Four Wheel Steering report
Content
FOUR WHEEL STEERING SYSTEM
Vijayan.m.g1 Shahroz Alam .2
1
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vinayaka mission’s Engineering college, Salem, email: [email protected]
2
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vinayaka mission’s Engineering college, Salem,, email: [email protected]
ABSTRACT
The four wheel steering control with rear wheel drive is a new concept which can be implemented in four wheeler vehicles. Four-wheel steering is a system can employed in some vehicles to improve steering response, increase vehicle stability while moving at certain speed, or to decrease turning radius at low speed. In four-wheel steering systems, the rear wheels are control by a gear arrangement. This allows the vehicle to turn in a significantly smaller radius sometimes critical for large trucks or tractors and vehicles with trailers.
INTRODUCTION
Four-wheel steering, 4WS, also called rear-wheel steering or all-wheel steering, provides a means to actively steer the rear wheels during turning maneuvers. It should not be confused with four-wheel drive in which all four wheels of a vehicle are powered. It improves handling and helps the vehicle make tighter turns. Production-built cars tend to understeer or, in few instances, oversteer. If a car could automatically compensate for an understeer/oversteer problem, the driver would enjoy
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nearly neutral steering under varying conditions. 4WS is a serious effort on the part of automotive design engineers to provide near-neutral steering.
The front wheels do most of the steering. Rear wheel turning is generally limited to half during an opposite direction turn. When both the front and rear wheels steer toward the same direction, they are said to be in-phase and this produces a kind of sideways movement of the car at low speeds. When the front and rear wheels are steered in opposite direction, this is called anti-phase, counter-phase or opposite-phase and it produces a sharper, tighter turn.
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OVERVIEW
To reduce turning radius Use of 4-wheel steering system. 2:1 front to rear wheel angle ratio. Considerations: Driver performance and comfort.
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Must not interfere with other components. Proper stability of car during competition.
CONCEPTS
How to achieve front to rear ratio? – – Geometry: Easier to construct, more reliable, less components. Gearing: Easier to design, identical geometry and components for subsystems.
PRINCIPLE
The steering mechanism consists of rack and pinion arrangements which are used to turn the wheels in the front. And a bevel gear arrangement is made just after the steering and power is transmitted through the transfer shaft to the gear box assembly. Then power is transmitted to the rear wheels. Layout/Operation of the system: Two subsystems: Rack and pinion for front and rear, identical geometry and components. Steering column is fitted with 3 bevel gears meshes and transmits power to front and rear rack and pinion. As steering wheel is turned the entire rotation is transferred to front rack and pinion and only half of the rotation is transferred to rear rack and pinion.
WHY FOUR-WHEEL STEERING SYSTEM?
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To understand the advantages of four-wheel steering, it is wise to review the dynamics of typical steering maneuvers with a conventional front -steered vehicle. The tires
V.M.K.V. ENGG COLLEGE. SALEM.
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are subject to the forces of grip, momentum, and steering input when making a movement other than straight-ahead driving. These forces compete with each other during steering maneuvers. With a front-steered vehicle, the rear end is always trying to catch up to the directional changes of the front wheels. This causes the vehicle to sway. As a normal part of operating a vehicle, the driver learns to adjust to these forces without thinking about them. When turning, the driver is putting into motion a complex series of forces. Each of these must be balanced against the others. The tires are subjected to road grip and slip angle. Grip holds the car's wheels to the road, and momentum moves the car straight ahead. Steering input causes the front wheels to turn. The car momentarily resists the turning motion, causing a tire slip angle to form. Once the vehicle begins to respond to the steering input, cornering forces are generated. The vehicle sways as the rear wheels attempt to keep up with the cornering forces already generated by the front tires. This is referred to as rearend lag, because there is a time delay between steering input and vehicle reaction. When the front wheels are turned back to a straight -ahead position, the vehicle must again try to adjust by reversing the same forces developed by the turn. As the steering is turned, the vehicle body sways as the rear wheels again try to keep up with the cornering forces generated by the front wheels. The idea behind four-wheel steering is that a vehicle requires less driver input for any steering maneuver if all four wheels are steering the vehicle. As with two-wheel steer vehicles, tire grip holds the four wheels on the road. However, when the driver turns the wheel slightly, all four wheels react to the steering input, causing slip angles to form at all four wheels. The entire vehicle moves in one direction rather than the rear half attempting to catch up to the front. There is also less sway when the wheels are turned back to a straight-ahead position. The vehicle responds more quickly to steering input because rear wheel lag is eliminated.
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FAIL-SAFE MEASURES
All 4WS systems have fail-safe measures. For example, with the electrohydraulic setup, the system automatically counteracts possible causes of failure: both electronic and hydraulic, and converts the entire steering system to a conventional twowheel steering type. Specifically, if a hydraulic defect should reduce pressure level (by a movement malfunction or a broken driving belt), the rear-wheel-steering mechanism is automatically locked in a neutral position, activating a low-level warning light. In the event of an electrical failure, it would be detected by a self-diagnostic circuit integrated in the four wheel-steering control unit. The control unit stimulates a solenoid valve, which neutralizes hydraulic pressure, thereby alternating the system to twowheel steering. The failure would be indicated by the system's warning light in the main instrument display. On any 4WS system, there must be near-perfect compliance between the position of the steering wheel, the position of the front wheels, and the position of the rear wheels. It is usually recommended that the car be driven about 20 feet (6 meters) in a deadstraight line. Then, the position of the front/rear wheels is checked with respect to steering
V.M.K.V. ENGG COLLEGE. SALEM.
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wheel position. The base reference point is a strip of masking tape on the steering wheel hub and the steering column. When the wheel is positioned dead center, draw a line down the tape. Run the car a short distance straight ahead to see if the reference line holds. If not, corrections are needed, such as repositioning the steering wheel. Even severe imbalance of a rear wheel on a speed sensitive 4WS system can cause problems and make basic troubleshooting a bit frustrating.
ADVANTAGES OF 4WS
The vehicle's cornering behavior becomes more stable and controllable at high speeds as well as on wet or slippery road surfaces. The vehicle's response to steering input becomes quicker and more precise throughout the vehicle's entire speed range. The vehicle's straight-line stability at high speeds is improved. Negative effects of road irregularities and crosswinds on the vehicle's stability are minimized. Stability in lane changing at high speeds is improved. The vehicle is less likely to go into a spin even in situations in which the driver must make a sudden and relatively large change of direction. By steering the rear wheels in the direction opposite the front wheels at low speeds, the vehicle's turning circle is greatly reduced. Therefore, vehicle maneuvering on narrow roads and during parking becomes easier.
APPLICATIONS OF 4WS
It is used for easy parking of four wheelers, and can be implemented in monster trucks, large
V.M.K.V. ENGG COLLEGE. SALEM.
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farm vehicles and trucks. Etc..,
CONCLUSION
Thus the four-wheel steering system has got cornering capability, steering response, straight-line stability, lane changing and low-speed maneuverability. Even though it is advantageous over the conventional two-wheel steering system, 4WS is complex and expensive. Currently the cost of a vehicle with four wheel steering is more than that for a vehicle with the conventional two wheel steering. Four wheel steering is growing in popularity and it is likely to come in more and more new vehicles. As the systems become more commonplace the cost of four wheel steering will drop.
REFERENCES
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. “Automobile Engineering”, K.R.Govindan http:\\www.howstuffworks.com http:\\www.howhurricaneworks.com http:\\www.thecarconnection.com http:\\www.wikepedia.com
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Vijayan.m.g1 Shahroz Alam .2
1
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vinayaka mission’s Engineering college, Salem, email: [email protected]
2
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vinayaka mission’s Engineering college, Salem,, email: [email protected]
ABSTRACT
The four wheel steering control with rear wheel drive is a new concept which can be implemented in four wheeler vehicles. Four-wheel steering is a system can employed in some vehicles to improve steering response, increase vehicle stability while moving at certain speed, or to decrease turning radius at low speed. In four-wheel steering systems, the rear wheels are control by a gear arrangement. This allows the vehicle to turn in a significantly smaller radius sometimes critical for large trucks or tractors and vehicles with trailers.
INTRODUCTION
Four-wheel steering, 4WS, also called rear-wheel steering or all-wheel steering, provides a means to actively steer the rear wheels during turning maneuvers. It should not be confused with four-wheel drive in which all four wheels of a vehicle are powered. It improves handling and helps the vehicle make tighter turns. Production-built cars tend to understeer or, in few instances, oversteer. If a car could automatically compensate for an understeer/oversteer problem, the driver would enjoy
V.M.K.V. ENGG COLLEGE. SALEM.
Page 1
Page6
nearly neutral steering under varying conditions. 4WS is a serious effort on the part of automotive design engineers to provide near-neutral steering.
The front wheels do most of the steering. Rear wheel turning is generally limited to half during an opposite direction turn. When both the front and rear wheels steer toward the same direction, they are said to be in-phase and this produces a kind of sideways movement of the car at low speeds. When the front and rear wheels are steered in opposite direction, this is called anti-phase, counter-phase or opposite-phase and it produces a sharper, tighter turn.
V.M.K.V. ENGG COLLEGE. SALEM.
Page 2
Page6
OVERVIEW
To reduce turning radius Use of 4-wheel steering system. 2:1 front to rear wheel angle ratio. Considerations: Driver performance and comfort.
V.M.K.V. ENGG COLLEGE. SALEM.
Page 3
Page6
Must not interfere with other components. Proper stability of car during competition.
CONCEPTS
How to achieve front to rear ratio? – – Geometry: Easier to construct, more reliable, less components. Gearing: Easier to design, identical geometry and components for subsystems.
PRINCIPLE
The steering mechanism consists of rack and pinion arrangements which are used to turn the wheels in the front. And a bevel gear arrangement is made just after the steering and power is transmitted through the transfer shaft to the gear box assembly. Then power is transmitted to the rear wheels. Layout/Operation of the system: Two subsystems: Rack and pinion for front and rear, identical geometry and components. Steering column is fitted with 3 bevel gears meshes and transmits power to front and rear rack and pinion. As steering wheel is turned the entire rotation is transferred to front rack and pinion and only half of the rotation is transferred to rear rack and pinion.
WHY FOUR-WHEEL STEERING SYSTEM?
Page6
To understand the advantages of four-wheel steering, it is wise to review the dynamics of typical steering maneuvers with a conventional front -steered vehicle. The tires
V.M.K.V. ENGG COLLEGE. SALEM.
Page 4
are subject to the forces of grip, momentum, and steering input when making a movement other than straight-ahead driving. These forces compete with each other during steering maneuvers. With a front-steered vehicle, the rear end is always trying to catch up to the directional changes of the front wheels. This causes the vehicle to sway. As a normal part of operating a vehicle, the driver learns to adjust to these forces without thinking about them. When turning, the driver is putting into motion a complex series of forces. Each of these must be balanced against the others. The tires are subjected to road grip and slip angle. Grip holds the car's wheels to the road, and momentum moves the car straight ahead. Steering input causes the front wheels to turn. The car momentarily resists the turning motion, causing a tire slip angle to form. Once the vehicle begins to respond to the steering input, cornering forces are generated. The vehicle sways as the rear wheels attempt to keep up with the cornering forces already generated by the front tires. This is referred to as rearend lag, because there is a time delay between steering input and vehicle reaction. When the front wheels are turned back to a straight -ahead position, the vehicle must again try to adjust by reversing the same forces developed by the turn. As the steering is turned, the vehicle body sways as the rear wheels again try to keep up with the cornering forces generated by the front wheels. The idea behind four-wheel steering is that a vehicle requires less driver input for any steering maneuver if all four wheels are steering the vehicle. As with two-wheel steer vehicles, tire grip holds the four wheels on the road. However, when the driver turns the wheel slightly, all four wheels react to the steering input, causing slip angles to form at all four wheels. The entire vehicle moves in one direction rather than the rear half attempting to catch up to the front. There is also less sway when the wheels are turned back to a straight-ahead position. The vehicle responds more quickly to steering input because rear wheel lag is eliminated.
V.M.K.V. ENGG COLLEGE. SALEM.
Page 5
Page6
FAIL-SAFE MEASURES
All 4WS systems have fail-safe measures. For example, with the electrohydraulic setup, the system automatically counteracts possible causes of failure: both electronic and hydraulic, and converts the entire steering system to a conventional twowheel steering type. Specifically, if a hydraulic defect should reduce pressure level (by a movement malfunction or a broken driving belt), the rear-wheel-steering mechanism is automatically locked in a neutral position, activating a low-level warning light. In the event of an electrical failure, it would be detected by a self-diagnostic circuit integrated in the four wheel-steering control unit. The control unit stimulates a solenoid valve, which neutralizes hydraulic pressure, thereby alternating the system to twowheel steering. The failure would be indicated by the system's warning light in the main instrument display. On any 4WS system, there must be near-perfect compliance between the position of the steering wheel, the position of the front wheels, and the position of the rear wheels. It is usually recommended that the car be driven about 20 feet (6 meters) in a deadstraight line. Then, the position of the front/rear wheels is checked with respect to steering
V.M.K.V. ENGG COLLEGE. SALEM.
Page 6
Page6
wheel position. The base reference point is a strip of masking tape on the steering wheel hub and the steering column. When the wheel is positioned dead center, draw a line down the tape. Run the car a short distance straight ahead to see if the reference line holds. If not, corrections are needed, such as repositioning the steering wheel. Even severe imbalance of a rear wheel on a speed sensitive 4WS system can cause problems and make basic troubleshooting a bit frustrating.
ADVANTAGES OF 4WS
The vehicle's cornering behavior becomes more stable and controllable at high speeds as well as on wet or slippery road surfaces. The vehicle's response to steering input becomes quicker and more precise throughout the vehicle's entire speed range. The vehicle's straight-line stability at high speeds is improved. Negative effects of road irregularities and crosswinds on the vehicle's stability are minimized. Stability in lane changing at high speeds is improved. The vehicle is less likely to go into a spin even in situations in which the driver must make a sudden and relatively large change of direction. By steering the rear wheels in the direction opposite the front wheels at low speeds, the vehicle's turning circle is greatly reduced. Therefore, vehicle maneuvering on narrow roads and during parking becomes easier.
APPLICATIONS OF 4WS
It is used for easy parking of four wheelers, and can be implemented in monster trucks, large
V.M.K.V. ENGG COLLEGE. SALEM.
Page 7
Page6
farm vehicles and trucks. Etc..,
CONCLUSION
Thus the four-wheel steering system has got cornering capability, steering response, straight-line stability, lane changing and low-speed maneuverability. Even though it is advantageous over the conventional two-wheel steering system, 4WS is complex and expensive. Currently the cost of a vehicle with four wheel steering is more than that for a vehicle with the conventional two wheel steering. Four wheel steering is growing in popularity and it is likely to come in more and more new vehicles. As the systems become more commonplace the cost of four wheel steering will drop.
REFERENCES
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. “Automobile Engineering”, K.R.Govindan http:\\www.howstuffworks.com http:\\www.howhurricaneworks.com http:\\www.thecarconnection.com http:\\www.wikepedia.com
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