Exam 2 Review
Content
OBSERVING THE EARTH ES 1000 EXAM 2 REVIEW QUESTIONS
CHAPTER 6 Describe the Continental Drift hypothesis. - The idea that a single supercontinent broke apart and pieces drifted away. This theory also states that at one point all the continents were together. What evidence supports the Continental Drift theory? The fit of S. America and W. Africa. Assembled all continents together. There is fossil evidence, glacial deposits and folded rock belts across ocean that supports the theory. How does temperature and pressure change from the earth’s surface to the earth’s center? The pressure is consistent as you go in deeper in the earth’s surface while the temperature, although it increases at 3000km deep it rapidly and suddenly increases 2000 degrees hotter and keeps getting hotter after that. Name and describe 3 types of tectonic plate boundaries.- Divergent boundaries- when two tectonic plates move apart, convergent- when two plates come together and transform boundaries- when two plates move past one another. Describe the theory of plate tectonics.- The theory that plates move and the plate boundaries fracture separating plates. Pangea- The supercontinent that was assembled by all the continents and formed Pangea. Laurasia- The northern side or part of Pangea. Gondwanaland- The southern side or part of Pangea. Lithosphere- The crust and rigid upper mantle of Earth’s surface. Asthenosphere- The hot plastic-like mantle that is flexible like silly puty. Mid-oceanic Ridge System- found after World War II, and underwater mountain system that consists of various mountain chains. Mid-Atlantic Ridge- a mid-ocean ridge, a divergent tectonic plate located along the floor of the Atlantic Ocean, and part of the longest mountain range in the world. It separates the Eurasian Plate and North American Plate in the North Atlantic, and the African Plate from the South American Plate in the South Atlantic. Sea floor spreading hypothesis- a process that occurs at mid-ocean ridges, where new oceanic crust is formed through volcanic activity and then gradually moves away from the ridge. Subduction zone- the place where one tectonic plate moves under another tectonic plate and sinks into the mantle as the plates converge.
Supercontinent- the assembly of most or all of the Earth's continental blocks or cratons to form a single large landmass. Isostasy- vertical movements of the lithosphere, a buoyancy-like effect. When the lithosphere mass changes it may rise or fall, floating in equilibrium. CHAPTER 7 Name and describe 3 scales used to measure earthquakes strength.- Mercalli Scale: measures damage; Richter scale: measures the amount of energy released; Moment-magniture scale: measures energy as a fuction of movement and fault surface area. Can earthquakes be predicted? If so, how?- Long term prediction tells where earthquakes are likely to occur. Short-term prediction can indicate place and time Foreshocks, Monitoring How can earthquake damage be minimized? Construction design and EQ damage, Regulation of location and materials, Framing materials, Effects of affluence. Describe the earth’s mantle-core boundary. Describe the earth’s density.- Density of Earth: Average of 5.5 g/cm3, Crust – 2.5 to 3.0 g/cm3, Mantle – 3.3 to 5.5 g/cm3, Core – 10-13 g/cm3
Earthquake- sudden motion or trembling caused by the abrupt release of energy that is stored in rocks. Plastic deformation- energy use to deform rock Seismic wave- waves that travel through rock Seismology- study of earthquake and Earth’s interior using seismic waves Focus- rupture point where energy is released during and earthquake Epicenter- point on Earth’s surface directly above the focus Body waves- waves that travel through the Earth’s interior Surface waves- slower waves that roll up and down or side to side vibrations P waves- compressional elastic wave- primary waves S waves- shear wave- secondary waves Seismograph- instrument that measures seismic waves San Andreas fault zone- a transform boundary. Movement is along the line of the fault. Strike-slip fault- Vertical faults. Fault creep- small, slow movements along fault. Beinoff zone- friction along the down-plunging contact zone Foreshocks- an earthquake that occurs before a larger seismic event Tsunami- seismic sea wave, undersea fault motion, far-travelling wave, coastal hazard. CHAPTER 8
Name 3 geologic conditions under which magma forms. Increasing temperature, decreasing pressure and the addition of water. What is the difference between oceanic and continental crust? How do volcanic eruptions impact global climate? Ash and sulfur clouds can cover up the sun and cool down the planet. Basalt eruption and volcanics are linked to both warming and cooling. Describe a shield volcano. - Fluid basalt – gentle sloped shape. Often quite large Describe a cinder cone volcano.- Formed from pyroclastic fragments, often steep, small, symmetrical, may form abruptly
Ring of fire- an area where a large number of earthquakes and volcanic eruptions occur in the basin of the Pacific Ocean. Partial melting- occurs when only a portion of a solid is melted. Partial melting of basalts forms granite. Pluton- Magma solidifies within the crust Batholith- a large pulton exposed by erosion bigger than 100 km2 Stock- smaller than a batholith Dike- a sheet cutting across layers Sill- a sheet formed in-between layers Volcano- an opening, or rupture, in the surface or crust of the Earth or a planetary mass object, which allows hot lava, volcanic ash and gases to escape from the magma chamber below the surface. Pahoehoe- ropy, syrupy type of lava Aa- rubbly, cindery lava Columnar joints- Columnar jointing occurs in many types of volcanic rocks and forms as the rock cools and contracts. Columnar jointing can occur in cooling lava flows and ashflow tuffs (ignimbrites), as well as in some shallow intrusions. Pyroclastic rock- materials formed by rapid extrusion, made up of volcanic material Volcanic ash- material formed from rapid extrusion, consists of fragments of pulverized rock, minerals and volcanic glass, created during volcanic eruptions Cinders- material formed by rapid extrusion, extrusive igneous rock. Lava plateau- many cubic kilometers sized event (basalt) Stratovolcano- composite cones, layers of lava and pyroclastics from hard surface, resist erosion. Steep sided profile. Mount Vesuvius - stratovolcano near Naples, Italy,vDestroyed Pompeii & Herculaneum (79 AD), 5-8 meter ash flow, Magma still underlies Vesuvius Ash-flow tuft- post flow; the ash may weld / compact into a solid mass Caldera- collapsed, evacuated magma chamber, steep-walled, circular, 40+ km in diameter.
CHAPTER 12 How do dams alter river ecosystems?- Water trapped in damns or reservoirs over a period of time evaporated so less water flows through the river syster after hus drying out rivers. Describe the water availability issues in the U.S. Southwest. Name some water pollutants and their sources. – Biodegradable pollutants – decay naturally (food/human waste, soap)Nonbiodegradable pollutants – not decomposed naturally (some pesticides, mine waste, sediment) PBTs – nonbiodegradable poisons; Radioactive Materials – mining radioactive ores, nuclear power plants; Heat also pollutant Could Love Canal happen today? Why are some opposed to Yucca Mountain as a burial ground for spent reactor fuel? studied as potential mass storage site Withdrawal- any process that uses water and returns it locally Consumption- processes that use water and return it far from its source Salinization- long-term irrigation where dry Diversion system- pipes or canals to transport water Cone of depression- deflection of water table caused by over-pumping Ogallala aquifer- Many aquifers are over-pumped ; supplies water to much of the High Plains Subsidence- a sinking of the Earth’s surface caused by loss of aquifer porosity Saltwater intrusion- depletion of fresh ground water in coastal zones allows saline water to intrude Clean Water Act- 1972 policy to clean water sources and keep them clean by mid1980s Nonpoint source pollution- stems from a broader area (fertilizer, pesticide runoff from lawns/farms) Point source pollution – stems from specific site (septic tank, gas spill) Remediation- the cleaning of ground water; the action of remedying something, in particular of reversing or stopping environmental damage. Bioremediation- use of microorganisms
CHAPTER 6 Describe the Continental Drift hypothesis. - The idea that a single supercontinent broke apart and pieces drifted away. This theory also states that at one point all the continents were together. What evidence supports the Continental Drift theory? The fit of S. America and W. Africa. Assembled all continents together. There is fossil evidence, glacial deposits and folded rock belts across ocean that supports the theory. How does temperature and pressure change from the earth’s surface to the earth’s center? The pressure is consistent as you go in deeper in the earth’s surface while the temperature, although it increases at 3000km deep it rapidly and suddenly increases 2000 degrees hotter and keeps getting hotter after that. Name and describe 3 types of tectonic plate boundaries.- Divergent boundaries- when two tectonic plates move apart, convergent- when two plates come together and transform boundaries- when two plates move past one another. Describe the theory of plate tectonics.- The theory that plates move and the plate boundaries fracture separating plates. Pangea- The supercontinent that was assembled by all the continents and formed Pangea. Laurasia- The northern side or part of Pangea. Gondwanaland- The southern side or part of Pangea. Lithosphere- The crust and rigid upper mantle of Earth’s surface. Asthenosphere- The hot plastic-like mantle that is flexible like silly puty. Mid-oceanic Ridge System- found after World War II, and underwater mountain system that consists of various mountain chains. Mid-Atlantic Ridge- a mid-ocean ridge, a divergent tectonic plate located along the floor of the Atlantic Ocean, and part of the longest mountain range in the world. It separates the Eurasian Plate and North American Plate in the North Atlantic, and the African Plate from the South American Plate in the South Atlantic. Sea floor spreading hypothesis- a process that occurs at mid-ocean ridges, where new oceanic crust is formed through volcanic activity and then gradually moves away from the ridge. Subduction zone- the place where one tectonic plate moves under another tectonic plate and sinks into the mantle as the plates converge.
Supercontinent- the assembly of most or all of the Earth's continental blocks or cratons to form a single large landmass. Isostasy- vertical movements of the lithosphere, a buoyancy-like effect. When the lithosphere mass changes it may rise or fall, floating in equilibrium. CHAPTER 7 Name and describe 3 scales used to measure earthquakes strength.- Mercalli Scale: measures damage; Richter scale: measures the amount of energy released; Moment-magniture scale: measures energy as a fuction of movement and fault surface area. Can earthquakes be predicted? If so, how?- Long term prediction tells where earthquakes are likely to occur. Short-term prediction can indicate place and time Foreshocks, Monitoring How can earthquake damage be minimized? Construction design and EQ damage, Regulation of location and materials, Framing materials, Effects of affluence. Describe the earth’s mantle-core boundary. Describe the earth’s density.- Density of Earth: Average of 5.5 g/cm3, Crust – 2.5 to 3.0 g/cm3, Mantle – 3.3 to 5.5 g/cm3, Core – 10-13 g/cm3
Earthquake- sudden motion or trembling caused by the abrupt release of energy that is stored in rocks. Plastic deformation- energy use to deform rock Seismic wave- waves that travel through rock Seismology- study of earthquake and Earth’s interior using seismic waves Focus- rupture point where energy is released during and earthquake Epicenter- point on Earth’s surface directly above the focus Body waves- waves that travel through the Earth’s interior Surface waves- slower waves that roll up and down or side to side vibrations P waves- compressional elastic wave- primary waves S waves- shear wave- secondary waves Seismograph- instrument that measures seismic waves San Andreas fault zone- a transform boundary. Movement is along the line of the fault. Strike-slip fault- Vertical faults. Fault creep- small, slow movements along fault. Beinoff zone- friction along the down-plunging contact zone Foreshocks- an earthquake that occurs before a larger seismic event Tsunami- seismic sea wave, undersea fault motion, far-travelling wave, coastal hazard. CHAPTER 8
Name 3 geologic conditions under which magma forms. Increasing temperature, decreasing pressure and the addition of water. What is the difference between oceanic and continental crust? How do volcanic eruptions impact global climate? Ash and sulfur clouds can cover up the sun and cool down the planet. Basalt eruption and volcanics are linked to both warming and cooling. Describe a shield volcano. - Fluid basalt – gentle sloped shape. Often quite large Describe a cinder cone volcano.- Formed from pyroclastic fragments, often steep, small, symmetrical, may form abruptly
Ring of fire- an area where a large number of earthquakes and volcanic eruptions occur in the basin of the Pacific Ocean. Partial melting- occurs when only a portion of a solid is melted. Partial melting of basalts forms granite. Pluton- Magma solidifies within the crust Batholith- a large pulton exposed by erosion bigger than 100 km2 Stock- smaller than a batholith Dike- a sheet cutting across layers Sill- a sheet formed in-between layers Volcano- an opening, or rupture, in the surface or crust of the Earth or a planetary mass object, which allows hot lava, volcanic ash and gases to escape from the magma chamber below the surface. Pahoehoe- ropy, syrupy type of lava Aa- rubbly, cindery lava Columnar joints- Columnar jointing occurs in many types of volcanic rocks and forms as the rock cools and contracts. Columnar jointing can occur in cooling lava flows and ashflow tuffs (ignimbrites), as well as in some shallow intrusions. Pyroclastic rock- materials formed by rapid extrusion, made up of volcanic material Volcanic ash- material formed from rapid extrusion, consists of fragments of pulverized rock, minerals and volcanic glass, created during volcanic eruptions Cinders- material formed by rapid extrusion, extrusive igneous rock. Lava plateau- many cubic kilometers sized event (basalt) Stratovolcano- composite cones, layers of lava and pyroclastics from hard surface, resist erosion. Steep sided profile. Mount Vesuvius - stratovolcano near Naples, Italy,vDestroyed Pompeii & Herculaneum (79 AD), 5-8 meter ash flow, Magma still underlies Vesuvius Ash-flow tuft- post flow; the ash may weld / compact into a solid mass Caldera- collapsed, evacuated magma chamber, steep-walled, circular, 40+ km in diameter.
CHAPTER 12 How do dams alter river ecosystems?- Water trapped in damns or reservoirs over a period of time evaporated so less water flows through the river syster after hus drying out rivers. Describe the water availability issues in the U.S. Southwest. Name some water pollutants and their sources. – Biodegradable pollutants – decay naturally (food/human waste, soap)Nonbiodegradable pollutants – not decomposed naturally (some pesticides, mine waste, sediment) PBTs – nonbiodegradable poisons; Radioactive Materials – mining radioactive ores, nuclear power plants; Heat also pollutant Could Love Canal happen today? Why are some opposed to Yucca Mountain as a burial ground for spent reactor fuel? studied as potential mass storage site Withdrawal- any process that uses water and returns it locally Consumption- processes that use water and return it far from its source Salinization- long-term irrigation where dry Diversion system- pipes or canals to transport water Cone of depression- deflection of water table caused by over-pumping Ogallala aquifer- Many aquifers are over-pumped ; supplies water to much of the High Plains Subsidence- a sinking of the Earth’s surface caused by loss of aquifer porosity Saltwater intrusion- depletion of fresh ground water in coastal zones allows saline water to intrude Clean Water Act- 1972 policy to clean water sources and keep them clean by mid1980s Nonpoint source pollution- stems from a broader area (fertilizer, pesticide runoff from lawns/farms) Point source pollution – stems from specific site (septic tank, gas spill) Remediation- the cleaning of ground water; the action of remedying something, in particular of reversing or stopping environmental damage. Bioremediation- use of microorganisms
