CLASS D POWER AMPLIFIER FOR MEDICAL APPLICATION
Content
Informatics Engineering, an International Journal (IEIJ), Vol.4, No.2, June 2016
CLASS D POWER AMPLIFIER FOR MEDICAL
APPLICATION
Wei Cai1, Liang Huang2 and ShunQiang Wang3
1
Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of California,
Irvine, CA, USA
2
Department of Information & Electronic Engineering, ZheJiang Gongshang University,
Hang Zhou, Zhejiang, China
3
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA,
USA
ABSTRACT
The objective of this research was to design a 2.4 GHz class AB Power Amplifier (PA), with 0.18um
Semiconductor Manufacturing International Corporation (SMIC) CMOS technology by using Cadence
software, for health care applications. The ultimate goal for such application is to minimize the trade-offs
between performance and cost, and between performance and low power consumption design. This paper
introduces the design of a 2.4GHz class D power amplifier which consists of two stage amplifiers. This
power amplifier can transmit 15dBm output power to a 50Ω load. The power added efficiency was 50%
and the total power consumption was 90.4 mW. The performance of the power amplifier meets the
specification requirements of the desired.
KEYWORDS
Two stage, Class D, Power amplifier, Healthcare
1. INTRODUCTION
Wireless medical sensor networks have offered significant improvements to the
healthcare industry in the 21st century, technology changes our life at
everywhere[1][2][3][4]. Devices are arranged on a patient’s body and can be used to
closely monitor the physiological condition of patients [5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13].
These medical sensors monitor the patient’s vital body parameters, such as temperature,
heart rate, blood pressure, oxygen saturation, and transmit the data to a doctor in real
time [2]. When a doctor reviews the transmitted sensor readings, they can get a better
understanding of a patient's health conditions. The benefit for the patients is that they do
not need to frequently visit the hospital, thus patients could reap time and money
savings. Such wireless medical sensors will continue to play a central role in the future
of modern healthcare. People living in rural areas would especially benefit, since 9% of
physicians work in rural areas while almost 20% of the US population lives there [2]. A
shortage of physicians and specialist is a big issue in such areas, even today. But
Wireless Medical Sensor Network technology has the potential to alleviate the problem.
In a wireless sensor network, as seen in the figure 1 below, each device is capable of
monitoring, sensing, and/or displaying information. A sensor node is capable of
gathering sensory information, processing it in some manner, and communicating with
other nodes in the network[2].
DOI : 10.5121/ieij.2016.4202
9
Informatics Engineering, an International Journal (IEIJ), Vol.4, No.2, June 2016
Figure 1. Block diagram of a typical sensor node
Figure 1 shows that the basic sensing node can collect the physiological signals (e.g.:
such as EEG, ECG, body temperature, blood pressure, heart beat etc.), when attached to
a human body [14]. The processing unit processes all the sensed signals, then sends out
the data based on communication protocols. All the processed data will be transmitted
through a wireless link to a portable, personal base-station. Doctors can then obtain all
the patients’ data through the network.
The main challenge for such sensor node is the high power consumption of portable
devices. A solution to this challenge is the integration of the portable devices’ digital and
RF circuitry into one chip.
Figure 2. Block diagram of a transmitter
The receiver will receive the signal and will also perform DSP processing after the data
is sent out by the transmitter [2]. Figure 2 is the transmitter diagram. It is desirable that
the transmitter and receiver are low power devices. The director-conversion transmitter
is very popular for such applications, because it offers versatility, flexibility, spectral
efficiency, and low complexity. These features make the transmitter simpler than the
super-heterodyne transmitter. Small chip and circuit size, and low power consumption
can be achieved with a direct-conversion transmitter architecture. For the front-end
transmitter, the major objectives are 1) transmit RF signals and 2) recover the biosignal
classification. This paper proposes a low power receiver design. This paper is mainly for
the power amplifier design, since other portions of the circuit design are already
discussed in the paper [14]. In order to meet the standards, the PA is designed as shown
in table 1.
10
Informatics Engineering, an International Journal (IEIJ), Vol.4, No.2, June 2016
Table 1: PA design requirement.
Parameter
Output Power
PAE
Stability
S11
Target(Unit)
10dBm
40%
>1
-10 dB
2. METHODS
Over the past 30 years, research on CMOS radio-frequency (RF) front-end circuits has
progressed extremely quickly. The ultimate goal for the wireless industry is to minimize
the trade-offs between performance and cost, and between performance and low power
consumption design [15].
The proposed Class D amplifier has low output power and good linearity based on the
IEEE 802.11b communication protocol. The Class-D amplifier, whose basic form is seen
in figure 3, consists primarily of two switches. During device operation, the switches
will alternately turn on and off due to the driver stage, and the output voltage of the
switch varies between ground and the supply voltage. Also within the device is a
bandpass filter composed of a series LC resonator tuned to the desired frequency,
providing nonzero conductance essentially only in the band of interest. Such filters
allows the maximization of the current in the frequency band of interest, while
minimizing the current flowing at the unwanted band. Hence, no power dissipation
happens outside of the desired operational band[16].
Figure 3. Block diagram of a class D power amplifier
11
Informatics Engineering, an International Journal (IEIJ), Vol.4, No.2, June 2016
Figure 4. Schematic of PA design
To get the optimum bias, small-signal simulation and 1dB compression point simulation
are completed by their power output capability. Resulting design values can be shown in
Table 2.
Table 2: 2.4GHz PA driver stage component.
Parameter
Q1
Q2
L1
C1
Size (Unit)
W/L=1um/0.5um (f=8,m=18)
W/L=1um/0.6um (f=2,m=12)
2nH (Q=20)
600fH
3. RESULTS
As seen in figure 5(a), the output power was 16. As seen in figure 5(b), the frequency is
at 2.4 GHz the S11 is less than -10 dB, also, the total power of the PA is 90.4 mW.
As seen in figure 6(a), Kf is larger than 1 for all frequencies from 1 to 3 GHz, so this
circuit was totally stable. And the PAE could reach 50%.
12
Informatics Engineering, an International Journal (IEIJ), Vol.4, No.2, June 2016
Figure 5. (a) Output power (b) S11
Figure 6. (a) Kf (b) PAE
4. CONCLUSION
This paper describes the method of designing and simulating power amplifier using
cadence software based on SIMC CMOS process 180nm technology. This PA is used for
sensor networks. This research is still in the early stages of development of a low cost
and low power device. In order to reach the performance that is needed, the PA process
uses group III and IV elements. This circuit meets the scheduled requirements for the
CMOS process, but it still has room to improve performance metrics. When the sensor is
coupled with communications technologies such as mobile phones and the Internet, the
sensor network constant information flow between individuals and their doctors. Such
low cost and low power device can save a lot of hospitalization resources. To realize
this, future improvement is needed.
13
Informatics Engineering, an International Journal (IEIJ), Vol.4, No.2, June 2016
REFERENCES
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
[6]
[7]
[8]
[9]
[10]
[11]
[12]
[13]
[14]
[15]
[16]
Stults BM., (1984) “Preventive Health Care for the Elderly”, Western Journal of Medicine, pp
832- 845.
Afsaneh Minaie, Ali Sanati-Mehrizy, Paymon Sanati-Mehrizy & Reza Sanati-Mehrizy (2013).
“Application of Wireless Sensor Networks in Health Care System”, ASEE, vol 3, pp 21-24.
Narayanunni, Vinay, Heng Gu, and Choongho Yu(2011) "Monte Carlo simulation for
investigating influence of junction and nanofiber properties on electrical conductivity of
segregated-network nanocomposites." Acta Materialia 59.11 pp 4548-4555.
Gu, H., X-L. Gao, and X. C. Li(2009)"Molecular Dynamics Study on Mechanical Properties and
Interfacial Morphology of an Aluminum Matrix Nanocomposite Reinforced by -Silicon Carbide
Nanoparticles." Journal of Computational and Theoretical Nanoscience 6.1 pp61-72.
Q Zhang, X Xiao, YT Cheng, MW Verbrugge (2014)”A non-destructive method for measuring
the mechanical properties of ultrathin films prepared by atomic layer deposition”, Applied
Physics Letters 105 (6), 061901
X Yu, X Wang, Q Zhang, J Li, J Liu (2014) ” Oxidation-resistant, solution-processed plasmonic
Ni nanochain-SiOx (x< 2) selective solar thermal absorbers,” Journal of Applied Physics 116 (7),
073508.
H Liu, J Liu, Y Liu, K Bertoldi, CD Vecitis (2014) “Quantitative 2D electrooxidative carbon
nanotube filter model: Insight into reactive sites”, Carbon 80, pp 651-664.
Qinghua Wang, Huimin Xie, Jia Liu, Xue Feng, Fulong Dai(2009) “ Instability and failure
analysis of film-substrate structure under electrical loading“ International Conference on
Electronic Packaging Technology & High Density Packaging, pp 1027-1029.
Liang Wanga, Sajjad H. Marufa, Devid Manigliob, c, Yifu Ding (2012)“ Fabrication and
characterizations of crosslinked porous polymer films with varying chemical compositions”,
Polymer ,Volume 53, Issue 17, pp 3749–3755.
Liang Wanga, Yifu Ding (2015)”Creating micro-structured hydrogel-forming polymer films by
photopolymerization in an evaporating solvent: Compositional and morphological evolutions”,
European Polymer Journal, Volume 66, pp 99–107.
Wei Cai , Leslie Lauren Gouveia, “Modeling and simulation of Maximum power point tracker in
Ptolemy” , Journal of Clean Energy Technologies, Vol. 1, No. 1, 2013 , PP 6-9.
Wei Cai, Jeremy. Chan, David Garmire, “3-Axes MEMS Hall-Effect Sensor,” presented by the
2011 IEEE Sensors Applications Symposium, pp141-144.
Wei Cai, Xuelin Cui, Xiangrong Zhou, “Optimization of a GPU Implementation of Multidimensional RF Pulse Design Algorithm,” International Conference on Bioinformatics and
Biomedical Engineering 2011
Wei Cai & Frank Shi, (2016) “2.4 GHz Heterodyne Receiver for Healthcare Application”, IJPPS,
vol 6,pp 1-7.
Bo Shi, Michael Yan Wah Chia (2011) “On The Performance of Class-D Power Amplifiers With
RF Pulse-Width Modulation”, Proceedings of the Asia-Pacific Microwave Conference, pp15501553.
Jianhui Cui, Ke Zhang, Tong Tian (2013)“A Dual-Level and Dual-Band Class-D CMOS Power
Amplifier for IoT Applications”, IEEE 11th International New Circuits and Systems Conference.
，
14
Informatics Engineering, an International Journal (IEIJ), Vol.4, No.2, June 2016
Authors
Wei Cai is a graduate student at the University of California, Irvine, CA. She received
her Masters degree from Dept. of Electrical Engineering, University of Hawaii at
Manoa and Bachelor degree from Zhejiang University, China. Her research interests
include device physics simulation, analog/ RF circuit design.
Liang huang is an associate Professor, Electronics College of Zhejiang Gongshang
University. He got phd from Zhejiang University china, and finished his postdoc at
Polytechnic of Turin, Italy, and Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea. His research is
mainly focus on Research on: Intelligent Control; Electrical Robotics.
Shunqiang Wang received his Ph.D. in Mechanical Engineering from Lehigh
University in 2016. His research interests are in the development of microfluidic
devices and point-of-care devices for biomedical and chemical applications.
15
CLASS D POWER AMPLIFIER FOR MEDICAL
APPLICATION
Wei Cai1, Liang Huang2 and ShunQiang Wang3
1
Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of California,
Irvine, CA, USA
2
Department of Information & Electronic Engineering, ZheJiang Gongshang University,
Hang Zhou, Zhejiang, China
3
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA,
USA
ABSTRACT
The objective of this research was to design a 2.4 GHz class AB Power Amplifier (PA), with 0.18um
Semiconductor Manufacturing International Corporation (SMIC) CMOS technology by using Cadence
software, for health care applications. The ultimate goal for such application is to minimize the trade-offs
between performance and cost, and between performance and low power consumption design. This paper
introduces the design of a 2.4GHz class D power amplifier which consists of two stage amplifiers. This
power amplifier can transmit 15dBm output power to a 50Ω load. The power added efficiency was 50%
and the total power consumption was 90.4 mW. The performance of the power amplifier meets the
specification requirements of the desired.
KEYWORDS
Two stage, Class D, Power amplifier, Healthcare
1. INTRODUCTION
Wireless medical sensor networks have offered significant improvements to the
healthcare industry in the 21st century, technology changes our life at
everywhere[1][2][3][4]. Devices are arranged on a patient’s body and can be used to
closely monitor the physiological condition of patients [5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13].
These medical sensors monitor the patient’s vital body parameters, such as temperature,
heart rate, blood pressure, oxygen saturation, and transmit the data to a doctor in real
time [2]. When a doctor reviews the transmitted sensor readings, they can get a better
understanding of a patient's health conditions. The benefit for the patients is that they do
not need to frequently visit the hospital, thus patients could reap time and money
savings. Such wireless medical sensors will continue to play a central role in the future
of modern healthcare. People living in rural areas would especially benefit, since 9% of
physicians work in rural areas while almost 20% of the US population lives there [2]. A
shortage of physicians and specialist is a big issue in such areas, even today. But
Wireless Medical Sensor Network technology has the potential to alleviate the problem.
In a wireless sensor network, as seen in the figure 1 below, each device is capable of
monitoring, sensing, and/or displaying information. A sensor node is capable of
gathering sensory information, processing it in some manner, and communicating with
other nodes in the network[2].
DOI : 10.5121/ieij.2016.4202
9
Informatics Engineering, an International Journal (IEIJ), Vol.4, No.2, June 2016
Figure 1. Block diagram of a typical sensor node
Figure 1 shows that the basic sensing node can collect the physiological signals (e.g.:
such as EEG, ECG, body temperature, blood pressure, heart beat etc.), when attached to
a human body [14]. The processing unit processes all the sensed signals, then sends out
the data based on communication protocols. All the processed data will be transmitted
through a wireless link to a portable, personal base-station. Doctors can then obtain all
the patients’ data through the network.
The main challenge for such sensor node is the high power consumption of portable
devices. A solution to this challenge is the integration of the portable devices’ digital and
RF circuitry into one chip.
Figure 2. Block diagram of a transmitter
The receiver will receive the signal and will also perform DSP processing after the data
is sent out by the transmitter [2]. Figure 2 is the transmitter diagram. It is desirable that
the transmitter and receiver are low power devices. The director-conversion transmitter
is very popular for such applications, because it offers versatility, flexibility, spectral
efficiency, and low complexity. These features make the transmitter simpler than the
super-heterodyne transmitter. Small chip and circuit size, and low power consumption
can be achieved with a direct-conversion transmitter architecture. For the front-end
transmitter, the major objectives are 1) transmit RF signals and 2) recover the biosignal
classification. This paper proposes a low power receiver design. This paper is mainly for
the power amplifier design, since other portions of the circuit design are already
discussed in the paper [14]. In order to meet the standards, the PA is designed as shown
in table 1.
10
Informatics Engineering, an International Journal (IEIJ), Vol.4, No.2, June 2016
Table 1: PA design requirement.
Parameter
Output Power
PAE
Stability
S11
Target(Unit)
10dBm
40%
>1
-10 dB
2. METHODS
Over the past 30 years, research on CMOS radio-frequency (RF) front-end circuits has
progressed extremely quickly. The ultimate goal for the wireless industry is to minimize
the trade-offs between performance and cost, and between performance and low power
consumption design [15].
The proposed Class D amplifier has low output power and good linearity based on the
IEEE 802.11b communication protocol. The Class-D amplifier, whose basic form is seen
in figure 3, consists primarily of two switches. During device operation, the switches
will alternately turn on and off due to the driver stage, and the output voltage of the
switch varies between ground and the supply voltage. Also within the device is a
bandpass filter composed of a series LC resonator tuned to the desired frequency,
providing nonzero conductance essentially only in the band of interest. Such filters
allows the maximization of the current in the frequency band of interest, while
minimizing the current flowing at the unwanted band. Hence, no power dissipation
happens outside of the desired operational band[16].
Figure 3. Block diagram of a class D power amplifier
11
Informatics Engineering, an International Journal (IEIJ), Vol.4, No.2, June 2016
Figure 4. Schematic of PA design
To get the optimum bias, small-signal simulation and 1dB compression point simulation
are completed by their power output capability. Resulting design values can be shown in
Table 2.
Table 2: 2.4GHz PA driver stage component.
Parameter
Q1
Q2
L1
C1
Size (Unit)
W/L=1um/0.5um (f=8,m=18)
W/L=1um/0.6um (f=2,m=12)
2nH (Q=20)
600fH
3. RESULTS
As seen in figure 5(a), the output power was 16. As seen in figure 5(b), the frequency is
at 2.4 GHz the S11 is less than -10 dB, also, the total power of the PA is 90.4 mW.
As seen in figure 6(a), Kf is larger than 1 for all frequencies from 1 to 3 GHz, so this
circuit was totally stable. And the PAE could reach 50%.
12
Informatics Engineering, an International Journal (IEIJ), Vol.4, No.2, June 2016
Figure 5. (a) Output power (b) S11
Figure 6. (a) Kf (b) PAE
4. CONCLUSION
This paper describes the method of designing and simulating power amplifier using
cadence software based on SIMC CMOS process 180nm technology. This PA is used for
sensor networks. This research is still in the early stages of development of a low cost
and low power device. In order to reach the performance that is needed, the PA process
uses group III and IV elements. This circuit meets the scheduled requirements for the
CMOS process, but it still has room to improve performance metrics. When the sensor is
coupled with communications technologies such as mobile phones and the Internet, the
sensor network constant information flow between individuals and their doctors. Such
low cost and low power device can save a lot of hospitalization resources. To realize
this, future improvement is needed.
13
Informatics Engineering, an International Journal (IEIJ), Vol.4, No.2, June 2016
REFERENCES
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
[6]
[7]
[8]
[9]
[10]
[11]
[12]
[13]
[14]
[15]
[16]
Stults BM., (1984) “Preventive Health Care for the Elderly”, Western Journal of Medicine, pp
832- 845.
Afsaneh Minaie, Ali Sanati-Mehrizy, Paymon Sanati-Mehrizy & Reza Sanati-Mehrizy (2013).
“Application of Wireless Sensor Networks in Health Care System”, ASEE, vol 3, pp 21-24.
Narayanunni, Vinay, Heng Gu, and Choongho Yu(2011) "Monte Carlo simulation for
investigating influence of junction and nanofiber properties on electrical conductivity of
segregated-network nanocomposites." Acta Materialia 59.11 pp 4548-4555.
Gu, H., X-L. Gao, and X. C. Li(2009)"Molecular Dynamics Study on Mechanical Properties and
Interfacial Morphology of an Aluminum Matrix Nanocomposite Reinforced by -Silicon Carbide
Nanoparticles." Journal of Computational and Theoretical Nanoscience 6.1 pp61-72.
Q Zhang, X Xiao, YT Cheng, MW Verbrugge (2014)”A non-destructive method for measuring
the mechanical properties of ultrathin films prepared by atomic layer deposition”, Applied
Physics Letters 105 (6), 061901
X Yu, X Wang, Q Zhang, J Li, J Liu (2014) ” Oxidation-resistant, solution-processed plasmonic
Ni nanochain-SiOx (x< 2) selective solar thermal absorbers,” Journal of Applied Physics 116 (7),
073508.
H Liu, J Liu, Y Liu, K Bertoldi, CD Vecitis (2014) “Quantitative 2D electrooxidative carbon
nanotube filter model: Insight into reactive sites”, Carbon 80, pp 651-664.
Qinghua Wang, Huimin Xie, Jia Liu, Xue Feng, Fulong Dai(2009) “ Instability and failure
analysis of film-substrate structure under electrical loading“ International Conference on
Electronic Packaging Technology & High Density Packaging, pp 1027-1029.
Liang Wanga, Sajjad H. Marufa, Devid Manigliob, c, Yifu Ding (2012)“ Fabrication and
characterizations of crosslinked porous polymer films with varying chemical compositions”,
Polymer ,Volume 53, Issue 17, pp 3749–3755.
Liang Wanga, Yifu Ding (2015)”Creating micro-structured hydrogel-forming polymer films by
photopolymerization in an evaporating solvent: Compositional and morphological evolutions”,
European Polymer Journal, Volume 66, pp 99–107.
Wei Cai , Leslie Lauren Gouveia, “Modeling and simulation of Maximum power point tracker in
Ptolemy” , Journal of Clean Energy Technologies, Vol. 1, No. 1, 2013 , PP 6-9.
Wei Cai, Jeremy. Chan, David Garmire, “3-Axes MEMS Hall-Effect Sensor,” presented by the
2011 IEEE Sensors Applications Symposium, pp141-144.
Wei Cai, Xuelin Cui, Xiangrong Zhou, “Optimization of a GPU Implementation of Multidimensional RF Pulse Design Algorithm,” International Conference on Bioinformatics and
Biomedical Engineering 2011
Wei Cai & Frank Shi, (2016) “2.4 GHz Heterodyne Receiver for Healthcare Application”, IJPPS,
vol 6,pp 1-7.
Bo Shi, Michael Yan Wah Chia (2011) “On The Performance of Class-D Power Amplifiers With
RF Pulse-Width Modulation”, Proceedings of the Asia-Pacific Microwave Conference, pp15501553.
Jianhui Cui, Ke Zhang, Tong Tian (2013)“A Dual-Level and Dual-Band Class-D CMOS Power
Amplifier for IoT Applications”, IEEE 11th International New Circuits and Systems Conference.
，
14
Informatics Engineering, an International Journal (IEIJ), Vol.4, No.2, June 2016
Authors
Wei Cai is a graduate student at the University of California, Irvine, CA. She received
her Masters degree from Dept. of Electrical Engineering, University of Hawaii at
Manoa and Bachelor degree from Zhejiang University, China. Her research interests
include device physics simulation, analog/ RF circuit design.
Liang huang is an associate Professor, Electronics College of Zhejiang Gongshang
University. He got phd from Zhejiang University china, and finished his postdoc at
Polytechnic of Turin, Italy, and Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea. His research is
mainly focus on Research on: Intelligent Control; Electrical Robotics.
Shunqiang Wang received his Ph.D. in Mechanical Engineering from Lehigh
University in 2016. His research interests are in the development of microfluidic
devices and point-of-care devices for biomedical and chemical applications.
15
