this process. Retirements due to old age makes the elderly people very insecure and vulnerable. Low economic growth, overall impoverished condition of the society, and increasing dependency ration erodes into the traditional family support system fro the elderly. This calls for policy level initiatives taken by the government and institutional arrangements for care of the old age population. This problem has been globally recognized in the International Conference on Population and Development, 1994. Programmer of Action of the Conference emphasized that the economic and social impact of the ageing populations is both an opportunity and a challenge to all societies. Despite the potential of elderly in the population and its inevitable and varied impacts, policy makers of the country have given little attention to this issue. Available information suggests that about half of the aged population live in poverty and policies and programs often overlook them who are women. Inadequate support and the erosion of traditional support by migration, urbanization and other factors leave many older people in extreme difficulty. In the perspective of prevailing socio-economic situation, increasing landlessness and poverty have been affecting the elderly population. Although the government has instituted an old age allowance covering about 12 percent of the elderly population of Bangladesh, this is a very small fraction of the elderly people. This is an encouraging step towards welfare of the elderly population, but it is yet to be seen at what level this allowance could be sustained with 100% coverage in future under the given economic condition of the country.
Elderly population lack income earning opportunities because of physical limitations, cultural barriers and lack of micro credit. If they are given the training and micro credit they could earn their livelihood. National policies need to incorporate the issue of ageing and appropriate support mechanisms for older people into the mainstream of the social, economic and health planning. Community members have to be sensitized about the problems of the elderly so that a greater commitment and involvement could be ensured to include care for the elderly within health care system. Government should evolve policy measures for providing job opportunities for all the retired employees by creating avenues in both the public and private sectors and enabling the retired employees for generating income for their living in old age with dignity and social status. The existing retirement and pension system in Bangladesh has a very limited coverage. This should be extended to cover the entire formal sector of the economy. Gradually a national system of pension should be evolved to cover the entire retired and elderly population to create a welfare oriented society where elderly can live with dignity and self-respect.
Bibliography BBS, Statistical Year Book of Bangladesh, 23rd Edition, 2002 ESCAP, Population Ageing in Asia and the Pacific, 1996 Establishment Ministry, Government of Bangladesh (GOB), Establishment Manual (Vol. I), 1996
Kabir, M. A., “Elderly Care in Bangladesh, Challenges Ahead” The Daily Star, Dhaka Ministry of Planning (GOB), Fifth Five Year Plan Document (1997-2000) Ministry of Social Welfare (GOB), Old Age Allowance Program, Implementation Manual, 2004
