DT-Invention of the Telephone & Evolution in Telecommunications
A short presentation on the evolution of telecommunications field. Another may follow soon on it's evolution in India.
Content
THE INVENTION OF THE TELEPHONE… AND PROGRESS IN THE FIELD OF TELECOMMUNICATIONS HEREAFTER!
‘In 1861 Johann Phillip Reis completed the first non-working telephone. Tantalizingly close to reproducing speech, Reis's instrument conveyed certain sounds, poorly, but no more than that’. (Farley, 2006)
Essentially
Reis’ telephone worked on the same principle as the telegraph by making a series of ‘on and off’ connections. This is fine for transmitting a single sound, as employed in Morse code which is either a short pulse (a dot) or a long pulse (a dash). However; ‘Turning the current off and on like a telegraph cannot begin to duplicate speech since speech, once flowing, is a fluctuating wave of continuous character; it is not a collection of off and on again pulses’ (Farley,
2006)
‘Reproducing speech practically relies on the transmitter making continuous contact with the electrical circuit. A transmitter varies the electrical current depending on how much acoustic pressure it gets.’ (Farley, 2006)
In the early 1870s there was still no working telephone. Most inventors were working on improving the telegraph for which there was already a growing market. Elisha Grey and Alexander Graham Bell were two inventors who were trying to increase the number of telegraphs it was possible to send along a telegraph line, a patent for such an invention could earn the inventor millions Elisha Grey was a successful inventor and master electrician who viewed the telephone an interesting goal. Bell had trained to become a professor of vocal physiology and taught the deaf, his entire upbringing had revolved around speech, sound and their mechanics.
The race was on to produce a multiplexing telegraph device. Alexander Graham Bell put forward the idea of the harmonic telegraph which would use tones of different pitches to send independent telegraphs. After receiving funding from several people he began his experiments in 1874
In early 1875, Bell, with the help of a young machinist named Thomas Watson increased the pace of his experiments on the harmonic telegraph for his investors. He also worked hard on the telephone which had become his real focus. He visited Joseph Henry, a great inventor and scientist in Washington D.C., Henry was the pioneer of electromagnetism and helped Samuel Morse develop the telegraph Henry said that Bell’s ideas of transmitting speech electronically held "the germ of a great invention.“ and advised him to drop all other work in order to concentrate on the telephone
Whilst working in earnest to invent a working telephone, Bell told Watson "If I can get a mechanism which will make a current of electricity vary in its intensity as the air varies in density when a sound is passing through it, I can telegraph any sound, even the sound of speech." (Fagan, 1975) Although he made no immediate breakthrough in his inventions, Bell had finally cracked the secret to transmitting speech; variable current as opposed to on/off transmission
On June 2nd 1875 whilst testing a harmonic telegraph which refused to work it transmitted the sound of Watson plucking a tuned spring. Ordinarily the harmonic telegraph transmitted on and off, however on this fateful day a screw was done up too tight keeping a constant, varying current Recognising the happy accident that had occurred, Bell had Watson build a telephone based on what he had found. It was named the ‘Gallows Telephone’ but unfortunately it didn’t work. Disheartened and running out of funds, Bell did few experiments for the remainder of 1875.
THE PATENT WAR
2006)
In February 1876 Bell’s patent for the telephone was received and approved only hours before Elisha Gray filed a Notice of Invention thus undermining it. This one patent has arguably become the most litigated patent with some 600 cases brought against it. (Farley,
“Finally, on March 10, 1876, one week after his patent was allowed, in Boston, Massachusetts, at his lab at 5 Exeter Place, Bell succeeded in transmitting speech. He was not yet 30. Bell used a liquid transmitter, something he hadn't outlined in his patent or even tried before, but something that was described in Gray's Notice.” (Farley, 2006)
The first working telephone using the liquid transmitter was not largely practical as the user had to bellow into the transmitter to get it to do anything. However, with a working prototype Bell was able to develop and improve on his design using better materials and techniques. The telephone slowly evolved from the liquid transmitter to the electromagnetic transmitter, but there was little to turn it from a curiosity item to a necessity as the technology was initially crude and the transmission quality was poor.
It was not until Thomas Edison invented an improved transmitter that the telephone became practical. Bell and his trustees formed the first Bell Telephone company and began leasing telephones as Western Union, the largest telegraph company also incorporated the telephone. With Western Union’s use of the telephone, exchanges were built and the telephone as we know it today took its first tentative steps from a curiosity item to a viable, useful invention in long distance communication
THE RISE OF THE MODERN TELEPHONE
The Rotary Telephone first came into use in 1916 despite its invention in 1904. Rotary telephones were worked manually by dialing a number they replaced the old operator system, whereby an operator would have to connect you to whoever you wished to speak with. (R.S Kimball 1946)
ROTARY TELEPHONE
• The K2 design originated in a Post
Office competition in 1924 requiring designers to come up with plans for a new standard kiosk to succeed the various designs proliferating across the country.
The Red Telephone Box
• Previously kiosk design had been
determined by the individual telephone companies.
• The winning design, which arrived on
the streets of Britain in 1926, was a design by Sir Giles Gilbert Scott, the architect responsible for Liverpool's Anglican Cathedral.
Contemporary context
• They are now a British icon. • Although not many people use these icons today it bought using the
telephone on the go in to the forefront of the mind.
• This need for communication on the go must have been inspiration for
phone developers around the world.
Telephone Design
• After the II world war
phones became a design feature of the home. • The design industry boomed after the war, this period was known as ‘mid century modern’ it included architecture, interior and product design. • Looks and colour played a part in the design of phones:
The swap from switch board jobs....
... To customer services and sales.
‘The internet is a global network of computers linked together by the telephone system’ (Parson J, 2004)
THE INTERNET!
A very brief timeline. • 1960 The US military links up all its large computers, forming a network known as ARPANET • Late 1970s - Users can now interact with computer data by clicking on icons and windows on the screen with a screen and a mouse. • 1980 - ARPANET becomes the internet, as US military withdraw from the network and it is used increasingly by universities and colleges. • 1981 - The first IBM personal computers using MS-DOS became available. •1990 - Use of the Internet and email become widespread. • 2001 - A web server the size of a match head is produced. (Parson J, 2004) • 2001 - Broadband internet becomes widely available. • 2010 - Fibre optic broadband becomes available. The effects of the internet • Increase in email, and therefore improved communication across large distances. • Improvements in business links. • Improvements in education possibilities. • E-commerce.
1G - 1st generation wireless technology. • The first cellular mobile phones released used 1G technology. 1G technology uses analog radio signal. 2G - 2nd generation wireless technology. • 2G was the first digital wireless service, all conversations were digitally encrypted. 2G also saw the introduction of text messaging and was first introduced in finland in 1991
Motorola DynaTAC 8000X
Wireless Phone Technology Nokia 3310
3G - 3rd generation wireless technology. • Saw the increase in possible data transfer • This also allowed for mobile broadband for the use in laptops. • First released in Japan in 2001 but with limited area. It became more widespread in 2002 4G - 4th generation wireless technology. • Technically in two forms, of ‘advanced’ 3G which allows for further increase in data transfer Samsung F480 Tocco 3G Phone and a wider range.
Iphone 4
The Smartphone Generation
‘Mobile is the future’ (Claudine Beaumont, Technology Editor at Mobile World Congress)
The phone is no longer just a device - "it's your alter ego - it's fundamental to everything you do."
‘Google is now a "mobile first" business, with programmers and developers building mobile versions of applications and software before they built the desktop versions.’ (Eric Schmidt, Google's chairman and chief executive, 2010)
EVOLUTION OF GENERATIONS OF MOBILE TELEPHONY
INTRODUCTION
Technology Design Implementation Service 1G 1970 1984
Analog voice, synchrono us data to 9.6 kbps
2G 1980 1991
Digital voice, short messages
2.5G 1985 1999
Higher capacity, packetized data
3G 1990 2002
Higher capacity, broadband data up to 2 mbps
4G 2000 2010 Higher capacity, IP oriented, multimedi a data to 100 mbps 20 mbps
Data bandwidth
1.9 kbps 14.4 kbps
384kbps
2mbps
The Beginning-1G
REVOLUTION in Wireless Communication First implemented In 1980’s
Mobility In Tele Communicat ion
FDMA
TECHNOLOGY USED-FDMA
Frequency Division Multiple Access or FDMA is a channel access method used in multiple-access protocols as a channelization protocol. FDMA gives users an individual allocation of one or several frequency bands, or channels
•LIMITATIONS:
Subscriber Capacity-Low as frequency reuse is not possible and subscriber density increased in metropolitan areas. Security-Analog cellular phones are insecure . Anyone with an all band radio reciever can listen to conversation. Spectrum Utilization-It is less due to large power requirements of antenna. Higher Operating Costs
2G-ONE STEP AHEAD
Revolutionary Step Toward DIGITAL Implement ed in 1990’s
Many advantage s Over 1G
TDMA
Still in Market
•ENHANCEMENT OVER 1G:
“capacity”-Digital voice data can be compressed and multiplexed much more effectively than analog voice encodings allowing more calls to be packed into the same amount of radio bandwidth. Reduced capital “cost”-The digital systems were designed to emit less radio power from the handsets. This made equipment less expensive. Reduced Cellular “Fraud”-As Digital cellular calls are much harder to eavesdrop on by use of radio scanners. SMS-Again the digital format made this possible. Voice & Data Transmission-As compared to only voice communication in 1G.
Increased
GSM(GLOBAL SYSTEM FOR MOBILE)
GSM is a cellular network The modulation used in GSM is Gaussian minimum-shift keying (GMSK), a kind of continuous-phase frequency shift keying. GSM networks operate in a number of different carrier frequency ranges , with most 2G GSM networks operating in the 900 MHz or 1800 MHz bands. One of the key features of GSM is the Subscriber Identity Module, commonly known as a SIM card.
2.5G-IMPROVEMENT OVER 2G
First Implemente d in 2000
Provides higher data rates Offers alwayson internet and e-mail
Typically uses GPRS Bridge between 2 G & 3 G but not a standard
•ENHANCEMENT OVER 2G:
High speed packet-data service(144.4kbps) Uses existing radio spectrum-That is for increased speed of 2.5G the infrastructure required for 2G needs not be changed.
TECHNOLOGY USED-GPRS(GENERAL PACKET RADIO SERVICE)
General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) is a 2.5G technology. GPRS transmits data using packet data traffic channels. GPRS connections use always-on connectivity. The connection transmit only when data is ready to send by the user. GPRS phones have the capacity to carry a maximum of eight slots to transmit calls on one device. GPRS can be installed in mobile devices for a lower cost than existing or developing technologies.
What 3G & 4G Can Do?
3G-3rd Generation Telecommunication
Implemented in 2005
Consisting of Packet Data Devices
Higher Speed than 2.5G
Video Conferencing
Internet Streaming
CDMA
•ENHANCEMENT OVER 2.5G:
Global Standard Compatibility within different networks High quality Worldwide common frequency band Worldwide roaming capability Multimedia applications High speed packet data rates
2Mbps
for “Fixed” 144 Kbps for “Vehicle”
•STANDARDS:
UMTS: High data rate-up to 2Mbps UMTS phones (and data cards) are highly portable—they have been designed to roam easily onto other UMTS networks (if the providers have roaming agreements in place). Almost all UMTS phones are UMTS/GSM dual-mode devices. UMTS deployment relies on the more secure Wideband Code Division Multiple Access transmission for handling data transmission traffic. The majority of UMTS carriers operate on the 1700 and 2100 MHz radio frequencies. UMTS will also have a Virtual Home Environment (VHE).
TD-CDMA: TD-CDMA, an acronym for Time-division- CDMA is a channel access method based on using spread spectrum across multiple time slots It is shown that a mixture of TDMA and CDMA provides better quality of service for multimedia communications in terms of data throughput and voice/video quality. Combination of TDMA,CDMA & FDMA. 5Mhz Bandwidth Supports asymmetric traffic
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH 3G
Difficulty in continuously increasing bandwidth and high data rate to meet multimedia services requirements, together with the coexistence of different services needing different QoS and bandwidth. Limitation of spectrum and its allocation. Difficult to roam across distinct service environment in different frequency bands. Lack of end-to-end seamless transport mechanism spanning a mobile sub-network and a fixed one.
4G: Anytime, Anywhere Connection
Also known as ‘Mobile Broadband everywhere’
MAGIC
Mobile Multimedia Communication Anywhere, Anytime with Anyone Global Mobility Support Integrated Wireless Solution Customized Personal Service
•OBJECTIVES:
High network capacity : more simultaneous users per cell, A data rate of at least 100 Mbps between any two points in the world, Smooth Handoff across heterogeneous network Seamless connectivity and global roaming across multiple networks, High quality of service for next generation multimedia support (real time audio, high speed data, HDTV video content, mobile TV, etc), Interoperability with existing wireless standards.
•CHALLENGES TO 4G:
To Provide lower Expenditure cost and Capital Cost To Support Wide variety of spectrum band An infrastructure to handle pre-existing 3G systems along with other wireless technologies, some of which are currently under development Parallel processing techniques that will enable widely deployed orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM)-based technologies are essential innovations. With these techniques we can manage current drain and improve battery drain for better battery life To Support Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) application
•CONCEPTUAL VIEW 4G:
The objective is to offer seamless multimedia services to users accessing an all IP-based infrastructure through heterogeneous access technologies. IP is assumed to act as an adhesive for providing global connectivity and mobility among networks. An all IP-based 4G wireless is compatible with, and independent of the underlying radio access technology. An IP wireless network replaces the old Signaling System 7 (SS7) telecommunications protocol, which is considered massively redundant. Because an all IP core layer is easily scalable, it is ideally suited to merged data/voice/multimedia network.
TRANSMISSION
An OFDM transmitter accepts data from an IP network, converting and encoding the data prior to modulation. An IFFT (inverse fast Fourier transform) transforms the OFDM signal into an IF analog signal, which is sent to the RF transceiver. The receiver circuit reconstructs the data by reversing this process. With orthogonal sub-carriers, the receiver can separate and process each sub-carrier without interference from other sub-carriers. More impervious to fading and multi-path delays than other wireless transmission techniques, ODFM provides better link and communication quality.
TECHNOLOGY USED IN 4G
OFDM UWB Smart antennas IPv6
OFDM(ORTHOGONAL FREQUENCY DIVISION MULTIPLEXING)
IT transmits large amounts of digital data over a radio wave. OFDM works by splitting the radio signal into multiple smaller sub-signals that are then transmitted simultaneously at different frequencies to the receiver . By inserting a cyclic prefix between adjacent OFDM signal inter signal interference is virtually eliminated if the max. channel delay spread is less than the time interval of cyclic prefix. In OFDM the subcarrier pulse used for transmission is rectangular. Here modulation can performed by an IDFT ,which can be generated very efficiently as an IFFT . so, receiver only needs a FFT to reverse this process.
UWB(ULTRA WIDE BAND)
.An advanced technology that can be used in 4G technology.
It can use any part of the frequency spectrum, which means that it can use frequencies that are currently in use by other radio frequency devices . It uses a frequency of 3.1 to 10.6 Hz. It uses less power , since it transmits pulse instead of continuous signal. Special antennas are needed to tune and aim the signal.
UWB equipment transmits very narrow RF. UWB is "carrier-free", since the technology works by modulating a pulse, on the order of tens of microwatts, resulting in a waveform occupying a very wide frequency domain. One distinct advantage of UWB is its immunity to multi-path distortion and interference The short time-span of UWB waveforms—typically hundreds of picoseconds to a few nanoseconds— means that delays caused by the transmitted signal bouncing off objects are much longer than the width of the original UWB pulse, virtually eliminating ISI from overlapping signals.
•SMART ANTENNAS-MIMO:
Smartness at both transmitter & receiver Employs SDMA Multiple parallel channels operating simultaneously on same Band of freq. Combined with adaptive Coding & Decoding
A smart antenna system comprises multiple antenna elements with signal processing. One smart-antenna variation in particular, MIMO, shows promise in 4G systems. MIMO (Multi-Input Multi-Output) represents space-division multiplexing (SDM)—information signals are multiplexed on spatially separated N multiple antennas and received on M antennas. Multiple antennas at both the transmitter and the receiver provide essentially multiple parallel channels that operate simultaneously on the same frequency band and at the same time. This results in high spectral efficiencies in a rich scattering environment (high multi-path), since you can transmit multiple data streams or signals over the channel simultaneously. Field experiments by several organizations have shown that a MIMO system, combined with adaptive coding and modulation, interference cancellation can boost useful channel capacity by a significant amount.
IPV6
IPv6 means Internet Protocol Version 6 . The Internet Protocol (IP) is the method or protocol which data is sent from one computer to another on the internet. Each computer (known as a host) on the Internet has at least one IP that uniquely identifies it from all other computers on the Internet. It includes128 bits, which is 4 times more than 32bits IP address in IPv4. The next generation addressing system uses the Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6) to locate devices. IPv6 has a much larger address space. Its addresses take the form x:x:x:x:x:x:x:x where each x is the hexadecimal value that makes up one eighth of the address. An example of this is:FEDC:BA98:7654:3210:FEDC:BA98:7654:3210 (The Internet Engineering Task Force Network Working Group ). Using this address format, there is room for approximately 3.40 * 1038 unique addresses. This is approximately 8.05*1028 times as large as the IPv4 address space and should have room for all wired and wireless devices, as well as room for all of the foreseeable expansion in several lifetimes. There are enough addresses for every phone to have a unique address. Thus, phone in the future can use VoIP over the Internet instead of continuing to use their existing network.Voice over IP (VoIP)
QOS(QUALITY OF SERVICE)
In wireless networks, Quality of Service (QOS) refers to the measure of the performance for a system reflecting its transmission quality and service availability. 4G is expected to have at least a reliability of 99.99%). In 4G QOS may be divided in following waysTransaction-level QOS describes both the time it takes to complete a transaction and the packet loss rate. Circuit-level QOS includes call blocking for new as well as existing calls . It depends primarily on a network’s ability to establish and maintain end-to end circuits. Call routing and location management are two important circuit-level attributes User-level QoS depends on user mobility and application type .
APPLICATIONS
The applications of 4G are called “KILLER APPLICATIONs” as it is going to bring to revolution in the internet world. -- High Speed Data Rate due to which a movie can be downloaded in 2 to 3 minutes. -- More Security -- Video Conferencing -- Higher Bandwidth -- Global Roaming
FUTURE OF 4G
The high bandwidth requirements of upcoming streaming video necessitates a change in the business model the service providers use— from the dedicated channel per user model to one of a shared-use, aspackets-are-needed model. This will likely be the model service providers use when 4G systems are commonplace . Increased speed is a critical requirement for 4G communications systems. Data-rate increases of 10-50X over 3G systems will place streaming audio and video access into the hands of consumers who, with each wireless generation, demand a much richer set of wireless-system features. Power control will be critical since some services (such as streaming video) require much more power than do others (such as voice). 4G's flexibility will allow the integration of several different LAN and WAN technologies. This will let the user apply one 4G appliance, most likely a cell-phone/PDA hybrid, for many different tasks—telephony, Internet access, gaming, real-time information, and personal networking control, to name a few. A 4G appliance would be as important in home-networking applications as it would as a device to communicate with family, friends, and co-workers. Finally, a 4G wireless phone would give a user the capability of global roaming and access—the ability to use a cell phone anywhere worldwide. At this point, the 4G wireless system would truly go into a "one size fits all" category, having a feature set that meets the needs of just about everyone.
WORLD WIDE WIRELESS WEB):
WHAT NEXT:5G (COMPLETED WWWW:
The idea of WWWW, World Wide Wireless Web, is started from 4G technologies. The following evolution will based on 4G and completed its idea to form a REAL wireless world. Thus, 5G should make an important difference and add more services and benefit to the world over 4G; 5G should be a more intelligent technology that interconnects the entire world without limits
CONCLUSION
As the history of mobile communications shows, attempts have been made to reduce a number of technologies to a single global standard. 4G seems to be a very promising generation of wireless communication that will change the people’s life in the wireless world. 4G is launched in 2010 in India and the world is looking forward for the most intelligent technology that would connect the entire globe.
THANK YOU
‘In 1861 Johann Phillip Reis completed the first non-working telephone. Tantalizingly close to reproducing speech, Reis's instrument conveyed certain sounds, poorly, but no more than that’. (Farley, 2006)
Essentially
Reis’ telephone worked on the same principle as the telegraph by making a series of ‘on and off’ connections. This is fine for transmitting a single sound, as employed in Morse code which is either a short pulse (a dot) or a long pulse (a dash). However; ‘Turning the current off and on like a telegraph cannot begin to duplicate speech since speech, once flowing, is a fluctuating wave of continuous character; it is not a collection of off and on again pulses’ (Farley,
2006)
‘Reproducing speech practically relies on the transmitter making continuous contact with the electrical circuit. A transmitter varies the electrical current depending on how much acoustic pressure it gets.’ (Farley, 2006)
In the early 1870s there was still no working telephone. Most inventors were working on improving the telegraph for which there was already a growing market. Elisha Grey and Alexander Graham Bell were two inventors who were trying to increase the number of telegraphs it was possible to send along a telegraph line, a patent for such an invention could earn the inventor millions Elisha Grey was a successful inventor and master electrician who viewed the telephone an interesting goal. Bell had trained to become a professor of vocal physiology and taught the deaf, his entire upbringing had revolved around speech, sound and their mechanics.
The race was on to produce a multiplexing telegraph device. Alexander Graham Bell put forward the idea of the harmonic telegraph which would use tones of different pitches to send independent telegraphs. After receiving funding from several people he began his experiments in 1874
In early 1875, Bell, with the help of a young machinist named Thomas Watson increased the pace of his experiments on the harmonic telegraph for his investors. He also worked hard on the telephone which had become his real focus. He visited Joseph Henry, a great inventor and scientist in Washington D.C., Henry was the pioneer of electromagnetism and helped Samuel Morse develop the telegraph Henry said that Bell’s ideas of transmitting speech electronically held "the germ of a great invention.“ and advised him to drop all other work in order to concentrate on the telephone
Whilst working in earnest to invent a working telephone, Bell told Watson "If I can get a mechanism which will make a current of electricity vary in its intensity as the air varies in density when a sound is passing through it, I can telegraph any sound, even the sound of speech." (Fagan, 1975) Although he made no immediate breakthrough in his inventions, Bell had finally cracked the secret to transmitting speech; variable current as opposed to on/off transmission
On June 2nd 1875 whilst testing a harmonic telegraph which refused to work it transmitted the sound of Watson plucking a tuned spring. Ordinarily the harmonic telegraph transmitted on and off, however on this fateful day a screw was done up too tight keeping a constant, varying current Recognising the happy accident that had occurred, Bell had Watson build a telephone based on what he had found. It was named the ‘Gallows Telephone’ but unfortunately it didn’t work. Disheartened and running out of funds, Bell did few experiments for the remainder of 1875.
THE PATENT WAR
2006)
In February 1876 Bell’s patent for the telephone was received and approved only hours before Elisha Gray filed a Notice of Invention thus undermining it. This one patent has arguably become the most litigated patent with some 600 cases brought against it. (Farley,
“Finally, on March 10, 1876, one week after his patent was allowed, in Boston, Massachusetts, at his lab at 5 Exeter Place, Bell succeeded in transmitting speech. He was not yet 30. Bell used a liquid transmitter, something he hadn't outlined in his patent or even tried before, but something that was described in Gray's Notice.” (Farley, 2006)
The first working telephone using the liquid transmitter was not largely practical as the user had to bellow into the transmitter to get it to do anything. However, with a working prototype Bell was able to develop and improve on his design using better materials and techniques. The telephone slowly evolved from the liquid transmitter to the electromagnetic transmitter, but there was little to turn it from a curiosity item to a necessity as the technology was initially crude and the transmission quality was poor.
It was not until Thomas Edison invented an improved transmitter that the telephone became practical. Bell and his trustees formed the first Bell Telephone company and began leasing telephones as Western Union, the largest telegraph company also incorporated the telephone. With Western Union’s use of the telephone, exchanges were built and the telephone as we know it today took its first tentative steps from a curiosity item to a viable, useful invention in long distance communication
THE RISE OF THE MODERN TELEPHONE
The Rotary Telephone first came into use in 1916 despite its invention in 1904. Rotary telephones were worked manually by dialing a number they replaced the old operator system, whereby an operator would have to connect you to whoever you wished to speak with. (R.S Kimball 1946)
ROTARY TELEPHONE
• The K2 design originated in a Post
Office competition in 1924 requiring designers to come up with plans for a new standard kiosk to succeed the various designs proliferating across the country.
The Red Telephone Box
• Previously kiosk design had been
determined by the individual telephone companies.
• The winning design, which arrived on
the streets of Britain in 1926, was a design by Sir Giles Gilbert Scott, the architect responsible for Liverpool's Anglican Cathedral.
Contemporary context
• They are now a British icon. • Although not many people use these icons today it bought using the
telephone on the go in to the forefront of the mind.
• This need for communication on the go must have been inspiration for
phone developers around the world.
Telephone Design
• After the II world war
phones became a design feature of the home. • The design industry boomed after the war, this period was known as ‘mid century modern’ it included architecture, interior and product design. • Looks and colour played a part in the design of phones:
The swap from switch board jobs....
... To customer services and sales.
‘The internet is a global network of computers linked together by the telephone system’ (Parson J, 2004)
THE INTERNET!
A very brief timeline. • 1960 The US military links up all its large computers, forming a network known as ARPANET • Late 1970s - Users can now interact with computer data by clicking on icons and windows on the screen with a screen and a mouse. • 1980 - ARPANET becomes the internet, as US military withdraw from the network and it is used increasingly by universities and colleges. • 1981 - The first IBM personal computers using MS-DOS became available. •1990 - Use of the Internet and email become widespread. • 2001 - A web server the size of a match head is produced. (Parson J, 2004) • 2001 - Broadband internet becomes widely available. • 2010 - Fibre optic broadband becomes available. The effects of the internet • Increase in email, and therefore improved communication across large distances. • Improvements in business links. • Improvements in education possibilities. • E-commerce.
1G - 1st generation wireless technology. • The first cellular mobile phones released used 1G technology. 1G technology uses analog radio signal. 2G - 2nd generation wireless technology. • 2G was the first digital wireless service, all conversations were digitally encrypted. 2G also saw the introduction of text messaging and was first introduced in finland in 1991
Motorola DynaTAC 8000X
Wireless Phone Technology Nokia 3310
3G - 3rd generation wireless technology. • Saw the increase in possible data transfer • This also allowed for mobile broadband for the use in laptops. • First released in Japan in 2001 but with limited area. It became more widespread in 2002 4G - 4th generation wireless technology. • Technically in two forms, of ‘advanced’ 3G which allows for further increase in data transfer Samsung F480 Tocco 3G Phone and a wider range.
Iphone 4
The Smartphone Generation
‘Mobile is the future’ (Claudine Beaumont, Technology Editor at Mobile World Congress)
The phone is no longer just a device - "it's your alter ego - it's fundamental to everything you do."
‘Google is now a "mobile first" business, with programmers and developers building mobile versions of applications and software before they built the desktop versions.’ (Eric Schmidt, Google's chairman and chief executive, 2010)
EVOLUTION OF GENERATIONS OF MOBILE TELEPHONY
INTRODUCTION
Technology Design Implementation Service 1G 1970 1984
Analog voice, synchrono us data to 9.6 kbps
2G 1980 1991
Digital voice, short messages
2.5G 1985 1999
Higher capacity, packetized data
3G 1990 2002
Higher capacity, broadband data up to 2 mbps
4G 2000 2010 Higher capacity, IP oriented, multimedi a data to 100 mbps 20 mbps
Data bandwidth
1.9 kbps 14.4 kbps
384kbps
2mbps
The Beginning-1G
REVOLUTION in Wireless Communication First implemented In 1980’s
Mobility In Tele Communicat ion
FDMA
TECHNOLOGY USED-FDMA
Frequency Division Multiple Access or FDMA is a channel access method used in multiple-access protocols as a channelization protocol. FDMA gives users an individual allocation of one or several frequency bands, or channels
•LIMITATIONS:
Subscriber Capacity-Low as frequency reuse is not possible and subscriber density increased in metropolitan areas. Security-Analog cellular phones are insecure . Anyone with an all band radio reciever can listen to conversation. Spectrum Utilization-It is less due to large power requirements of antenna. Higher Operating Costs
2G-ONE STEP AHEAD
Revolutionary Step Toward DIGITAL Implement ed in 1990’s
Many advantage s Over 1G
TDMA
Still in Market
•ENHANCEMENT OVER 1G:
“capacity”-Digital voice data can be compressed and multiplexed much more effectively than analog voice encodings allowing more calls to be packed into the same amount of radio bandwidth. Reduced capital “cost”-The digital systems were designed to emit less radio power from the handsets. This made equipment less expensive. Reduced Cellular “Fraud”-As Digital cellular calls are much harder to eavesdrop on by use of radio scanners. SMS-Again the digital format made this possible. Voice & Data Transmission-As compared to only voice communication in 1G.
Increased
GSM(GLOBAL SYSTEM FOR MOBILE)
GSM is a cellular network The modulation used in GSM is Gaussian minimum-shift keying (GMSK), a kind of continuous-phase frequency shift keying. GSM networks operate in a number of different carrier frequency ranges , with most 2G GSM networks operating in the 900 MHz or 1800 MHz bands. One of the key features of GSM is the Subscriber Identity Module, commonly known as a SIM card.
2.5G-IMPROVEMENT OVER 2G
First Implemente d in 2000
Provides higher data rates Offers alwayson internet and e-mail
Typically uses GPRS Bridge between 2 G & 3 G but not a standard
•ENHANCEMENT OVER 2G:
High speed packet-data service(144.4kbps) Uses existing radio spectrum-That is for increased speed of 2.5G the infrastructure required for 2G needs not be changed.
TECHNOLOGY USED-GPRS(GENERAL PACKET RADIO SERVICE)
General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) is a 2.5G technology. GPRS transmits data using packet data traffic channels. GPRS connections use always-on connectivity. The connection transmit only when data is ready to send by the user. GPRS phones have the capacity to carry a maximum of eight slots to transmit calls on one device. GPRS can be installed in mobile devices for a lower cost than existing or developing technologies.
What 3G & 4G Can Do?
3G-3rd Generation Telecommunication
Implemented in 2005
Consisting of Packet Data Devices
Higher Speed than 2.5G
Video Conferencing
Internet Streaming
CDMA
•ENHANCEMENT OVER 2.5G:
Global Standard Compatibility within different networks High quality Worldwide common frequency band Worldwide roaming capability Multimedia applications High speed packet data rates
2Mbps
for “Fixed” 144 Kbps for “Vehicle”
•STANDARDS:
UMTS: High data rate-up to 2Mbps UMTS phones (and data cards) are highly portable—they have been designed to roam easily onto other UMTS networks (if the providers have roaming agreements in place). Almost all UMTS phones are UMTS/GSM dual-mode devices. UMTS deployment relies on the more secure Wideband Code Division Multiple Access transmission for handling data transmission traffic. The majority of UMTS carriers operate on the 1700 and 2100 MHz radio frequencies. UMTS will also have a Virtual Home Environment (VHE).
TD-CDMA: TD-CDMA, an acronym for Time-division- CDMA is a channel access method based on using spread spectrum across multiple time slots It is shown that a mixture of TDMA and CDMA provides better quality of service for multimedia communications in terms of data throughput and voice/video quality. Combination of TDMA,CDMA & FDMA. 5Mhz Bandwidth Supports asymmetric traffic
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH 3G
Difficulty in continuously increasing bandwidth and high data rate to meet multimedia services requirements, together with the coexistence of different services needing different QoS and bandwidth. Limitation of spectrum and its allocation. Difficult to roam across distinct service environment in different frequency bands. Lack of end-to-end seamless transport mechanism spanning a mobile sub-network and a fixed one.
4G: Anytime, Anywhere Connection
Also known as ‘Mobile Broadband everywhere’
MAGIC
Mobile Multimedia Communication Anywhere, Anytime with Anyone Global Mobility Support Integrated Wireless Solution Customized Personal Service
•OBJECTIVES:
High network capacity : more simultaneous users per cell, A data rate of at least 100 Mbps between any two points in the world, Smooth Handoff across heterogeneous network Seamless connectivity and global roaming across multiple networks, High quality of service for next generation multimedia support (real time audio, high speed data, HDTV video content, mobile TV, etc), Interoperability with existing wireless standards.
•CHALLENGES TO 4G:
To Provide lower Expenditure cost and Capital Cost To Support Wide variety of spectrum band An infrastructure to handle pre-existing 3G systems along with other wireless technologies, some of which are currently under development Parallel processing techniques that will enable widely deployed orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM)-based technologies are essential innovations. With these techniques we can manage current drain and improve battery drain for better battery life To Support Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) application
•CONCEPTUAL VIEW 4G:
The objective is to offer seamless multimedia services to users accessing an all IP-based infrastructure through heterogeneous access technologies. IP is assumed to act as an adhesive for providing global connectivity and mobility among networks. An all IP-based 4G wireless is compatible with, and independent of the underlying radio access technology. An IP wireless network replaces the old Signaling System 7 (SS7) telecommunications protocol, which is considered massively redundant. Because an all IP core layer is easily scalable, it is ideally suited to merged data/voice/multimedia network.
TRANSMISSION
An OFDM transmitter accepts data from an IP network, converting and encoding the data prior to modulation. An IFFT (inverse fast Fourier transform) transforms the OFDM signal into an IF analog signal, which is sent to the RF transceiver. The receiver circuit reconstructs the data by reversing this process. With orthogonal sub-carriers, the receiver can separate and process each sub-carrier without interference from other sub-carriers. More impervious to fading and multi-path delays than other wireless transmission techniques, ODFM provides better link and communication quality.
TECHNOLOGY USED IN 4G
OFDM UWB Smart antennas IPv6
OFDM(ORTHOGONAL FREQUENCY DIVISION MULTIPLEXING)
IT transmits large amounts of digital data over a radio wave. OFDM works by splitting the radio signal into multiple smaller sub-signals that are then transmitted simultaneously at different frequencies to the receiver . By inserting a cyclic prefix between adjacent OFDM signal inter signal interference is virtually eliminated if the max. channel delay spread is less than the time interval of cyclic prefix. In OFDM the subcarrier pulse used for transmission is rectangular. Here modulation can performed by an IDFT ,which can be generated very efficiently as an IFFT . so, receiver only needs a FFT to reverse this process.
UWB(ULTRA WIDE BAND)
.An advanced technology that can be used in 4G technology.
It can use any part of the frequency spectrum, which means that it can use frequencies that are currently in use by other radio frequency devices . It uses a frequency of 3.1 to 10.6 Hz. It uses less power , since it transmits pulse instead of continuous signal. Special antennas are needed to tune and aim the signal.
UWB equipment transmits very narrow RF. UWB is "carrier-free", since the technology works by modulating a pulse, on the order of tens of microwatts, resulting in a waveform occupying a very wide frequency domain. One distinct advantage of UWB is its immunity to multi-path distortion and interference The short time-span of UWB waveforms—typically hundreds of picoseconds to a few nanoseconds— means that delays caused by the transmitted signal bouncing off objects are much longer than the width of the original UWB pulse, virtually eliminating ISI from overlapping signals.
•SMART ANTENNAS-MIMO:
Smartness at both transmitter & receiver Employs SDMA Multiple parallel channels operating simultaneously on same Band of freq. Combined with adaptive Coding & Decoding
A smart antenna system comprises multiple antenna elements with signal processing. One smart-antenna variation in particular, MIMO, shows promise in 4G systems. MIMO (Multi-Input Multi-Output) represents space-division multiplexing (SDM)—information signals are multiplexed on spatially separated N multiple antennas and received on M antennas. Multiple antennas at both the transmitter and the receiver provide essentially multiple parallel channels that operate simultaneously on the same frequency band and at the same time. This results in high spectral efficiencies in a rich scattering environment (high multi-path), since you can transmit multiple data streams or signals over the channel simultaneously. Field experiments by several organizations have shown that a MIMO system, combined with adaptive coding and modulation, interference cancellation can boost useful channel capacity by a significant amount.
IPV6
IPv6 means Internet Protocol Version 6 . The Internet Protocol (IP) is the method or protocol which data is sent from one computer to another on the internet. Each computer (known as a host) on the Internet has at least one IP that uniquely identifies it from all other computers on the Internet. It includes128 bits, which is 4 times more than 32bits IP address in IPv4. The next generation addressing system uses the Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6) to locate devices. IPv6 has a much larger address space. Its addresses take the form x:x:x:x:x:x:x:x where each x is the hexadecimal value that makes up one eighth of the address. An example of this is:FEDC:BA98:7654:3210:FEDC:BA98:7654:3210 (The Internet Engineering Task Force Network Working Group ). Using this address format, there is room for approximately 3.40 * 1038 unique addresses. This is approximately 8.05*1028 times as large as the IPv4 address space and should have room for all wired and wireless devices, as well as room for all of the foreseeable expansion in several lifetimes. There are enough addresses for every phone to have a unique address. Thus, phone in the future can use VoIP over the Internet instead of continuing to use their existing network.Voice over IP (VoIP)
QOS(QUALITY OF SERVICE)
In wireless networks, Quality of Service (QOS) refers to the measure of the performance for a system reflecting its transmission quality and service availability. 4G is expected to have at least a reliability of 99.99%). In 4G QOS may be divided in following waysTransaction-level QOS describes both the time it takes to complete a transaction and the packet loss rate. Circuit-level QOS includes call blocking for new as well as existing calls . It depends primarily on a network’s ability to establish and maintain end-to end circuits. Call routing and location management are two important circuit-level attributes User-level QoS depends on user mobility and application type .
APPLICATIONS
The applications of 4G are called “KILLER APPLICATIONs” as it is going to bring to revolution in the internet world. -- High Speed Data Rate due to which a movie can be downloaded in 2 to 3 minutes. -- More Security -- Video Conferencing -- Higher Bandwidth -- Global Roaming
FUTURE OF 4G
The high bandwidth requirements of upcoming streaming video necessitates a change in the business model the service providers use— from the dedicated channel per user model to one of a shared-use, aspackets-are-needed model. This will likely be the model service providers use when 4G systems are commonplace . Increased speed is a critical requirement for 4G communications systems. Data-rate increases of 10-50X over 3G systems will place streaming audio and video access into the hands of consumers who, with each wireless generation, demand a much richer set of wireless-system features. Power control will be critical since some services (such as streaming video) require much more power than do others (such as voice). 4G's flexibility will allow the integration of several different LAN and WAN technologies. This will let the user apply one 4G appliance, most likely a cell-phone/PDA hybrid, for many different tasks—telephony, Internet access, gaming, real-time information, and personal networking control, to name a few. A 4G appliance would be as important in home-networking applications as it would as a device to communicate with family, friends, and co-workers. Finally, a 4G wireless phone would give a user the capability of global roaming and access—the ability to use a cell phone anywhere worldwide. At this point, the 4G wireless system would truly go into a "one size fits all" category, having a feature set that meets the needs of just about everyone.
WORLD WIDE WIRELESS WEB):
WHAT NEXT:5G (COMPLETED WWWW:
The idea of WWWW, World Wide Wireless Web, is started from 4G technologies. The following evolution will based on 4G and completed its idea to form a REAL wireless world. Thus, 5G should make an important difference and add more services and benefit to the world over 4G; 5G should be a more intelligent technology that interconnects the entire world without limits
CONCLUSION
As the history of mobile communications shows, attempts have been made to reduce a number of technologies to a single global standard. 4G seems to be a very promising generation of wireless communication that will change the people’s life in the wireless world. 4G is launched in 2010 in India and the world is looking forward for the most intelligent technology that would connect the entire globe.
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