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International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 44 (2001) 3579±3699

www.elsevier.com/locate/ijhmt

Heat transfer ± a review of 1999 literature
R.J. Goldstein *, E.R.G. Eckert, W.E. Ibele, S.V. Patankar, T.W. Simon,
T.H. Kuehn, P.J. Strykowski, K.K. Tamma, A. Bar-Cohen, J.V.R. Heberlein,
J.H. Davidson, J. Bischof, F.A. Kulacki, U. Kortshagen, S. Garrick
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Institute of Technology, Heat Transfer Laboratory, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities,
25 Mechanical Eng. Building, 111 Church Street S.E., Minneapolis, MN 55455-0111, USA

Contents
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3583
2. Conduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.1. Contact conduction/contact resistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.2. Composites or heterogeneous media and materials processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.3. Microscale heat transfer, laser/pulse heating, and heat waves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.4. Heat conduction in solids of arbitrary geometries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.5. Modeling and numerical simulations and/or experimental studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.6. Thermomechanical problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.7. Inverse problems and applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.8. Convection and ¯ow e€ects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.9. Microelectronic heat transfer and related applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.10. Miscellaneous studies and applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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3584
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3585

3. Boundary layers and external ¯ows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.1. External e€ects. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.2. Geometric e€ects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.3. Compressibility and high-speed ¯ow e€ects. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.4. Analysis and modeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.5. Unsteady e€ects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.6. Films and interfacial e€ects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.7. E€ects of ¯uid type or ¯uid properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.8. Flows with reactions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3585
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3588

4. Channel ¯ows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.1. Straight-walled ducts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.2. Microchannel ¯ow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.3. Irregular geometries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.4. Finned and pro®led ducts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.5. Channel ¯ows with periodic motion and secondary ¯ow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.6. Multi-phase channel ¯ow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.7. Non-Newtonian ¯ow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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3588
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*

Corresponding author. Tel.: +1-612-625-5552; fax: +1-612-625-3434.
E-mail address: [email protected] (R.J. Goldstein).

0017-9310/01/$ - see front matter Ó 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
PII: S 0 0 1 7 - 9 3 1 0 ( 0 1 ) 0 0 0 0 8 - 4

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R.J. Goldstein et al. / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 44 (2001) 3579±3699

4.8. Miscellaneous channel ¯ow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3591
5. Separated ¯ows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3591
6. Porous media . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.1. Highlights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.1.1. Fundamental advances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.1.2. Property determinations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.1.3. External ¯ow and heat transfer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.1.4. Packed and ¯uidized beds. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.1.5. Porous layers and enclosures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.1.6. Coupled heat and mass transfer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.2. Fundamental advances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.2.1. Property determinations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.2.2. External ¯ow and heat transfer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.2.3. Packed and ¯uidized beds. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.2.4. Layers and enclosures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.2.5. Coupled heat and mass transfer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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7. Experimental methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.1. Heat ¯ux measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.2. Temperature measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.3. Velocity and single-phase ¯ow measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.4. Two-phase ¯ow measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.5. Miscellaneous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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8. Natural convection ± internal ¯ows. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8.1. Highlights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8.1.1. Fundamental studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8.1.2. Thermocapillary ¯ows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8.1.3. Enclosure heat transfer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8.1.4. Vertical ducts and annuli . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8.1.5. Horizontal cylinders and annuli . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8.1.6. Mixed convection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8.1.7. Complex geometries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8.1.8. Fires. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8.1.9. Miscellaneous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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9. Natural convection ± external ¯ows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9.1. Vertical plate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9.2. Horizontal and inclined plates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9.3. Cylinders and blunt bodies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9.4. Thermal plumes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9.5. Mixed convection. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9.6. Applications and miscellaneous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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3602
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10. Rotating surfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10.1. Rotating disks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10.2. Rotating channels. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10.3. Enclosures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10.4. Cylinders and bodies of revolution. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10.5. Miscellaneous. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3603
3603
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11. Combined heat and mass transfer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3603
11.1. Ablation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3603
11.2. Film cooling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3603

R.J. Goldstein et al. / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 44 (2001) 3579±3699

11.3.
11.4.
11.5.
11.6.
11.7.

Jet impingement heat transfer ± submerged jet
Jet impingement heat transfer ± liquid jets . . .
Spray cooling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Drying. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Miscellaneous. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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12. Bioheat transfer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12.1. Thermal engineering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12.2. Thermoregulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12.3. Thermal therapy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12.4. Cryopreservation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12.5. Dental/biomaterial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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13. Change of phase ± boiling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13.1. Droplet and ®lm evaporation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13.2. Bubble characteristics and boiling incipience . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13.3. Pool boiling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13.4. Flow boiling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13.5. Two-phase thermohydraulics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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3606
3607
3607
3608
3608

14. Change of phase ± condensation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14.1. Surface geometry and material e€ects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14.2. Global geometry, thermal boundary condition and external in¯uence e€ects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14.3. Modeling and analysis techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14.4. Unsteady e€ects in condensation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14.5. Binary mixtures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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3609
3609
3610
3610
3610

15. Change of phase ± freezing and melting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15.1. Melting and freezing of sphere, cylinders and slabs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15.2. Stefan problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15.3. Ice formation in porous materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15.4. Contact melting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15.5. Melting and melt ¯ows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15.5.1. EM processing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15.5.2. Convection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15.5.3. Geological . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15.5.4. Sea ice and snowmelt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15.5.5. Polymers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15.5.6. General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15.6. Powders, ®lms, emulsions and particles in a melt. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15.7. Glass melting and formation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15.8. Welding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15.9. Enclosures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15.10. Nuclear reactors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15.11. Energy storage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15.12. Solidi®cation during casting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15.13. Mushy zone ± dendritic growth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15.14. Metal solidi®cation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15.15. Crystal growth from melt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15.15.1. Directional solidi®cation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15.15.2. Bridgman growth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15.15.3. Czochralski growth. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15.16. Casting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15.17. Splat cooling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3610
3610
3610
3611
3611
3611
3611
3611
3611
3611
3611
3611
3612
3612
3612
3612
3612
3612
3612
3612
3613
3613
3613
3613
3614
3614
3614

16. Radiative heat transfer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3614

3582

16.1.
16.2.
16.3.
16.4.
16.5.

R.J. Goldstein et al. / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 44 (2001) 3579±3699

In¯uence of the geometry . . .
Participating media. . . . . . . .
Combined heat transfer. . . . .
Experimental methods. . . . . .
Intensely irradiated materials .

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3614
3614
3615
3615
3616

17. Numerical methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
17.1. Heat conduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
17.2. Convection and di€usion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
17.3. Radiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
17.4. Fluid ¯ow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
17.5. Particle trajectories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
17.6. Grid generation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
17.7. Other studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3616
3616
3616
3616
3616
3617
3617
3617

18. Properties. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18.1. Di€usion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18.2. Thermal conductivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18.3. Heat capacity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18.4. Composite materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18.5. Thin ®lms/coatings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18.6. Transport properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18.7. Viscosity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18.8. Miscellaneous. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3617
3617
3617
3618
3618
3618
3618
3618
3618

19. Heat transfer applications ± heat exchangers
19.1. Compact and microheat exchangers . .
19.2. Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19.3. Direct contact heat exchangers . . . . .
19.4. Enhancement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19.5. Fouling ± surface e€ects . . . . . . . . . .
19.6. Mathematical modeling, optimisation .
19.7. Performance ± factors a€ecting . . . . .
19.8. Reactors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19.9. Power and reversed cycles . . . . . . . . .
19.10. Shell and tube/plate. . . . . . . . . . . . .
19.11. Thermosyphons (heat pipes). . . . . . .
19.12. Miscellaneous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

and heat pipes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.............................................
.............................................
.............................................
.............................................
.............................................
.............................................
.............................................
.............................................
.............................................
.............................................
.............................................
.............................................

3618
3618
3619
3619
3619
3619
3619
3619
3620
3620
3620
3620
3621

20. Heat transfer applications ± general . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20.1. Aerospace . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20.2. Nuclear reactors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20.3. Gas turbines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20.4. Automotive engines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20.5. Buildings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20.6. Meteorology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20.7. Electrics, electronics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20.8. Manufacturing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20.9. Chemical processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20.10. Chemical reactors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20.11. Food engineering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3621
3621
3621
3621
3621
3622
3622
3622
3623
3623
3623
3623

21. Solar energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
21.1. Radiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
21.2. Low-temperature applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
21.2.1. Flat-plate and low-concentrating collectors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3624
3624
3524
3624

R.J. Goldstein et al. / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 44 (2001) 3579±3699

3583

21.2.2. Water heating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
21.2.3. Space heating and cooling. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
21.2.4. Storage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
21.2.5. Desalination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
21.2.6. Solar ponds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
21.2.7. Buildings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
21.3. High-temperature applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3624
3625
3625
3625
3625
3625
3625

22. Plasma heat transfer and magnetohydrodynamics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
22.1. Plasma characterisation through modeling and diagnostics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
22.2. Plasma±wall and plasma±particle interaction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
22.3. Plasma characterisation in speci®c applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
22.4. Magnetohydrodynamics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
22.5. Highlights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3626
3626
3627
3627
3628
3628

Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3628
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3628

1. Introduction
The present review is intended to encompass the
English language heat transfer papers published in 1999.
The papers have been placed into a number of subject
categories. While being exhaustive, some selection is
necessary. Besides reviewing the journal articles in the
body of this paper, we also mention important conferences and meetings on heat transfer and related ®elds,
major awards presented in 1999, and books on heat
transfer published during the year.
The 15th Fluidized Bed Combustion Conference
was held in Savannah, USA on 16±19 March. Topics
covered included atmospheric and pressurized ¯uidized
bed combustors, environmental issues, and operation.
The Fifth ASME/JSME Thermal Engineering Joint
Conference was held on 14±19 March in San Diego,
USA. The Second International Symposium on Heat
and Mass Transfer Under Plasma Conditions held on
18±23 April in Tekirova, Turkey discussed plasma
torches and physics, transport and radiative properties
¯ow modeling. The Second International Symposium
on Two-Phase Flow Modeling and Experimentation
was held in Pisa, Italy on 23±26 May. Sessions included turbulence in two-phase ¯ow, pool boiling,
¯ow boiling, and interfacial phenomena. The 1999
Turbo Expo organized by the International Gas Turbine Institute on 7±10 June in Indianapolis, USA held
sessions on external heat transfer, ®lm cooling, blade
internal heat transfer, and combustor development
and cooling. The ®rst Mediterranean Combustion
Symposium was held on 20±25 June in Antalya,
Turkey. Topics covered stationary sprays and gas
combustion systems, ®re and explosions, solid fuels,
and ¯ame dynamics and turbulence. The 1999 Na-

tional Heat Transfer Conference organized jointly by
the ASME, AIChE and AIAA was held on 15±17
August in Albuquerque, USA. Sessions included enhanced heat transfer, combustion instrumentation and
diagnostics, and natural and mixed convection heat
transfer. The Fourteenth International Symposium on
Air-Breathing Engines held in Florence, Italy on 5±10
September discussed aero-thermo-elasticity, engine diagnostics and cooling, and combustion. A Conference
on Microgravity Fluid Physics and Heat Transfer held
in Kona, Hawaii, USA on 19±24 September covered
capillarity and two-phase ¯ows, bubble dynamics and
boiling heat transfer in microgravity. The annual International Mechanical Engineering Congress and
Exposition (IMECE) was held in Nashville, USA on
14±19 November. The Heat Transfer Division of the
ASME held sessions on modeling issues in bio heat
and mass transfer, thermal hydraulics of advanced
nuclear reactors, microscale and mesoscale energy
systems, and direct energy conversion.
Awards presented during the year include:
The Max Jakob award for 1998 was presented to
Alexander Leontiev for his fundamental contributions
to convective heat transfer, as exempli®ed by his application of the limiting laws to heat and mass transfer
in turbulent boundary layers. The Donald Q. Kern
award instituted by the AIChE was awarded to Dr.
Peter Wayner for his work on thin ®lms and twophase ¯ows. The Heat Transfer Memorial Awards
were presented to Dr. Soung M. Cho (Art) for technical contributions in the design of advanced heat
exchangers and steam generators, Dr. Avram BarCohen (General) for his scholarly work contributing
to a greater understanding of immersion cooling and
cooling of electronic devices, and to Dr. Sanjoy

3584

R.J. Goldstein et al. / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 44 (2001) 3579±3699

Bannerjee (Science) for de®nitive experimental studies
and numerical simulations in multi-phase processes
and turbulence at gas±liquid interfaces.
Books published during the year include:
1. J.P. Hartnett, T.F. Irvine, G.A. Greene (Eds.),
Advances in Heat Transfer, Vol. 33, Academic
Press, New York.
2. M. Lehner, D. Mewes (Eds.), Applied Optical
Measurements, Heat and Mass Transfer, Springer,
Berlin.
3. Arthur T. Johnson, Biological process engineering:
an analogical approach to ¯uid ¯ow, Heat Transfer,
and Mass Transfer Applied to Biological Systems,
Wiley, New York.
4. R.F. Barron, Cryogenic Heat Transfer, Taylor &
Francis, London.
5. G. Comini (Ed.), Computational Analysis of Convection Heat Transfer, Computational Mechanics.
6. J.M. Coulson, J.F. Richardson, J.R. Backhurst,
J.H. Harker, Coulson and Richardson's Chemical
Engineering: Fluid Flow, Heat Transfer and Mass
Transfer, Butterworth-Heinemann, London.
7. W. Roetzel, Y. Xuan, Y. Xuan, Dynamic Behaviour
of Heat Exchangers, Developments in Heat Transfer, Computational Mechanics, vol. 3.
8. J. Vilemas, P. Poskas, A.A. Zhukauskas, E€ect of
Body Forces on Turbulent Heat Transfer in Channels, Begell House.
9. W.S. Janna, Engineering Heat Transfer, CRC Press,
Boca Raton, FL.
10. Je-C. Han, S. Dutta, S. Ekkad, Gas Turbine Heat
Transfer and Cooling Technology, Taylor & Francis, London.
11. K.C. Rolle, Heat and Mass Transfer, Prentice-Hall,
Englewood Cli€s, NJ.
12. P. Fauchais, J. Van Der Mullen, J.V.R. Heberlein,
Heat and Mass Transfer Under Plasma Conditions,
Academy of Sciences, New York.
13. J.S. Lee (Ed.), Heat Transfer 1998: Proceedings of
the 11th International Heat Transfer Conference,
Taylor & Francis, London.
14. S. Kakac (Ed.), Heat Transfer Enhancement of
Heat Exchangers, Kluwer Academic Publishers,
Dordrecht.
15. J.C. Heinrich, D.W. Pepper, Intermediate Finite
Element Method: Fluid Flow and Heat Transfer
Applications, Taylor & Francis, London.
16. M.N. Ozisik, H.R. Orlande, Inverse Heat Transfer:
Fundamentals and Applications, Taylor & Francis,
London.
17. M. Iguchi, W. Wahnsiedler, O.J. Ilegbusi, Mathematical and Physical Modeling of Materials Processing Operations, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.
18. B. Sunden, M. Faghri, Modelling of Engineering
Heat Transfer Phenomena, Computational Mechanics.

19. D. Kessler, R. Greenkorn, Momentum, Heat and
Mass Transfer Fundamentals, Marcel Dekker,
New York.
20. B. Sunden, P. Heggs (Eds.), Recent Advances in
Analysis of Heat Transfer for Fin Type Surfaces,
Computational Mechanics.
21. C. Clauser, Thermal Signatures of Heat Transfer
Processes in the Earth's Crust, Springer, Berlin.
22. J.W. Van Heuven, W.J. Beek, K.M.K. Muttzall,
Transport Phenomena, Wiley, New York.

2. Conduction
Various aspects of conduction heat transfer are
overviewed in this section. The sub-topics are categorized
as: contact conduction/contact resistance; composites or
heterogeneous media and materials processing; microscale heat transfer aspects and laser/pulse heating and
heat waves; heat conduction in solids; modeling and
simulation/experimental studies; thermomechanical
problems; inverse problems and applications; conduction±convection and ¯ow e€ects; microelectronic heat
transfer and applications; and specialized and miscellaneous applications involving heat conduction.
2.1. Contact conduction/contact resistance
Contact conduction and contact resistance papers
appear in this sub-category. The aspects of thermal
constriction resistance between two solids for random
distribution of contacts appear in [1A]. The thermal
conduction of cylindrical joints is described in [2A]. The
thermal contact conductance of sintered copper coatings
on ferro-alloy [3A], e€ects of contact and spreading resistance dealing with heat sink cooling performance
[4A], interfacial contact resistance of single crystal
ceramics for solar concentrators [5A], the thermal
spreading resistance in multi-layered contacts with applications to contact resistance [6A], that deal with silicone rubber to AISI 304 contacts [7A], and computer
simulations of the e€ect of thermal contact resistance on
cooling time in applications such as injection molding
[8A] appear in this sub-category.
2.2. Composites or heterogeneous media and materials
processing
A model dealing with heat transfer in grinding is
described in [9A]. The comparison of the e€ective thermal conductivity and contact conductance of ®brous
composite media is studied in [10A]. From another application viewpoint, the determination of the thermal
conductivity and di€usivity of materials such as wood
was studied in [11A].

R.J. Goldstein et al. / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 44 (2001) 3579±3699

2.3. Microscale heat transfer, laser/pulse heating, and
heat waves
As in the previous years, there appears to be a continued interest in these topic areas. The range of problems is varied with applications focused on thin ®lms
subjected to short pulse lasers and the determination of
their thermal behaviors or thermophysical characteristics; heat conduction due to phonon waves in thin ®lms
and superlattices and superconductors; heat waves and
propagation and prediction; development of constitutive
heat conduction models with/without features for characterizing ®nite/in®nite propagation speeds; and alternate approaches employing developments emanating
from Boltzmann Transport Equations (BTE), molecular
dynamics simulations, kinetic theory-based approaches
and the like. These and related developments have been
studied and appear in [12A±31A].
2.4. Heat conduction in solids of arbitrary geometries
A study on conduction of heat in spheriods appears
in [32A]. That dealing with conduction trees with spacing at the tips appears in [33A]. The in¯uence of order±
disorder transition on thernal conductivity and thermal
conduction through a molecule appears in [34A,35A].
Studies involving ®ns of di€erent shapes such as circular
and annular disc ®ns [36A,37A,39A,40A], and other
geometries involving arrays of thin strips [38A] also
appear in the literature.
2.5. Modeling and numerical simulations and/or experimental studies
As in most years, this sub-category always enjoys
continued interest and is widely popular in a variety of
problems encountered in heat conduction. The range of
approaches employed include ®nite di€erence, ®nite
element, boundary element and ®nite volume techniques
and the like. The range of issues encompass development
of new techniques and approaches for more e€ectively
and accurately simulating existing or new problems involving heat conduction; or the simple use of existing
techniques to help shed insight into heat conduction
problems. Also available are studies involving experimental and/or comparative results for speci®c applications to heat conduction problems. The aforementioned
studies are described in [41A±64A].
2.6. Thermomechanical problems
Thermal e€ects on materials and structures are an
important aspect and few papers appear in this subcategory. Thermoelasticity with contact [65A], models
for textile composites at high temperatures [66A], simulation of residual stresses and distortion in stepped

3585

cylinders [67A], stress distribution in thermally tempered
glass panes [68A], analysis of thermal stresses in a boiler
drum during start-up [69A], and the application of a
hybrid method for predicting transient thermal stresses
in isotropic annular ®ns [70A] appear in the literature.
2.7. Inverse problems and applications
The papers appearing in this sub-category included
three-dimensional boundary value inverse heat conduction [71A], determination of time-dependent heat transfer coecient [72A], a sequential gradient method [73A],
application of a conjugate gradient method for threedimensional heat conduction problem [74A], estimation
of initial temperature pro®le and its evolution in polymer
processing [75A], and the determination of two heat
sources in an inverse heat conduction problem [76A].
2.8. Convection and ¯ow e€ects
A study dealing with the control of Marangoni±Benard convection [77A], heat transfer from catalysts via
CFD [78A], a gas-kinetic scheme for the Euler equations
with heat transfer [79A], and a study describing heat and
momentum transfer in ¯uids heated in tubes with turbulence generators at moderate Prandtl and Reynolds
numbers [80A] appear in this sub-category.
2.9. Microelectronic heat transfer and related applications
The dynamic in situ measurements of head-to-disc
spacing [81A] and a heat transfer model for thermal
¯uctuations in a thin slider/disk air bearing [82A] are
described in the literature.
2.10. Miscellaneous studies and applications
A variety of miscellaneous studies and specialized
applications dealing with heat conduction have been
investigated and appear in [83A±93A].
3. Boundary layers and external ¯ows
Papers on boundary layers and external ¯ows for
1999 have been categorized as follows: ¯ows in¯uenced
externally, ¯ows with special geometric e€ects, compressible and high-speed ¯ows, analysis and modeling
techniques, unsteady ¯ow e€ects, ¯ows with ®lm and
interfacial e€ects, ¯ows with special ¯uid types and
property e€ects and ¯ows with reactions.
3.1. External e€ects
Papers which focus on external e€ects document
the in¯uence of ¯ow conditions imposed upon the

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R.J. Goldstein et al. / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 44 (2001) 3579±3699

boundary layer [1B±3B,6B,9B±12B,14B,16B±18B,21B±
23B], ¯ow instability e€ects [15B], heat generation effects [4B], electric e€ects [7B,8B] and magnetic ®elds
[5B,19B]. The e€ects of wakes from a cylinder adjacent
to the boundary layer were characterized with a
quadrant splitting method [17B], the in¯uence of elevated free-stream turbulence on turbine blade ¯ow was
experimentally documented [21B] and the e€ects of
turbulence from a co-current stream on heat transfer to
a wall jet were quanti®ed [14B]. The e€ects of agitation
with a double disc turbine were described and related
to single disk behavior [12B]. Strong augmentation due
to swirl was documented [22B] as was the in¯uence of
putting vortex generators on the surface to introduce
vorticity within the boundary layer [16B] or having the
vorticity develop naturally in the form of Goertler cells
[15B]. The e€ects of introducing a streamwise pressure
gradient to a boundary layer were computed [11B] and
the e€ects of having streamwise curvature on turbulent
boundary layer transport were measured [10B]. For a
laminar boundary layer, the e€ects of blowing and
suction were computed and compared with analysis
[1B], blowing e€ects were numerically analyzed for
hypersonic ¯ow past a sphere [23B], integral analysis
was used to describe the e€ects of injection and blowing on turbulent boundary layer ¯ow [18B] and e€ects
of suction and injection through a sheet moving in a
¯owing ¯uid were analytically described [6B]. A new
approach to computation of blowing e€ects on turbulent boundary layers was presented [2B] and applied
[3B] and heat transfer of a compressible gas with alternating blowing and suction was described [20B]. The
e€ects of Schmidt number on turbulent mixing with a
jet in cross-¯ow were discussed [9B]. Emphasis was on
the appropriateness of assuming constant Schmidt
number in the analysis. The in¯uences of an oblique
electric ®eld on ¯ow stability were documented [7B]
and the enhancement of heat transfer by an electric
®eld on an emulsion droplet was quanti®ed theoretically [8B]. The in¯uences of magnetic ®elds were evaluated for a vertical stretching surface under natural
convection ¯ow [4B] and under mixed convection [5B]
while the e€ects of a magnetic ®eld on the stagnationpoint region of a three-dimensional body were described by analysis [13B]. The e€ect of Prandtl number
was noted for a ¯ow with an aligned magnetic ®eld
[19B].
3.2. Geometric e€ects
Papers in this category could be categorized as those
with roughness e€ects [31B,28B,40B], large features
on the surface [26B,45B,25B,52B], ®ns and louvers
[50B,48B,47B,38B,43B,34B,46B], geometric e€ects that
a€ect the thermal conditions [49B,24B,36B,27B,32B],
stretching sheets [35B,51B,39B,37B], particular body

shapes [30B,33B] and those with conjugate heat transfer
e€ects [44B,29B,42B,41B]. Papers which dealt with
roughness included one on the e€ects of roughness
length [31B], another regarding wing icing e€ects [28B]
and a third on the e€ects of soil and plant communities
on atmospheric boundary layer heat transfer [40B]. The
section on surface mounted obstacles included one paper
on laminar ¯ow over a square micro-obstacle [26B],
another was a transient simulation of ¯ow over an
electronic module [45B], a third was for transitional ¯ow
over an array of heated blocks [25B] and the last was an
experimental and numerical study of ¯ow over channelmounted, two-dimensional obstacles [52B].
Several papers dealt with heat exchanger geometries,
including louvered ®ns with fully developed and developing ¯ow [50B] and ¯ow within the ®nned entry region
[48B], extended ®ns on two-rows of tubes [47B], horizontal ribs on a rectangular plate [38B], longitudinal ribs
in an internal ¯ow passage [43B], winglet vortex generators in a compact ®n and tube heat exchanger [34B] and
spirally indented tubes [46B].
For some papers, the geometry a€ected the boundary
conditions: the nocturnal cooling in urban parks [49B],
heat transfer from patchy urban surfaces [27B], open
waters around thin ice and thick ice [24B], urban street
canyons [36B] or leaf canopies [32B].
Several papers dealt with stretching surfaces. In one,
the ¯uid was electrically conductive [35B], another was
in¯uenced by a magnetic ®eld [37B], a third was with a
second-grade ¯uid [51B] and in a fourth, the surface was
exponentially stretching [39B].
A couple of papers dealt with body shape e€ects. One
was a general study of body shape and position [30B]
and another was with compressible ¯ow over a sphere
[33B].
Studies with conjugate e€ects include ¯ows through a
circular fracture of a rock [44B], ¯ow over a body with
anisotropic conduction properties [29B], the thermal
striping e€ect experienced in liquid metal ¯ows in a fast
breeder reactor [42B] and heat transfer through a wall
with natural convection on one side and forced convection on the other [41B].
3.3. Compressibility and high-speed ¯ow e€ects
In this category, there was a study of aerodynamic
heating of a plate [57B], another investigated the e€ects
of airfoil shape on aerodynamic heating [58B]. Several
were with non-equilibrium e€ects; one on the in¯uence
of molecular vibration and transport modeling [60B],
another on the non-equilibrium kinetics of a re-entering body [53B] and a third in a supersonic air nozzle
¯ow [55B]. An arti®cial viscosity model applied to the
analysis of a strong shock was shown to have excellent
shock-capturing capabilities [54B]. One paper presented a numerical simulation of ¯ow over a long thin

R.J. Goldstein et al. / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 44 (2001) 3579±3699

moving cylinder [59B] and another presented a coupled
thermal model for panel ¯utter at high Mach number
[56B].
3.4. Analysis and modeling
A review of turbulent heat transfer modeling was
presented in the Annual Review [73B] and the conceptual models of turbulence developed over the years were
used to discuss the correlation of experimental data and
recent DNS results [63B]. Fractal modeling was applied
to turbulent mixing of reactants [74B] where the analytical expressions were used to study turbulent combustion. A statistical model of particle transport was
applied to two-phase ¯ow with emphasis on the nearwall ¯ow behavior [76B]. Variational theory of relaxation of the Onsager type was shown in one paper to be
compatible with the engineering approach to heat and
mass transfer [71B]. Various turbulent Prandtl number
closure models were evaluated [72B]. The e€ects of
thermal stress induced by temperature gradients were
described while the applicability of the Burnett equation
was discussed [67B]. The law of the wall was modi®ed
for application to swirling ¯ows so that perturbation
analysis could be applied [66B]. Application of the
technique to other non-linear problems was discussed.
Asymptotic methods based upon geometrical optics
were applied to ¯ows of high Peclet number [62B]. The
temperature away from the body could be expressed as a
sum of contributions from each stagnation point, in
some instances. Conjugate heat transfer with laminar
¯ow over a ¯at plate was analyzed with an integral
technique [69B]. The results were discussed in terms of
the local Brun number. A spreadsheet simulation was
applied to laminar-free convection [68B]. A method for
rapid computation of the temperature of hot combustion gases ¯owing inside of a chimney was presented
[64B]. Results are used for the estimation of air pollution
in the vicinity of the stack and the possibility of acid
condensation on the inner liner. The computation of
boundary layer-forced convection with high free-stream
turbulence was addressed while various k± models were
evaluated [65B]. Weaknesses were noted and physical
reasons were presented. The k± model of closure was
applied to the ¯ow and turbulent mixing in a noncompressing piston engine-like geometry [61B]. The
results were compared against experiments. Direct numerical simulation was applied to high-Prandtl number
¯ows where the pressure-temperature-gradient correlation is dominant [75B]. The low-wave number components of velocity ¯uctuations were solely responsible for
the cascade of temperature ¯uctuations. Finally, an
analysis with modi®ed boundary conditions applied to
the non-penetrative convection boundary condition
problem was evaluated for application to planetary
boundary layers [70B].

3587

3.5. Unsteady e€ects
Flows in this category include ®ve in which the unsteadiness is imposed [79B,86B,78B,83B,80B], four in
which the ¯ow is naturally unstable, and one in which
the thermal boundary conditions are varied. In the ®rst
sub-category, temperature ¯uctuations are computed for
the unsteady ¯ow of a driven cavity [79B] and experiments [86B] and analysis [78B] were performed with
unsteadiness due to an upstream moving wake on the
heat transfer from a curved wall. In the latter, a
boundary layer transition model was presented. Two
papers were on unsteadiness due to a cylinder adjacent
to the boundary layer, one investigated the departure
from Reynolds analogy [83B] and another searched for
coherent structures [80B]. In the latter, a multi-point,
hot-wire rake was employed to look for correlations in
velocities. The e€ects of stability of a laminar wall jet on
heat transfer were evaluated experimentally and analytically [84B] and the e€ects of large injection rates on
unsteady mixed convection in a three-dimensional
stagnation point region were numerically evaluated
[81B]. Mass transfer enhancement of chaotic laminar
¯ow within a droplet translating by buoyancy through
an entraining ¯ow was described [77B] and experiments
and theory were applied to laminar spray di€usion
¯ames which show oscillatory behavior, the genesis of
which is from the heat and mass transfer mechanisms
[82B]. Finally, a numerical solution is presented for
convective heat transfer on a plate which was impulsively cooled or heated [85B].
3.6. Films and interfacial e€ects
Only three papers fell into this sub-category, a signi®cant decrease from last year's review. The ®rst is an
experimental study of thin suspension ®lms where the
enhancement of heat transfer due to putting PVC particles in the ¯ow was shown [89B]. In the second, a numerical study was performed on a falling liquid ®lm. The
means by which the interfacial waves enhance heat
transfer were described [87B]. The third showed the results of an analysis of gravity-driven ¯ow of a power-law
¯uid. A critical Prandtl number was de®ned and applied
to the analysis [88B].
3.7. E€ects of ¯uid type or ¯uid properties
Several papers in this category dealt with power-law
¯uids. In one, an approximate analytical solution was
applied to a laminar boundary layer [92B]. In another,
the heat transfer problem was with arbitrary injection
and suction at a moving wall [101B]. Results of a study
of the coupling of heat and momentum transfer were
discussed for a ¯ow of a drag-reducing polymer and
surfactant solution [90B]. The data showed that no

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decoupling of momentum and heat transfer was seen at
the onset of drag reduction, this is contrary to some
earlier literature. Heat transfer in a mixed ¯ow of a
highly viscous ¯uid was computed [95B]. Wall heat
transfer coecients were presented. The e€ects of variable properties were described in the case of heat
transfer on a continuous ¯at surface moving in a parallel
free stream [93B]. The assumption of constant properties
was shown to lead to signi®cant error. Modeling of heat
and mass transfer rates for deposition of sodium sulfate
in a heated ¯ow of supercritical water was presented
[102B]. The model results matched the experimental
values for salt deposition rate. Several papers dealt with
micropolar ¯uids. One was an analysis of laminar ¯ow
past a wedge [96B]. The heat transfer rate for a micropolar ¯uid was shown to be lower than that of a Newtonian ¯uid. Two others were for a micropolar ¯uid ¯ow
on a continuous moving surface [94B,97B]. The micropolar ¯uid displayed drag and heat transfer reduction
characteristics. Several papers investigated particle-laden ¯ow. In one, stochastic simulation was conducted in
isotropic turbulent ¯ow [98B]. The importance of several
e€ects not captured by this model was discussed, using
comparisons to DNS. The heat transfer from an obstruction with a dilute gas particle suspension ¯ow was
computed [99B]. Both the particle size and concentration
were shown to a€ect heat transfer. The e€ects of particle-phase di€usivity and viscosity on compressible
boundary layer heat transfer were computed [91B]. Wall
heat transfer rates were given. Field test data for sublimation in turbulent ¯ow laden with snow were presented
[100B]. It was concluded that blowing snow physics
must be incorporated in land surface and hydrological
models.
3.8. Flows with reactions
The sub-category of ¯ows with reaction continues to
be an active one with most of the papers presenting
analyses of combustion ¯ows. In an exception, a system for developing a liquid phase agitated reactor was
presented [112B]. Knowledge of reaction and mixing at
various length scales was applied. Also, a numerical
simulation of non-isothermal gas±liquid adsorption in
chemical reaction of a laminar ®lm was presented
[113B]. It was applied to absorption of phosgene. A
combustion paper focused on carbonized semi-coke
particles [110B] while another was a study of unsteady
burning of n-heptane droplets [104B]. Several papers
were on plate geometries; one was for laminar ¯ow
along a semi-in®nite horizontal plate [103B], another
was with microgravity [114B] while another was with
fuel injection [115B]. The movement of the threedimensional cellular ¯ame at low Lewis numbers was
numerically investigated [105B]; the conditions on
Lewis number under which hydrodynamic e€ects were

important were identi®ed. Time-dependent computations of turbulent blu€-body di€usion ¯ames close to
extinction were computed with a combination of
computational tools, depending on the region of the
¯ame being analyzed [106B]. A numerical simulation of
a two-dimensional, jet premixed, CH4 /air ¯ame was
presented [116B]. Emphasis was put on the in¯uence of
detailed chemical kinetics on ¯ame temperature and
species distributions. A Monte Carlo PDF computation
was applied to spray ¯ames to show the value of applied parallel computing techniques [111B]. The application to con®ned, swirl-stabilized spray ¯ames was
shown to be reasonable. The e€ects of combustion on
turbulence in a premixed, supersonic, di€usion ¯ame
were investigated using DNS [109B]. A simple mechanism for describing this e€ect was presented. Two papers were more focused on combustion systems; one
was a simulation of the combustion in a W-Shaped
boiler furnace [108B] and another discussed the application of ¯amelet pro®les to ¯ame structures in practical burners [107B].
4. Channel ¯ows
4.1. Straight-walled ducts
A considerable number of numerical modeling
studies were conducted in straight-walled ducts with a
variety of boundary and initial conditions. The turbulent-forced convective heat transfer at low Reynolds
numbers was modeled using the non-linear k± model,
combined with the LamBremhorst and Abe±Kondoh±
Nagano damping functions [23C]. The RNG model
was applied to a turbulent ¯ow in a straight-walled
duct [24C]; arbitrary three-dimensional ducts were also
modeled using four di€erent Reynolds stress models
[25C]. A numerical study was carried out to determine
the uncertainties of ¯uid properties on the heat
transfer characteristics of a heated smooth tube [27C].
The thermally developing Poiseuille ¯ow was modeled
to evaluate the impact of radiation [1C]. The CONTAIN computer code was used to study the heat and
mass transfer to asymmetrically heated vertical channels [31C]. The SIMPLER method was employed to
study the absorption process on a horizontal tube with
surface-tension e€ects [18C]. An error assessment was
conducted for ¯ow ®elds in draft tubes to determine
the potential for overall eciency improvements in
hydro power applications [6C]. A perturbation method
was used to examine the fully developed ¯ow and
viscous heating in a vertical channel [4C]. The k±
model with variable Prandtl number was used to study
heat transfer in air ¯ows [26C]. Direct numerical
simulations (DNS) in fully developed channel ¯ows
were used to assess the e€ects of Prandtl number on

R.J. Goldstein et al. / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 44 (2001) 3579±3699

the temperature ®elds [21C]. DNS was also used in the
study of passive scalar transport in a free-shear
boundary of an open channel ¯ow [11C]. Prandtl and
Reynolds number e€ects were studied in a turbulent
channel ¯ow using DNS [15C]. DNS studies of
channel ¯ows up to Res ˆ 590 were reported [20C].
Temperature-dependent viscosity was examined numerically for laminar mixed convection in a horizontal
duct [22C]. Laminar viscous dissipation in rectangular
ducts was analytically determined [19C]. A numerical
analysis of a strongly heated gas ¯ow was conducted
in circular tubes [10C]. The impact of reference temperature on the fully developed mixed convection in
vertical channels was studied [5C]. Buoyancy and
viscous dissipation were considered in the vertical ¯ow
in a circular duct [3C]; iso¯ux boundary conditions
were studied as well [2C]. The dual reciprocity
boundary element method was used to study laminar
heat convection in a concentric annulus with constant
heat ¯ux boundary conditions [7C]. The general turbulent heat transfer correlation of Maciejewski and
Anderson was tested experimentally [8C]. Experiments
on ternary distillation were made for a nitrogen±
argon±oxygen system in a wetted-wall column [9C].
The in¯uence of recycle on double-pass parallel-plate
heat and mass exchangers with uniform wall temperature was studied analytically [12C]. The turbulent
convective heat transfer was modelled for water near
the critical point [13C]. Transient ¯ow conditions and
heat transfer were studied in turbulent pipe ¯ow [14C].
Buoyancy e€ects on plane Poiseuille ¯ow heated isothermally from below were analyzed [16C]. The analytical solution of the Graetz problem with axial
conduction was studied [17C]. Similarity laws for heat
and momentum turbulent transport from low-Prandtl
number ¯uids were considered [29C]. Coupled temperature and density are considered in rare®ed-gas
dynamics using the discrete ordinates method [28C].
One study considered the numerical solution of unsteady conjugated mixed-convection heat transfer in a
vertical plate channel [30C]. Radiation e€ects were
considered on the heat transfer of laminar mixed
convection ¯ow in an inclined square duct [32C].
4.2. Microchannel ¯ow
Microchannel heat transfer was examined to determine the enhancement of forced convection heat
transfer due to the release of dissolved non-condensibles [34C]. Experimental results were presented for
single-phase forced convection from deep rectangular
microchannels [36C]. Microtubes of fused silica and
stainless steel were studied experimentally using water
¯ow and tube dimensions from 50 to 254 lm [39C]. A
two-layered microchannel heat sink was considered in a
countercurrent ¯ow arrangement; the arrangement was

3589

proposed for electronic cooling [40C]. The e€ect of
microgrooves on the ¯ow characteristics in coupled
liquid and vapor ¯ow in miniature passages was considered [38C]. Flat miniature heat pipes were studied
and found to be promising in the area of the cooling of
electronic components [37C]. Traditional turbulent heat
transfer was studied in non-circular microchannels
[33C]. Viscous-dominated ¯ow in a micro-channel was
studied; the phenomenon called ``mathematical choking'' was examined [35C].
4.3. Irregular geometries
A wide variety of geometries were considered in the
literature. Laminar ¯ow and heat transfer in square
serpentine channels with right angles was simulated
[46C]. Heat transfer augmentation in a channel was
examined using concavities in contrast to the more
common approach of using protruding elements [47C].
The complex-variable boundary element method was
used to analyze forced convection in cooling passages
with general convex cross-sections [50C]. The heat and
mass transfer characteristics in a two-pass smooth
channel with a 180° turn were examined experimentally [52C]; a 180° turn was also studied with di€erent
divider thicknesses [56C]. Straight and 90° turn trapezoidal ducts were studied using a transient liquid
crystal method [54C]. A numerical study of the laminar mixed-convection heat transfer of air in concave
and convex channels was conducted; a large parametric space was considered [58C]. Flow and heat
transfer characteristics in a sinusoidal wavy passage
were studied experimentally [61C]. Trapezoidal and
hexagonal ducts were studied under fully developed
conditions using ®nite di€erence methods [62C]. Elliptic and rectangular cross-sectioned ducts were examined for incompressible laminar ¯ow with constant
properties; ®nite di€erence methods were used [63C].
Localized heat sources were modeled in a channel
using ®brous materials [41C]. Experiments were conducted to determine local heat transfer coecients at
the junctions of rectangular channels [43C]. The general expression for the spreading resistance of an iso¯ux, rectangular heat source on a two-layer
rectangular Bur channel was presented [69C]. The
vortex shedding by an oblique plate was used to enhance the heat transfer of mixed convection ¯ow
[67C,68C]. Correlation of fully developed heat transfer
and pressure drop in a symmetrical grooved channel
was provided [66C]. The symmetrically coupled
Gauss±Seidel-based multi-grid method was investigated
by applying it to three-dimensional conjugate heat
transfer [65C]. The developing ¯ow and heat transfer
in a wavy passage were studied numerically [64C].
A ®nite element solution of the ¯ow and heat tranfer
in a cross-¯ow tube-®n compact heat exchanger was

3590

R.J. Goldstein et al. / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 44 (2001) 3579±3699

presented [60C]. A numerical study of conjugate heat
transfer in an inclined tube was conducted [59C]. An
experimental study of heat transfer from a vertical
tube in a gas±solid spouted bed was used to assess
several parametric e€ects [57C]. The heat transfer in
gas turbines blades was studied experimentally by
studying a pin±®n trapezoidal duct [53C]. One paper
considered the in¯uence of rib-roughness on the
turbulent ¯ow in gas turbine passages [55C]. The
numerical solution of laminar and transitional ¯ow
was provided to evaluate the heat transfer in crosscorrugated ducts [42C]. A joint experimental and
numerical study of fully developed forced convection
in large rectangular ducts was presented [48C].
Buoyancy-assisted and buoyancy-opposed ¯ow in
inclined semicircular ducts was studied numerically
[44C]. A concentric annulus with peripherally varying
and axially constant heat ¯ux was investigated theoretically [45C]. Tapered capillaries were modeled [49C]
as was the cavity out¯ow from a nearly horizontal
pipe [51C].
4.4. Finned and pro®led ducts
The heat transfer in a turbulent square channel
with v-shaped broken ribs was investigated experimentally and numerically [70C]. Turbulent heat
transfer and pressure drop in annular regions with
rectangular ®ns were studied experimentally [72C]. The
in¯uence of periodically arranged rib-roughness elements was studied experimentally and numerically
[73C]. One study considered the optimisation of the
geometry of tubes with internally asymmetrical ®ns
under laminar ¯ow conditions [78C]. The heat transfer
and ¯uid ¯ow in rib-roughened rectangular ducts was
experimentally investigated [83C]. DNS simulation was
used to study the ¯ow in a rib-roughened channel
[84C]. A numerical study was conducted on the turbulent ¯ow and heat transfer in internally ®nned tubes
[86C]. Local heat transfer measurements were made in
a rig-roughened serpentine passage with a 180° sharp
bend [88C]. Turbulent heat transfer was studied in
inner heated annuli with arti®cially roughened outer
walls [89C]. Symmetric and asymmetric rough walls
were investigated for fully developed turbulent ¯ow in
ducts [91C]. The experimental and numerical study of
rib angle, rib pitch, rib height and rib con®guration
were addressed in one study [95C]. Periodically
mounted transverse vortex generators were studied
numerically in a Reynolds number range from laminar
to oscillatory transitional [101C]. Internally wave-like
longitudinal ®ns were studied experimentally; pressure
drop and heat transfer characteristics were considered
[105C]. An experimental study of heat transfer in a
reciprocating square-sectioned duct ®tted with transverse ribs was conducted [76C,77C]. The heat transfer

and pressure loss characteristics of ¯ow in channels
with ¯ush-mounted and protruding heat sources were
examined experimentally [102C]. A spirally ®nned tube
was studied numerically for fully developed ¯ow
conditions [106C]. The absorption process of water
vapor into lithium bromide solution was reported;
experimental heat and mass transfer results were presented [104C]. The in¯uence of ¯ow velocity and ®n
spacing on the heat transfer characteristics from an
annular-®nned tube was found in the literature [103C].
The forced convection heat transfer from ¯ushmounted discrete heat sources was studied experimentally [99C]. Alternate attached-detached rib-arrays
in rectangular ducts were studied experimentally [98C].
A three-dimensional computational study of conjugate
heat exchangers was conducted for wavy ®n surfaces
[97C]. A rib-roughened square channel experiencing a
45°turning was studied [96C,71C]. Experimental work
described the heat transfer from a rough-smooth annulus where small regions with ribbing had been removed [93C]. The placement of a cylinder of various
aspect ratios in a channel was studied experimentally
[90C]. Rectangular ®n-tube arrangements were investigated; thermal and geometrical parametrics were
considered [75C]. The in¯uence of streamwise vorticity
on frost growth was studied in steady, laminar ¯ow in
a channel [94C]. A three-dimensional computational
method was used to study the ¯ow and heat transfer
in internally ®nned tubes with multilobe vortex generators [100C]. A numerical study considered laminar
natural convection in horizonal annuli with radial ®ns
[92C]. The heat transfer eciency of ®ne metal honeycombs was studied [87C]. The impact of imbedded
longitudinal vortices was examined in a turbulent
channel ¯ow [85C]. The turbulent heat transfer in internally ®nned tubes was experimentally studied [82C].
Temperature ®elds in turbulent channel ¯ows were
studied for smooth and rough walls [81C]. The e€ect
of sinusoidal protuberances on the natural convection
in a vertical concentric annulus was considered [80C].
Experiments were conducted to determine local ¯ow
and heat transfer characteristics within the ®nned region of a cowled, annularly ®nned cylinder [79C]. A
channel ¯ow perturbed by turbulent ¯ow separation
was studied [74C].
4.5. Channel ¯ows with periodic motion and secondary
¯ow
Laminar-forced convection in a circular duct was
studied for the case of sinusoidal variation of the axial
heat ¯ux [107C]. Mass transfer enhancement caused by
pulsatile laminar ¯ow in an axisymmetric wavy channel
was examined numerically [113C]. A swirl chamber with
and without inlet forcing due to vortex generators was
investigated [119C]. Temperature measurements were

R.J. Goldstein et al. / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 44 (2001) 3579±3699

made in pulse tube ¯ow using Rayleigh scattering
[111C]. Pulsation due to resonance and the concomitant
impact on heat transfer was studied in a turbulent pipe
¯ow [120C,121C]. Pulsatile turbulent ¯ow was also
studied at various frequencies, amplitudes and Reynolds
numbers [110C]. A numerical study was undertaken to
better understand the swirling ¯ow in a sudden-expansion dump combustor con®guration; the SIMPLER algorithm was employed [108C]. Secondary ¯ow and the
associated heat transfer characteristics were studied in
horizontal parallel-plate and convergent channels heated
from below [109C]. A numerical solution was presented
on the laminar swirling ¯ow between two ®xed cones
having the same apex angle [115C]. Thermal design
correlations for turbulent ¯ow in helically enhanced
tubes was found in the literature [116C]. The role of inlet
turbulence on the development of ¯ow and heat transfer
in a helically coiled pipe was studied numerically [114C].
The swirling ¯ow and heat transfer phenomena relevant
to internal turbine blade cooling were studied [112C].
Entropy generation, heat transfer and irreversibility
were investigated for swirling ¯ow in a circular duct with
restriction [122C]. A rectangular channel subject to
concave heating was investigated experimentally [117C].
The local heat transfer characteristics along narrow
channels was investigated by holographic interferometry
[118C].
4.6. Multi-phase channel ¯ow
Fluid-to-particle heat transfer coecients were examined using a calorimetric approach under tube-¯ow
conditions [131C]. Local measurements were made at
high pressure and low temperatures in a droplet-laden
vapor core in upward R-134a annular ¯ow of a vertical
duct [129C]. Heat transfer results were presented for
two-phase He II ¯ow in a horizontal duct [128C].
Comparisons were made of 20 two-phase heat transfer
correlations; seven sets of data were used including ¯ow
pattern and tube inclination e€ects [127C]. Two-phase
¯ow patterns were studied in small diameter round and
rectangular tubes [125C]. Heat transfer enhancement
due to slug bubbles passing through a capillary channel
submerged in a liquid was modeled [124C]. The ¯ow and
heat transfer characteristics of a slurry containing
microencapsulated phase-charge materials were investigated experimentally [130C]. A theoretical model was
developed to analyze the thermal storage and heat
transfer characteristics in a phase change material outside a circular tube with heat transfer ¯uid inside the
tube [132C]. The oil±air±water three-phase ¯ow through
a helically coiled pipe was studied experimentally; the
goal of the work is to develop new ¯ow separation
technology [123C]. Computational results are presented
for the heat dissipation rate per unit area in a sheared
granular ¯ow [126C].

3591

4.7. Non-Newtonian ¯ow
A theoretical study was conducted to evaluate the
heat transfer characteristics of a power-law ¯uid in a
porous channel with constant wall heat ¯ux and
constant temperature [133C]. The heat transfer behavior of a non-Newtonian ¯uid was studied in a 2:1
rectangular channel; the Reiner±Rivlin constitutive
relation was used to model the ¯uid [138C]. The
steady heat transfer to water and purely viscous nonNewtonian ¯uid ®lms falling down a vertical tube was
measured for uniform wall heat ¯ux of a power-law
¯uid [137C]. A theoretical model of laminar ¯ow of
non-Newtonian ¯uids is presented; heat transfer
characteristics were the primary focus of the study
[134C]. The heat transfer reduction parameters were
quanti®ed [135C]. The steady-state heat transfer associated with mixed lubrication involving signi®cant
frictional heating was studied [140C]. The entrance
region of viscoplastic materials inside tubes was analyzed; the material viscosity was modeled by the
Herschel±Bulkley equation [139C]. The laminar ¯ow
of a Bingham plastic in a circular tube with uniform
wall heat ¯ux was studied [136C].
4.8. Miscellaneous channel ¯ow
The three-dimensional ¯ow and heat transfer in the
Sulzer SMX static mixer was computed; both Newtonian and non-Newtonian power-law ¯uids were considered [146C]. Drag reduction and the corresponding
heat transfer reductions were examined in internally
grooved rough tubes; a surfactant solution of Ethoquad
O/12 was used [143C]. The fully developed, laminar,
steady, free- and forced-convection heat transfer in an
electrically conducting ¯uid was studied numerically
[141C]. Experiments were carried out to determine the
e€ect of air extraction on the ¯ow uniformity in a
combustor [147C]. Unsteady heat transfer to compressible ¯uids though the acoustic-heat release coupling was
studied [145C]. The concept of a time-invariant turbulent ¯ame speed is used to develop a kinematic model of
the response of a ¯ame to ¯ow disturbances [144C]. The
combustion process in a channel with supersonic inlet
conditions was investigated [142C].
5. Separated ¯ows
Flows experiencing abrupt changes in geometry are
often plagued by separation and reattachment. The
general category of separated ¯ows considers a variety
of geometries including: sudden expansions; ¯ows past
blu€ objects; ¯ows experiencing shock interactions;
and the myriad of tube bundle con®gurations common
in heat exchangers. The three-dimensional ¯ow and

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R.J. Goldstein et al. / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 44 (2001) 3579±3699

heat transfer over a backward-facing step was examined using the SIMPLER method [28D]. A numerical
study was also conducted of the transient mixed
convection on a backward facing step [15D]. The
laminar ¯ow of a non-linear viscoplastic ¯uid was
studied in a combined experimental and numerical
study; the axisymmetric sudden expansion was considered [13D]. The average Nusselt number is computed for laminar-mixed convection from an
isothermal cylinder in cross¯ow [1D]. The thermal¯uid behavior behind a heated horizontal cylinder is
studied experimentally using two-dimensional particle
tracking velocimetry [18D]. Overall heat transfer coecients were determined experimentally for U-bends
in cross¯ow [14D]. The ¯ow over a rectangular solid
body with constant heat ¯ux was investigated; entropy
analysis was presented using a numerical control volume approach [30D]. Similarity solutions of unsteady
laminar ¯ow of compressible two-dimensional and
axisymmetric boundary layers were presented [32D].
Analytical solutions for the transient analysis of twodimensional cylindrical pin ®ns with tip convection
were provided [31D]. The study of transition and
turbulence in hypersonic blunt-body wake ¯ows indicated that transition was the result of the instability of
the free shear layer emanating from the shoulder
[27D]. Prandtl number e€ects were examined in convective turbulence [33D]. Non-equilibrium chemistry
models were studied by comparison to experiments
conducted in a shock tunnel; the double-wedge ¯ow
was considered [29D]. Experimental results were presented of the local heat transfer on a wall-mounted
cube placed in a developing turbulent channel ¯ow
[25D]. Spatially periodic cubes placed on one wall of a
plane channel were studied; both vortex structure and
heat transfer characteristics were considered [24D].
The heat transfer and ¯uid ¯ow past large horizontal
cylinders were studied experimentally in water; the
cylinder was held at uniform heat ¯ux [19D]. Numerical studies of blunted leading-edged airfoils were
used to create analytical models for peak heat transfer
rates [12D]. Experiments were performed to investigate
the heat transfer over a heated oscillating cylinder;
local heat transfer measurements were complimented
by ¯ow visualisation studies [10D]. Local and surfaceaveraged heat transfer measurements were made in
convex-louvered ®n arrays [9D]. The e€ects of thermal
boundary conditions on the modeling of heat transfer
from pins and endwalls were considered [7D]. A
subgrid-scale model was used to study the twodimensional time-dependent subcritical ¯ow in a
staggered tube bundle [5D]. A parametric investigation
of supersonic ¯ow of a viscous gas considered angles
of incidence and slip [4D]. A numerical approach was
used to analyze the transient ¯ow through in-line and
staggered tube banks [3D]. A numerical approach

based on the adjoint formulation of forced convection
heat transfer was proposed [26D]. The exact analytical
solution was given for the separating boundary layer
¯ow induced by a continuously stretching surface
[23D]. The temperature ®eld in the near wake region
of a heated ribbon in air and water was obtained
experimentally [21D]. The hypersonic thermochemical
non-equilibrium air ¯ow over blunt bodies was examined numerically [22D]. Scale and pressure e€ects
on the performance of combustors were considered
using new experimental data [11D]. The classical
Leveque solution of heat transfer induced by a small
step change in the surface temperature in a shear ¯ow
is revisited [20D]. Heat transfer measurements were
made to better understand the thermal-¯uid characteristics in the leading edge region of a stator vane
endwall [17D]. The heat transfer rates from large
droplets of a monodisperse spray onto a high temperature surface were measured [8D]. The heat transfer in a blu€-body methane±air combustor was
modeled using the probability density function [6D]. A
numerical study of the heat convection from a sphere
in an oscillating stream was considered in the forced
and mixed convection regimes [2D]. The heat transfer
from a liquid drop in a liquid environment was
studied under creeping ¯ow and moderate Reynolds
number conditions [16D].
6. Porous media
6.1. Highlights
6.1.1. Fundamental advances
Basic work continues to seek generality in the description of transport properties, but few experimental
studies were reported. There appears to be a rising level
of interest in extending the Dary±Brinkman±Forcheimer
formulation to the equations of change to systems in
which the porous matrix deforms as a result of heating
and species transfer. Modeling isotropy near a solid
boundary and its e€ects on heat transfer motivated
experimental and analytical studies that appear to have
potential for future contributions.
6.1.2. Property determinations
Although no major breakthroughs were reported on
predicting the e€ective thermal conductivity of a saturated porous medium, the literature keeps growing. The
majority of research seeks to apply various analytical
techniques to the problem. De®nitive experiments are
yet to have been conceived and realized.
6.1.3. External ¯ow and heat transfer
Most papers published dealt with the heat and mass
transfer associated with immersed surfaces. The e€ects

R.J. Goldstein et al. / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 44 (2001) 3579±3699

of a variety of thermal and concentration boundary
conditions were investigated.
6.1.4. Packed and ¯uidized beds
This sub-®eld continues to produce a large number of
articles because of the diculty in generalizing the behavior of packed and ¯uidized beds. Fluidisation in a
con®ned volume was investigated numerically, and
various studies sought to determine wall boundary
condition e€ects on over-bed performance.
6.1.5. Porous layers and enclosures
Studies in this area treated a variety of systems that
model those encountered in environmental heat and
mass transfer problem. Modeling ¯ow and heat transfer
in micromachined channel systems was approached via a
volume-averaged porous media model.
6.1.6. Coupled heat and mass transfer
The equations describing coupled heat and mass
transfer in porous media remain the subject of much
research owing to the diculty in modeling the physics
at whatever length scale intended. Porous and fractured
systems received attention largely because of environmental heat and mass transfer problems, and some
modeling e€orts were extended to multi-component,
three-phase systems.
6.2. Fundamental advances
The departure from local thermal equilibrium in
conduction transients in a saturated porous medium was
characterized by a new dimensionless group, the Sparrow number, that includes the length scales of the pore
and system, the interstitial heat transfer coecient, and
the thermophysical properties [6DP]. Another study
presented the criteria for local thermal equilibrium in
terms of the thermal conductivity ratio [4DP]. Luikov's
equations for coupled heat and mass transfer were analyzed to reveal the quantitative basis for the cross-effects of heat and mass transfer in capillary porous media
[2DP,11DP].
Two- and three-scale mixture theories were developed to describe hydration and swelling in smectic clays
as an advance beyond the classical thermo-consolidation
model of non-swelling media [7DP,8DP]. A notable result of the modeling and homogenisation procedures
employed is a general inter-phase mass transfer equation. The equations for Darcy ¯ow in a poroelastic
medium of low permeability were developed and solved
for range ¯ow rates and temperature ®elds [14DP]. A
similar study presented a numerical solution for large
Rayleigh number free convection in layers heated from
below [16DP]. Wetting phenomena within porous coatings was investigated to gain insight on the changes that
such surfaces bring to heat transfer laws and values of

3593

the critical heat ¯ux [1DP]. The origin of the Forchheimer term was investigated within a framework set by the
momentum and energy balance equations and applied to
saturated thermo-eleastic media and multi-phase porous
systems; veri®cation with a one-dimensional laboratory
model was obtained [5DP]. The e€ect of either a magnetic ®eld or rotation added to the momentum equation
for ¯ow in a porous medium was shown to require a
porosity term that is linked to pressure in Darcy's law
[10DP].
The e€ects of isotropy on ¯ow and heat transfer in a
porous medium were analyzed via models of viscous
¯ow past a triangular array of cylinders. Isotropy was
modeled via the inclination of the cylinder array [15DP],
and a boundary perturbation technique determined that
the velocity distribution was third-order [13DP].
Turbulence in a porous medium was modeled with a
two-equation model and volume-averaged transport
[9DP]. The long-standing problem of heat transfer
between the ¯uid and solid phases of a porous medium
was modeled by obtaining the local interface Nusselt
number numerically and then extracting volumetric
Nusselt numbers via integral measurements [3DP].
Related work was presented on the e€ects of matrix
morphology on coupled transport for which a parallel
pore model was employed to obtain analytical solutions
for permeability and dispersion coecients [12DP].
6.2.1. Property determinations
Most work on the properties of porous media centered on the e€ective thermal conductivity, and a comprehensive review of e€ective thermal conductivity was
presented in connection with heat transfer in highly
porous chars [26DP]. Studies of speci®c thermophysical
properties included permeability in reactive systems
[31DP,34DP], dispersion coecients [27DP], e€ects of
pressure in defomable media [36DP], and acoustic
velocity in aerogels [20DP]. Interesting work on laser
attenuation in ¯uid-saturated porous media was presented [21DP].
Experimental data were obtained on e€ective thermal
conductivity in the form of equations applicable to
building bricks [37DP], ammonium chloride [17DP],
graphite-calcium chloride composites [22DP], and dry
sand [35DP]. An experimental technique was developed
for systems in which coupled conductive and radiative
heat transfer take place [28DP].
The e€ective thermal conductivity tensor was predicted by a variety of methods that embraced speci®c
structural models of the matrix, unit cells, cell arrays,
and interfacial heat transfer models. Deterministic
structural models include a periodic array coupled to the
volume-averaged conservation equations [24DP]. A
moving reference frame that converts the convection
problem to conduction and the unit cell concept were
applied to ®brous porous media [23DP]. Fractal theory

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R.J. Goldstein et al. / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 44 (2001) 3579±3699

was applied in another modeling study for high-porosity
metal foams [18DP,33DP]. For transient conduction, a
closure model that embodies geometrical factors and
interfacial heat transfer was applied to periodically
packed cubes to determine the e€ective thermal conductivity [25DP]. Particle-to-particle heat transfer and
particle connectivity were the crucial factors in determining the e€ective conductivity of a packed bed of
mono-sized spheres [19DP]. When particles exhibit
microasperity gaps and deformed contacts, the e€ective
conductivity was found to be strongly a€ected by interstitial ¯uid, contact diameter, and ¯uid and solid
conductivities [32DP].
Material with microcracks was modeled as porous
medium to take into account the contact area and average crack opening between grains [30DP]. For hightemperature applications, radiation within gas cavities
alters both the local equivalent and the e€ective conductivities [29DP].
6.2.2. External ¯ow and heat transfer
The majority of studies for the past year concerned
transport from very simple impermeable surfaces imbedded in saturated porous media. One of them generalized the transport problem via exact, asymptotic and
numerical solutions for convection over sources of
various shape, including those at the pore-network scale
[48DP]. Another reports experimental data and a correlation for buoyancy-driven mass transfer from spheres
embedded in a saturated medium [54DP]. A related
analytical study revealed the time and length scales of
unsteady mass transport from an immersed sphere at
®nite Peclet number [40DP].
Mixed and free convection for vertical immersed
surfaces were analyzed largely by similarity methods for
variable surface heat ¯ux [42DP], variable surface temperature [44DP,46DP,55DP], suction and injection
[50DP,60DP,62DP,63DP], temperature-dependent viscosity [45DP], non-Newtonian ¯uids [43DP], variable
porosity [38DP,56DP], convective e€ects on melting
from an imbedded vertical surface [45DP], and thermally strati®ed media [39DP,47DP]. Heat transfer from
horizontal ¯at plate immersed in a porous medium was
analyzed for asymptotic behavior for laminar-forced
¯ow [59DP], and for parameterized regimes of free
convection on a horizontal plate [58DP]. For heat and
mass transfer from bodies of arbitrary shape imbedded
in a porous medium, such as a truncated cone, the
governing equations were ®rst transformed by the Keller
box method [61DP]. Some interesting work appeared on
the e€ects of inertial and a spanwise pressure gradient on
three-dimensional but self-similar free convection on a
vertical plate [57DP]. The time-dependent migration of
species from a leaking, heat source within a porous
medium was calculated for Darcy ¯ow and buoyant
convection [51DP].

Several studies investigated various aspects of ¯ow
and heat transfer on porous plates. Forced convection
from a ¯at plate enhanced by a porous substrate
was numerically investigated by the fully extended
Darcy equations [49DP]. The e€ect of random porosity
on the heat transfer performance of a porous boundary was studied under impinging ¯ow conditions
[41DP,52DP,53DP].
6.2.3. Packed and ¯uidized beds
Research on packed beds focused on local and
overall descriptions of heat and mass transfer. Wall heat
transfer coecients were of particular interest, and the
determining of the overall e€ective heat and mass
transfer coecients for the bed was addressed theoretically and experimentally [65DP,86DP,102DP]. Local
quantities of interest in ®xed bed systems included the
particle-to-¯uid heat transfer coecient [88DP] and interstitial ¯uid dispersion [82DP]. Transient ®xed beds
were modeled for optimisation of heat transfer and to
test models of wall heat and mass transfer coecients
[84DP,90DP,91DP]. A moving ®xed bed was analyzed in
the same context for heat recovery applications [68DP].
The yield from a ®xed bed reactor via injection of a
ballast gas to control oxidation was addressed with a
one-dimensional model [94DP]. An experimental study
was reported on use of a combination of plasma discharge and adsorption in a ®xed bed reactor to reduce
production of nitrous oxide in the oxidation of benzene
[93DP]. Combined conduction and radiation with variable porosity was investigated numerically for several
porosity distributions and e€ective thermal conductivity
[105DP].
Three reviews presented a broad picture of heat and
mass transfer in ¯uidized beds and cover heat transfer
characteristics of mechanically stimulated particle beds
[98DP], measurement techniques [104DP], and the
phenomenology of fast ¯uidisation [70DP].
Fundamental advances on ¯ow and transport in
¯uidized beds were reported in a number of areas. A
comprehensive numerical and experimental study on
¯uidisation in a con®ned volume revealed new ¯uidisation regimes and regions of stability [101DP].
Generalized models were developed to describe twoand three-component beds [64DP,77DP,79DP], and
similarity variables were established for circulating
and bubble-¯uidized beds [99DP,100DP]. Modeling
and experimentation on total and radiative heat
transfer in a circulating bed showed good agreement
when independent scattering theory for the radiative
transfer was applied [87DP]. Measurement and
prediction of heat transfer to immersed tubes were
addressed in a number of studies, and heat transfer
coecients were more precisely related to the characteristics of the ¯ow regime and bed type, e.g., ¯uid±
solid±solid [71DP,80DP, 107DP]. One study employed

R.J. Goldstein et al. / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 44 (2001) 3579±3699

an Eulerian formulation of the particulate enthalpy
equation via the kinetic theory of granular ¯ow to
predict enhanced heat transfer to a single immersed
tube [95DP]. A gas±solid±solid circulating bed was
conceptualized as combination of the packed and ¯uidized bed, and experiments on the e€ect of the ¯uidized
solid phase on conversion and heat transfer rate in a
reacting bed were reported [78DP]. Entropy generation
in a rectangular packed bed as a result of heating at the
wall and frictional e€ects was shown to be discontinuous across the bed [72DP].
Measurements of various operational characteristics
and transport phenomena of ¯uidized beds continued to
expand the literature. A fast response heat transfer
probe was developed for instantaneous heat transfer
coecients in slurry bubble column [85DP]. The dynamics of heat transfer between a hot wire probe and
gas ¯uidized beds was reported for an air±silica powder
bed [66DP]. A rapid measurement technique and model
of particle-to-liquid heat transfer was reported for
liquid±solid and gas±solid beds [67DP]. Momentum
dissipation of jet dispersion in a gas±solid bed was
measured using a pitot tube [103DP]. A pilot plant study
of a 100 kW graphite bed melter was run to test design
assumptions for a high-frequency induction power
generator [89DP].
A new correlation for the wall-to-¯uid mass transfer
in liquid±solid beds was developed [96DP]. Measurements were reported on emission and heat transfer in
pressurized ¯uid bed coal combustion [75DP]. Data on
ignition and degradation times for loosely packed straw
beds revealed the e€ects of swelling and leaching of the
straw [73DP]. Thermal imaging was used to visualize the
motion of clusters of particles near the wall of a circulating bed [92DP], and bed to wall transfer coecients
were reported [69DP,81DP]. A time series analysis of
local voids revealed the correlation dimension and Komogorov entropy of void ¯uctuation in a liquid±solid
bed [83DP]. Particle concentration pro®les and correlations for local voids were presented for a circulating bed
[106DP].
Coupled ¯uid bed reactors were employed in a conceptual study that demonstrated oxygen production and
carbon dioxide liquefaction [97DP]. The burning of
clinkers associated with cement manufacture via ¯uid
bed combustion successfully demonstrated the viability
of low-grade fuels and the reduction of NOx emissions
[76DP]. New technology and detailed measurements
were presented on decontamination of ¯uidized catalystabsorbent beds [74DP].
6.2.4. Layers and enclosures
The criterion for stability presented by the Horton±
Rogers±Lapwood problem was experimentally veri®ed
[118DP]. The linear and ®nite amplitude stability
problems for a water-saturated system near the density

3595

maximum yielded the possibility of sub-critical
convection and multiple solutions [131DP]. Critical
Rayleigh numbers were determined for a saturated
layer overlying a solid layer [149DP]. The e€ects of
through-¯ow on thermo-convective stability in layers
containing micropolar ¯uids showed that the addition
of Coriolis forces enhanced stabilizing and destabilizing e€ects of the through-¯ow [134DP]. For a tilted
cavity ®lled with a binary ¯uid, the onset of doubledi€usive convection exhibited Hopf bifurcations that
depend on the layer aspect ratio and a Lewis number
[123DP]. When solidi®cation takes place in the porous-layer extension of the Rayleigh±Benard problem,
the onset of convection is signi®cantly a€ected by the
presence of the solid, degree of solidi®cation, and the
thermal boundary conditions [130DP]. A stability
analysis for a system comprising liquid and vapor
layers was applied to the development of plausible
structures for geothermal systems [141DP]. Random
walk methods were applied to heat transfer and energy storage in porous aquifer systems by neglecting
free convection e€ects and de®ning local velocities by
the analytical solution at a single source or sink
[112DP,113DP].
Natural convection in layers and cavities was analyzed for a ¯uid layer overlying a porous layer saturated
with the same ¯uid [147DP], non-Darcy ¯ow
[138DP,139DP], horizontal temperature gradients and a
non-Newtonian ¯uid [135DP,146DP]. Experiments were
reported that identi®ed the Rayleigh-regimes of twoand three-dimensional ¯ows [114DP]. Boundary layers
under double-di€usive free convection in a square cavity
were demonstrated to change their overall character
under opposing ¯ow conditions, and Rayleigh-regimes
were identi®ed where temperature and concentration
boundary layers vanished [108DP,109DP]. The propagation of an intruding plume in a double layer system
with contrasting permeability was determined via
numerical analysis [144DP,145DP]. Numerical methods
were presented for the general cavity problem by which
computation time can be signi®cantly reduced [117DP].
Transient free convection in layers bounded from below
by a segment of sphere showed almost no e€ects of
buoyancy in the early stages of the transient, and only
the recirculating ¯ow in the central region of the layer
exhibited a dependence on the conductivity ratio
[153DP].
Free convection in a porous annulus was numerically
analyzed under conditions where the wall is thermally
coupled to the ¯ow [116DP] and confocal elliptical
boundaries [143DP]. One study demonstrated that heat
transfer enhancement can be obtained by inserting a
porous perturbation, or plug, in the gap of an otherwise
open annulus [119DP].
Convection in a vertical porous layer comprising a
¯owing granular material was analyzed numerically, and

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R.J. Goldstein et al. / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 44 (2001) 3579±3699

key regimes of heat transfer identi®ed [133DP]. An
analysis was presented for a ®xed matrix that showed
that a higher temperature di€erence is needed to achieve
the similar ¯ow when a couple stress ¯uid is present
[148DP]. An extensive numerical study of free convection in a vertical porous cylinder with volumetric heat
generation reported e€ects of Darcy number variation
on average Nusselt numbers [122DP]. Double-di€usive
free convection in a vertical driven by constant heat and
mass ¯uxes at the boundaries was determined for a fairly
large range of Rayleigh and Lewis numbers [132DP].
Free convection e€ects on solidi®cation of a superheated
¯uid were determined numerically via a freeze-front
tracking method, and several regimes of convection were
identi®ed [152DP].
Experiments on mixed convection in a vertical
porous channel under asymmetric heating demonstrated the existence of secondary lows and identi®ed
limits of the free, mixed and forced convection ¯ow
regimes [142DP]. Studies of mixed convection in bottom-heated layers and channels considered the e€ects
of rotation [150DP] and the e€ects of sudden expansion of the ¯ow cross-section [151DP]. For the latter,
average Nusselt numbers were found to be very close
to those for the bottom-heated channel. Flow and
heat transfer in unsteady mixed convection with volumetric heating in an enclosure driven by a moving
upper surface was determined via ®nite di€erence solutions [124DP].
Forced convection in porous channels was modeled
with a two-equation formulation, including transverse
conduction, and analytical results were compared with
those due to the one-equation formulation [129DP].
Other one-equation formulations determined average
Nusselt numbers and the e€ects of property variations,
non-Darcy e€ects, and pulsating ¯ow [110DP,111DP,
115DP,126DP,140DP]. The e€ects of a temperaturedependent viscosity on Nusselt numbers were determined experimentally [137DP]. Fluid ¯ow and heat
transfer between a ¯uid and porous interface in channel
¯ow were analyzed using boundary-layer approximations [128DP]. Local thermal equilibrium e€ects and
thermal coupling to the wall were analyzed for forced
convection, and a new solid-to-¯uid exchange parameter
and dispersion model were [120DP,121DP,136DP]. An
assembly of microchannels was modeled as a porous
medium, and its heat transfer capabilities were determined for various aspect ratios and e€ective thermal
conductivity [125DP].
Experiments on buoyancy e€ects of boiling in vertical
tube with a constant wall heat ¯ux revealed a critical
heat ¯ux criterion for mass ¯ux [154DP]. Heat transfer
results were also reported on ¯ow with boiling in a
channel with metallic porous inserts and a cryogenic
¯uid [127DP].

6.2.5. Coupled heat and mass transfer
Fundamental work on the equations that describe
coupled heat and mass transfer in porous media
focused on saturated and unsaturated systems that
arise in a wide range of engineering and environmental
problems. One basic study concerned moisture and
heat transfer between a capillary porous body and a
gas±vapor environment without bulk ¯ow [170DP]. A
general thermodynamic theory was developed on the
constitutive equations of an elastic, incompressible
porous solid, ®lled with an incompressible liquid and
compressible gas [162DP]. A derivation of the basic
conservation equations via an approach based on
continuum mechanics was shown to produce the same
equations as are obtained via volume averaging
[193DP]. Closed form solutions of the Luikov equations for capillary porous bodies were developed using
a periodic solutions and Laplace transforms [167DP,
188DP]. Thermodynamic cross-e€ects in a two-component di€usion substitution process were uncoupled
using the eigenstates of the di€usivity matrix [174DP].
Non-similar solutions for heat and mass transfer from
a wedge embedded in a saturated porous medium were
obtained for the entire range of ¯ow from forced
to free convection [214DP]. Crystal growth in hydrothermal systems was successfully modeled as a coupled
heat and mass transfer process in a porous medium
[159DP,160DP]. An analysis was presented on deposition with polymorphic transformation of gallium oxide
on a porous matrix [155DP].
Modeling convective di€usion and the fate of the
volatile gases in non-isothermal soil systems focused on
inter-phase transport and degradation of the volatile
component [184DP,200DP] and on e€ects of a deformable solid phase [201DP,202DP,220DP]. When toxic
compounds are convected with sorption±desorption and
decay in underground systems, a set of coupled equations describing the ¯ow and concentration ®elds was
solved to determine regions of pollution [171DP].
Analysis of multi-component adsorption-based separation processes in particle-bed systems showed that a
single energy equation for macroscopic temperature in
the bed is sucient for most practical applications
[195DP]. For an unsaturated system exposed to a large
surface heat ¯ux, a three-phase model was developed to
describe the movement of the evaporation zone and
determine the intrapore pressure distribution [215DP]. A
three-dimensional model of transport in unsaturated
media in which the matrix exhibits moisture di€usion
and a heat of respiration, such as exists in the storage of
foodstu€s, was developed using empirical data on temperature for heat of respiration [161DP,212DP]. The
prediction of moisture distribution in a porous annulus
was solved via an inverse method involving the temperature history at any point in the body [158DP].

R.J. Goldstein et al. / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 44 (2001) 3579±3699

A multi-component, multi-phase model of baking
was developed and validated with experimental data
obtained in baking potatoes [186DP]. The coupled
moisture and heat transport problem in intense microwave heating of biological materials identi®ed the criterion by which high-moisture loss rates will exist by
liquid ¯ow at the surface [187DP]. Energy recovery using porous hydrophyllic membranes was modeled as a
coupled heat and mass transfer problem in a porous
medium, and the structure of the temperature and
moisture ®elds internal to a cross-¯ow type of mass exchanger were identi®ed [216DP]. Three-dimensional
numerical solutions for the coupled transport processes
present during resin transfer molding were developed
and exercised for thick molds [163DP,179DP]. A sitescale model to simulate moisture, gas, and heat ¯ows in
fractured, low permeability rock was developed and
exercised for the geology of Yucca Mountain, Nevada
[211DP]. The e€ect of non-condensable gases on heat
transfer in porous rock structures such as found in hydrothermal systems was determined for a water±sodium
chloride±carbon dioxide system [177DP].
Experimental studies of coupled heat and mass
transfer continued to build a database on transport
mechanisms, to verify ad hoc modeling hypotheses, and
to test predictions for speci®c problem types. The heat of
absorption of toluene on microporous carbons was
measured by gas±vapor microcalorimetry [194DP].
Transport of heat and moisture around a heated cylinder in an unsaturated soil were measured under steady
and cyclic heating [182DP]. Evaporative transfer rates in
a vertical capillary structure heated at the top revealed
that the heat transfer coecient exhibits a maximum as
heating ¯ux is increased [173DP]. New data were presented on heat and mass transfer between a liquid desiccant and air in a packed bed regenerator using highliquid ¯ow rates [176DP]. Salinity and compaction
e€ects on soil±water evaporation were measured in open
soil columns [183DP]. The transport and fate of benzene
in non-isothermal salty solids was shown to depend on
the temperature and temperature gradient [185DP].
Basic processes of multi-phase ¯ow and heat transfer
in a porous medium under a variety of thermal boundary conditions were the subject of a good number of
theoretical papers. The temperature distribution during
boiling under conditions of percolation of liquid and
when vaporisation of liquid occurs inside the matrix was
determined via the solution of boundary value problem
with mixed boundary conditions [192DP]. When percolation patterns and capillary forces are dominant
during drying, a three-dimensional network simulation
of the pore system is found to adequately describe the
liquid phase structure and the formation of isolated
liquid clusters [172DP]. A multi-space scale, single timescale model of moisture and heat transfer in a swelling

3597

porous medium was developed that generalizes several
existing theories and models applicable on a restricted
space scale [156DP]. The enhancement of boiling heat
transfer via vapor channeling in porous layers was
demonstrated analytically [198DP]. When phase change
takes place at a heated side-wall of an enclosure, a decrease of permeability leads to an increase in the conversion of liquid to vapor [204DP]. E€ects of liquid
vapor coupling and non-Darcian transport in heat pipes
were determined via a closed form solution [221DP].
Flow boiling in a vertical capillary structure was characterized for aiding and opposing ¯ows [218DP].
Evaporation of a liquid from a wetted surface in natural
convection was shown to a€ect the overall heat transfer
coecient [166DP]. When the wetted surface partially
covers the upper surface of a cavity, vaporisation produces a liquid±vapor front that penetrates into the
porous medium [165DP]. An analytical solution was
obtained for coupled heat and mass transfer in the
stagnation region of air-¯ow in a heated porous bed
with liquid ®lm evaporation [217DP]. Condensation and
adsorption processes occurring during mass transfer in a
highly porous system were solved via direct statistical
simulation to reveal velocity ®elds and the existence of
non-condensable admixtures [197DP]. Natural convection in a porous medium coupled to condensation on an
impermeable vertical boundary was numerically analyzed, and overall heat transfer coecients were determined in terms of coupling parameters [181DP].
Applied and fundamental research on drying addressed a variety of industrially important problems. The
hygro-thermal behavior and damage of concrete at high
temperature was investigated numerically [168DP], and
experiments were run on drying with superheated steam
[203DP]. Drying of granular foodstu€s with thermal
coupling at the wall was the subject of theoretical and
experimental work aimed at the time±space evolution of
temperature and water content distributions [157DP,
178DP,222DP]. The e€ective di€usivity of foodstu€s
under low temperature drying was found to exhibit signi®cant e€ects of temperature in the evaporation±condensation regions [207DP]. A model of drying in a ®xed
bed reactor containing moist particles was developed and
included intra-particle pressure e€ects and conjugate
e€ects between the gas phase and the ®xed bed [208DP].
Measurements of moisture removal from a saturated
layer by convective di€usion into an overlying sub-layer
in which dry air is ¯owing were reported and compared
to a conceptual model [180DP]. A transformation of the
¯ow domain in a dryer was used to simplify the solution
for ¯ow ®eld and thus obtain a practical comparison
among potential dryer shapes [189DP±191DP]. A parametric experimental study of microwave freeze drying of
beef indicated that the e€ect of vacuum pressure on
drying time is negligible [209DP].

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Phase change and pyrolysis of the porous matrix due
to impulsive surface heating showed the existence of
delayed secondary impulses of intrapore pressure
[164DP]. A di€usion model was developed for the oxidation kinetics of zirconium alloy under stress at a porous oxide metal interface [219DP]. The transient
performance of a porous matrix combustor-heat exchanger was determined numerically for the coupled
transport processes within the system. [213DP]. Reaction in single polypropylene particle was studied experimentally, and reaction kinetics, monomer absorption
and microscale morphology were measured [210DP].
Experiments were reported on the in¯uence of noncombustible coating material on ¯ame propagation over
a solid fuel [206DP]. Measurements of heat and mass
transfer in a smoldering combustible solid in a microgravity environment revealed little e€ect of gravity on
kinetics and no self-sustained smolder propagation
[205DP]. Porous burners with an embedded heat
exchanger were modeled as a two-region system with a
coupling via a convective heat transfer coecient
[175DP]. Ignition of porous energetic materials was analyzed for large activation energy and shown to exhibit
three reactive±di€usive regions near the ignition surface
[199DP]. Heat transfer and combustion in dense porous
ceramic blends were investigated numerically for heating
at a constant rate [196DP]. Experiments and analysis of
combustion with cyclic ¯ow in a porous system established criteria for maximizing ¯ame temperature [169DP].
7. Experimental methods
Many experimental results are cited in other categories of this review. The purpose of this section is to
identify papers that focus on new or improved experimental measurement techniques or devices that are
useful in experimental studies of heat transfer. The
publications referenced here deal explicitly with some
aspect of heat transfer measurement or include a general
review of techniques that are applicable to heat transfer
measurements.
7.1. Heat ¯ux measurements
A comprehensive review of various heat ¯ux
measurement techniques applied to ¯uid mechanics and
heat transfer was published [1E]. Several optical methods have been used to measure surface heat ¯ux or the
heat transfer coecient including infrared radiation
[7E], a ¯uoroptic method [15E], shearing interferometry
[10E], thin layer thermography [4E] and the re¯ection of
visible light from a drying surface [9E]. Thin ®lm
techniques have been used to study thermal contact
conductance [8E] and to measure the local heat transfer
coecient [11E]. Transient heat transfer measurements

were made using a CO2 laser [2E] and liquid crystals
[6E]. Enthalpy changes were determined with several
types of calorimeters [3E,5E,12E].
7.2. Temperature measurements
Nearly all the methods described for temperature
measurement were non-invasive. Measurement techniques included the use of an atomic force microscope
[14E], a ¯uoroptic method for particles [15E], a resonant
acoustic cell [16E] and coherent anti-Stokes Raman
spectrometry [17E]. Other remote sensing techniques
include the use of liquid crystals [13E] and infrared
imaging [18E]. The reconstruction of a three-dimensional
temperature ®eld using a Mach±Zehnder interferometer
and tomography was described [19E]. Thermocouples
were applied to measure the temperature of a satellite
mesh re¯ector [20E].
7.3. Velocity and single-phase ¯ow measurements
A micromachined shear stress sensor was developed
to measure ¯uid velocity [25E]. Investigations were
made to quantify the e€ects of non-isothermal ¯ows
[21E] and the presence of a nearby wall [24E] on hot
wire anemometers. Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV)
methods were applied to the measurement of gas±solid
two-phase spiral ¯ows [26E] and ¯ows in the cylinder
of an internal combustion engine [27E]. Several authors
discussed the advantages and limitations of ¯owmeters
[22E,23E,28E].
7.4. Two-phase ¯ow measurements
Several papers describe the measurement of local
void fraction, interfacial area and local velocity in twophase liquid±vapor/gas ¯ows [30E±34E]. Space- and
time-resolved heat transfer variations during nucleate
pool boiling were measured using a high-speed chargecoupled device [29E].
7.5. Miscellaneous
Methods of measuring the thermal conductivity of
¯uids containing nanoparticles [35E] and the thermal
di€usivity of thin ®lms [40E] were described. Several
papers addressed the issue of measurement uncertainty
[36E,37E,38E,39E].
8. Natural convection ± internal ¯ows
8.1. Highlights
Mostly theoretical work on stability of the conduction solution and of supercritical ¯ows, including tran-

R.J. Goldstein et al. / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 44 (2001) 3579±3699

sitions to chaotic motion. DNS techniques continue to
gain favor for both laminar and turbulent free convection in all geometries. Transient free convection is
receiving a lot of attention in all areas of application.
Flow structures in cavity ¯ow and mixed convection in a
variety of geometries received both experimental and
theoretical treatment; and there appears to be continuing interest in the fundamental ¯uid dynamic
processes even though local and overall heat transfer has
been quantitatively determined and reduced to engineering correlations.
8.1.1. Fundamental studies
Two fundamental studies of internal free convection appearing are worthy of note in that they provide
experimental data for future theoretical work. One
study [11F] established the Nusselt-vs.-Rayleigh number relation for ¯uids with a mean Prandtl number of
O(104 ) to O(105 ) in a test cell with aspect ratios from
 4 to 20. Another [7F] investigated the in¯uence of
viscosity strati®cation on the interaction between
thermal convection and a stable viscosity discontinuity. Both experiments and numerical simulations were
carried out on the onset of ®nger-like convection in a
strati®ed layer produced by thermal and capillary
motion [4F].
Various aspects of the stability of the conduction
and convection regimes continue to occupy theorists.
The onset of convection in an initially stably strati®ed
layer [13F] and in bottom-heated layers where surface
tension e€ects are important [2F,10F,18F,19F] received
a good deal of attention. Mass transfer and temperature-dependent viscosity as factors in the onset of
motion were also considered [9F,17F,22F]. The e€ect
of micropolar ¯uids on the stability of the conduction
regime was determined for spherical layers [5F].
Buoyancy-driven instability in a layer of electrically
conducting ¯uid in the presence of a vertical magnetic
®eld and heated from below was investigated via a
collocation method [21F]. A review of the onset of
motion near the liquid-vapor critical point included a
discussion of piston e€ect on predictions of linear stability theory [3F].
Time-dependent Rayleigh±Benard convection was
computed in ¯uid layers via very large eddy simulation
[12F] and by direct numerical simulation [20F]. The
transitions to chaos in three-dimensional cavities at a
®xed Prandtl number were also computed by direct
numerical simulation and two mechanisms for transition
to non-periodic motion were identi®ed [1F,23F]. For
long inclined cavities heated at the ends, oscillatory and
stationary modes of instability were identi®ed as a
function of Prandtl number [8F].
An interesting theoretical paper appeared in which
functions and lines used for visualisation of the ¯ow can
be uni®ed from physical and numerical viewpoints [6F].

3599

The inverse natural convection problem of determining
the heat ¯ux, or the strength of a heat source, from
temperature measurement in the domain was solved
using a single sensor and a minimisation technique
[15F,16F]. A real-time phase-shift interferometer was
developed to measure di€usion ®elds without the e€ects
of double-di€usive convection, and testing of the device
was done in a microgravity environment [14F].
8.1.2. Thermocapillary ¯ows
Droplets in which thermocapillary e€ects drive ¯uid
motion were studied from several aspects. When a
droplet is heated with a short-duration energy pulse,
the resulting ¯ow structure was shown to be totally
di€erent in the case of negative surface-tension temperature coecient ¯uids [30F]. Another study reported
Prandtl number e€ects on buoyancy-driven ¯ow for
similar temperature coecients [29F]. Droplets with
internal thermocapillary circulation were shown to
have an impact on the local ambient temperature distribution and thus the migration speed of the droplet
[26F].
Experiments and analysis on oscillatory thermocapillary ¯ow were conducted in microgravity. Results point
to the necessity of a deformable surface for the onset of
¯ow [25F]. When either thermocapillary or buoyancydriven ¯ow is induced by a hot wire beneath the free
surface of a horizontal layer, the shape of the free surface above the wire is found to depend on the mechanism driving the ¯ow [27F]. Thermocapillary ¯ows in a
cavity with a free upper surface were investigated numerically to show that horizontal temperature and
concentration di€erences make opposing contributions
to the cavity ¯ow and the conditions at the free surface
[24F].
A stability analysis of thermocapillary convection in
cylindrical liquid bridges under an axial magnetic ®eld
established the form of the most dangerous disturbance
and the e€ects of properties and geometry on the ¯ow
and heat transfer [28F].
8.1.3. Enclosure heat transfer
Experimental studies addressed the e€ects of thermal
radiation in an air-®lled enclosure [57F] and the e€ects
of partitions [46F,58F]. The latter study resulted in
correlations for Nusselt numbers that validated already
existing numerical predictions. Some interesting experiments with complementary numerical analysis report
heat transfer coecients for tiled cavities that are either
partially or fully open at one end [37F,38F]. Nusselt
numbers of the benchmark problem for the cubical
cavity were measured for various angles of inclination
and Rayleigh numbers up to 105 [48F].
Density inversions, such as exist for water near 4°C,
were considered for rectangular cavities ranging from a
nearly ¯at layer to a narrow vertical slot. Correlations

3600

R.J. Goldstein et al. / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 44 (2001) 3579±3699

for the mean Nusselt number were developed to emphasize the aspect ratio e€ect [64F]. Magneto-convection for two- and three-dimensional and axisymmetric
cavities was analyzed to expose the details of both ¯ow
and magnetic ®elds [45F,52F,63F]. Oscillatory ¯ow and
heat transfer in a tall cavity in water near the density
maximum revealed a Hopf-type bifurcation followed by
a traveling wave along the maximum density contour
[43F]. Numerical results for ¯ow patterns and heat
transfer in a three-dimensional cavity were also presented with the temperature dependence of thermophysical properties taken into account [59F]. Convection
in a tall cylinder heated from below with arbitrary
thermal boundary conditions was analyzed to reveal
fundamental frequencies of instability [44F].
The e€ects of property variations on heat transfer
coecients in square cavities received a good deal of
attention for square and rectangular enclosures and a
fairly wide range of Prandtl numbers [35F]. A notable
result was that at low Prandtl number, Nusselt numbers
are well represented via a correlation of usual form when
properties are evaluated at the average temperature
[39F]. Other studies investigated the e€ects of inclination, non-uniform thermal boundary conditions, layering, and Prandtl number on ¯ow structure and heat
transfer [33F,34F,54F,55F].
Grid sensitivity in computations of low Rayleigh
number turbulent convection was eliminated by introducing a damping function into the buoyancy source
term [56F]. A comparison of direct numerical simulation
to large eddy simulation of high Rayleigh number ¯ow
was carried out for a ¯uid layer with internal heating
[41F]. Buoyancy e€ects on turbulent convection were
successfully computed with a four-equation turbulence
model and a return-to-isotropy concept for the pressure
vs. strain relation [50F]. A second law analysis of the
¯ow and heat transfer in a rectangular cavity has revealed that the ¯ow pattern is dependent on the distribution of entropy generation [53F].
Enclosures in which buoyant convection is driven by
a localized source either within the enclosure or on its
boundary were the subject of numerical studies for
laminar and turbulent ¯ows. With the heat source located within the enclosure, heat transfer from the source
was found to depend on ratio of the temperature differences across the cavity and that between the source
and the walls [42F]. A three-dimensional analysis of free
convection from a heater array ¯ush mounted in one
wall of a rectangular enclosure was carried out for
cooling liquids over a range of Prandtl numbers; results
include detailed thermal maps and overall Nusselt
numbers [62F].
Asymmetric heating via a heated side wall and a
cooled top in a two-dimensional cavity was most in¯uenced by geometry when the cavity is very shallow
[32F,33F]. Uniform magnetic ®elds were found to move

the ¯ow to a higher transition Rayleigh number and
enhance the heat transfer [65F]. Heat transfer was also
computed for a cavity with non-vertical insulating
sidewalls [47F].
Oscillatory convection in a square cavity under opposing temperature and concentration gradients was
found to exist for certain values of the thermal and
solutal Grashof numbers. The structure of the ¯ow was
demonstrated to depend on the Lewis number [40F].
The well-studied problem of the stability of convective
motion in a di€erentially heated vertical slot was enriched by results for heat transfer, temperature ®elds and
¯ow ®elds for moderate to large aspect ratio and Prandtl
numbers spanning four orders of magnitude [51F].
Strati®cation that develops on the cooling-down of an
intially constant temperature ¯uid in a tall cylinder was
described numerically, as well as by scaling analysis
[49F]. Transient heat transfer at low Prandtl number
was computed for a square cavity in which the horizontal sidewalks were heated [60F].
Transient ¯ow and heat transfer in a square enclosure
in which the horizontal walls are submitted to periodic
temperatures exhibited either enhancement or reduction
of the heat transfer coecient depending on the choice
of the variable heating mode, the parameters related to
the periodic temperatures, and the Rayleigh number
[31F].
A ¯uid layer with large Prandtl number and heating
from within and from below was considered as the
model geometry for earth mantle convection. Results for
moderate Rayleigh number indicated that the heat
transfer relation is nearly the same as for the case of
heating from within [61F]. Time-dependent heat transfer
from base of lithosphere was modeled as a two-dimensional non-Newtonian ¯ow, and results were used to
propose a mechanism for the development of the oceanic
lithosphere [36F].
8.1.4. Vertical ducts and annuli
Buoyant ¯ows in vertical annuli were numerically
investigated to determine heat transfer coecients for
developing ¯ow [69F] and a type of conjugate problem
in which the inner tube experiences axial wall conduction [70F,71F]. Heat transfer enhancement in an annulus using surface perturbations was determined
numerically [72F].
A direct numerical simulation of convection between
two walls of di€erent temperature was carried out for
moderate large Rayleigh numbers. Results for heat
transfer and derived scaling laws were found to be in
agreement with the previously published results [78F]. A
similar study using a general integral transform was reported for the case of variable thermophysical properties
[75F]. When the plates were partially heated in the axial
direction, heat and mass transfer coecients were dramatically a€ected by the fraction of the channel that was

R.J. Goldstein et al. / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 44 (2001) 3579±3699

unheated [74F]. Transient ¯ow and heat transfer in air
between isothermal plates reveals the existence of timedependent solutions at Gr > 107 [67F]. In systems of
vertical channels, the chimney e€ect was found to enhance heat transfer coecients [77F].
The e€ect on wall temperature and heat transfer of
adding an insulated extension at either the inlet or outlet
of a vertical duct was determined numerically [68F]. In
tilted channels, the e€ects of asymmetric thermal
boundary conditions and channel width were via an
overall correlation for heat transfer coecient
[67F,76F]. Fully developed laminar mass and heat
transfer coecients in vertical rectangular ducts were
determined analytically via a vorticity±velocity formulation [73F].
8.1.5. Horizontal cylinders and annuli
Experiments on the unsteady temperature ¯uctuations in the plume region of a di€erentially heated horizontal annulus were reported, along with power spectral
density estimates when plume breakdown occurred at
high Rayleigh number [80F]. Thermal strati®cation effects in a horizontal cylinder were shown to be reduced
with external heating [81F].
A numerical analysis of the coupled thermal and
hydrodynamic instability for Pr < 1 in a narrow annulus
yielded complex cellular ¯ows with a Grashof number
uniquely tied from multi- to mono-cellular transitions
[82F,83F]. For a numerical and experimental study for
large and moderate gap annuli provided quantitative
three-dimensional descriptions of spiral convection in
air for the small gap, ¯ow structures preceding oscillation in air for the large gap, and unicellular ¯ow development at Pr ˆ 100 for the large gap [79F].
8.1.6. Mixed convection
The alteration of forced convection by buoyancy
generated by ¯uid density variations near the critical
point was analyzed for tube ¯ows. A full range of mixedto-forced convection results was reported for developing
¯ow and heat transfer [88F]. Several types of ¯ow instability resulting from the co-linear ¯ow of unstably
strati®ed ¯uids in a channel were identi®ed via ¯ow
visualisation [85F]. Bifuration in steady, fully developed
laminar convection in uniformly heated inclined tubes
was characterized by two- and four-vortex secondary
¯ows [90F].
Combined free and forced convections for a ®nite
size heat source in an enclosure was studied numerically
for various dynamical, geometrical and ¯ow parameters
pertinent to industrial or electronic equipment. [87F].
Mixed convection resulting from the injection of a cold
¯ow into a warm cavity was determined numerically for
a variety of inlet±outlet combinations [89F]. The ¯ow
generated by two non-isothermal plane wall jets was
investigated numerically and experimentally to test sev-

3601

eral k± turbulence models [84F]. Buoyancy e€ects on
¯ow in a curved square channel with conjugated thermal
boundary conditions are shown to weaken the secondary ¯ow ®eld and thus reduce Nusselt numbers [86F].
8.1.7. Complex geometries
The coupling between human thermo-regulation and
an enclosure was developedusing a k± turbulence model
for the ¯ow ®eld and a nodal-physiological model for
the human response system [97F]. A zonal model using
coarse grids for natural and mixed convection was
demonstrated for two- and three-dimensional rooms
[96F].
An experimental study of buoyancy-opposed mixed
convection in upward air ¯ow in a pipe with a cooled
surface reported heat transfer correlations from the free
convection to the forced convection regimes [92F]. Bifurcation to oscillatory ¯ow in free convection around a
vertical channel in a rectangular enclosure exhibited
both symmetrical and asymmetrical ¯ows depending on
Rayleigh number [93F].
Nusselt numbers for a heated cylinder in a rectangular cavity in natural convection have been determined
numerically [91F]. Free convection in a non-ventilated
electronic system has been investigated numerically to
link component-level analysis to system-level analysis
[94F].
Free convection in a micropolar ¯uid in a partially
divided enclosure was computed to reveal the e€ects of
¯uid type and height of the divider [95F].
8.1.8. Fires
A review of the literature on ®res was prepared that
broadly integrates the literature on fundamentals, industrial ®res, ignition, ®re development, and fully developed ®res [100F]. Fundamental data on velocity,
temperature and concentration have been obtained via
optical techniques on transient two-dimensional
spreading ¯ames on liquid fuels [99F].
The self-extinction of enclosure ®res was explained
via a thermal theory in which spontaneous changes in
heat transfer produce reductions in temperature or
pressure [102F]. Three-dimensional heat transfer from
turbulent di€usion ¯ames between vertical walls was
determined numerically via a buoyancy-modi®ed k±
method [103F]. Experiments on ®res in vertical enclosures of the type encountered in buildings produced data
on velocity and temperature ®elds, as well as general
description of wall plumes and recirculation [101F]. The
movement of smoke and species transport through enclosure openings has been studied via experiments on a
full-scale multi-zone building [98F].
8.1.9. Miscellaneous
The coupling of thermal convection and thermoacoustic heat transfer near the critical point in a thermal

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plume of a van der Waals ¯uid was found to lead to a
quasi-thermal equilibrium situation with no steady state
[107F]. An analysis of ®eld experiments on heat transfer
in large-scale heavy-gas dispersions showed that the
limited heat capacity of the ground contributes to a
decrease of the surface heat ¯ux during plume releases
[106F].
New experiments on electro-convection were reported on a system comprising a colloid suspension of
akgeneite particles in distilled water. Electroconvective
heat transfer coecients were reported in terms of
electric ®eld intensity, colloidal charge, convection and
orientation [104F].
Heat transfer e€ects on ¯ow transition in a Taylor±
Couette ¯ow were determined numerically for a range of
Grashof numbers. Transitions in ¯ow and heat transfer
were noted, as well as a hysteresis loop and a limit cycle
for local heat transfer and radial velocity [105F].
9. Natural convection ± external ¯ows
9.1. Vertical plate
A number of investigators considered various aspects
of heat transfer for buoyancy-driven convection around
a vertical plate. Experiments were performed with a
constant heat ¯ux boundary condition on a vertical
surface immersed in both Newtonian and non-Newtonian ¯uids over a large range of viscosities [8FF].
Another
study
considered
convection
in
thermomicropolar ¯uids [3FF]. The in¯uence of thermophoresis has been examined [5FF] with a ®nite difference model. Convection in a porous medium
surrounding a vertical plate has been studied analytically [6FF]. A study of a stretching vertical surface immersed in a conducting ¯uid provides interesting e€ects
on free convection including in¯uence of magnetic ®elds
and stretching speed [2FF]. Combined heat and mass
transfer from a vertical wavy surface [4FF] has been
studied analytically. The attachment of poorly conducting ribs on a vertical surface can substantially reduce the heat transfer from a surface [9FF]. Studies on
transient convection include the in¯uence of various
heat and mass ¯uxes on an impulsively started vertical
plate [7FF] and ¯ow on a vertical plate with periodically
varying temperature [1FF].
9.2. Horizontal and inclined plates
A study [13FF] shows the e€ects of natural convection and conduction on the temperature distribution
within a thin horizontal strip. Convection above a
surface slightly inclined from the horizontal has been
analyzed for heat transfer to a surrounding thermomicropolar ¯uid [12FF]. A study of the ¯ow and heat

transfer in an inclined slab shows the in¯uence of an
array of horizontal circular channels within the slab
[11FF]. An analysis of the in¯uence of the Marangoni
e€ect on mass transfer from a surface includes the
in¯uence of chemical reactions [10FF].
9.3. Cylinders and blunt bodies
Experiments on convection from a horizontal cylinder to liquid sodium [16FF] have been followed by a
numerical solution [17FF] which is well able to predict
the experimental results. The presence of a ceiling above
a horizontal cylinder increases the heat transfer from the
cylinder at low spacings, but has little e€ect when the
ceiling is a diameter or more above the cylinder [19FF].
Numerical models predict convection from a point
source or small sphere at small Grashof numbers [18FF]
and combined heat and mass transfer from a horizontal
line source [15FF]. Convection in CO2 near its critical
point [14FF] has been studied. Convection from isothermal conical surfaces at di€erent inclinations has been
examined theoretically [20FF] while a boundary layer
analysis includes the in¯uence of radiation on the natural
convection in a surrounding optically dense ¯uid [21FF].
9.4. Thermal plumes
A two-equation turbulent model improves the prediction of the in¯uence of buoyancy on turbulent
transport [24FF]. Visualisation of a plume above a line
source shows large-scale vortices related to the laminar
swaying motion of the plume [22FF]. Experiments with
a turbulent adiabatic wall plume of helium±air mixtures
include measurements of the ¯uctuating mixture fractions [23FF].
9.5. Mixed convection
A numerical study shows the in¯uence of a plane jet
on natural convection from a heated isothermal vertical
surface including the detachment of the jet ¯ow from the
surface under some conditions [25FF]. Equations for the
turbulent transport of heat and species under mixed
convection stress the importance of the turbulent
transport coecient [27FF]. An analysis [26FF] predicts
the mixed convection from a vertical plate embodied in a
porous medium when the plate is suddenly heated.
Equations for the natural convection ¯ow of a particulate to suspension over a permeable inclined plate have
been solved numerically using an implicit ®nite di€erence method [28FF].
9.6. Applications and miscellaneous
Studies on natural convection in buildings show the
e€ects of venetian blinds on heat transfer from win-

R.J. Goldstein et al. / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 44 (2001) 3579±3699

dows and convection from internal walls [38FF,30FF].
Studies on natural convection cooling of micro-electronic circuits indicate the e€ects of annular heat sinks
[40FF] and predict the mixed convection ¯ow between
parallel plates simulating integrated circuit boards
[35FF].
Natural convection is an important process in heating and cooling of food. Recent studies include optimisation of a ®nite di€erence scheme for simultaneous heat
and mass transfer [29FF] and development of experiments and correlations for relevant thermophysical
properties of various foods needed in predicting convection from fruit layers [32FF].
Heat and mass transfer issues in shallow lakes have
been described [34FF] and the importance of buoyancy
e€ects in a chemical vapor deposition process has been
demonstrated [31FF]. Key issues studied recently include heat transfer with crust formation in molten metal
pools [37FF], heat transfer from rubber to air using a
®nite element analysis [39FF] and heat transfer to
transformer oil ¯owing past a sphere and a packing layer
[36FF]. The in¯uence of heat transfer and thermal
accommodation coecients on the apparent mass of
materials has been examined [33FF].
10. Rotating surfaces
10.1. Rotating disks
Heat transfer from a single, horizontal, rotating
silicon wafer containing chips was studied experimentally [6G]. Heat and mass transfer from a liquid ®lm
on a rotating disk [1G] and freezing of a liquid
impinging on a disk [7G] have been investigated.
Flow and heat transfer between two corotating
[2G,4G,5G] and two counter rotating disks [3G] have
been studied.
10.2. Rotating channels
An analogy between ¯ow and heat transfer in curved
pipes and in orthogonally rotating pipes was presented
[16G,17G]. The majority of papers on rotating channels
consider ducts of square or rectangular cross-section.
Several single duct and pipe ¯ows and heat transfer
was investigated [9G,20G,23G±25G,28G,30G,32G].
Several authors reported studies on U-bends [14G,15G,
26G,29G,31G] or two-pass ducts joined with a 180°
bend [10G,21G,22G]. Heat transfer in a coiled pipe
that rotates about its axis [18G] and in a rotating
four-pass channel [12G] was reported. The e€ects of
leading wall blowing or suction [13G] and jet impingement [8G,11G] were described. Experimental
[19G] and numerical [27G] studies of ¯ow in annular
channels were reported.

3603

10.3. Enclosures
An experimental study of double-di€usive convection
in a rotating annulus with lateral heating was described
[34G]. The ¯ow in a vertical cylindrical container with a
rotating lid was studied numerically [33G].
10.4. Cylinders and bodies of revolution
Numerical studies of heat transfer from a rotating,
heated horizontal cylinder were presented [36G±38G].
Entropy generation from a horizontal rotating cylinder
in mixed convection was computed [35G]. A ®nite
element method was used to simulate the heat transfer
and strain in continuously quenched rotating axisymmetric bodies [39G].
10.5. Miscellaneous
Various applications of rotating heat pipes are described [41G±43G]. Other investigations of heat transfer
in rotating environments include corotating jets [45G], a
¯uidized bed drier [46G], a rotary kiln [47G], cooling of
rotating electrical machines [44G] and heat transport in
geostrophic ¯ows [40G].
11. Combined heat and mass transfer
11.1. Ablation
A number of studies consider the thermal response of
ablating materials. Researchers considered the ablation
of dental hard tissue [10H] the epidermis [6H] and the
directional e€ects of cooling on the ablation of bovine
liver and other biological tissue [1H]. Researchers
utilized computational techniques to study the viscous
shock-layer of air¯ow past an ablating blunt body [8H],
to obtain the solution to the single-phase Stefan problem
with external heat ¯ux [7H], to study thermal damage on
thin Cr ®lms undergoing excimer laser irradiation [3H],
and to model the complex ¯ow and plasma properties of
cutting plasma torches [2H] and the heat transfer in the
melt layer under steady, hypersonic conditions [9H]. In
addition, experimental studies considered the ablation of
zinc sulphide ®lms on silicon [5H], and the energy
coupling during laser ablation and drilling of solids with
varying re¯ectivity [4H].
11.2. Film cooling
Film cooling is an e€ective method of heat transfer
and very useful in protecting surfaces from the e€ects
of thermal stress. Several studies considered the ®lm
cooling of turbine blades. The e€ects of the number, and
arrangement, of rows of cooling holes have been

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R.J. Goldstein et al. / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 44 (2001) 3579±3699

considered [15H,16H,20H,18H,24H]. Investigators also
considered aerothermal e€ects, including the blowing
ratio, freestream velocity, and pulsation frequency
[11H], molecular properties [17H], and the e€ects of
unsteady wake with coolant ejection [14H]. Researchers
proposed a general correlation for the e€ectiveness of
®lm cooling which takes into account non-isothermality,
compressibility, surface roughness, and swirl [19H].
Several numerical studies were also performed. Numerical simulations were carried out to investigate the
in¯uence of the inlet Mach number and the inlet
turbulence intensity [12H], to the study of geometric
parametric variation was conducted to optimize ®lm
cooling design [23H], and to isolate the ¯ow physics
responsible for hot cross-¯ow ingestion [21H]. The
leading edge region of a high-pressure turbine blade with
slot cooling was investigated [13H]. Researchers also
used multi-disciplinary design optimisation in conjunction with a quasi-three-dimensional Navier±Stokes
solver to reduce turbine blade temperatures [22H].
11.3. Jet impingement heat transfer ± submerged jet
A number of studies involved heat transfer in submerged jets (air issuing into air, liquid issuing into liquid) impinging on an opposite wall. Several numerical
studies illustrating the e€ect that variation of the Reynolds number and nozzle-to-target spacing have on heat
transfer were performed [49H,41H,25H,26H]. A threedimensional Monte Carlo simulation of plume impingement was performed [34H]. Simulations of both
laminar and turbulent, conical and round, impinging jets
have been performed using three-dimensional and axisymmetric simulations [45H,42H,40H,32H]. Other numerical studies considered the e€ect of Schmidt and
Prandtl numbers [28H], the performance of Reynolds
stress and k± models [47H], impinging jets with and
without a moving surfaces [52H,31H]. Experimental
investigations provided ¯ow®eld visualization during jet
impingement heat transfer using smoke wire methods
and laser-doppler anemometry [37H,38H,29H]. Steady
periodic surface pressure distributions were obtained for
a pulsed radial jet reattachment nozzle [33H]. The surface shear stress was measured for a round submerged
jet [53H]. Heat transfer characteristics in the stagnation
region were investigated [36H]. A comparative investigation of jet impingement and microchannel cooling was
performed [35H]. Heat transfer enhancement via jet
pulsation was considered [44H]. Heat sink performance
was studied for a range of Reynolds numbers and
nozzle-to-sink distances [39H]. The heat transfer due to
impinging gas jets on liquid and concave surfaces was
considered [43H,50H,51H]. The e€ects of pulsation on
turbulence intensity and heat transfer performance of jet
arrays were studied [46H]. An experimental investigation provided detail heat transfer distributions for an

array of jets impinging on plate with a staggered array of
®lm cooling holes [30H]. Researchers also focused on the
cooling of pistons using jet impingement and ribbed duct
¯ow [27H], and obtained circumferential heat transfer
distribution as well as axial Nusselt number in a circular
cylinder exposed to an impinging air jet [48H].
11.4. Jet impingement heat transfer ± liquid jets
A jet in which the issuing stream has a density signi®cantly higher than that of the ambient ¯uid is said to
be a liquid jet. Due to their relatively high-thermal
conductivity liquid jets are often used for jet impingement heat transfer. Researchers considered heat transfer
characteristics of single and dual-exit drainage con®gurations for arrays of liquid jets [54H]. An experimental investigation was performed to determine heat
transfer rates for a range of Prandtl numbers and viscosity ratios [55H]. Researchers utlized numerical
methods to investigate the in¯uence of parameters such
as the jet velocity, heat ¯ux, plate thickness, nozzle
height, and plate material, on heat transfer [56H].
11.5. Spray cooling
Spray cooling consists of a stream of ¯uid droplets
impacting on a surface and thus providing a highly
e€ective means of local heat transfer. The spreading of
liquid ®lms produced by drop impaction was studied
[57H]. A con®guration utilizing four full cole, swirl
spray nozzles was investigated [58H]. Numerical simulations were performed to study droplet formation,
detachment and impingement in gas metal welding
[59H]. In addition, a new model for the description of
particle wetting, and temperature and concentration
distribution in the spraying of ¯uidized beds was developed [60H].
11.6. Drying
Heat and mass transfer are integral to drying. Recent
investigations include the drying of various foods.
Studies of microwave, convective, and freeze drying of
fruits and vegetables [63H,65H,68H,73H,78H,79H,87H,
89H,96H,98H,101H,107H,112H]. Superheated steam
was utilized for the removal of moisture in ®shmeal and
tortilla chips [67H,86H]. Numerical studies have been
extremely useful in the modeling and simulation of the
drying process. The k± approach was applied in both
two- and three-dimensional calculations [83H,102H].
Researchers also used computer modeling to predict the
drying and crystallisation during processing of thin sugar ®lms [66H], the drying of wet PVC particles in large
scale pneumatic dryers [85H], and also to predict spray
drying using both air and superheated steam [69H]. The
drying of wood was studied extensively. Di€usion and

R.J. Goldstein et al. / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 44 (2001) 3579±3699

mass transfer coecients in the drying of hard and soft
woods were investigated [76H,106H]. The relationship
between heat and mass transfer on a wooden surface
was investigated, producing a correction factor for the
mass transfer coecient predicted by boundary layer
theory [77H]. The validation of a model for a wood
dryer kiln was performed [104H,105H]. Simulations
were used to study both the e€ect of air velocity [91H],
and microwave drying in an over-sized waveguide [90H].
Researchers utilized computer-tomography to measure
moisture ¯ux during drying [109H]. Boundary layer
conductance and transpiration were studied over a range
of wind speeds [88H]. The drying of ®lms including
multi-component and multi-layer, was investigated
[61H,62H,80H,64H]. Fluidized bed dryers were also
considered. These include the drying of polypropylene
powder [70H] and a computational investigation of solid
material drying via ®nite elements [111H]. A modi®ed
three-phase model for the drying of ®ne powders was
developed [84H], and models for the prediction of the
heat transfer coecient were validated via comparison
with data obtained experimentally [108H,72H]. Several
investigators considered the drying of paper, and paper
products. These include the development of an impedance method to measure moisture content [110H], the
development of models which simulates the drying of a
paper [97H,94H], and through drying of paper and
fabrics [74H,93H]. Researchers also considered such
physical e€ects as shrinkage, blistering, and induced
strain±stress during the drying process [75H,99H,
81H,92H]. A variety of dryers, and drying mechanisms,
have been considered [100H,103H, 71H,95H,82H].
11.7. Miscellaneous
A variety of studies in which heat and mass
transfer occurs in combination have been performed.
These include the modeling and measurement of heat
and mass transfer in soil±plant±atmosphere systems
[135H,124H,143H,127H]. The e€ect of sea-spray
droplets on transfer between the air and the sea was
considered [142H]. Researchers modeled water and
heat transfer in soils [153H,131H,123H,132H]. The
e€ect of increased atmospheric carbon dioxide on
water eciency in plants was investigated [138H]. The
characteristics of a summer monsoon were examined
using a global analysis-forecast system [145H]. Biomass fast pyrolysis processes were studied [117H,
118H]. Combined heat and mass transfer was studied
during material synthesis [130H,133H]. Several models
were developed and evaluated via numerical simulation [139H,128H,137H,119H,152H,148H,151H,136H,
129H,146H,144H,126H,150H,121H]. Among these
were the simulation of an anti-icing system[139H], a
low Reynolds number model for the prediction of
thermal ®elds [128H], a two-dimensional model for the

3605

cooking of regularly shaped chicken patties [119H]
and the simulation of a shallow lid-driven cavity
[114H]. Analytical models were developed to obtain
®rst- and second-order quantities [115H,125H], and
the removal of acetone from aqueous streams [113H].
Researchers also developed a model to study the heat
transfer across an epoxy coating subject to an impinging ¯ame [116H]. Experimental investigations include the study of reactive ¯ow systems [140H,141H],
air dehumidi®cation [134H], potato frying [120H], the
cooling of ®lm blown bubbles [147H], the e€ect of gas
absorption on a rising bubble [122H], and the e€ect of
wrapping very low birth weight infants in polyethylene
on preventing heat loss [149H].
12. Bioheat transfer
This section is composed of papers obtained through
searching current contents in the general area of bioheat
transfer. It should be emphasized that this is only a
subset of the total papers available in this area and
should not be taken as comprehensive.
12.1. Thermal engineering
Several studies on heat transfer from the human body
included: heat and mass exchange between the surface of
the human body and ambient air at various altitudes
[8I]; CFD analysis of wind environment around a human body [10I]; and a new approach to assessment of an
accurate wind chill factor [2I].
Heat transfer through clothing was investigated by a
number of groups. Their work included: heat strain in
workers wearing personal protective clothing [5I]; wind
and human movement on heat and vapor transfer
properties of clothing [11I]; an improved representation
of clothing evaporative resistance [6I]; thermal characteristics of clothing ensembles for use in heat stress
analysis [1I]; ecacy of air and liquid cooling during
light and heavy exercise while wearing special NBC
clothing [9I]; proposed improvements in modeling of
clothing convective heat exchange [7I]; and a description
of a cooling suit to reduce heat sensitivity in multiple
sclerosis patients [4I].
Heat transfer in birds was studied. This work included: heat transfer from starlings Sturnus vulgaris
during ¯ight [12I] and heat transfer through penguin
feathers [3I].
12.2. Thermoregulation
Studies in this area included: a computer model of
human thermoregulation for a wide range of environmental conditions [14I]; metabolic and thermodynamic
responses to dehydration-induced reductions in muscle

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R.J. Goldstein et al. / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 44 (2001) 3579±3699

blood ¯ow in exercising humans [16I]; the failure of
negative pressure rewarming to accelerate recovery from
mild hypothermia in post-operative surgical patients
[22I]; the e€ect of dialysate temperature on energy balance during hemodialysis [24I]; and the introduction of a
bronchial thermodilution method to estimate cardiac
output [17I].
Thermoregulation studies in animals focused on:
thermoregulation and physiology during swimming and
diving in bottlenose dolphins [18I,25I]; the role of hyperthermia in the water economy of desert birds [23I];
the relationship between the thermal environment and
activity of Piute ground squirrels [21I]; behavioral
thermoregulation e€ects on the rate of body temperature
change in wild freshwater crocodiles [19I]; and how
thermoregulatory mechanisms create a high and stable
body temperature in crocodiles [20I].
Thermoregulation is intimately tied to blood ¯ow.
Studies in the area of blood ¯ow included e€ects of ¯ow
on control of heat exchange in reptiles [13I]; and a new
blood ¯ow measurement technique based on Lagrange
multipliers [15I].
12.3. Thermal therapy
Thermal therapies generally require the use of an
energy source to induce thermocoagulation in the tissue of interest. Studies using Ultrasound, Laser and
RF are presented here. Studies in Ultrasound focused
on: a dual-frequency ultrasonic system for breast
cancer treatment [34I]; an angular directivity of
thermal coagulation using an air-cooled direct-coupled
interstitial ultrasound applicator [27I]; and the relationship between acoustic aperture size and tumor
conditions for external ultrasound hyperthermic
treatment [32I]. Laser studies included work on: dynamic modeling of interstitial laser photocoagulation
[43I]; long exposure growth of in vivo interstitial laser
photocoagulation lesions [37I]; modeling of laser
treatment of port wine stains [36I]; and optical
thermal modeling of laser tissue soldering [35I]. In
radiofrequency, one study performed an evaluation
of the e€ectiveness of transurethral radio frequency
hyperthermia in the canine prostate [44I].
Several studies investigated thermal changes in tissues in response to thermal therapeutics. This work included: microvascular thermal equilibration in rat
spinotrapezius muscle [42I]; countercurrent vessel heat
transfer formulations [41I]; ¯ow dependence of temperature gradients near large vessels during tissue heating
[29I]; modeling the thermal impact of a discrete vessel
tree [30I]; and modeling the e€ects of metabolic heat
generation and blood perfusion in tissues supplied by a
blood vessel [38I,39I]. In addition, the e€ect of nonlinear heat transfer on temperature control in regional
hyperthermia [31I]; and a computational evaluation of

temperature distribution during hyperthermic treatment
in biliary tumors were presented [40I].
Related studies showed that heat treatment of human
sera reveals antibodies to bactericidal protein [26I];
changes are induced in MR properties of tissues after
heat treatment [28I]; and ®nally the thermal wave aspects of instantaneous heating in skin were evaluated
[33I].
12.4. Cryopreservation
An ``Open Pulled Straw'' method for vitri®cation of
porcine blastocysts was presented [45I] along with a
numerical model of continuous hybrid heating of
cryopreserved tissue [46I]. In addition, sperm collection
from shot red deer stags was frozen and successfully
used in in vitro fertilization [47I].
12.5. Dental/biomaterial
These studies investigated: the thermal e€ects on
long-term performance of UHMWPE failure in arti®cial
knee joints [50I]; the use of Gelfoam as a barrier to
prevent polymethylmethacrylate induced thermal injury
of the spinal cord during vertebral reconstruction [49I];
and the use of heat-treated cortical bone for use as a
bone substitute [48I].
13. Change of phase ± boiling
Thermal transport phenomena associated with liquid-to-vapor phase change are addressed in the publications reviewed in this section and classi®ed into ®ve
major categories: droplet and ®lm evaporation (21
papers), bubble characteristics and boiling incipience
(17 papers), pool boiling (39 papers), ¯ow boiling (31
papers), and two-phase thermohydraulics (24 papers). In
addition to these 132 papers, the interested reader will
®nd reference to studies of evaporative and ebullient
heat transfer among the papers included in: change of
phase ± condensation (JJ), heat transfer applications ±
heat pipes and heat exchangers (Q), and heat transfer
applications ± general (S).
13.1. Droplet and ®lm evaporation
The 1999 archival literature provides several fundamental studies of droplet evaporation, including three
numerical studies which focused on the e€ects of temporal pressure variations [16J], continuous variation in
the free stream velocity past the drop [4J], and use of a
non-gray gas radiation model for modeling of a combusting/evaporating droplet [2J], respectively. The surface temperature variation of a hydrocarbon droplet is
the subject of [7J]. In [18J] a population balance model is

R.J. Goldstein et al. / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 44 (2001) 3579±3699

used to predict volumetric heat transfer coecients in a
direct-contact evaporation column, while [19J] compares
extensive high-pressure experimental data for freely
falling droplets with the conduction limit and di€usion
limit models.
Evaporation of liquid ®lms is described in [1J] ±
dealing with a thin falling water ®lm inside an
electrically heated tube, [17J] ± providing numerical
predictions of a falling water ®lm on a tilted plate subjected to radiant heating, and [10J] ± focusing on the use
of enhanced copper tubes to improve heat transfer to a
falling ®lm of lithium bromide. The evaporation of
multi-component hydrocarbon fuel compounds was
described in [8J], the design and simulation of multie€ect evaporators in [21J], and use of a non-isothermal
microscale model to explore the characteristics of the
three-phase contact zone in liquid rewetting of hot
surfaces in [3J]. Thome [20J] provides a review of falling
®lm evaporation on single tubes and tube bundles, with
emphasis on studies of alternative refrigerants and
ammonia.
The role of evaporation in methanol liquid pool ®res
was described in [14J] ± presenting the development of a
comprehensive numerical model, and in [13J] ± focusing
on the suppression of such ®res using water mist.
Thermal transport associated with the pre-boilover
burning of an oil slick is examined in detail in [9J]. Pool
evaporation of decane, in the presence of convecion, and
the development of an analytic procedure for investigating evaporation from a saline solution subject to
transients are described in [5J,11J], respectively.
Evaporating liquid sprays in gas turbine combustors
are modeled numerically in [15J], while experimental
studies of spray cooling on horizontal staggered tubes
are reported in [6J] and on a disk-shaped surface in [12J].
13.2. Bubble characteristics and boiling incipience
Homogeneous nucleation of vapor bubbles is well
represented in the 1999 heat transfer literature, including
a study of boiling incipience along a cavity-free microheater [33J] and in surfactant solutions [37J], of aluminum slurry droplets experiencing a microexplosion [22J],
of the initiation of ``boilover'' in liquid fuel spills [24J],
of ¯ashing under rapid depressurisation in small nonadiabatic vessels [32J], and in the development of a
mathematical model describing the growth of an internal
vapor bubble in a superheated liquid [34J].
Single bubble characteristics underpin much of the
modeling and understanding of ebullient heat transfer.
The growth and collapse of a vapor bubble in a small
tube and in the space between two superheated or
subcooled parallel plates are reported in [38J,36J], respectively. The interfacial characteristics of an isothermal bubble constrained in a quartz cuvette are the
subject of [27J]. A perforated plate is used to study the

3607

e€ect of gravitational acceleration on vapor bubble
kinematics in the pool boiling of liquid nitrogen [30J],
while a ®nite-di€erence simulation is used to predict the
behavior of a vapor bubble growing and departing from
a horizontal surface [35J] and a theoretical, as well as
experimental, study addresses the shape of a long
isolated bubble in horizontal ¯ow in [31J]. Oscillations
in bubble volume and shape were examined in [28J] ±
focusing on the interplay between radial and shape oscillations for an initially deformed bubble, in [29J] ±
dealing with the response of a gas bubble to cyclic, impulsive changes in ambient pressure, and in [25J] ±
exploring the coupling between bubble dynamics and an
imposed acoustic ®eld. The literature also includes
discussion of bubble characteristics in high-pressure
bubble columns and three-phase ¯uidisation systems
[23J] and the dynamics of bubble±particle interactions in
water and a glycerin solution [26J].
13.3. Pool boiling
Fundamental studies of pool boiling behavior continued to attract the attention of the heat transfer
community, leading to publication of a re®ned experimental determination of the constants in the Rohsenow
correlation for water and other liquids [69J], a detailed
mapping of the convective and nucleate boiling zones on
small horizontal heater in saturated pool boiling in [71J],
an evaluation of the boundary condition impact on
boiling from a tube [47J], the inclusion of thermocapillary-driven ¯ow in the predictive model for macrolayer
transport at high-heat ¯uxes [66J], the clari®cation of the
mechanism responsible for bubble waiting time in steady
nucleate pool boiling [55J], and new theoretical methods
for predicting nucleate pool boiling in binary mixtures
[48J,42J].
Many of the pool boiling heat transfer studies in the
1999 literature deal with extension of the ebullient
transport knowledge base to unconventional ¯uids, environments, and geometries. The pool boiling of liquid
mixtures is the subject of [49J] presenting results for the
pool boiling of ethanol±water mixtures, [56J] exploring
dilute solutions of ethylene glycol and water, [58J]
aqueous solutions of limited solubility, [39J] water/2propanol mixtures in which Marangoni e€ects are
strong, and [44J] describing the behavior of aqueous
solutions with considerable solute deposition.
Boiling in the presence of magnetic ®elds is the focus
of [54J], which examines the characteristics of waterbased and ionic magnetic ¯uids, and [65J], which reports
on the various boiling regions in a cryostable magnet.
[74J] summarizes the results of an extensive microgravity
Spacelab study of boiling from miniature heaters immersed in R11. The e€ect of heater orientation on the
stability of boiling from a ¯at plate was examined in
[61J], while [41J] reports on the pool boiling of water

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over vertical steps. Boiling from a miniature thermal
ink-jet heater in water and during immersion frying are
reported in [40J] and [53J], respectively.
In boiling heat transfer, the critical heat ¯ux (CHF),
or ``boiling crisis'', represents the heat ¯ux value at
which vapor blankets the heater surface and the heat
transfer coecient deteriorates. The 1999 literature includes several distinct studies on the in¯uence of adjacent surfaces and/or boiling surfaces on CHF from ¯at
plates. [50J] reports on critical heat ¯ux in miniature
heat sinks with microcapillary grooves, while
[68J,46J,63J] all describe aspects of pool boiling CHF in
an annular channel. The e€ects of reduced gravity on
CHF are explored in [73J] and the e€ects of small departures from the vertical orientation are modeled in
[51J]. A detailed parametric study of the transition to
®lm boiling [43J] and of the heat exchange processes in
®lm boiling [64J] was also reported.
Despite the relatively high heat transfer coecients
associated with boiling heat transfer, considerable e€ort
is devoted to the identi®cation, development, and implementation of pool boiling enhnacement techniques.
In [70J] attention is focused on elimination of the FC-72
superheat excursion using spherical point contacts on a
horizontal surface; in [59J] on the use of numerous microreentrant cavities to enhance pool boiling from a chip
immersed in FC-72; in [52J] on the thermal characteristics of microroughened, ribbed tubes, and in [72J] on
R-123 boiing from microchannel enhanced tubes.
Pool boiling from ®ns has received renewed interest,
including [62J] ± providing a theoretical and experimental exploration of boiling on a conical spine of
variable cross-section, [60J] ± theoretically investigating
boiling on a straight ®n with variable thermal conductivity, and [67J] ± presenting experimental results for
boiling from ®nned surfaces con®ned in a narrow channel. The pool boiling enhancement of R123 by the
addition of n-hexane was described in [57J] and by the
addition of surfactants/polymer additives to water in
[76J]. The in¯uence of electric ®elds on nucleate pool
boiling was examined in [45J,77J] and on ®lm boiling in
[75J].
13.4. Flow boiling
The broad range of interactions between a pumped
¯ow of liquid and vapor bubbles generated and released
on a heated surface provides a large number of ¯ow
boiling heat transfer mechanisms and a diverse ¯ow
boiling literature. Many of the studies contained in the
1999 literature deal with geometric e€ects on ¯ow boiling, including surface roughness and microgeometry in
[107J], a round converging tube in [103J], plate heat
exchangers with corrugated sine-shaped chevrons in
[106J], microchannel heat exchangers in [95J], internally
enhanced tubes in [78J,79J]; and an in-line array of

simulated microelectronic chips in [84J], and very narrow channels in a quasi-annular ¯ow condenser±evaporator in [83J]. Extensive data for refrigerant±oil
mixtures ¯owing in low-®n and micro-®n tubes are
correlated in [104J]. The ¯ow boiling characteristics of
unconventional liquids, such as n-pentane ¯owing over a
horizontal tube bundle [97J], ammonia ¯owing in a
smooth horizontal tube [108J], and water/ammonia and
ammonia/lithium nitrate mixtures ¯owing inside vertical
smooth tubes [96J], also received attention. Flow boiling
modeling studies completed during this period can be
found in [102J] ± dealing with the in¯uence of sliding
vapor bubble on ¯ow boiling heat transfer, [86J] ± including the contribution of conjugate heat transfer to
¯ashing within a ruptured pipe, and in [81J] ± describing
a two-dimensional model for a kettle reboiler.
The archival literature of 1999 provides evidence of
further progress in the understanding and enhancement
of the ¯ow boiling ``crisis'', including both critical heat
¯ux and dryout. The development of a new mechanistic
approach to subcooled ¯ow boiing CHF is presented in
[82J], while the parametric sensitivity of the ``boiling
crisis'' in positive-quality, low-pressure ¯ow was the
subject of [90J] and CHF during countercurrent ¯ow in
transient boiling systems of [91J]. Recently obtained data
for CHF limits in water-cooled systems were compared
to available correlations in [87J] and in [92J] attention is
focused on the relationship between the hydrodynamic
and thermal phenomena of dryout in horizontal
and inclined tubes. Several publications, including
[80J,100J,101J] examine various aspects of CHF in tubes
subjected to one-sided heating, as might occur in a fusion
reactor. Ultra-high CHF, under high velocity, subcooled
water ¯ows were investigated in [87J,88J,93J]. In [89J] the
EHD-enhancement of CHF on a low-®n tube was found
to increase dramatically in a liquid with a short electrical
charge relaxation time, and in [98J,99J] experimental
results and a theoretical model are presented for predicting the in¯uence of centripetal forces on CHF from
the concave surface of a curved tube.
Post-CHF, ®lm boiling occurring on high-temperature melt jets was the subject of [85J,94J] and in [105J] an
inverse conduction procedure was used to estimate
transient heat ¯uxes during ¯ow ®lm boiling.
13.5. Two-phase thermohydraulics
The design of ¯ow boiling systems must include attention to the thermohydraulic aspects of two-phase
¯ow. Several fundamental studies of these phenomena
appeared in the 1999 literature, including [116J] ± presenting a moving-boundary model for stability analysis
of boiling channels, [119J] ± reporting extensive local
measurements of two-phase parameters for bubbly ¯ow,
[131J] ± exploring the pressure e€ect on the slug to churn
¯ow transition in vertical, upwards ¯ow, and [111J] ±

R.J. Goldstein et al. / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 44 (2001) 3579±3699

providing measured values of turbulence intensity in
annular gas/liquid ¯ows.
The thermohydraulic phenomena that occur in horizontal tubes were examined in [110J] ± focusing on the
transition from dispersed to elongated bubble ¯ow,
[117J] ± presenting an exact analytical solution for the
interface shape in strati®ed ¯ow, [113J,114J] ± exploring
the characteristics of horizontal two-phase helium ¯ows,
[132J] ± describing the relationship between Froude
number and slugging frequency, and [124J] detailing the
¯ow regimes encountered in vertical, upward cross-¯ow
in horizontal tube bundles. Prediction of various hydraulic parameters in boiling, two-phase ¯ows can be
found in [115J,130J], while [120J] discusses methods for
estimating heat transfer relationships in non-boiling
gas±liquid ¯ow. Two-phase ¯ow in microchannels also
attracted attention, as described in [126J,127J] ± dealing
with ¯ow patterns, pressured drop and void fraction in
gas±liquid ¯ow thru microchannels, [109J] ± exploring
the impact of desorption of non-condensables gas on the
hydrodynamics of long microchannels, and [133J,134J] ±
reporting experimental results on narrow, vertical,
rectangular channels. A transient, one-dimensional
model for gravity-induced capillary ¯ow in a square
groove is discussed in [125J].
The 1999 literature provides the results of studies of
the phenomena arising in the design and optimisation of
two-phase heat exchange equipment. Thus, [128J] describes the e€ect of pipe inclination on ¯ow distribution in
parallel pipes, [129J] proposes an analytical model for
two-phase instabilities in parallel channels, [122J] o€ers a
simple three-®eld model to predict annular-dispersed ¯ow
in a converging nozzle, [118J] provides pressure drop data
for axially grooved refrigerant tubes, [121J] describes
thermohydraulic performance of a safety relief valve, and
[123J] displays high-speed photographs of the phase distribution and bubble velocity in a bubbly slit ¯ow.
In a novel application of two-phase theory [112J]
presents a study of bubbly two-phase ¯ow around a
ship's surface.
14. Change of phase ± condensation
Papers on condensation during 1999 are separated
into those which dealt with surface geometry e€ects;
those on the e€ects of global geometry, thermal boundary conditions and external in¯uences; papers presenting
techniques for modeling and analysis; papers on unsteady e€ects and papers dealing with mixtures. A discussion of the better-understood aspects of condensation
heat transfer was presented in a review paper [1JJ].
14.1. Surface geometry and material e€ects
Papers on the peculiarity of the surface to condensation included one on predicting condensation in bulks

3609

of foodstu€s, like potatoes [7JJ], one on sublimation and
condensation of snowpacks [2JJ], another on alkali
vapor condensation on ash [6JJ], one on moisture condensation on rock in the underground storage of nuclear
waste [5JJ] and a paper on condensation on thermoplastic gutta-percha using a vertical condensation technique at a root canal wall [4JJ]. Finally, results of an
analysis of instability of ®lms and of droplet formation
on hydrophilic surfaces were presented [3JJ].
14.2. Global geometry, thermal boundary condition and
external in¯uence e€ects
Papers which describe the e€ects of global geometry
include one on condensate drainage from a horizontal,
integral-®n tube [30JJ] one on a partially wet radial ®n
assembly [24JJ] and another on downward-¯owing refrigerant in a staggered bundle of horizontal low-®nned
tubes [15JJ]. The e€ects of ®n height with steam condensation on a horizontal integral-®n tube were experimentally assessed [11JJ] and a numerical study of a
®nned tube assembly for dehumidi®cation was presented
[25JJ]. Condensation heat transfer coecients on enhanced tubes with alternative refrigerants were
measured [18JJ] and steam condensation [32JJ] and
R-134 condensation [36JJ] on a plate heat exchanger
were experimentally evaluated. Finally in this subcategory, the application of room radiators for dehumidi®cation was evaluated [13JJ].
In somewhat simpler geometries, laminar ®lm condensation on a ®nite-size horizontal plate [20JJ] and on a
single horizontal cylinder [8JJ] was computed. Condensation of R-410A in a rectangular channel was experimentally evaluated [12JJ] as was condensation of R134
in a small pipe [35JJ]. Modeling of complete condensation of a two-phase ¯ow in a miniature tube [9JJ] and
condensation of alternative refrigerants in a micro-®n
tube [19JJ] were presented. Flow characteristics in an
annular ¯ow were discussed [17JJ] and Nusselt numbers
for ¯ow through an inclined circular tube were presented
[21JJ].
One particular geometry in which a considerable
amount of condensation heat transfer attention had
been paid is that of containment systems of nuclear
power plants. One paper looked at natural convection
and condensation in the condensers of the ESBWR reactor [22JJ], another focused on non-condensables in the
containment [23JJ] and two others speci®cally addressed
the SWR1000 reactor [26JJ,27JJ]. Finally for this subcategory, one paper addressed the plant behavior after a
loss-of-residual-heat-removal event [28JJ].
A single paper discussed thermal boundary condition
e€ects. Speci®cally, it dealt with variable wall temperature e€ects [16JJ].
The ®nal sub-category is on external e€ects. Two
papers discussed the e€ect of buoyancy, one on a vertical

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conduction wall [29JJ] and another on an isothermal
wall [33JJ], while another studied the e€ect of a centrifugal force ®eld on condensation where the force was
parallel to the condenser surface [34JJ]. The e€ects of
using a mechanical wall cleaning device to remove the
®lm periodically were evaluated [31JJ] and the optimum
period of washing was assessed. Finally, the e€ects of
turbulence on condensation on a horizontal tube [14JJ]
and the e€ects of EHD on smooth, horizontal and vertical tubes were evaluated [10JJ].
14.3. Modeling and analysis techniques
A critical review of prediction models for correlating
condensation heat transfer coecients was presented
[43JJ] as was a general model for heat transfer during
re¯ux condensation inside a vertical tube [39JJ]. Models
for condensation heat transfer predictions on low-®nned
tubes were evaluated [37JJ] and a computational procedure for condensation inside enhanced tubes was
proposed [38JJ]. A theoretical model for ®nding an optimum active double e€ect distillation system was proposed [41JJ]. A model for analyzing steam injector
performance was suggested which was able to display
the condensation shock [40JJ]. Finally, a lattice Boltzmann scheme was used to describe the heat and water
vapor transport driven by natural convection in a potato
container [42JJ].
14.4. Unsteady e€ects in condensation
Papers which focus on unsteady condensation include one which generally treats condensation behavior under transient conditions [50JJ]. Another presents
measurements of heat transfer coecients for directcontact condensation during bubble growth in liquids
[53JJ] and two deal with droplet growth; one discusses
the Gibbs±Thomson e€ect [49JJ] and another is a
digital simulation of condensation from the equilibrium droplet size [45JJ]. One study presents an investigation of the instability of a condensate ®lm and
capillary blocking in small-diameter-thermosyphon
condensers [52JJ]. A model was presented for computing the moisture and thermal transient behavior of
multilayer, non-cavity walls [44JJ]. With it, moisture
transport and material moisture content within the
wall system can be evaluated. Several papers were on
materials processing. In one, solar processing to make
composites by vapor-condensation was discussed
[47JJ]. In another, growing ®lms by sputter deposition
were addressed [46JJ] and in a third, a plasma sampling mass spectrometry technique was discussed
[48JJ]. In this technique, supercooled noble gas clusters act as nucleation sites for condensation. Finally,
alternative methods for curing of ¯ip-chip-on-board
under®ll were discussed [51JJ].

14.5. Binary mixtures
Fewer papers than last year dealt with mixtures. In
a ®rst category, mixtures of vapors and gases were
considered. The ®rst is on the prevention of fog in
condensation of a vapor in the presence of an inert gas
[57JJ]. A second is on condensation of a supersaturated steam±air mixture on a ¯at plate [56JJ]. A third
is the analysis of laminar mixed-convection condensation on isothermal plates with a mixture of a vapor
and a lighter gas [59JJ]. Finally, solar thermal dissociation of zinc oxide was suggested using condensation
and crystallisation of zinc in the presence of oxygen
[60JJ]. Several papers were with liquid mixtures. In
one, condensation of a R12/R134a mixture on a horizontal tube with a capillary structure was investigated
experimentally [58JJ]. Also, experiments were with the
pure ¯uids separately. Experiments were carried out
also with downward-¯owing zeotropic mixtures of
HCFC-123/HCFC-134a on a staggered bundle of low®nned tubes [55JJ], and condensation heat transfer
coecients for mixtures of R-32 and R-125 were
measured [54JJ].

15. Change of phase ± freezing and melting
15.1. Melting and freezing of sphere, cylinders and slabs
Planar studies included a one-dimensional solidi®cation problem with free convection in an in®nite plate
geometry [5JM] as well as a semi-implicit FEM analysis
of natural convection in freezing water [2JM]. In radial
geometries melting of slush ice in a cylindrical enclosure was studied [3JM] as well as local ice formation in
pipes in the presence of natural conection [4JM]. Another study presented ®nite element simulations of
freezing and thawing using symbolic computing in
Maple [1JM].
15.2. Stefan problems
Studies involving Stefan problems included: determination of unknown thermal coecients for Storm's
type materials [6JM]; linearized solution of quasi-steady
Stefan problem in vertical gradient freeze con®guration
[7JM]; multi-dimensional Stefan problems emerging
from three-dimensional phase boundary reconstruction
under low Peclet number conditions [8JM]; analysis of
the Stefan problem associated with ice and water ®lm
growth from supercooled droplets [10JM]; fast and accurate numerical schemes for solution of Stefan problems [9JM]; and Stefan problem(s) resulting from a
mixed elliptic problem with ¯ux and boundary conditions [11JM].

R.J. Goldstein et al. / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 44 (2001) 3579±3699

15.3. Ice formation in porous materials
Work in the area of food freezing included: development of predictive equations for thermophysical
properties and enthalpy during cooling and freezing of
food materials [12JM]; mathematical modeling for
semi-batch operation of tray tunnels for food
deep chilling [13JM]; mass transfer during immersion
chilling and freezing of apples [14JM]; a numerical
study of heat and ¯uid ¯ow in food freezing [16JM];
modeling of food freezing with non-constant properties [19JM]; and the e€ect of heat transfer direction
on numerical prediction of beef freezing processes
[21JM].
Other studies in soil, rock and snow included: modeling of moisture transfer in freezing soil [15JM,20JM,
23JM]; radiative freeze occurrence in lea¯ess forests
[18JM]; coupled thermo-hydro-mechanical problem of
freezing and thawing in rock [17JM]; and an urban snow
deposit melt model [22JM].
15.4. Contact melting
Close contact melting of a spherical capsule was investigated numerically and analytically [24JM].
15.5. Melting and melt ¯ows
15.5.1. EM processing
This section presents investigations dealing with
electromagnetic processing of melt and melt ¯ows.
Studies included: a combined thermal and optical analysis of laser back-scribing for amorphous-silicon
photovoltaic cells [25JM]; assessment of mechanism of
melt ejection and striation formation in continuous wave
laser cutting of mild steel [26JM]; high-energy electron
beam irradiation for surface alloyed materials fabrication [29JM]; nitride formation in laser surface melting
[31JM]; laser processing to melt and fuse vitreous material [33JM]; heat transfer during electron beam melting
and re®ning [34JM]; melting and vaporisation in laser
drilling [35JM]; magnetic ®eld e€ects on ¯oating zones
during silicon processing [28JM]; excitation of thermoelectric instability in a liquid ionic melt [32JM]; bouyant
melt ¯ows in magnetic ®elds [30JM]; and ¯uid ¯ow and
heat transfer in molten metal stirred by a circular inductor [27JM].
15.5.2. Convection
In this section a simulation of coupled natural
convection and melting from an isothermal vertical
wall was studied [36JM]. In addition, estimation of
melting rates in the two-phase plume region of a gas
stirred bath [37JM] and simulation of convection and
macrosegregation in a large steel ingot were presented
[38JM].

3611

15.5.3. Geological
Melt studies in geological systems included investigations of: natural convection mixing and strati®cation in basaltic and magma applications [39JM]; a
two-stage thermal evolution model of magmas in
continental crust [40JM]; evolution of zoned magma
chamber in the central Andean upper crust [41JM];
melting within the lower earth's crust [42JM]; ¯uid
content of slab melts at high pressures in earth crust
[43JM]; transformation of rocks during frictional
melting [44JM]; Hawaiian volcanic melt plume studied by three-dimensional convection model [45JM];
criteria for the recognition of partial melting of rocks
[46JM]; use of superheated water to melt and mobilize sulfur in mining [47JM]; eruption heat transfer
from hot magma during basaltic ®ssure eruption
[48JM].
15.5.4. Sea ice and snowmelt
Ice±ocean interactions at the base of an ice shelf
were thermodynamically modeled [49JM]. Additional
studies focused on: sea ice melt layer stability [50JM];
the impact of melting sea ice on water properties
[51JM]; ocean heat ¯ux from the Weddel Sea with ice
during winter [56JM]; and meltwater production in
Antarctic blue-ice areas [54JM,55JM]. The impact of
snowmelt models on climate simulations was studied
[52JM]. Additional studies focused on: the melting of
frozen sediment on the Beaufort sea coast [53JM]; and
an energy balance and runo€ analysis from a glacier
[57JM].
15.5.5. Polymers
Interfacial heat transfer during melt blending of
polymers was studied [59JM]. Additional work yielded:
temperature gradients in molten polymers during cooling [60JM]; numerical prediction of non-isothermal ¯ow
of nylon-6 melt past a cylinder between plates [61JM];
and pressure and temperature e€ects in slit rheometry of
polymer melts [58JM].
15.5.6. General
General melt and melt ¯ow studies included: the
e€ects of modulation on heat ¯ow and phase shift
during phase change measurements with modulated
di€erential scanning calorimetry (TMDSC) [62JM];
axial conduction in laminar falling ®lms and its e€ect
on ice crystal growth [63JM]; e€ects of melt cleanliness
and inclusions in Al±Si alloys [64JM]; heat transfer and
¯uid ¯ow in the melt section of a single screw extruder
[65JM]; coating of high melting point materials [66JM];
analysis of the e€ectiveness of counter current scrap
pre-heating during smelter melting [67JM]; and mixing
and bubble formation in slag re-circulation and heat
transfer [68JM].

3612

R.J. Goldstein et al. / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 44 (2001) 3579±3699

15.6. Powders, ®lms, emulsions and particles in a melt

15.10. Nuclear reactors

Studies in this section included: a quasi-stationary
numerical model of atomized metal droplets [69JM];
mathematical modeling of the heat transfer between a
coating and a metal substrate during HVOF spraying
[70JM]; laser-induced di€usion in Ge/Sb evaporated
onto Si [71JM]; metal melt gas-atomisation and spray
formation measured with phase-Doppler anemometer
[72JM]; cold extrusion and in situ formation of selfblends of UHMWPE [73JM]; melting of a subcooled
powder bed with constant heat ¯ux [74JM].

An overview of core melt stabilisation scenarios was
presented [96JM].

15.7. Glass melting and formation
These studies focused on: treatment of radiative
transfer in glass [75JM]; measurement and prediction of
glass surface temperatures in an industrial glass furnace
[76JM]; approximate analytical solution for heat transfer in glass melting furnaces [77JM]; numerical analysis
of instabilities in the glass melt surface [78JM]; and
modeling of glass melting furnace design with regard to
Nox formation [79JM].
15.8. Welding
Mass momentum and energy transport in a molten
pool when welding dissimilar metals is discussed [80JM].
Other work was presented on: keyhole formation and
collapse in plasma arc welding [81JM]; and thermal
analysis of spot welding electrodes [83JM]. In addition,
contact welding of host rocks during basaltic intrusion
into pyroclastic deposits in Grants Ridge New Mexico
was presented [82JM];
15.9. Enclosures
Studies included: melting of un®xed solids in square
cavities [84JM]; enhanced heat transfer in free convection-dominated melting in a rectangular cavity with an
isothermal vertical wall [85JM]; two-dimensional solidi®cation in a corner [86JM]; freezing of water in a
di€erentially heated cubic cavity [87JM]; ¯ow instabilities in melting from the side of a cavity [88JM]; interfacial breakdown of a two-layer salt strati®ed system in
di€erent enclosures [90JM]; enhancement of melting of
PCM in cylindrical annulus [89JM]; melting about a
heated cylinder in an ice-®lled enclosure with isothermal
free surfaces [91JM]; contact melting under vibration
within rectangular enclosures [92JM]; velocity distribution of double- di€usive convection of a binary mixture
in a rectangular enclosure during solidi®cation [93JM];
vortex ¯ow of low concentration NH4 Cl±H2 O solution
during solidi®cation in a rectangular cavity [94JM]; and
analysis of the melting process in a rectangular enclosure
[95JM].

15.11. Energy storage
An enthalpy method was presented to solve transport
processes associated with the e€ect of density change on
melting of un®xed rectangular PCMs under low-gravity
environments [97JM]. Other studies in this section focused on: heat transfer in vertically aligned phase change
energy storage systems [98JM]; a molten salt system with
a ground base-integrated solar receiver storage tank
[99JM]; cold cylinder PCM solidi®cation [100JM];
thermal performance of a PCM storage unit [101JM];
thermal performance of a latent heat energy storage unit
with ventilated panel heating [102JM]; accelerated
thermal cycle test of latent heat storage materials
[103JM]; and heat transfer during solidi®cation of PCM
inside an internally ®nned tube [104JM].
15.12. Solidi®cation during casting
Work in this area focused on: an average heat capacity method for the analysis of conjugate heat transfer
during the two-phase solidi®cation process in continuous castings [105JM]; a control volume capacitance
method for solidi®cation modeling [106JM]; mathematical modeling of copper and brass upcasting
[107JM]; an FEM method for casting simulations
[108JM]; an analysis of ¯ux ¯ow and the formation of
oscillation marks in the continuous caster [109JM];
minimisation of casting slag/probe contact resistance
[110JM]; numerical analysis and optimal design of
composite thermoforming processes [111JM]; indirect
squeeze casting die geometry in Al alloy [112JM]; numerical modeling of the blow modeling process [113JM];
a numerical study of the casting process in a rectangular
mold [114JM]; coupled ¯uid, heat and stress modeling in
continuous round billet casting [115JM]; analysis of a
water cooling system in cyclic mould casting process
[116JM]; the extent of the equiaxed zone in continuously
cast steel products [117JM]; modeling of microstructural
development in hypoeutectic cast iron [118JM]; simulation of heat transfer between particles and matrix during
solidi®cation of a metal cast composite [119JM]; a
boundary element model of coupled heat and mass
transfer in solidifying castings [120JM]; and numerical
study of macrosegregation during solidi®cation of cast
binary alloy [121JM].
15.13. Mushy zone ± dendritic growth
Mushy later formation during droplet-based processing was analyzed numerically [122JM].

R.J. Goldstein et al. / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 44 (2001) 3579±3699

15.14. Metal solidi®cation
An integrated modeling approach to solder joint
formation of electronic components on circuit boards
was presented [123JM]. Further work included: a numerical study of sedimentation by dripping instabilities
in viscous ¯uids [124JM]; simulation of solidi®cation of
hypereutectic spheroidal graphite irons [125JM]; evaluation of solidi®cation of a binary alloy in a cylindrical
metal mould by the method of computational experiment [126JM]; an analytical approach to the conduction-dominated solidi®cation of binary mixtures
[127JM]; an experimental study to investigate the e€ects
of grain transport on the columnar to equiaxed transition in dendritic alloy solidi®cation [128JM]; thermal
modeling and Fourier thermal analysis (FTA) study of
near-eutectic aluminum silicon cast alloy to obtain
solidi®cation kinetics [129JM]; measurement of the heat
transfer coecient during unidirectional solidi®cation of
Al±Si alloy [130JM]; assessing the e€ect of the presence
and packing geometry of reinforcing ®bers in a solidifying aluminum [131JM]; analysis of residual stress in
spray formed steel tools by FEM [132JM]; numerical
study of thermocapillary e€ects in metal droplets with
internal solidi®cation [133JM]; numerical and experimental study of solidi®cation in metal matrix composite
casting [134JM]; numerical study of growing billet shape
from the spray forming manufacturing process [135JM];
a new non-linear algorithm for the solution of phase
change problems [136JM]; a method of least squares
adjustment of thermal data and mathematical output to
assure optimal convergence of theory and experiment
[137JM]; numerical study of cooling behavior during
solidi®cation of squeeze cast Al alloy [138JM]; a method
to obtain the contact resistance between a metal casting
and mold [139JM,140JM]; heat transfer correlations
between a vertical surface and gas-agitated melt
[141JM]; experimental study of solidi®cation behavior of
di€erent grades of steel [142JM]; thermal modeling of
continuous MMC wire production [143JM]; and casting/
chill interfacial heat transfer during solidi®cation of Al/
Si alloy studied by inverse modeling and experimentation [144JM].
15.15. Crystal growth from melt
Dynamics of lateral grain growth during the laser
interference crystallisation of SI thin ®lms was studied
[145JM]. Additional work focused on: an analysis of
solidi®cation rates of binary mixture melts ¯owing as a
thin ®lm on a cold surface [146JM]; experimental
measurements of pure succinonitrile dendrites grown in
both microgravity and terrestrial gravity conditions for
0.1±1 K supercooling [150JM]; ®nite element modeling
of 3D ¯uid dynamics in crystal growth systems [151JM];
Maragoni convective e€ect during crystal growth in

3613

space [152JM]; an analytical calculation on the behavior
of point-defects in growing silicon crystals [153JM];
thermal stress simulation and interface destabilisation in
indium phosphide grown by the LEC process [154JM];
kinetics of crystal growth in melt crystallisation with
direct contact cooling [155JM]; ¯ow induced crystallisation of semi-crystalline polymers with di€erent chain
conformations [156JM]; rime ice accretion and heating
on electric charge transfer during ice crystal graupel
collisions [159JM]; measurement of thermal pulsation
e€ects on hydrothermal crystal growth [161JM]; transient modeling of sublimation growth of silicon carbide
[149JM]; numerical simulation of heat transfer in reactors for bulk SiC growth [160JM]; simulation of heat
transfer and ¯uid ¯ow in a gas phase crystal growth
furnace [158JM]; review of models for SiC sublimation
growth [157JM]; simulation of sapphire crystal growth
with FEM software [147JM]; and modeling of evolution
of crystals during vacuum deposition [148JM].
15.15.1. Directional solidi®cation
Facetting during directional crystal growth of oxides
from a melt was studied [164JM]. Additional work included studies on: periodic solutions of the Sivashinsky
and Riley±Davis equations for directional solidi®cation
[167JM]; mathematical models for use in prediction of
industrial crystal growth processes [165JM]; the use of
rotating magnetic ®elds to control single crystal growth
processes [163JM]; modeling of heat transfer in the melt
during crystal growth [162JM]; low indium incorporation during InGaN growth [169JM]; simpli®ed model of
dendritic growth in presence of natural convection
[168JM]; and bulk growth of GaAs by both CZ and
Bridgman techniques [166JM]. Further studies on crystal growth by Bridgman and CZ techniques, respectively, are given below.
15.15.2. Bridgman growth
Electromagnetic FEM modeling methods were used
to analyze sensor ability to measure l/s interface location
and curvature during vertical Bridgman growth of
semiconductors [171JM]. Additional studies included:
asymptotic analysis of a three-dimensional Bridgman
furnace at high Rayleigh number [172JM]; the e€ects of
convection and crystallisation in a liquid cooled from
above [173JM]; in¯uence of latent heat and natural
convection on melt-crystal interface in vertical Bridgman±Stockbarger crystal growth [175JM]; the e€ect of
heat and mass transfer in melts on inhomogeneity formation during Ge crystal Bridgman growth [176JM];
heat transfer during vertical Bridgman CdTe growth
[174JM]; crucible rotation e€ects on segregation in high
pressure Bridgman growth of cadmium zinc telluride
[177JM]; and wall electrical conductivity and magnetic
®eld orientation e€ects on Bridgman crystal growth
[170JM].

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15.15.3. Czochralski growth
Global temperature ®eld simulation of the vapor
pressure-controlled CZ growth of gallium arsenide
crystals was presented [178JM]. Additional studies included: global heat transfer analysis in CZ silicon furnace with radiation on curved specular surfaces [179JM];
comparison of turbulence models for simulation of melt
convection in CZ crystal growth of Silicon [180JM];
three-dimensional numerical characteristics of Si melt in
a CZ con®guration [181JM]; mechanisms of dopant
transport and segregation in high pressure liquid encapsulated CZ grown crystals [183JM]; and numerical
modeling of turbulent convection in CZ silicon melt
[182JM].
15.16. Casting
A parametric study of cooling rate and casting speed
in horizontal strip casting was presented [185JM]. Additional studies included: investigation of gate solidi®cation time in ceramic injection molding [184JM];
development of a metal mould heat transfer correlation
[186JM]; a thermal model of pressure die casting with
injection [187JM]; boundary element modeling of the
temperature ®eld in a cast aluminum alloy billet
[188JM]; investigation of casting-chill interface heat
transfer during solidi®cation of an aluminum alloy
[189JM]; and the impact of species equation source
terms in binary mixture solidi®cation models on
macrosegregation in semicontinuous direct chill casting
systems [190JM].
15.17. Splat cooling
Parameters controlling solidi®cation of molten wax
droplets falling on a solid surface were studied [191JM].
An additional theoretical analysis of spreading and
solidi®cation of molten droplets during thermal spray
deposition was also presented [192JM].

enclosure containing a cylinder. For the case of an optically thin medium they calculate view factors.
The discrete ordinate method (DOM) is again popular for radiation studies. Fiterman et al. [2K] discuss
the advantages of a pseudo-time stepping approach for
three-dimensional systems. DOM and ®nite element
methods for three-dimensional enclosures are assessed in
[8K]. DOM and the di€usion approximation for the heat
transfer in glass are compared in [10K]. Liu and Chen
[13K] use both conventional DOM as well as even-parity
formulations in irregular geometries. Parallel DOM
formulations are discussed in [16K]. Versteeg et al.
[21K,22K] discuss approximation errors for the heat ¯ux
integral in the discrete transfer method for transparent
as well as participating media.
Finite element and ®nite volume methods are also
popular for radiation heat transfer modeling. A timedependent three-dimensional approach is used for the
modeling of heating of steels in reheating furnaces [12K].
Minkwycz and Haji- Sheikh [15K] discuss the transition
from the Sparrow±Galerkin solution to the ®nite element method. Raithby considers the ®nite volume
method using three-dimensional unstructured meshes
[17K], and discusses the discretisation errors [18K]. Liu
et al. [14K] present a parallel implementation of an
unstructured ®nite volume approach.
An inverse analysis of radiation problems is used in
[7K,23K]. Fort et al. [3K] present an extended statistical
thermo-dynamical theory for radiative heat transfer.
Unal et al. [20K] model radiative transfer for ladderlike structures in rectangular enclosures. Three-dimensional radiative transfer in glass cooling is considered in
[11K], and in crystal growth in [9K]. Radiation in
chemical vapor deposition reactors is studied in [1K],
and in [4K] for vacuum deposition reactors. Hanzelka
[5K] considers heat transfer between and to current
leads in cryogenic systems. The two-dimensional problem of thermal radiation from cylindrical isothermal
cavities with a longitudinal pyrometric slit is solved in
[19K].

16. Radiative heat transfer

16.2. Participating media

The papers below are divided into sub-categories,
which focus on the di€erent impacts of radiation. Most
of the papers report the results of modeling studies.
Papers describing the development of new numerical
methods themselves are reviewed in the numerical
methods section under the sub-category radiation.

Papers in this category can roughly be subdivided
into papers dealing with the emission and absorption
properties of the medium and those including scattering.
Between those papers focusing on the molecular
emission and absorption properties of gases is the study
of carbon-dioxide layers by Hutchison and Richards
[38K], the studies of CO2 and H2 O by Tang and Brewster [53K] and Kolenko et al. [40K], and of H2 O/N2 , and
CO2 /H2 O/N2 mixtures by Liu [43K]. A non-gray, onedimensional radiation problem is considered in [54K].
Fujita and Arakawa analyze a low power hydrogen
arcjet [33K].

16.1. In¯uence of the geometry
The most striking observation in this section is the
decrease of papers dealing with the determination of
view factors. Hong and Welty [6K] use a Monte Carlo
simulation for the three-dimensional heat transfer in an

R.J. Goldstein et al. / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 44 (2001) 3579±3699

In addition, absorption and emission of gases also
play important roles in radiative transfer during combustion. Radiation in furnaces is considered in
[56K,47K]. Lean methane±air mixtures are studied in
[29K]. Radiation in ¯uidized bed combustors is analyzed
in [36K,41K]. The ¯ame formation in oxygen/carbonmonoxide mixtures containing slag foam is studied by
Zhang and Oeters [57K]. Makhviladze et al. [46K] investigate the emission of radiation from a ®reball due to
combustion of hydrocarbon fuel. The optical properties
of soot are usually also important when radiative
transfer in ®res [27K,35K] is considered. Desjardin and
Frankel [28K] investigate soot formation in premixed
acetylene±air jet ¯ames. The in¯uence of soot on the
radiative transfer in gas/soot mixtures is also studied by
Bresslo€ [24K]. The presence of soot particles in the
combustion gases is also of major in¯uence on the
radiative transfer in the combustion chamber of diesel
engines [34K].
Scattering of radiation plays an important role in the
presence of small particles, such as in polydispersion/gas
mixtures [25K,26K]. Dombrovskii analyzes the radiation emitted by small semi-transparent particles [31K],
and by particles immersed in liquids, which are surrounded by a vapor shell [30K]. Park et al. [48K] consider the thermophoretic transport and deposition of
particles in a ¯ow tube with variable wall temperature
and thermal radiation.
The radiative properties of solid surfaces can significantly be altered by translucent coatings. Siegel studies
this e€ect in several publications [49K±52K]. Using the
Green's function method he compares the e€ects of
several opaque and translucent coatings. Yao and
Chung [55K] study the behavior of semi-transparent
layers including emission, absorption and scattering.
Heated disperse layers are considered in [39K]. Liu et al.
[45K] use an inverse radiation analysis to study temperature pro®les and wall emissivities in one-dimensional semitransparent media.
Liu et al. [44K] report results of a three-dimensional
narrowband model for absorbing±emitting±scattering
media. The radiative transfer in an anisotropically
scattering media is discussed in [42K,32K,37K].
16.3. Combined heat transfer
Papers in this sub-category consider the combined
e€ect of radiation with conduction and/or convection.
Combined radiation and conduction play an important
role for insulating materials [88K,65K,61K] as well as
for greenhouse cladding materials [94K]. Abulwafa
[58K,59K] considers conduction and radiation in inhomogeneous slabs with re¯ecting boundaries. Li [78K]
solves the inverse conduction/radiation problem to estimate thermal properties. Transient radiation and
conduction is studied in [91K]. Park et al. [86K] present

3615

a dynamic simulation of radiative/conductive transfer in
three-dimensional enclosures with participating media.
Vargas and Vilhena [92K] give a closed form solution
for a one-dimensional problem, using the decomposition
and LTSN method. The design and construction of an
electromagnetic actuator for high-temperature environments is described in [89K].
A considerable number of papers discuss radiation
combined with convection. Problems studied include
the heat transfer in three-dimensional rectangular
channels [62K], transparent gases ¯owing in tubes
[67K], and loop heat pipes [75K]. The frequency response of temperature sensors is in¯uenced by convective and radiative transfer [69K]. The stagnation
point heat transfer for Pioneer±Venus probes is studied
in [85K], the radiative ¯ow ®eld behind a re¯ected
shock in air by Sakai [87K]. Natural convection±radiation problems are studied for di€erent geometries: for
di€erentially heated square cavities [81K], confocal elliptical cylinders [63K,64K], concentric and eccentric
cylinder annuli [70K,77K], partitioned cavities [84K],
and for isothermal horizontal plates [72K]. Jones [74K]
discusses radiation and convection in cabin ®res.
Large-scale vertical parallel surfaces with ®re-induced
¯ow are studied by Wang et al. [93K]. The in¯uence of
radiation on ¯ames is studied in [79K,83K]. Mastorakos et al. [82K] present results of CFD predictions of
cement kilns including ¯ame modeling, heat transfer
and clinker chemistry. The electro-thermomechanical
interactions of an oxygen sensor during warm-up are
modeled in [73K].
Radiation, convection and conduction is modeled in
[66K] for systems with moving boundaries. Other studies
include those of side-vented enclosures [96K], ®nned
tube banks [90K], horizontal circular cylinders [71K],
horizontal narrow-aspect enclosures [60K], and heated
blocks in vertical di€erentially heated enclosures [80K].
Kim et al. present an analysis of two-phase radiation in
thermally developing Poiseuille ¯ow [76K]. The cooling
of a char bed after an emergency shut-down procedure
also involves all three modes of heat transfer [68K]. The
combination of all heat transfer mechanisms is also
important for the design of RF power couplers to
superconducting systems [95K].
16.4. Experimental methods
Several studies focus mainly on experimental aspects
of radiation studies. Critoph et al. [97K] use liquid
crystal thermography with radiant heating to measure
the local heat transfer in a plate ®n-tube heat exchanger.
Inagaki and Okamoto [99K] use infra-red thermography
to determine turbulent heat transfer coecients. The farinfrared transmittance and re¯ectance of YBCO thin
®lms is measured by Kumar et al. [100K]. Spectroscopic
measurements of shock-layer ¯ows in an arcjet facility

3616

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are reported in [102K]. Makino et al. [101K] measure the
directional re¯ectivity of rough metal surfaces. Heat
transfer through layers of casting ¯ux are studied with a
thermal ¯ux probe [98K].
16.5. Intensely irradiated materials
Only very few papers deal with intensely radiated
materials. Longtin et al. [104K] measure the surfacetension driven ¯ows in liquids exposed to high-intensity,
short-pulse laser radiation. Measurements of transient
glass surface deformations during laser light heating are
reported in [105K]. Habuka et al. [103K] present a threedimensional ray tracing model to evaluate the thermal
condition of silicon substrates in rapid thermal processing systems.
17. Numerical methods
Considerable amount of research continues in the
area of numerical methods for heat conduction, convection and di€usion, and ¯uid ¯ow. New methods have
also been developed for grid generation, solution of simultaneous equations, and parallel computing. The
papers that primarily use numerical methods for solving
a physical problem are referenced in the appropriate
application category in this review. The papers that focus on the description of a numerical method are reviewed in this section.
17.1. Heat conduction
A precise algorithm in the time domain is presented
for unsteady heat transfer [12N]. A formal basis is
provided for the development of time-discretized operators [11N]. Enhanced computational eciency is
obtained by the use of multi-spatial- temporal grids
[9N]. A new hybrid ®nite-element thermostructural
model is developed and applied to the combustion
chamber walls of a diesel engine [7N]. A semianalytical
numerical scheme is used for one-dimensional phase
change with periodic boundary conditions [8N].
Boundary element methods are used for steady-state
problems in anisotropic media [1N] and for unsteady
non-linear problems [3N].
Inverse problems in heat conduction is the subject of
many publications. Fourier analysis of conjugate
gradient method is applied to inverse heat conduction
[6N]. Multi-dimensional inverse heat conduction problems are solved by using control volume methods [10N].
A variant of the Galerkin procedure is used for the solution of inverse problems [5N]. Various conjugate
gradient methods are compared for solving inverse heat
conduction problems [4N]. Reference [2N] deals with a
two-dimensional inverse geometry problem.

17.2. Convection and di€usion
Stability of several common iterative schemes is
studied for the discretized convection±di€usion equation [16N]. A locally exact ®nite-di€erence scheme is
presented for convection±di€usion problems [14N].
Lagrangian interpolation is used in developing a convection±di€usion scheme [17N]. Two schemes based on
a four-point interpolation are presented for the discretisation of the convection±di€usion problem [18N].
Numerical experiments are performed for selecting a
suitable convection±di€usion scheme for the ¯ow of
hot air [13N]. A higher-order method with essentially
non-oscillatory behavior is proposed and evaluated
[15N].
17.3. Radiation
A procedure for computing radiative heat transfer in
periodic geometries is described in the context of a
®nite-volume scheme [23N]. The coupling between the
energy equation and the equations for radiation intensities is handled by simultaneous solution of the equations at a computational cell in a multi-grid scheme
[22N]. An adaptive-mesh algorithm is developed for the
discrete ordinates method for radiative heat transfer
[21N]. The ®nite-volume method for radiation is parallelized using the decomposition of angular and spatial
domains [20N]. A fast multi-level algorithm is proposed
for the conductive±radiative heat transfer problem
[19N].
17.4. Fluid ¯ow
A ®nite element algorithm is proposed for steady
¯ow using triangular meshes [30N]. The use of momentum interpolation method is discussed for unsteady
¯ows [26N]. The SOLA-VOF method is used for the
treatment of free surfaces in the mold-®lling process
[27N]. A velocity±vorticity formulation is developed in
conjunction with a vortex particle-in-cell method [29N].
Adaptive ®nite element techniques are reviewed for
solving complex ¯ows [32N]. A technique is proposed
for accelerating the convergence of segregated algorithms for the momentum and continuity equations
[35N]. A comparative study is presented for conservative
and non-conservative schemes for laminar ¯ow in the
context of domain decomposition [24N]. The treatment
of the inlet boundary condition for open-ended channels
is discussed for natural convection ¯ows [31N]. A diagonal Cartesian method is developed for ¯ow and heat
transfer in complex geometries [28N,25N]. A boundarydomain integral method is presented for the solution of
the Navier±Stokes equations [34N]. An adaptive ®nitevolume method is developed for annular liquid jets
[33N].

R.J. Goldstein et al. / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 44 (2001) 3579±3699

17.5. Particle trajectories
A calculation procedure is described for the determination of particle trajectories in curvilinear meshes
[38N]. A theoretical investigation is presented for the
behavior of droplets in axial acoustic ®elds [39N]. Viscous incompressible ¯ow with suspended solid particles
is analyzed using a Lagrange multiplier ®ctitious domain
method [36N]. The moving front in the resin transfer
molding process is computed by a new implicit technique [37N].
17.6. Grid generation
A least-square technique is used for orthogonal grid
generation with ¯oating boundary points [40N]. The
Delaunay triangulation method is used for automatic
generation of unstructured grids [42N]. A novel approach to grid generation is evaluated by examining grid
quality [41N].
17.7. Other studies
A Fourier±Chebyshev collocation method is parallelized for three-dimensional ¯ow [43N]. Di€erent
preconditioning methods are analyzed for discrete
approximations of the Laplace operator [44N]. A comparative study is presented for the Lanczos solver (with
no preconditioning) and the CGS solver (with preconditioning) [48N]. Highly scalable implementations of the
resin transfer molding process are developed [45N±47N].
18. Properties
Interest is greatest in the property thermal conductivity for special systems e.g., thin ®lms and for unusual
situations e.g., critical or supercritical states.
18.1. Di€usion
The poor solubility of benzene in water is studied by
considering the transport of species between phases from
a molecular viewpoint. By a combination of equations
the di€usion equation for solute atoms under a temperature gradient is derived for carbon [2P,3P]. Experiments involve a number of systems. The di€usion and
partial pressure of oxygen in the furnace are found important to the production quality of Ag-clad superconducting tapes. A narrow gap Couette device is used to
study viscous resuspension in a bidensity suspension of
uniform size spherical particles, and a di€erential scanning calorimeter to study polymerisation kinetics of
thermoset resins (bone cement) with a kinetic model
which accounts for di€usion. Vapor production through
cavitation creates a temperature di€erence between liq-

3617

uid and vapor, particularly signi®cant in cryogenic liquids. Tests were conducted using an R-114 loop. Data
from a global spectral model yield values for the biharmonic horizontal di€usion coecient and impulsive
stimulated thermal scattering data lead to thermal diffusion constant evaluation [1P,4P±8P].
18.2. Thermal conductivity
A variety of experimental techniques are applied to
study a range of systems. A thermoelectric module is
found to be simple and e€ective for studying ¯uid
thermal conductivity under critical and supercritical
conditions (CO2 speci®cally). A phase-sensitive scheme
determines two independent properties (thermal conductivity and speci®c heat) for thin dielectric ®lms. Also
examined is the in¯uence of an orthodeuterium impurity
on the measured conductivity of solid parahydrogen. For
conductors with discontinuities of unknown location,
piecewise homogeneous conductivity has been identi®ed
using additional boundary and/or interior temperature
measurements, during heat ¯ow. E€ective thermal
conductivity of mixtures of ¯uids and nanometer-size
particles is measured by the steady-state parallel-plate
method [11P,17P,19P,20P,34P]. Other works measure
polyurethane foam conductivity, 1,1-di¯uoroethane
(HFC-152a), building material di€usivity and e€usivity,
and account for laser heating penetration in ¯ash thermal
di€usivity experiments. Food science experiments study
the convective heat transfer during frying, including
potato slices, [13P,15P,22P,27P, 28P,35P].
Analytical works consider a number of situations: a
gas enclosed between two parallel, in®nite plates held
at di€erent temperatures in the presence of a constant
gravity ®eld normal to the plates, using kinetic theory;
thermal di€usivity in falling ®lms; e€ective Lewis
number where temperature and mass fraction gradients are very large (super-critical conditions); droplet
vaporisation at critical conditions; long-time convective±di€usive pro®les along the critical isobar; thermal
mechanism of suppression of anomalies for non-linear
characteristics of inhomogeneous media [10P,12P,
16P,29P,33P]. Other papers treat: the use of physical
similarity to obtain general thermal conductivity for
taiga soil; a thermo-mechanical model which predicts
the change of thermal asperities as a function of
increased area density; classifying heat conduction
equations with a non-linear source by group; and the
use of microporosity in highly ecient thermal insulating materials [24P,30P,32P,36P]. For speci®c systems investigators report on: a model for designing
furnace conditions for crystal growth of lead bromide;
predicting thermal conductivity and Prandtl number of
liquids; conductivity of polyethylene forms; thermal
transport and ®re retardant for cellular aluminum
alloys; heat transfer in disordered solid methane;

3618

R.J. Goldstein et al. / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 44 (2001) 3579±3699

e€ective conductivities for unbonded and bonded silica
sands; measurements and modeling of zeolites conductivity [9P,14P,18P,21P,23P,25P,26P,31P].
18.3. Heat capacity
Temperature-modulated di€erential scanning calorimetry measurements are reported in terms of complex
or reversing heat capacity and in traditional thermal
properties for a cup cake. An adiabatic calorimeter
measures heat capacity for isopropylammonium trichlorocuprate (II). Other experimental e€orts consider
the in¯uence of magnetic ®eld and external pressure on
magnetic ordering and transition temperatures in a
superconducting system [37P,42P±44P,46P]. Modeling
and analytical e€orts include: heat capacity change when
proteins are denatured; quantum cluster equilibrium
theory for liquids (ethanol); a molecular model for hydrophobic solvation; superconducting properties of
quasi-two-dimensional organic metals, a mathematical
study of heat capacity results from modulated di€erential scanning calorimetry; and correlated one-dimensional electron systems [38P±41P,45P,47P].
18.4. Composite materials
Modeling is the focus here as investigators consider:
the lamination process for thermoplastic composite
laminates; determining short glass-®ber volume fractions in compression molded thermoset composites;
thermal equilibrium for a one-dimensional superconductor, composite wire. Transient experiments are used
to estimate e€ective thermal properties of composites.
Also investigated was the temperature dependence of
thermal conductivity of plasma-spray-deposited monolithic coatings and curing cycle e€ects on composite
parts [48P±53P].
18.5. Thin ®lms/coatings
The thermal conductivity of dielectric ®lms becomes
important in microelectronics because heat transfer
from such devices is critical. A scanning thermal
microscope images thermal properties of silicon dioxide
®lms applied to silicon by plasma-enhanced chemical
vapor deposition and measures the thermal conductivity. Also studied are: the in¯uence of viscosity on linear
stability of an annular liquid sheet; ¯ux-¯ow instability
in superconducting ®lms; the role of supercritical carbon
dioxide in the transfer of volative organic compounds in
thermoplastic polymers and polymer blends [54P±57P].
18.6. Transport properties
Transport coecients and equation of state are
determined for supercritical ethylene by equilibrium

molecular dynamic simulations. For two-phase ¯ow the
local volumetric interfacial area is linked to a transport
equation and to a transport velocity valid for any twophase ¯ow regime. Transport and electrical properties
are investigated for polycrystalline Li2 SO4 and Ag2 SO4 .
Transport and thermodynamic property in¯uence on the
performance of miniaturized absorption refrigerators is
assessed [58P±62P].
18.7. Viscosity
The concept of a bulk viscosity is reviewed and a
summary of existing experimental data presented.
Speci®c works examine: the in¯uence of viscosity variation on stationary instability for a bounding wall of
®nite conductivity; viscosities and densities of triethylene
glycol monomethyl ether plus water solutions (25±
80°C); and the measurement of the thermal and tribological e€ects of cutting ¯uid [63P±66P].
18.8. Miscellaneous
Aspects of calorimetry are discussed for the soluble chamber and modulated di€erential scanning
types; density measurements reported for the ternary
system water±decyltrimethyl ammonium bromide±
pentanol and the parallel change of water structure
and protein behavior with temperature. The concluding works describe a new method for deriving
ocean surface speci®c humidity and air temperature;
the measure of refractive index of PF-5060; and
an exploration of the implications of dimensionless
entropy [67P±73P].

19. Heat transfer applications ± heat exchangers and heat
pipes
The extent and variety of e€orts to enhance heat
transfer answer Prof. Bergles' question, ``Endless Frontier, or Mature and Routine?''
19.1. Compact and microheat exchangers
A new, compact, gas-to-gas heat exchanger achieves
increased heat transfer area by secondary surfaces, plate
®n, strip ®n, and louvered ®n among other con®gurations. For louvered ®n-and-tube design, data for 49 exchangers provide general heat transfer and friction
correlations for various ®n geometry. For microscale
exchangers conduction e€ects are modeled numerically,
plastic materials examined for possible use in the desalination industry and experimental results reported on
the single-phase ¯ow of R-124 in a parallel heat exchanger [1Q±5Q].

R.J. Goldstein et al. / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 44 (2001) 3579±3699

19.2. Design
General design approaches consider optimal design
from the standpoint of (1) minimum heat transfer area
required for a given duty and (2) full pressure drop
utilisation in designing compact plate-®n exchangers and
exergy and life cycle analyses. Other works treat the
in¯uence of mixed convection and U-bends on the design of double-pipe exchangers, the use of weighted heat
transfer coecients for optimum design of a multiplee€ect evaporator, and the e€ects of design and operating
factors on frost growth and performance of a ¯at plate
®n-tube exchanger. Also examined are: a generalized
quasi-steady-state solar collector model, a skin-cooling
system for aircraft electronic packages and the simulation and design of plate-frame units to recover organic
compounds [6Q±14Q].
19.3. Direct contact heat exchangers
Using the ®nite volume method (FVM), ¯uid ¯ow
and temperature distribution around and in a drycooling tower under cross-wind conditions are simulated
numerically, Heat, mass and momentum transfers in the
rain zone of three counter¯ow cooling geometries are
analyzed by numerical integration [15Q,16Q].
19.4. Enhancement
A number of techniques developed to enhance convective heat transfer are considered and the many contributions of Prof. Ralph Webb recognized. A host of
experimental works investigate a striking variety of enhancement schemes: turbulent ¯ow and pressure drop
data for chevron plate exchangers, ®n heat transfer in
the cyclone separator of a circulating ¯uidized bed, the
role of circulating solid particles in maintaining clean
heat transfer surfaces; heat transfer and ¯ow characteristics of louvered ®n surfaces and plate ®n-and-tube
exchangers; wavy ®n-and-tube exchangers including the
e€ects of wa‚e height on air-side performance; slit
®nand-tube exchangers and air-side performance; the
e€ect of strip-®n location on pressure drop and heat
transfer in a ®n-and-tube exchanger; characteristics for
®n and tube exchangers with interrupted surface; e€ect
of perpendicular ¯ow entry on convective heat and mass
transfer from pin-®n arrays; and vertical ®ns and their
in¯uence on local heat transfer in a horizontal ¯uid layer
[17Q,18Q,20Q±23Q,27Q±33Q,35Q±37Q].
Analytical
papers include: air-side heat transfer and friction correlations for plain ®n-and-tube exchangers with staggered tube con®gurations (based on 47 sets of exchanger
data) applicable to exchangers with small tube diameters; correlations (heat transfer and friction) for wavy
®n-and-tube exchangers; ®n eciency of annular ®ns
made of two materials; performance of eccentric annular

3619

®ns with variable base temperature; predicting thermal
behavior of uniform circumferential ®ns; heat transfer
for pressurized bath of He II and a saturated tube-type
exchanger [19Q,24Q±26Q,34Q].
19.5. Fouling ± surface e€ects
E€orts to understand and mitigate fouling of heat
transfer surfaces occur by experimental and analytical
investigations. Electronic anti-fouling (EAF) technology
was found to reduce fouling (CaCO3 ) in a once-through
¯ow, single tube exchanger, control fouling in a spirallyribbed water chiller, and, when combined with brush
punching, remove scale in a water-cooled plain tube.
Ultrasound prevents scale formation in sugar factory
evaporators. Two strategies, the ®rst based on modifying the energy and geometry characteristics of the heat
transfer surface, the second on adjustments of hydrodynamic ¯ow conditions by a pulsation technique, mitigate exchanger surface fouling. Other works study the
role of plate corrugation patterns on rate of fouling in
¯at plate exchangers, the ecacy of scale control additives in multistage ¯ash (MSF) desalination plants, and
the in¯uence of particulates on CaCO3 scale formation
[39Q±45Q,48Q]. Analytical papers examine: fouling in
shell-and-tube exchangers where the formation of irregular fouling deposits with variable thermal conductivity is accounted for; improved analysis for
interpreting fouling in shell-and-tube exchanger; and the
sequence of scale forming reaction steps in distillers
[38Q,46Q,47Q].
19.6. Mathematical modeling, optimisation
General approaches to convective heat transfer occur
through the extension of constructal theory, which optimizes the access of a current that ¯ows between one
point and a ®nite-size volume, and the proposal of a
closed-form model for the second-law-based thermoeconomic optimisation of constant cross-sectional area
®ns. Speci®c systems are addressed by: a three-dimensional study of heat transfer characteristics of extended
®ns in a two-row, ®nned heat exchanger; local ¯ow and
heat transfer in a two-row, o€set, strip ®n-tube design; a
reexamination of the signi®cance of two-dimensional
heat transfer e€ects in ®n assemblies; the analysis of a
®n-tube evaporator in a vapor compression plant operating with R-22; numerical simulation of ¯ow and
heat transfer in the convective section of a utility boiler
[49Q±56Q].
19.7. Performance ± factors a€ecting
Investigations of broadest scope are represented by
the application of the arti®cial neural network to heat
transfer in systems of increasing complexity and the

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R.J. Goldstein et al. / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 44 (2001) 3579±3699

analytic comparison of constant area, adiabatic tip,
standard ®ns, and heat-pipe ®ns. For counter¯ow heat
exchangers in which both ¯uids encounter external
heating, a mathematical model is developed to study
performance. A number of e€orts focus on certain factors a€ecting performance: wet conditions (airside) of
herringbone ®n-and-tube exchangers; coupled heat and
mass transfer mechanisms in the absorbent of a waste
heat absorption cooling unit; long-range intermolecular
force in¯uence in change-of-phase exchangers; longitudinal convective ®ns with symmetrical and asymmetrical
pro®les; the use of twisted tape and turbulence promoter
in double exchangers. A novel approach improves the
performance of the conventional concentric tube exchanger by inserting porous substrates at both sides of
the inner tube wall. Other works treat oscillatory ¯ow
and heat transfer in a thermoacoustic stack, heat loss
through the cold end wall of a cryogenic, counter¯ow
exchanger, and the in¯uence of fouling on diesel engine
radiator performance [57Q±68Q].

function as an irreversible power device, and analysis to
establish the performce of an actual heat pump plant.
Solar desalination with a humidi®cation±dehumidi®cation process is found an ecient use of solar energy to
produce fresh water [77Q,78Q,81Q,82Q].
19.10. Shell and tube/plate

Heat transfer in gas±solid suspensions is used to assess the characteristics of di€erent distributor designs in
a gas±solid co-current down¯ow ¯uidized bed. For an
oscillatory ¯ow, electrochemical reactor the mass
transfer and residence times are determined. Mathematical models are developed to study the dynamics of
a parallel-plate electrochemical ¯uorination reactor and
to evaluate the Nusselt and Sherwood numbers under
reaction conditions in a single channel of a monolith
reactor. [69Q±72Q].

A mass transfer measuring technique is employed to
determine shell-side local heat transfer coecient for an
exchanger ®tted with disc-and-doughnut ba‚es. Large
scale recirculation, due to unwanted free convection,
severely reduces heat transfer performance to 40% below
design expectations. Other works ®nd the second law of
thermodynamics applied to counter-¯ow, parallel-¯ow
and cross-¯ow exchangers; exchanger response to step
changes of ¯ow rates studied; heat exchangers and coils
modeled using catalog data for estimating parameters;
dehumidifying exchanger, with and without wetting
coating, performance assessed, and an enhancement
device applied in an NH3 ¯ooded evaporator
[83Q,85Q,89Q,94Q,98Q,100Q,101Q]. Thermal desalination and plate heat exchangers, spiral plate heat exchangers in adsorption refrigerators and experience with
the operation of plate exchangers in certain applications
are reported [84Q,90Q±93Q,96Q,102Q,103Q]. Regenerators, single blow and ®xed bed, are modeled and analyzed; a ®nite element code developed for turbulent ¯ow
in tube bundles; and a design recommended for headers
supplying small multiple pipes with a single phase ¯uid.
Final papers treat scraped surface heat exchangers employed in the food industry and ground heat exchangers
[86Q±88Q,95Q,97Q,99Q,104Q].

19.9. Power and reversed cycles

19.11. Thermosyphons (heat pipes)

A universal, irreversible, combined refrigeration
model investigates optimal performance of an n-stage
combined system as a€ected by irreversible heat transfer
due to ®nite temperature di€erence, heat leak loss between external heat reservoirs and internal ¯uid dissipation. Using performance data for actual vaporcompression refrigeration systems a ®nite-time thermodynamic model is developed to study the performance of
a variable-speed refrigeration system and predict an
optimum distribution of heat-exchanger areas. Another
analytical work considers optimum performance for a
four-temperature-level irreversible absorption refrigerator at maximum cooling load. Absorption heat pump
systems are studied to determine COP sensitivity to
falling ®lm tube lengths, the in¯uence of adsorber exchanger design on performance and general characteristics of an irreversible absorption heat pump operating
between four temperature levels [73Q±76Q,79Q,80Q].
The Brayton engine is studied using: ®nite time thermodynamics to determine the maximum ecological

Thirty years of heat-pipe technology have led investigators to consider issues of service life as well as performance. The corrosion mechanisms of alkali metals at
elevated temperatures, responses of a compact twophase thermosyphon to evaporator con®nement and
transient loads, use of heat-pipe thermal intercepts in a
high temperature, superconducting test facility and the
theoretical prediction that magnetic working ¯uid in a
heat-pipe could possibly enhance and control heat
transfer re¯ect the range of investigations. A contrasting
work considers the capillary pumped loop technique for
cooling spacecraft and telecommunications equipment
as having some advantages and a major disadvantage,
when compared with most heat-pipes [105Q,109Q,
110Q,112Q,113Q]. Analytical and modeling e€orts
consider: the operation envelope for a closed two-phase
thermosyphons; the supercritical startup behavior for
cryogenic heat-pipes; application of heat-pipe cooling to
advance the performance and life of tribological systems; and the modeling of the conventional cylindrical

19.8. Reactors

R.J. Goldstein et al. / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 44 (2001) 3579±3699

heat-pipe based on the second law of thermodynamics
[106Q±108Q,111Q,114Q].
19.12. Miscellaneous
For rotary heat and mass exchangers, the in¯uence of
frost formation is examined by testing and analysis. For
air-to-air energy wheels transferring both sensible heat
and water vapor, fundamental dimensionless groups are
found to characterize the transfer processes. Thermally
strati®ed hot water storage for solar water heaters is
characterized from a second law standpoint. Recent
developments in multi-e€ect distillation (MED), the
oldest process in desalination, are held to bring that
venerable practice abreast of the multi-¯ash design,
dominant since 1960 [115Q±118Q].

20. Heat transfer applications ± general
Papers in some applications in this section are so
numerous that only selections could be included. This
applies to meteorology, manufacturing, chemical processing and reactors. Papers were selected which discussed the heat transfer process speci®cally.
20.1. Aerospace
Most of the papers deal with the reentry problems.
The in¯uence of solid particles injected into a shock
layer of a heat shield is analyzed [7S]. Numerical simulation is presented [6S] for the thermoelastic response of
a metallic protection panel of the X-33 test vehicle. Nonequilibrium dissociation heating a€ects shock±viscous
interaction of catalytic surfaces [4S]. New rate constants
for vibrational±translational vibrations of a pure diatomic gas are validated [2S]. The two-temperature
model for the intermediate hypersonic ¯ow regime is
examined [1S]. Radiative equilibrium surface temperatures and other thermal parameters are predicted [5S]
for reentry peaking rates of control-surfaces of the X-34
demonstrator, the base heating of the X-33 vehicle induced by an aerospike plume is analyzed [8S]. The paper
[3S] describes the steady and transient response of an
aircraft cab cooled by heat rejection through the skin.
20.2. Nuclear reactors
Heat transfer in high power bundles was enhanced in
re¯ood tests at the Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute [12S]. This is important for increasing the safety
margin in PWR-LOCA. A model of circonium oxidation allows for rearrangement of crystal phases during
di€usion of oxygen [9S]. In a severe accident of light
water reactors the cooling system piping may be sub-

3621

jected to thermal loads by the decay of deposited ®ssion
products [10S]. An advanced real-time simulator for
pressurized water reactors [11S] should be helpful for the
development of monitoring and controlling systems. A
means has been devised [14S] to use heat removal by the
coolant from fuel sub-assemblies following a reactor trip
to estimate fuel temperatures and heat transfer coecients. Experiments [13S] studied the behavior of a UF6
container during a ®re.
20.3. Gas turbines
A new program [20S] to calculate gas turbine
performance is based on a heat transfer correlation
which presents non-dimensional heat ¯ow in engine
components as function of Biot and Fourier numbers
without describing local phenomena in detail. Heat
Transfer for a transonic turbine stage is calculated
[19S] using a Navier±Stokes solver and a two-equation
turbulence model. Unsteady state under variable operating conditions is considered. The inverse design
problem of estimating optimal shape of coolant passages in turbine blades is developed. Adapted to a
large number of unknown parameters, and to fast
convergence [18S]. The e€ect of tip leakage is calculated [15S] for the GE-E-3 ®rst stage. The aerodynamic e€ect of trailing edge ejection downstream of
turbine blades was measured [21S] and compared with
existing theory. External heat transfer coecients are
calculated using Navier±Stokes equations and various
turbulence relations for two-dimensional blade cascades [16S]. Comparison with measured results shows
good agreement in some cases but reveal problems
with transition prediction and turbulence modeling.
Calculation of heat transfer on the end walls of a
modern ®rst stage stator are presented [17S]. Surface
heat transfer rates are compared with measured results
on a vane model at correct Reynolds, Mach numbers
and geometry. Navier±Stokes equations are used [22S]
to simulate heat transfer in turbine cascades. A
weighing factor term is introduced to account for freesteam turbulence and intermittent ¯ows. Measurements are used to validate the calculations.
20.4. Automotive engines
Heat Transfer in the exhaust piping has recently
found attention. Experiments [25S] determined steady
and transient heat transfer. The governing equations,
boundary conditions, and numerical solution techniques
of this engagement process in a wet clutch consider
viscous heat dissipation and heat transfer [24S]. A recent
paper models the gas temperatures in the exhaust piping
and the catalyst spacially and temporally [23S]. Study of
the cold start can reduce hydrocarbon emission signi®cantly [27S]. An optimal control framework is developed

3622

R.J. Goldstein et al. / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 44 (2001) 3579±3699

for endoreversible engines considering heat and mass
transfer processes [26S].
20.5. Buildings
A two-dimensional turbulence model is able to
predict air velocity, temperature, and turbulent kinetic
energy in an air-conditioned room with ceiling air
supply [37S]. A quasi-steady heat balance model predicts heat transfer across the walls of a residential
building as function of time hourly, daily, and
monthly. Results were compared with experimental
results [33S]. A comprehensive in situ experiment determines the monthly thermal state of the ground ¯oor
of a modern commercial building [36S]. A phase
change drywall system for a low-energy building is
evaluated and indicates that higher thermal eciency
can be obtained by this construction [30S]. An inverse
method to estimate building and ventilating parameters for non-intrusive monitoring of heating and
cooling energy of large commercial buildings [35S]. A
simpli®ed numerical model is able to simulate thermal
and hygrometrical transients in buildings. Results were
validated in a test room [34S]. A numerical program
simulated measured transient temperatures in the
walls, ¯oor, and surrounding soil of a buried structure
[28S]. A numerical model calculates the steady-state
performance of a direct-expansion air cooling coil.
Results are compared with experiments using 134a as
refrigerant [32S].
Theoretical predictions and measurements show how
much illuminance can be increased in high-altitude
greenhouses by use of double glazing panels to de¯ect
low elevation sunlight onto crops [31S]. The forced
convection adsorption cycle in a packed bed can be
improved by preheating the refrigeration gas outside the
bed [29S]. Heat transfer to the solvent is in this way
increased.
20.6. Meteorology
Land surface schemes used for weather forecasting
are developed for the Canadian Land Surface Scheme
[42S]. Improved parameterisation for turbulent surface
¯uxes over inhomogeneous terrain provide mesoscale
models for evaluating of local wind speed, air temperature and humidity estimates [38S]. Two-layer parameterisation of remaining land surface is recommended
[39S]. A numerical model of the k± type was developed
for computation of wind, air temperature, and humidity
in the urban canopy layer [41S]. The energy balance
above coniferous forests is in¯uenced by di€erences in
turbulent ¯uxes between snow-covered or snow-free areas [46S]. Diurnal variation of ground heat ¯ux is determined in a novel method by measurement of surface
soil temperature [52S]. The thermal roughness height

associated with the surface radiation temperature varies
diurnally over grassland [49S]. A simple snow±atmosphere±soil transfer model is useful for climate studies
[50S]. The relation between soil moisture and leaf
transfer coecient for water vapor is examined [43S].
The currents and mixing in an ice-covered Russian lake
were studied [44S]. The upper part of geological sections
consists of loose sediments and heat transfer occurs by
conduction and convection [47S]. The e€ect of surface
warming on the groundwater ¯ux is estimated using the
temperature depth pro®le in the soil of the Tokyo
metropolitan area [51S]. The vertical structure of a low
level thermally forced wind on an equatorial beta plane
is explored [53S]. Green's eddy di€usivity function is
used to parameterize the eddy heat ¯ux [55S]. The onset
of thermal convection in an in®nite Prandtl number
compressible earth's mantle is determined by a critical
Raleigh number and by an experimental approach [48S].
The instantaneous radiative impact of cirrus clouds in a
static atmosphere is studied with three radiative transfer
models [45S]. Thermoelastic stresses at the Earth's surface are investigated using a three-dimensional model
for energy transfer by heat conduction and radiation
[54S]. A review discusses thermal modeling of geothermal reservoirs for long time heat extraction [40S].
20.7. Electrics, electronics
The characteristics of heat transfer from a crystal
laser slab to the coolant in high power DPSS laser
operations were simulated [67S] to obtain optimum
heat transfer coecient and coolant ¯ow rates. A
paper [63S] responds to the challenge on how to remove increasingly large amounts of heat from supercomputers at the high end of the product spectrum
and from the low end for portable computers. Integration of high-power electronic devices into existing
aircraft while minimizing the impact of the additional
heat load on the environmental control system requires innovative approaches [61S]. The lumped parameter network technique [57S] plays an important
role for the solution of heat ¯ow problems for complete systems as for electrical machines. Heat sink
designers face a number of con¯icting parameters
when minimizing heat sink mass at prescribed temperature, fan power, and heat sources [59S]. A model
is presented which describes transient thermal behavior of an insulated electric wire producing pulsating
signals [56S]. A mathematical model [65S] describes
the extrusion die ¯ow of reactive electronic packaging
material. Thermal hydraulic modeling of cable-inconduit conductors is studied [68S] followed by a
similar study [69S] for a (MOSFET) transistor.
Numerical ®nite element analysis is applied to the
constant temperature distribution between surfaces in
a sliding contact [64S] to metal forming problems

R.J. Goldstein et al. / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 44 (2001) 3579±3699

[60S], and to the computation of the stress ®eld and
temperature in the tube-sheet of heat transfer equipment [62S]. The residual stress in a steel cylinder with
non-linear surface heat transfer coecient with phase
transformation during quenching is calculated [58S] as
well as the thermoelastic response of ceramic±metal
cylinders [66S] using an axisymmetric heat transfer
equation.
20.8. Manufacturing
Computer modeling is extensively used for a variety of
manufacturing processes. An isothermal journal bearing
employing heat-pipe cooling was designed, constructed
and tested [73S]. Energy recovery o€ers environmental
bene®ts [78S]. The thermal behavior of mechanical seals is
predicted computationally [81S]. Thermal modeling [84S]
studies the e€ect of debris particles on sliding/rolling
contacts. The temperature ®eld in electric joule heating is
numerically simulated [86S]. A water model simulates
¯ow and heat transfer in continuous casting [88S]. The
thermal ®eld in electromechanical converters is studied
[90S] analytically. Finite element studies [91S] simulate
heat transfer to a ferro¯uid in the presence of a magnetic
®eld. Heat ¯uxes close to the edge of a solid plate arranged
parallel to a standing source wave are measured [92S]. A
``heat switch'' is based on liquid crystals responding to
applied voltage [72S]. Rayleigh±Benard convection in a
magnetic ¯uid is investigated experimentally and theoretically [89S]. Heat transfer in ultrahigh vacuum scanning thermal microscopy increases signi®cantly at smaller
tip-sample distance [83S]. Testing methods for helmets as
protection for workers are developed [80S]. Microsystems
with integrated temperature sensors were designed and
fabricated [79S]. Heaters for simulation of high-thermal
loads (20±40 MW/m2 ) were developed [70S]. A ®nite element analysis can predict heat transfer in machining of
isotropic material [87S]. A paper highlights heat transfer
on coated optical ®bers [74S]. Numerical modeling is used
for hot rolling work rolls [77S] and for orthogonal cutting
[85S]. The e€ect of lubricants on heat transfer between
workpiece and die [75S] and for turbulent ¯ow in casting
processes [76S] was analyzed. Roll surface temperature in
hot rolling of an aluminum sheet was directly measured
[93S] and was modeled for a rotating impulse drying press
roll [71S]. The coating of aluminum sheets with a falling
water ®lm causing convection, nucleation and ®lm boiling
was modeled [82S].
20.9. Chemical processing
Gas/solid sorption chilling machines are dicult to
control [95S]. This paper focuses on neutral networks
for their control. Mass, momentum, and energy conservation serve for the dynamic modeling of the process

3623

in a blast furnace [96S]. Microporous hydrophobic
membrane is used [94S] for vacuum membrane distillation. A simple criterion establishes the in¯uence of
transport resistances on separation eciency.
20.10. Chemical reactors
The phenomena occurring in ®xed bed reactors are
described [98S] spanning the range from small-scale
single pellets to the macroscale of a whole apparatus. A
mathematical model describes [111S] the key design
variables of a novel Internal Circulating Fluidized Bed
Combustor. Temperature pro®les are measured [106S]
with and without reaction. Experimental results are
presented and discussed for a ®xed-bed chemical reactor
[105S]. A dynamic heat transfer model and one based on
a modi®ed Damkohler number are compared for scaleup of solid-state fermentation processes [110S]. Systems
of combined reaction and separation processes are of
increasing interest. A systematic approach for their
synthesis is presented [104S]. Heat transfer was studied
computationally and experimentally [101S] in an innovative geothermal desalination plant. A simpli®ed model
of the warm-up of monolithic reactors is analyzed
[107S]. Data from the present work and in the literature
were used [97S] to produce a new correlation for the
shear rates in an aerated loop of airlift reactors. A
simple model describes a bio mass reactor for particle
devolatilisation [102S].
A model describes gas absorption with irreversible
chemical reaction in gas±liquid bubble media [103S].
The bubble rise velocity and bubble size decrease, but
the bubble formation frequency increases as the pressure
increases in high-pressure bubble columns [109S].
Transition from bubbling to jetting could be studied.
Signi®cant improvement was obtained in absorption
columns. A new type of packing is investigated experimentally and theoretically [108S]. Enlargement of the
pulsing ¯ow regime is achieved by periodic operation of
a trickle bed reactor [99S]. Heat transfer in a geothermal
plant is analyzed [100S].
20.11. Food engineering
The quality of safe food is optimized by computational modeling of a continuous sterilization process
[116S]. Surface heat ¯ux and heat transfer were determined with a k-monitor [113S] for a tunnel-type industrial oven during baking of two cakes. A disinfestation
system based on hydrodynamic heat transfer is judged
for the uniformity and heating rates of a hot water
drench [114S]. A fuzzy control system was developed for
continuous peanut roasting [115S] and led to a kinetic
model. An experimental study is the basis for characterizing the heat transfer of spherical objects stacked in
bins and cooled by convection [112S].

3624

R.J. Goldstein et al. / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 44 (2001) 3579±3699

21. Solar energy
Papers are broadly divided into solar radiation, lowtemperature solar applications, high-temperature solar
applications, and energy use in buildings. Papers on
solar energy or energy conservation that do not focus on
heat transfer, for example, papers on photovoltaics,
wind energy, architectual aspects of building design, and
control of space heating or cooling systems are not included.
21.1. Radiation
Using 20 years of hourly weather data, a modi®ed
Festa±Ratto method was used to establish a typical
meteorological year for Athens [1T]. A model of luminance, correlated color temperature, and spectral distribution of skylight was compared with experimental
data from Lyon, France [2T]. Improvements in handling
cloud cover in the Heliostat method provided 5% improvements in the predicted value of global radiation
[3T]. A numerical model of the e€ect of altitude on solar
UV compared favorably to data obtained in the Chilean
Andes [4T]. The use of a variability parameter to account for temporal variations improves radiation models based on clean air index and solar altitude [5T].
Methods to account for the Forbes e€ect on turbidity of
air are evaluated by [6T]. Satyamurty [7T] developed
correlations to predict ambient temperatures in the absence of data. Daily ambient temperatures are predicted
for 269 locations. Data of infrared radiation in the water
vapor rotational band are presented from an interferometer deployed at the SHEBA ice station 300 miles
north of the Alaskan coast. Air-broadened water vapor
continuum absorption coecients are determined and
compared to widely used models [8T]. One-minute
probability distribution functions of solar direct and
di€use iradiance are modeled using data from Spain.
The model presents a dependence on optical air mass
[9T]. Time-space distributions of monthly latent heating
from microwave satellite measurements over ocean regions are investigated for 1992 [10T].
21.2. Low-temperature applications
Low temperature solar applications include domestic
water heating, space heating and cooling, desalination of
water, cooking, and solar ponds. Within this category,
papers on non-concentrating solar thermal collectors
and thermal storage are discussed.
21.2.1. Flat-plate and low-concentrating collectors
Most papers address design of ¯at-plate collectors.
[21T,28T] analyze the use of a double ¯ow channel along
the top and bottom of the absorber. Several papers
consider enhancement of convective heat transfer with

o€set rectangular plate ®ns [18T±20T]. [14T] analyzes
radiation heat transfer in transparent insulation made of
honeycomb or glass capillaries. Collector eciency was
improved with the use of porous substrates in the collector tubes [13T]. A simpli®ed approach to estimate
glazing temperature and top heat loss coecient is
proposed by [11T,12T]. [16T] describes a computerized
microscope to evaluate the reduction in optical eciency
caused by dust particles.
Numerical solution of the heat and mass transfer in
a water ®lm falling over the absorber shows the e€ects
of ®lm Reynolds number and ambient conditions on
the interfacial heat and mass transfer. The e€ect of
operating and design parameters on the transient behavior of heat pipes is the subject of [23T]. [15T]
constructed a boiling collector from a commercially
available evacuated ¯at-plate collector. The prototype
collector uses a selective absorber, low pressure krypton in the casing and a re¯ective aluminum behind the
absorber. Tests indicate eciency exceeds 60% at 100
Celsius. [17T] simulates a hybrid photovoltaic/thermal
collector.
Two studies address modeling and testing of collectors. [26T] proposes a statistical evaluation of the suitability of the collector models used in the ISO 9806-1
test. [22T] develops a method to calculate the short-term
dynamic behavior of solar collectors with variable ¯ow
rates. The method is demonstrated for an unglazed and
¯at-plate collector.
Mid-temperature collection is considered for evacuated tube collectors and collectors with re¯ectors. [25T]
discusses the use of shape memory alloys for higher
temperature operation of evacuated heat pipe collectors.
The design of a convex non-imaging Fresnel lens is described by [24T]. [27T] predicts that the use of V-corrugated as opposed to ¯at re¯ectors can increase annual
collector output by 3%.
21.2.2. Water heating
Papers on solar water heating consider several relatively new concepts. [32T] develops a model of heat
transfer in a lightweight in¯atable hemisphere intended
for heating small volumes of water. Results indicate that
eciency is on the order of 0.5. [34T] suggests use of an
inner sleeve to reduce nighttime heat loss from ICS
systems. Measured data in several tube-in-shell heat
thermosphyon heat exchangers show that previously
developed uniform heat, mixed convection heat transfer
correlations are applicable to heat exchangers with
forced ¯ow in the tubes [29T]. Papers that model or
evaluate conventional technology include tests of a solar-assisted heat pump water heater [30T] and evaluation
of a large (2560 m2 ) solar water heater for an egg powder
plant [33T]. [31T] used arti®cial neural networks and
limited operating data to predict performance of
domestic water heating systems.

R.J. Goldstein et al. / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 44 (2001) 3579±3699

21.2.3. Space heating and cooling
Papers on heat pump and refrigeration systems are
summarized. Direct expansion solar-assisted heat pumps
are evaluated by [35T] and [42T]. [35T] presents sizing
criteria for binary refrigerant mixtures. [42T] presents
experimental data for a ¯at-plate evaporator and 350 W
compressor. A mathematical model of a solar-assisted
heat pump with latent heat storage is presented in [43T]
and used to simulated performance of residential use in
Turkey. [37T] models a two-pipe geothermal heat pump.
Solar cooling is considered by [38T±40T,44T±46T].
[38T] models an absorption refrigeration cycle driven by
both solar energy and electricity. Thermal performance
of the co-driven system compares favorably to the traditional absorption cycle. [39T] gives an overview of
carbon±ammonia refrigerators driven by condensation
of steam in a heat pipe. He discusses monolithic carbonadsorbent aluminum composites. [40T] presents a
parametric analysis of a proposed combined Rankine
and absorption refrigeration cycle that uses an ammonia±water mixture and a low cost concentrating collector. [44T] presents a numerical model of a prototype
compound parabolic concentrating (CPC) collector for
refrigeration. [45T] models performance of a solar adsorption heat pump that uses zeolite-coated wire gauze
to increase heat transfer in the solar collector. [46T]
presents an analytical expression for the COP and
cooling capacity of solar absorption cooling systems.
Papers that address heating or cooling applications in
buildings include a case study of a solar air ventilation
system in Bangkok [41T], and a review of modern
buildings that use hypocaust construction common to
ancient Rome [36T].
21.2.4. Storage
Mixing and thermal strati®cation of sensible heat
storage tanks are investigated by [47T] and [51T]. [47T]
considered the e€ects of injection of cold water into a
horizontal cylindrical storage tank. [51T] developed an
approximate analytical solution for temperature distribution during charging. Latent heat storage was the
subject of three papers. [48T] modeled cyclic operation
of space solar heat receivers that use solid±liquid phase
change storage. Cyclic eciencies compare favorably
with steady-state eciencies. Methods to enhance conduction heat transfer in latent heat storage were studied
by [50T]. [49T] developed a general model that considers
the e€ect of geometric parameters on performance.
21.2.5. Desalination
The majority of the papers on solar desalination
present models and optimisation of speci®c solar still
designs [52T,54T,55T,57T±59T]. [56T] presents a software program for design of thermal desalination processes. In a brief communication, [53T] presents new
selective water sorbents developed at the Boreskov In-

3625

stitute of Catalysis in Russia. Water production from
the atmosphere is discussed. A demonstration of the
technology produced 3±5 t of water per 10 t of dry
sorbent per day.
21.2.6. Solar ponds
[61T] describes the operation of a 6000 m2 solar pond
in a milk processing plant in India. Intermittent operation from 1991 to 1996 is discussed. The major challenge
was failure of the lining. [60T] investigates the generation
of convective layers on the sidewalls of a solar pond that
uses fertilizer salts. The addition of surface roughness
reduced the growth of convective layers as much as 56%.
21.2.7. Buildings
This section includes papers on characterisation of
energy consumption, and heat transfer in walls, and
glazings. The use of a Fourier series approach to model
hourly energy use in buildings is the subject of two
papers by [64T,65T]. The ®rst paper describes the model
which relies solely on outdoor temperature to characterize weather variables. The second paper validates
the approach using annual data for twenty-two commercial buildings.
Other modeling e€orts address heat transfer in walls
and daylighting. Modeling of walls include a transient
analysis of the ability of an opaque wall to store solar
radiation and heat the enclosed space [62T], a quasisteady-state heat balance of residential walls [71T], and a
two-port model of conduction in the building envelope
[70T].
Reported works on daylighting address alternative
methods of providing di€use illumination. [63T] discusses di€use ceiling illumination achieved with an
optical wave-guide sandwiched between two glass sheets.
Transmittance and re¯ectance of a lamellae system
embedded in a plastic matrix sandwiched between glass
sheets are measured and compared to predicted values
[66T]. Illuminance measurements of scale models of three
light guiding systems show that best approach is a light
well with a re¯ecting wall [67T]. The reduction in electricity use achieved with daylighting of a commercial
building in Hong Kong was modeled with DOE-2.1E.
Results are presented in charts that are intended to be
generally applicable for other building designs [68T].
Thermal performance of a low-emissive triple-gazing
window is measured and compared to numerical analysis
of convection and conduction heat transfer [69T]. An
average month ratio of illuminance with an obstruction
and without the obstruction is proposed to investigate
the potential of facades to re¯ect daylight [72T].
21.3. High-temperature applications
High-temperature solar thermal applications require
use of concentrated solar energy. Uses include electricity

3626

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generation, thermochemical reactors and industrial
process heat. Papers address processes as well as system
components such as heliostats, concentrators, and receivers/reactors.
Studies of concentrators include testing of a cone
concentrator at the solar furnace in Cologne [78T], a
model of secondary concentrators for central solar receivers [92T], and presentation of two new concentrator
concepts [75T]. The eciency and concentration of a
purely imaging two-stage solar concentrator are compared to more typically used concentrating systems in
[75T]. In [76T] the use of low attenuation optical ®bers
combined with small parabolic dishes is proposed. Experimental results for a heliostat control strategy aimed
at optimizing the temperature distribution within the
volumetric receiver of a power tower in Spain is presented in [77T]. A 0.5 MWt internal ®lm receiver was
tested at the same site [82T]. Test results from a study of
the adaptation of volumetric receivers for small parabolic troughs are promising and development continues
[81T]. [73T] and [87T,88T] model heat transfer in solar/
stirling engines. Use of solar energy for propulsion in
spacecraft is addressed in [93T] and [95T]. Papers that
address measurement techniques in concentrating systems are a discussion of measurement of the re¯ectivity
and absorptivity of opaque and di€use materials using
an optical ®ber re¯ectometer and solar concentrator
[80T], and development of a new optical measurement of
the ¯ux distribution [89T]. The in¯uence of sunshape on
the DLR furnace in Germany is described in [90T].
Solar thermochemical processes continue to gain attention. A new high-¯ux solar furnace, for study of
thermochemical processing of solar fuels at the PSI in
Switzerland, is capable of delivering 40 kW at peak
concentration ratios exceeding 5000 [79T]. The thermodynamics and chemical kinetics of the decomposition of
iron oxide are discussed in terms of the design of a solar
reactor for producing hydrogen from water [94T]. Three
papers [84T±86T] discuss the energy of the dissociation
of ammonia for energy storage and present data from
the ®rst demonstration plant. [91T] analyzes the interface between a solar concentrator and a rotary kiln. The
conversion of aluminum to aluminum nitride was
achieved in a vibrating ¯uidized bed reactor in the solar
furnace at NREL [83T]. Surface hardening of steel was
investigated in a small solar furnace in France [74T].
22. Plasma heat transfer and magnetohydrodynamics
22.1. Plasma characterisation through modeling and
diagnostics
Several papers deal with the description of turbulence
e€ects, radiation transport and non-equilibrium e€ects
in plasmas. Ye et al. [15U] investigate a radio frequency

induction plasma using a k± model and ®nd distinct
regions of laminar ¯ow and of turbulent ¯ow. Modeling
results of the e€ects of an evaporating copper anode on
the radiation losses from an arc are presented by Menart
and Lin [9U], and a cooling of the anode region through
additional radiation losses has been found. The characteristics of a non-equilibrium high-pressure helium
discharge have been calculated by Peres et al. [10U]
based on a two-term solution of the Boltzmann equation, and resulting electron temperatures and electric
®elds have been compared to measured values. Ul'yanov
[14U] presents a model for the various energy transfer
mechanisms in a high-current vacuum arc, and his results can explain the regions of the operating parameter
space where an arc can be operated. A low pressure
microwave plasma consisting of pure argon has been
investigated by Kelkar et al. [6U] based on a pseudoone-dimensional solution of the Boltzmann equation
and a collisional-radiative model, and comparison with
experiments yield the thermal eciency of the discharge.
Another model of a low-temperature plasma [7U] concentrated on determining the molecular absorption
cross-sections in a carbon±nitrogen±oxygen system for
radiation transport calculations. A model for calculating
thermodynamic and transport property data in LTE is
proposed by Bottin et al. [3U].
Several papers deal with diagnostic characterisation
of reacting non-equilibrium plasmas, and the information obtained usually is enhanced by the combination
with a chemical kinetics model. A new microwave
diagnostic for characterizing glow discharge plasmas is
presented by Gundermann and Winkler [4U]. Spectral
absorption measurements have been performed on a
microwave plasma containing H2 ±Ar±O2 and methane,
and a chemical kinetics model has been used to generalize the results [11U]. Hadrich et al. [5U] present the
results of CARS measurements on hydrocarbon
microwave plasmas, and the results agree with those
obtained from a physical-chemical kinetics model.
CARS diagnostics has also been used on a dielectric
barrier discharge in N2 ±O2 ±NO mixtures and has
yielded information on the important reactions, and a
chemical kinetics model veri®ed the e€ect of the presence of oxygen on reducing the destruction of NO
[2U]. The spatially varying kinetics of electrons and
excited atoms in a He±Xe glow discharge have been
investigated by Lange et al. [8U] using a Langmuir
probe technique in combination with spectral absorption measurements, and the change from non-local to
local behavior of the electron kinetics with increasing
He pressure has been demonstrated. An asymmetric
thermal plasma jet has been characterized by evaluating calorimetric probe data using computer tomography [12U]. Laser scattering has been used to determine
electron densities in a 150 A arc [13U], and the results
have shown that non-equilibrium conditions exist in

R.J. Goldstein et al. / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 44 (2001) 3579±3699

the arc column, and e€ects on the anode heat transfer
are the consequence. Comparison of the results of a
single temperature model of a hydrogen arcjet with
diagnostic results has shown that some plasma characteristics can be predicted, but that non-equilibrium
exists at the nozzle exit plane [1U].
22.2. Plasma±wall and plasma±particle interaction
The heat transfer to a steel surface during exposure
of an ion beam has been investigated through a model
by Lepone et al. [20U], and it has been found that the
experimentally observed e€ects can be explained by the
formation of a plasma bubble at the surface. Magunov
[22U] describes experimental observations of the enhancement of the heat transfer through chemical reactions on a surface exposed to a non-equilibrium RF
plasma.
Four papers present models treating di€erent aspects
of plasma±particle heat transfer. Chen has continued his
particle heat transfer models by describing the e€ect of
di€erent Knudsen numbers [19U] and the e€ect of re¯ected atoms on the thermophoretic force acting on the
particle [18U]. Another plasma±particle interaction
model describes the e€ect of particle size and particle
number density on the total energy transfer from the
plasma to the particles in an arrangement similar to one
encountered in plasma spraying [16U]. The e€ect of
evaporation of the particle material on the heat transfer
from the plasma has been calculated by Ramasamy and
Selvarajan [23U] for di€erent plasmas and di€erent
particle materials. A model of the evaporation of zirconia particles in a thermal RF plasma is presented by
Buchner et al. [17U], and the modeling results are
compared with those from emission spectroscopic investigations. An experimental study describes the puri®cation e€ects in metallurgical grade silicon particles
upon exposure to a thermal RF plasma [21U].
22.3. Plasma characterisation in speci®c applications
The trend of applying advanced plasma models and
diagnostic techniques to speci®c environments and
conditions associated with a particular application is
continuing, although several of the studies have quite
general validity. In particular, three-dimensional and
multi-phase models are now quite commonly used for
characterizing speci®c processes. A three-dimensional
model of an actual steel nitriding reactor using a
microwave generated Ar±N2 ±H2 plasma has been used
to determine the e€ects of the loss of atomic nitrogen at
the surfaces, and it has been found that the e€ect is
con®ned to a mass transfer boundary layer [28U]. Swihart and Girshick [42U] present an analysis of the
boundary layer in front of a substrate in a plasma CVD
reactor, and the distortion of the chemical species dis-

3627

tribution experienced when the substrate has an ori®ce
for gas sampling purposes is described. Heat and mass
transfer pro®les in a 3-phase ac plasma reactor to be
used for hydrocarbon cracking is modeled by combining
a commercial ¯uid dynamics code with a description of
the electromagnetics added, and the results are compared to high-speed images and to temperature measurements [39U]. Another three-dimensional model
including electromagnetic e€ects on the ¯uid dynamics
addresses the conditions and geometry of circuit breaker
arcs, although the initial results are presented for steadystate conditions [40U]. A similar con®guration has been
modeled by Rachard et al. [37U], using a two-dimensional dynamic model to describe the arc movement
from its ignition until it reaches the wall. Ramasamy and
Selvarajan [38U] present a model of a plasma spray
torch yielding the dependency of the thermal eciency
on the design and operating parameters. A comprehensive model of particle heating, melting, evaporation and
resolidi®cation during plasma spraying is presented by
Wan et al. [44U] for zirconia and nickel particles, and
e€ects on mass transfer on the convective heat transfer
are included. Another paper related to thermal spraying
describes the heat transfer processes during the formation of a ceramic splat on a substrate during coating
formation [26U]. The e€ects of spray operating parameters on the residual stresses in a sprayed zirconia
coating have been investigated using ®nite element
models together with X-ray analysis of coatings, and the
e€ects of the temperature history of the substrate and
coating have been found to be important [43U]. A model
of the plasma cutting process for multi-layered manufacturing uses a linearized formulation based on Green's
function [32U]. Haidar [33U] describes a further development of his dynamic model for the gas metal arc
welding process, including the evaporation of metal and
the formation of fumes.
Addona and Munz describe a transferred arc process
for decomposition of silica, in particular the decomposition rate as a function of operating parameters [25U].
A similar reactor has been investigated by Abdenouri et
al. for reclamation of gold from iron sul®de, and this
fuming process has achieved an extraction eciency of
90% [24U]. Three papers describe developments of
plasma processes using RF induction plasmas: an ozone
generation process based on oxygen quenching of the
plasma at atmospheric pressure [41U], an ammonia decomposition process at reduced pressure [30U], and
treatment of liquid toxic wastes injected in liquid form
into the reactor [46U]. Oxidation of liquid ole®ns in an
oxygen glow discharge reactor is described by Patino
et al. [36U]. Pulsed atmospheric pressure discharge
reactors have been used to reform CO2 and natural gas
to CO and hydrogen [35U], and for sterilisation and
deodorisation of dielectric surfaces such as glass or
plastic bottles [34U]. The surface oxidation of brass foils

3628

R.J. Goldstein et al. / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 44 (2001) 3579±3699

using a low pressure oxygen plasma generated by an RF
induction discharge has been investigated by Draou et al.
[31U], including the kinetics of the oxide ®lm formation.
The e€ects of power delivery in multiple high-power
pulses in an electromagnetic launcher are discussed by
Budin et al. [29U], and several advantages are found
compared to normal operation including increased
thermal eciencies and reduced electrode erosion.
Pulsed operation of an arcjet thruster for space propulsion applications is described by Willmes and Burton
[45U], and a time-dependent quasi-one-dimensional
model is used to interpret the results. A new way to
simulate re-entry conditions consisting of a solar furnace
providing the heat combined with a microwave plasma
providing the dissociated species is described by Balat
et al. [27U], and this arrangement has been used to study
the catalyticity of ceramic protective tiles.
22.4. Magnetohydrodynamics
This area continues to provide topics for the development of advanced models. A method for transforming
the non-dimensional equations for unsteady magnetohydrodynamic boundary layer ¯ow is presented by Ezzat et al. [52U] and solutions are obtained for an
electrically conducting micropolar ¯uid ¯owing past a
vertical plane in the presence of a transverse magnetic
®eld. A method based on the use of Green's function has
been used to provide analytical solutions for the case of
fully developed natural convection in vertical concentric
annuli [47U], and a similar approach has been used for
obtaining analytical solutions for the ¯ow in vertical
porous channels [48U]. Exact solutions have been obtained for an oscillatory ¯ow of an elastoviscous conducting ¯uid over a porous plate with variable suction
for a variety of ¯uid parameters [53U]. Mixed convection from a rotating cone imbedded in a porous medium
with heat generation has been described by using a
similarity transformation to convert the partial di€erential equations to ordinary ones [50U]. Another model
describes the propagation of non-linear waves on a
viscous ®lm ¯owing over an inclined plane while being
under the in¯uence of electric and magnetic ®elds [55U].
A model for a fusion reactor blanket considers either
fully developed ¯ow or non-uniform unsteady ¯ow and
provides solutions to the three-dimensional Navier±
Stokes and Maxwell equations [57U].
An experimental study of MHD ¯ow in a rectangular
duct has been conducted by Xu et al. [58U], and the
obtained velocity pro®les have been compared to
theoretical predictions. In another experimental study,
temperature and potential pro®les are obtained for a
mercury ®lled cell with the liquid experiencing buoyancy
forces under the in¯uence of magnetic ®elds [51U]. The
e€ect of a magnetic ®eld on the convective heat transfer
in molten gallium ¯ow is presented by Juel et al. [54U] in

a study combining experiments and numerical simulation. Potential probes and ¯ow visualisation have been
applied to the characterisation of two-dimensional turbulent ¯ow of mercury in the presence of a steady
magnetic ®eld, and the e€ect of the turbulence on heat
transfer has been determined [49U]. A novel scheme to
enhance heat transfer is presented by Mochizuki et al.
[56U]. This method consists of releasing drops of a
conducting liquid into the ¯ow of another inmiscible
liquid between two electrodes.
22.5. Highlights
While there are no speci®c papers which should be
singled out as highlights, the amount of realism brought
to modeling of practical applications deserves to be
mentioned. It is apparent that models are more and
more used for supplying the process details in regions
which are not accessible to diagnostics. The other notable feature is that there appears to be in some applications an increase in functionality of a device when it is
operated with modulated (i.e., pulsed) power.

Acknowledgements
The authors appreciate the invaluable help of Mr.
Vinod Srinivasan in preparing this review.
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Convection and ¯ow e€ects
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Microelectronic heat transfer and related applications
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3631

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X.N. Chen, X.C. Zeng, An interfacial model of a
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G.C. Han, S.J. Na, A study on torch path planning in
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Q.A. Huang, N.K.S. Lees, Analysis and design of
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G. Kosakowski, V. Kunert, C. Clauser, W. Franke,
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T. Ohara, Intermolecular energy transfer in liquid
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R.S. Prasher, P.E. Phelan, Non-dimensional size
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J.M. Prusa, G. Venkitachalam, P.A. Molian, Estimation of heat conduction losses in laser cutting,
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A.J. Chamkha, Hydromagnetic three-dimensional free
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A.J. Chamkha, A.R.A. Khaled, Nonsimilar hydromagnetic simultaneous heat and mass transfer by

3632

[6B]
[7B]

[8B]
[9B]

[10B]

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C.H. Chen, Forced convection over a continuous
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J.W. Ha, S.M. Yang, Fluid dynamics of a double
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G.B. He, Y.H. Guo, A.T. Hsu, The e€ect of Schmidt
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A.G.L. Holloway, S.A. Ebrahimi-Sabet, Heat ¯ux
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N. Kafoussias, A. Karabis, M. Xenos, Numerical
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J. Sucec, Prediction of heat transfer in turbulent,
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H.S. Takhar, A.J. Chamkha, G. Nath, Unsteady ¯ow
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Y.A. Vinogradov, I.K. Ermolaev, A.I. Leont'ev, Heat
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J.J. Kim, J.J. Baik, A numerical study of thermal
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C.W. Leung, T.L. Chan, S.D. Probert, H.J. Kang,
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Applied Energy 62 (2) (1999) 81.
E. Magyari, B. Keller, Heat and mass transfer in the
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D.T. Mihailovic, B. Lalic, B. Rajkovic, I. Arsenic, A
roughness sublayer wind pro®le above a non-uniform
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425.
M. Mosaad, Thermal interaction between natural
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T. Muramatsu, Numerical analysis of nonstationary
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S. Naik, S.D. Probert, I.G. Bryden, Heat transfer
characteristics of shrouded longitudinal ribs in turbulent forced convection, International Journal of Heat
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F. Ogino, M. Yamamura, T. Fukuda, Heat transfer
from hot dry rock to water ¯owing through a circular
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M.M. Rahman, J. Raghavan, Transient response of
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M.M. Salim, D.M. France, C.B. Panchal, Heat
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T.W.H. Sheui, S.F. Tsai, T.P. Chiang, Numerical
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M.E. Springer, K.A. Thole, Entry region of louvered
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Science 19 (4) (1999) 223.
R.A. Spronken-Smith, T.R. Oke, Scale modelling of
nocturnal cooling in urban parks, Boundary-Layer
Meteorology 93 (2) (1999) 287.

3633

[50B] D.K. Tafti, L.W. Zhang, G. Wang, Time-dependent
calculation procedure for fully developed and developing ¯ow and heat transfer in louvered ®n geometries, Numerical Heat Transfer, Part A ±
Applications 35 (3) (1999) 225.
[51B] K. Vajravelu, T. Roper, Flow and heat transfer in a
second grade ¯uid over a stretching sheet, International Journal of Non-Linear Mechanics 34 (6)
(1999) 1031.
[52B] T.J. Young, K. Vafai, Experimental and numerical
investigation of forced convective characteristics of
arrays of channel mounted obstacles, Journal of Heat
Transfer; Transactions of the ASME 121 (1) (1999)
34.
Compressibility and high-speed ¯ow e€ects
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In¯uence of nonequilibrium kinetics on heat transfer
and di€usion near re-entering body, Journal of Thermophysics and Heat Transfer 13 (2) (1999) 210.
[54B] S.H. Bae, R.T. Lahey, On the use of nonlinear
®ltering, arti®cial viscosity, and arti®cial heat transfer
for strong shock computations, Journal of Computational Physics 153 (2) (1999) 575.
[55B] A. Bourdon, A. Leroux, P. Domingo, P. Vervisch,
Experiment-modeling comparison in a nonequilibrium
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[56B] D.J. Gee, S.R. Sipcic, Coupled thermal model for
nonlinear panel ¯utter, AIAA Journal 37 (5) (1999)
642.
[57B] A.A. Maslov, S.G. Mironov, T.V. Poplavskaya, A.N.
Shiplyuk, V.N. Vetlutskii, Investigation of aerodynamic heating of a plate in a viscous hypersonic ¯ow,
High Temperature (USSR) 37 (3) (1999) 388.
[58B] D.A. Mitchell, R.K. Cooper, S. Raghunathan, E€ect
of heat transfer on periodic transonic ¯ows, Aeronautical Journal 103 (1025) (1999) 329.
[59B] T.Y. Na, I. Pop, Axisymmetric compressible boundary layer on a long thin moving cylinder, Acta
Mechanica 138 (3) (1999) 255.
[60B] G. Zuppardi, F. De Filippis, In¯uence of molecular
vibration and transport model on computation of the
wall heat ¯ux, International Journal of Heat and Mass
Transfer 42 (18) (1999) 3431.
Analysis and modeling
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axisymmetric non-compressing engine-like geometry,
International Journal of Energy Research 23 (10)
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[62B] S.J. Chapman, J.M.H. Lawry, J.R. Ockendon, Ray
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SIAM Journal on Applied Mathematics 60 (1) (1999)
121.
[63B] S.W. Churchill, The conceptual analysis of turbulent
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[64B] C. Cortes, A. Campo, Rapid computation of the exit
temperature of hot combustion gases ¯owing inside
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969.

3634

R.J. Goldstein et al. / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 44 (2001) 3579±3699

[65B] G.R. Iyer, S. Yavuzkurt, Comparison of low Reynolds number k± models in simulation of momentum
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International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 42
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[66B] N. Kim, D.L. Rhode, Swirling streamline-curvature
law of the wall from a novel perturbation analysis,
Numerical Heat Transfer, Part B ± Fundamentals 36
(3) (1999) 331.
[67B] D.W. Mackowski, D.H. Papadopoulos, D.E. Rosner,
Comparison of Burnett and DSMC predictions of
pressure distributions and normal stress in onedimensional, strongly nonisothermal gases, Physics
of Fluids 11 (8) (1999) 2108.
[68B] E.M.A. Mokheimer, Spreadsheet numerical simulation for developing laminar free convection between
vertical parallel plates, Computer Methods in Applied
Mechanics and Engineering 178 (3±4) (1999) 393.
[69B] M. Mosaad, Laminar forced convection conjugate
heat transfer over a ¯at plate, Heat and Mass Transfer
35 (5) (1999) 371.
[70B] A.K. Prasad, Numerical simulation of nonpenetrative
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[71B] S. Sieniutycz, A.N. Beris, A non-equilibrium internal
exchange of energy and matter and its Onsager's-type
variational theory of relaxation, International Journal
of Heat and Mass Transfer 42 (14) (1999) 2695.
[72B] M.C. Silva, L.C. De Lima, R.F. Miranda, Comparative analysis of di€erent models for the turbulent
Prandtl number, Journal of Heat Transfer; Transactions of the ASME 121 (2) (1999) 473.
[73B] R.M.C. So, C.G. Speziale, A review of turbulent heat
transfer modeling, Annual Review of Heat Transfer 10
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[74B] V.A. Sosinovich, V.A. Babenko, T.V. Sidorovich,
Many-length scale fractal model for turbulent mixing
of reactants, International Journal of Heat and Mass
Transfer 42 (21) (1999) 3959.
[75B] T. Yano, N. Kasagi, Direct numerical simulation of
turbulent heat transport at high Prandtl numbers,
JSME International Journal, Series B ± Fluids and
Thermal Engineering 42 (2) (1999) 284.
[76B] L.I. Zaichik, A statistical model of particle transport
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Fluids 11 (6) (1999) 1521.
Unsteady e€ects
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Journal of Fluid Mechanics 379 (1999) 319.
[78B] P. Chakka, M.T. Schobeiri, Modeling unsteady
boundary layer transition on a curved plate under
periodic unsteady ¯ow conditions: aerodynamic and
heat transfer investigations, Journal of Turbomachinery; Transactions of the ASME 121 (1) (1999) 88.
[79B] A. de Matos, F.A.A. Pinho, A. Silveira-Neto,
Large-eddy simulation of turbulent ¯ow over a twodimensional cavity with temperature ¯uctuations,
International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 42
(1) (1999) 49.

[80B] F. de Souza, J. Delville, J. Lewalle, J.P. Bonnet, Large
scale coherent structures in a turbulent boundary layer
interacting with a cylinder wake, Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 19 (4) (1999) 204.
[81B] A.T. Eswara, G. Nath, E€ect of large injection rates
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Matalon, On the oscillatory behavior of laminar spray
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[83B] K. Inaoka, J. Yamamoto, K. Suzuki, Dissimilarity
between heat transfer and momentum transfer in a
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stability of a laminar wall jet with heat transfer, Flow,
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[85B] M. Rebay, J. Padet, Laminar boundary-layer ¯ow
over a semi-in®nite plate impulsively heated or cooled,
European Physical Journal Applied Physics 7 (3)
(1999) 263.
[86B] L. Wright, M.T. Schobeiri, The e€ect of periodic
unsteady ¯ow on aerodynamics and heat transfer on a
curved surface, Journal of Heat Transfer; Transactions of the ASME 121 (1) (1999) 22.
Films and interfacial e€ects
[87B] A. Miyara, Numerical analysis on ¯ow dynamics and
heat transfer of falling liquid ®lms with interfacial
waves, Heat and Mass Transfer 35 (4) (1999) 298.
[88B] D.Y. Shang, H.I. Andersson, Heat transfer in gravitydriven ®lm ¯ow of power-law ¯uids, International
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2085.
[89B] R. Tudose, S. Petrescu, I. Mamaliga, Heat transfer in
thin suspension ®lms, Hungarian Journal of Industrial
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E€ects of ¯uid type or ¯uid properties
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drag-reducing polymer and surfactant solutions, Journal of Heat Transfer; Transactions of the ASME 121
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[91B] A.J. Chamkha, E€ect of combined particle-phase
di€usivity and viscosity on the compressible boundary
layer of a particulate suspension over a ¯at plate,
Journal of Heat Transfer; Transactions of the ASME
121 (2) (1999) 420.
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[94B] I.A. Hassanien, A. Shamardan, N.M. Moursy, R.S.R.
Gorla, Flow and heat transfer in the boundary layer of
a micropolar ¯uid on a continuous moving surface,
International Journal of Numerical Methods for Heat
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[95B] M. Kaminoyama, M. Watanabe, K. Nishi, M. Kamiwano, Numerical simulation of local heat transfer
coecients in stirred vessel with impeller for highly
viscous ¯uids, Journal of Chemical Engineering of
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surfaces in a micropolar ¯uid, Canadian Journal of
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transfer between a dilute gas particle suspension ¯ow
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velocity and ®n spacing on the forced convective heat
transfer from an annular-®nned tube, JSME International Journal, Series B ± Fluids and Thermal
Engineering 42 (1) (1999) 56.
J.I. Yoon, O.K. Kwon, C.G. Moon, Experimental
investigation of heat and mass transfer in absorber
with enhanced tubes, KSME Journal 13 (9) (1999)
640.
B. Yu, J.H. Nie, Q.W. Wang, W.Q. Tao, Experimental
study on the pressure drop and heat transfer characteristics of tubes with internal wave-like longitudinal
®ns, Heat and Mass Transfer 35 (1) (1999) 65.
J.W. Zhang, Z. Zhang, A numerical study on fully
developed ¯uid ¯ow and heat transfer in a spiral
®nned tube, Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering
7 (1) (1999) 56.

3639

Channel ¯ows with periodic motion and secondary ¯ow
[107C] A. Barletta, E.R. diSchio, E€ects of viscous dissipation on laminar forced convection with axially periodic wall heat ¯ux, Heat and Mass Transfer 35 (1)
(1999) 9.
[108C] S.H. Chuang, C.S. Yang, N.J. Wu, Predictions of
swirling ¯ow in sudden-expansion dump combustor
with ¯ameholder side-inlet using two-step combustion
model, International Journal of Numerical Methods
for Heat and Fluid Flow 9 (7) (1999) 764.
[109C] C. Gau, C.W. Liu, T.M. Huang, W. Aung, Secondary
¯ow and enhancement of heat transfer in horizontal
parallel-plate and convergent channels heating from
below, International Journal of Heat and Mass
Transfer 42 (14) (1999) 2629.
[110C] M.A. Habib, S.A.M. Said, A.A. Al-Farayedhi, S.A.
Al-Dini, A. Asghar, S.A. Gbadebo, Heat transfer
characteristics of pulsated turbulent pipe ¯ow, Heat
and Mass Transfer 34 (5) (1999) 413.
[111C] Y. Hagiwara, K. Nara, S. Ito, T. Saito, Temperature
measurement in pulse tube with Rayleigh scattering
and computation of enthalpy ¯ow, Cryogenics 39 (5)
(1999) 425.
[112C] C.R. Hedlund, P.M. Ligrani, H.K. Moon, B. Glezer,
Heat transfer and ¯ow phenomena in a swirl chamber
simulating turbine blade internal cooling, Journal of
Turbomachinery; Transactions of the ASME 121 (4)
(1999) 804.
[113C] B.S. Lee, I.S. Kang, H.C. Lim, Chaotic mixing and
mass transfer enhancement by pulsatile laminar ¯ow
in an axisymmetric wavy channel, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 42 (14) (1999) 2571.
[114C] W.X. Lin, S.W. Arm®eld, Direct simulation of natural
convection cooling in a vertical circular cylinder,
International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 42
(22) (1999) 4117.
[115C] M.N. Noui-Mehidi, A. Salem, P. Legentilhomme,
J. Legrand, Apex angle e€ects on the swirling ¯ow
between cones induced by means of a tangential inlet,
International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow 20 (4)
(1999) 405.
[116C] T.S. Ravigururajan, A comparative study of thermal
design correlations for turbulent ¯ow in helicalenhanced tubes, Heat Transfer Engineering 20 (1)
(1999) 54.
[117C] J.C. Sturgis, I. Mudawar, Single-phase heat transfer
enhancement in a curved, rectangular channel subjected to concave heating, International Journal of
Heat and Mass Transfer 42 (7) (1999) 1255.
[118C] R. Tauscher, U. Dinglreiter, B. Durst, F. Mayinger,
Transport processes in narrow channels with application to rotary exchangers, Heat and Mass Transfer 35
(2) (1999) 123.
[119C] R. Thambu, B.T. Babinchak, P.M. Ligrani, C.R.
Hedlund, H.K. Moon, B. Glezer, Flow in a simple
swirl chamber with and without controlled inlet
forcing, Experiments in Fluids 26 (4) (1999) 347.
[120C] E.P. Valueva, Heat transfer and resistance under
conditions of pulsating turbulent ¯ow of liquid in a
round pipe, High Temperature (USSR) 37 (5) (1999)
720.

3640

R.J. Goldstein et al. / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 44 (2001) 3579±3699

[121C] E.P. Valueva, Heat transfer in turbulent pipe ¯ow of
liquid under conditions of resonance pulsations of
¯ow rate, High Temperature (USSR) 37 (6) (1999)
880.
[122C] B.S. Yilbas, S.Z. Shuja, M.O. Budair, Second law
analysis of a swirling ¯ow in a circular duct with
restriction, International Journal of Heat and Mass
Transfer 42 (21) (1999) 4027.
Multi-phase channel ¯ow
[123C] X.J. Chen, L.J. Guo, Flow patterns and pressure drop
in oil±air±water three-phase ¯ow through helically
coiled tubes, International Journal of Multiphase
Flow 25 (6±7) (1999) 1053.
[124C] E.A. Chinnov, Model of heat transfer enhancement
due to bubbles in submerged rectangular channels,
Journal of Enhanced Heat Transfer 6 (5) (1999) 369.
[125C] J.W. Coleman, S. Garimella, Characterization of twophase ¯ow patterns in small diameter round and
rectangular tubes, International Journal of Heat and
Mass Transfer 42 (15) (1999) 2869.
[126C] A. Karion, M.L. Hunt, Energy dissipation in sheared
granular ¯ows, Journal of Heat Transfer; Transactions of the ASME 121 (4) (1999) 984.
[127C] D.W. Kim, A.J. Ghajar, R.L. Dougherty, V.K. Ryali,
Comparison of 20 two-phase heat transfer correlations
with seven sets of experimental data, including ¯ow
pattern and tube inclination e€ects, Heat Transfer
Engineering 20 (1) (1999) 15.
[128C] J. Panek, S.W. Van Sciver, Heat transfer in a
horizontal channel containing two-phase HeII, Cryogenics 39 (7) (1999) 637.
[129C] T.A. Trabold, R. Kumar, P.F. Vassallo, Experimental
study of dispersed droplets in high-pressure annular
¯ows, Journal of Heat Transfer; Transactions of the
ASME 121 (4) (1999) 924.
[130C] Y. Yamagishi, H. Takeuchi, A.T. Pyatenko, N.
Kayukawa, Characteristics of microencapsulated
PCM slurry as a heat-transfer ¯uid, AIChE Journal
45 (4) (1999) 696.
[131C] M.R. Zareifard, H.S. Ramaswamy, A calorimetric
approach for evaluation of ¯uid-to-particle heat
transfer coecient under tube-¯ow conditions, Food
Science and Technology ± Lebensmittel-Wissenschaft
and Technologie 32 (8) (1999) 495.
[132C] Y.Q. Zhu, Y.P. Zhang, Y. Jiang, Y.B. Kang, Thermal
storage and heat transfer in phase change material
outside a circular tube with axial variation of the heat
transfer ¯uid temperature, Journal of Solar Energy
Engineering; Transactions of the ASME 121 (3) (1999)
145.
Non-Newtonian ¯ow
[133C] G. Chen, H.A. Hadim, Forced convection of a powerlaw ¯uid in a porous channel ± integral solutions,
Journal of Porous Media 2 (1) (1999) 59.
[134C] A.K. Datta, Heat transfer coecient in laminar ¯ow
of non-Newtonian ¯uid in tubes, Journal of Food
Engineering 39 (3) (1999) 285.
[135C] K. Gasljevic, E.F. Matthys, Improved quanti®cation
of the drag reduction phenomenon through turbulence

[136C]

[137C]
[138C]

[139C]

[140C]

reduction parameters, Journal of NonNewtonian
Fluid Mechanics 84 (2±3) (1999) 123.
T. Min, J.Y. Yoo, Laminar convective heat transfer of
a Bingham plastic in a circular pipe with uniform wall
heat ¯ux: the Graetz problem extended, Journal of
Heat Transfer; Transactions of the ASME 121 (3)
(1999) 556.
B.K. Rao, Heat transfer to a falling power-law ¯uid
®lm, International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow 20
(4) (1999) 429.
S. Shin, H.H. Ahn, Y.I. Cho, C.H. Sohn, Heat
transfer behavior of a temperature-dependent nonNewtonian ¯uid with Reiner±Rivlin model in a 2:1
rectangular duct, International Journal of Heat and
Mass Transfer 42 (15) (1999) 2935.
M. Soares, M.F. Naccache, P.R.S. Mendes, Heat
transfer to viscoplastic materials ¯owing laminarly in
the entrance region of tubes, International Journal of
Heat and Fluid Flow 20 (1) (1999) 60.
Q. Wang, G. Liu, A thermoelastic asperity contact
model considering steady-state heat transfer, Tribology Transactions 42 (4) (1999) 763.

Miscellaneous channel ¯ow
[141C] M.J. Al-Khawaja, R.K. Agarwal, R.A. Gardner,
Numerical study of magneto-¯uid-mechanic combined
free-and-forced convection heat transfer, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 42 (3)
(1999) 467.
[142C] V.K. Baev, P.K. Tret'yakov, V.V. Shumskii, Special
features of the combustion process in a channel with a
supersonic velocity at the entrance, Combustion
Explosion and Shock Waves 35 (4) (1999) 370.
[143C] M.R. De Guzman, T. Saeki, H. Usui, T. Nishimura,
Surfactant drag reduction in internally-grooved rough
tubes, Journal of Chemical Engineering of Japan 32
(4) (1999) 402.
[144C] A.P. Dowling, A kinematic model of a ducted ¯ame,
Journal of Fluid Mechanics 394 (1999) 51.
[145C] G. Huelsz, E. Ramos, An experimental veri®cation of
Rayleigh's interpretation of the Sondhauss tube,
Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 106 (4
Part 1) (1999) 1789.
[146C] J.E. Visser, P.F. Rozendal, H.W. Hoogstraten, A.
Beenackers, Three-dimensional numerical simulation
of ¯ow and heat transfer in the Sulzer SMX static
mixer, Chemical Engineering Science 54 (13±14)
(1999) 2491.
[147C] T. Wang, J.S. Kapat, W.R. Ryan, I.S. Diakunchak,
R.L. Bannister, E€ect of air extraction for cooling
and/or gasi®cation on combustor ¯ow uniformity,
Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power
Transactions of the ASME 121 (1) (1999) 46.
Separated ¯ows
[1D] B.A.K. Abu-Hijleh, Laminar mixed convection correlations for an isothermal cylinder in cross ¯ow at
di€erent angles of attack, International Journal of
Heat and Mass Transfer 42 (8) (1999) 1383.
[2D] R.S. Alassar, H.M. Badr, H.A. Mavromatis, Heat
convection from a sphere placed in an oscillating free

R.J. Goldstein et al. / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 44 (2001) 3579±3699

[3D]
[4D]

[5D]

[6D]

[7D]

[8D]

[9D]

[10D]

[11D]

[12D]

[13D]

[14D]

[15D]

[16D]

stream, International Journal of Heat and Mass
Transfer 42 (7) (1999) 1289.
S.B. Beale, D.B. Spalding, A numerical study of
unsteady ¯uid ¯ow in in-line and staggered tube banks,
Journal of Fluids and Structures 13 (6) (1999) 723.
A.I. Borodin, S.V. Peigin, Heat transfer in a threedimensional parabolized viscous shock layer in the
vicinity of blunt bodies subjected to ¯ow at angles of
incidence and slip, High Temperature (USSR) 37 (5)
(1999) 735.
D. Bouris, G. Bergeles, Two dimensional time dependent simulation of the subcritical ¯ow in a staggered
tube bundle using a subgrid scale model, International
Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow 20 (2) (1999) 105.
S.M. Cannon, B.S. Brewster, L.D. Smoot, PDF
modeling of lean premixed combustion using in situ
tabulated chemistry, Combustion and Flame 119 (3)
(1999) 233.
M.K. Chyu, Y.C. Hsing, T.I.P. Shih, V. Natarajan,
Heat transfer contributions of pins and endwall in
pin±®n arrays: e€ects of thermal boundary condition
modeling, Journal of Turbomachinery; Transactions
of the ASME 121 (2) (1999) 257.
T.L. Cox, S.C. Yao, Heat transfer of sprays of large
water drops impacting on high temperature surfaces,
Journal of Heat Transfer; Transactions of the ASME
121 (2) (1999) 446.
N.C. De Jong, A.M. Jacobi, Local ¯ow and heat
transfer behavior in convex-louver ®n arrays, Journal
of Heat Transfer; Transactions of the ASME 121 (1)
(1999) 136.
C. Gau, J.M. Wu, C.Y. Liang, Heat transfer enhancement and vortex ¯ow structure over a heated cylinder
oscillating in the cross¯ow direction, Journal of Heat
Transfer; Transactions of the ASME 121 (4) (1999)
789.
P. Gosselin, A. de Champlain, D. Kretschmer,
Prediction of wall heat transfer for a gas turbine
combustor, Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part A: Journal of Power and Energy
213 (A3) (1999) 169.
A. Gupta, S.M. Run, Optimal arti®cially blunted
leading-edge airfoils for enhanced aerothermodynamic
performance, Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets 36 (4)
(1999) 499.
K.J. Hammad, M.V. Otugen, G.C. Vradis, E.B. Arik,
Laminar ¯ow of a nonlinear viscoplastic ¯uid through
an axisymmetric sudden expansion, Journal of Fluids
Engineering; Transactions of the ASME 121 (2) (1999)
488.
D.K. Harris, V.W. Goldschmidt, An empirical investigation into the external heat transfer of a U-bend in
cross-¯ow, International Journal of Heat and Mass
Transfer 42 (11) (1999) 1957.
C.H. Hsu, Y.P. Chang, B.C. Chen, Transient mixed
convection of a second-grade ¯uid past a backwardfacing step, International Journal of Non-Linear
Mechanics 34 (5) (1999) 881.
G. Juncu, The in¯uence of the physical properties
ratios on the conjugate heat transfer from a drop,
Heat and Mass Transfer 35 (3) (1999) 251.

3641

[17D] M.B. Kang, A. Kohli, K.A. Thole, Heat transfer and
¯ow®eld measurements in the leading edge region of a
stator vane endwall, Journal of Turbomachinery;
Transactions of the ASME 121 (3) (1999) 558.
[18D] R.N. Kieft, C.C.M. Rindt, A.A. van Steenhoven, The
wake behaviour behind a heated horizontal cylinder,
Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 19 (4) (1999)
183.
[19D] K. Kitamura, F. Kami-iwa, T. Misumi, Heat transfer
and ¯uid ¯ow of natural convection around large
horizontal cylinders, International Journal of Heat
and Mass Transfer 42 (22) (1999) 4093.
[20D] P.Y. Lagree, Thermal mixed convection induced
locally by a step change in surface temperature in a
Poiseuille ¯ow in the framework of triple deck theory,
International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 42
(14) (1999) 2509.
[21D] J.C. Lecordier, F. Dumouchel, P. Paranthoen, Heat
transfer in a Benard±Karman vortex street in air and
in water, International Journal of Heat and Mass
Transfer 42 (16) (1999) 3131.
[22D] M.G. Lee, Numerical prediction of enhanced heat ¯ux
due to shock-on-shock interaction in hypersonic
nonequilibrium ¯ow, International Journal of Numerical Methods for Heat and Fluid Flow 9 (2) (1999)
114.
[23D] E. Magyari, B. Keller, Heat transfer characteristics of
the separation boundary ¯ow induced by a continuous
stretching surface, Journal of Physics D: Applied
Physics 32 (22) (1999) 2876.
[24D] E.R. Meinders, K. Hanjalic, Vortex structure and heat
transfer in turbulent ¯ow over a wall-mounted matrix
of cubes, International Journal of Heat and Fluid
Flow 20 (3) (1999) 255.
[25D] E.R. Meinders, K. Hanjalic, R.J. Martinuzzi, Experimental study of the local convection heat transfer
from a wall-mounted cube in turbulent channel ¯ow,
Journal of Heat Transfer; Transactions of the ASME
121 (3) (1999) 564.
[26D] K. Momose, K. Sasoh, H. Kimoto, Thermal boundary
condition e€ects on forced convection heat transfer
(Application of numerical solution of adjoint problem), JSME International Journal, Series B ± Fluids
and Thermal Engineering 42 (2) (1999) 293.
[27D] R.P. Nance, B.R. Hollis, T.J. Horvath, S.J. Alter,
H.A. Hassan, Computational study of hypersonic
transitional wake ¯ow, Journal of Thermophysics and
Heat Transfer 13 (2) (1999) 236.
[28D] C. Nonino, G. Comini, G. Croce, Three-dimensional
¯ows over backward facing steps, International Journal of Numerical Methods for Heat and Fluid Flow 9
(3) (1999) 224.
[29D] J. Olejniczak, G.V. Candler, M.J. Wright, I. Leyva,
H.G. Hornung, Experimental and computational
study of high enthalpy double-wedge ¯ows, Journal
of Thermophysics and Heat Transfer 13 (4) (1999)
431.
[30D] S.Z. Shuja, B.S. Yilbas, M.O. Budair, I.S. Hussaini,
Entropy analysis of a ¯ow past a heat-generated blu€
body, International Journal of Energy Research 23
(13) (1999) 1133.

3642

R.J. Goldstein et al. / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 44 (2001) 3579±3699

[31D] R.J. Su, J.J. Hwang, Transient analysis of twodimensional cylindrical pin ®n with tip convective
e€ects, Heat Transfer Engineering 20 (3) (1999) 57.
[32D] S.V. Subhashini, G. Nath, Unsteady compressible
¯ow in the stagnation region of two-dimensional and
axi-symmetric bodies, Acta Mechanica 134 (3±4)
(1999) 135.
[33D] R. Verzicco, R. Camussi, Prandtl number e€ects in
convective turbulence, Journal of Fluid Mechanics 383
(1999) 55.

[1DP]

[2DP]

[3DP]

[4DP]

[5DP]

[6DP]

[7DP]

[8DP]

[9DP]

[10DP]

[11DP]

Porous media
Fundamental advances
V.I. Borzenko, S.P. Malyshenko, Investigations of
rewetting phenomena at steam generation on surfaces
with porous coatings, Journal de Physique IV 9 (3)
(1999) 3.
S.T. Hu, X.Q. Li, G.D. Liu, L.M. Lian, L.N. Li,
Cross-e€ect of heat and mass transfer of Luikov
equation: measurement and analysis, Drying Technology 17 (9) (1999) 1859.
K. Ichimiya, A new method for evaluation of heat
transfer between solid material and ¯uid in a porous
medium, Journal of Heat Transfer; Transactions of
the ASME 121 (4) 978.
J.L. Lage, The implications of the thermal equilibrium
assumption for surrounding-driven steady conduction
within a saturated porous medium layer, International
Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 42 (3) (1999) 477.
A. Levy, D. Levi-Hevroni, S. Sorek, G. Ben-Dor,
Derivation of Forchheimer terms and their veri®cation
by application to waves propagation in porous media,
International Journal of Multiphase Flow 25 (4)
(1999) 683.
W.J. Minkowycz, A. Haji-Sheikh, K. Vafai, On
departure from local thermal equilibrium in porous
media due to a rapidly changing heat source: the
Sparrow number, International Journal of Heat and
Mass Transfer 42 (18) (1999) 3373.
M.A. Murad, Thermomechanical model of hydration
swelling in smectitic clays: I ± two-scale mixturetheory approach, International Journal for Numerical
and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 23 (7)
(1999) 673.
M.A. Murad, Thermomechanical model of hydration
swelling in smectitic clays: II ± three-scale inter-phase
mass transfer: homogenization and computational
validation, International Journal for Numerical and
Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 23 (7) (1999)
697.
A. Nakayama, F. Kuwahara, A macroscopic turbulence model for ¯ow in a porous medium, Journal of
Fluids Engineering; Transactions of the ASME 121 (2)
(1999) 427.
D.A. Nield, Modeling the e€ects of a magnetic ®eld or
rotation on ¯ow in a porous medium: momentum
equation and anisotropic permeability analogy, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 42 (19)
(1999) 3715.
R.N. Pandey, S.K. Srivastava, M.D. Mikhailov,
Solutions of Luikov equations of heat and mass

[12DP]

[13DP]
[14DP]

[15DP]

[16DP]

transfer in capillary porous bodies through matrix
calculus: a new approach, International Journal of
Heat and Mass Transfer 42 (14) (1999) 2649.
V.S. Travkin, I. Catton, Nonlinear e€ects in multiple
regime transport of momentum in longitudinal capillary porous medium morphology, Journal of Porous
Media 2 (3) (1999) 277.
C.Y. Wang, Longitudinal ¯ow past cylinders arranged
in a triangular array, Applied Mathematical Modelling 23 (3) (1999) 219.
Y.L. Wang, E. Papamichos, Thermal e€ects on ¯uid
¯ow and hydraulic fracturing from wellbores and
cavities in low-permeability formations, International
Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in
Geomechanics 23 (15) (1999) 1819.
J.H. Yang, S.L. Lee, E€ect of anisotropy on transport
phenomena in anisotropic porous media, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 42 (14)
(1999) 2673.
C.B. Zhao, B.E. Hobbs, H.B. Muhlhaus, E€ects of
medium thermoelasticity on high Rayleigh number
steady-state heat transfer and mineralization in deformable ¯uid-saturated porous media heated from
below, Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and
Engineering 173 (1±2) (1999) 41.

Property determination
[17DP] M.V.A. Bianchi, R. Viskanta, The e€ect of air bubbles
on the di€usion-controlled solidi®cation of water and
aqueous solutions of ammonium chloride, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 42 (6)
(1999) 1097.
[18DP] V.V. Calmidi, R.L. Mahajan, The e€ective thermal
conductivity of high porosity ®brous metal foams,
Journal of Heat Transfer; Transactions of the ASME
121 (2) (1999) 466.
[19DP] G.J. Cheng, A.B. Yu, P. Zulli, Evaluation of e€ective
thermal conductivity from the structure of a packed
bed, Chemical Engineering Science 54 (19) (1999)
4199.
[20DP] J.F.T. Conroy, B. Hosticka, S.C. Davis, A.N. Smith,
P.M. Norris, Microscale thermal relaxation during
acoustic propagation in aerogel and other porous
media, Microscale Thermophysical Engineering 3 (3)
(1999) 199.
[21DP] S.L. de M. Junqueira, J.L. Lage, Fluid e€ect on the
e€ective attenuation coecient of a fully saturated
porous medium under laser radiation, Experimental
Heat Transfer 12 (1999) 157.
[22DP] J.H. Han, K.H. Lee, H. Kim, E€ective thermal
conductivity of graphite±metallic salt complex for
chemical heat pumps, Journal of Thermophysics and
Heat Transfer 13 (4) (1999) 481.
[23DP] K.T. Hsiao, S.G. Advani, Modi®ed e€ective thermal
conductivity due to heat dispersion in ®brous porous
media, International Journal of Heat and Mass
Transfer 42 (7) (1999) 1237.
[24DP] K.T. Hsiao, S.G. Advani, A theory to describe heat
transfer during laminar incompressible ¯ow of a ¯uid
in periodic porous media, Physics of Fluids 11 (7)
(1999) 1738.

R.J. Goldstein et al. / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 44 (2001) 3579±3699
[25DP] C.T. Hsu, A closure model for transient heat conduction in porous media, Journal of Heat Transfer;
Transactions of the ASME 121 (3) (1999) 733.
[26DP] II. Kantorovich, E. Bar-Ziv, Heat transfer within
highly porous chars: a review, Fuel 78 (3) (1999) 279.
[27DP] F. Kuwahara, A. Nakayama, Numerical determination of thermal dispersion coecients using a periodic
porous structure, Journal of Heat Transfer; Transactions of the ASME 121 (1) (1999) 160.
[28DP] C. Lacroix, P. Ramany Bala, M. Feidt, Evaluation of
the e€ective thermal conductivity in metallic porous
media submitted to incident radiative ¯ux in transient
conditions, Energy Conversion and Management 40
(15±16) (1999) 1775.
[29DP] X.G. Liang, W. Qu, E€ective thermal conductivity of
gas±solid composite materials and the temperature
di€erence e€ect at high temperature, International
Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 42 (10) (1999)
1885.
[30DP] E. Litovsky, T. Gambaryan-Roisman, M. Shapiro, A.
Shavit, E€ect of grain thermal expansion mismatch on
thermal conductivity of porous ceramics, Journal of
the American Ceramic Society 82 (4) (1999) 994.
[31DP] H.B. Lu, N. Mazet, Mass-transfer parameters in gas±
solid reactive media to identify permeability of
IMPEX, AIChE Journal 45 (11) (1999) 2444.
[32DP] K.O. Lund, H. Nguyen, S.M. Lord, C. Thompson,
Numerical correlation for thermal conduction in
packed beds, Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering 77 (4) (1999) 769.
[33DP] R. Pitchumani, Evaluation of thermal conductivities
of disordered composite media using a fractal model,
Journal of Heat Transfer; Transactions of the ASME
121 (1) (1999) 163.
[34DP] R. Pitchumani, B. Ramakrishnan, A fractal geometry
model for evaluating permeabilities of porous preforms used in liquid composite molding, International
Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 42 (12) (1999)
2219.
[35DP] S.A. Pourhashemi, O.J. Hao, R.C. Chawla, An
experimental and theoretical study of the nonlinear
heat conduction in dry porous media, International
Journal of Energy Research 23 (5) (1999) 389.
[36DP] K.S. Raper, J.A. Roux, J.G. Vaughan, E. Lackey,
Permeability impact on the pressure rise in a pultrusion die, Journal of Thermophysics and Heat Transfer
13 (1) (1999) 91.
[37DP] M.S. Soylemez, On the e€ective thermal conductivity
of building bricks, Building and Environment 34 (1)
(1999) 1.
External ¯ow and heat transfer
[38DP] A.J. Chamkha, K. Khanafer, Nonsimilar combined
convection ¯ow over a vertical surface embedded in a
variable porosity medium, Journal of Porous Media 2
(3) (1999) 231.
[39DP] C.H. Chen, J.H. Horng, Natural convection from a
vertical cylinder in a thermally strati®ed porous
medium, Heat and Mass Transfer 34 (5) (1999) 423.
[40DP] Z.G. Feng, E.E. Michaelides, Unsteady mass transport from a sphere immersed in a porous medium at

[41DP]

[42DP]

[43DP]

[44DP]

[45DP]

[46DP]
[47DP]

[48DP]
[49DP]
[50DP]
[51DP]

[52DP]

[53DP]

[54DP]

[55DP]

3643

®nite Peclet numbers, International Journal of Heat
and Mass Transfer 42 (3) (1999) 535.
W.S. Fu, H.C. Huang, E€ects of a random porosity
model on heat transfer performance of porous media,
International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 42
(1) (1999) 13.
R.S.R. Gorla, M. Kumari, Mixed convection in nonNewtonian ¯uids along a vertical plate with variable
surface heat ¯ux in a porous medium, Heat and Mass
Transfer 35 (3) (1999) 221.
R.S.R. Gorla, M. Kumari, Nonsimilar solutions for
free convection in non-Newtonian ¯uids along a
vertical plate in a porous medium, International
Journal of Numerical Methods for Heat and Fluid
Flow 9 (8) (1999) 847.
R.S.R. Gorla, M. Kumari, Nonsimilar solutions for
mixed convection in non-Newtonian ¯uids along a
wedge with variable surface temperature in a porous
medium, International Journal of Numerical Methods
for Heat and Fluid Flow 9 (5±6) (1999) 601.
R.S.R. Gorla, M.A. Mansour, M.G. Sahar, Natural
convection from a vertical plate in a porous medium
using Brinkman's model, Transport in Porous Media
36 (3) (1999) 357.
M. Havet, D. Blay, Natural convection over a nonisothermal vertical plate, International Journal of
Heat and Mass Transfer 42 (16) (1999) 3103.
C.I. Hung, C.H. Chen, C.B. Chen, Non-Darcy free
convection along a nonisothermal vertical surface in a
thermally strati®ed porous medium, International
Journal of Engineering Science 37 (4) (1999) 477.
C. Jia, K. Shing, Y.C. Yortsos, Advective mass
transfer from stationary sources in porous media,
Water Resources Research 35 (11) (1999) 3239.
A.V. Kuznetsov, Analytical investigation of forced
convection from a ¯at plate enhanced by a porous
substrate, Acta Mechanica 137 (3±4) (1999) 211.
P. Murthy, P. Singh, Heat and mass transfer by
natural convection in a non-Darcy porous medium,
Acta Mechanica 138 (3).
P. Nithiarasu, Finite element modeling of a leaking
third component migration from a heat source buried
into a ¯uid saturated porous medium, Mathematical
and Computer Modelling 29 (4) (1999) 27.
A.F. Polyakov, D.L. Reviznikov, Numerical simulation of conjugate heat and mass transfer under
conditions of convection-and-curtain cooling, High
Temperature (USSR) 37 (3) (1999) 393.
A.F. Polyakov, D.L. Reviznikov, Singularities of
thermal protection of the front edge under conditions
of combination porous penetration and convection±
conduction cooling, High Temperature (USSR) 37 (6)
(1999) 895.
S.U. Rahman, An experimental study on buoyancydriven convective mass transfer from spheres embedded in saturated porous media, Heat and Mass
Transfer 35 (6) (1999) 487.
D.A.S. Rees, The e€ect of steady streamwise surface
temperature variations on vertical free convection,
International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 42
(13) (1999) 2455.

3644

R.J. Goldstein et al. / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 44 (2001) 3579±3699

[56DP] D.A.S. Rees, Free convective boundary layer ¯ow
from a heated surface in a layered porous medium,
Journal of Porous Media 2 (1) (1999) 39.
[57DP] D.A.S. Rees, M.A. Hossain, Combined e€ect of
inertia and a spanwise pressure gradient on free
convection from a vertical surface in porous media,
Numerical Heat Transfer, Part A ± Applications 36 (7)
(1999) 725.
[58DP] D.A.S. Rees, K. Vafai, Darcy±Brinkman free convection from a heated horizontal surface, Numerical Heat
Transfer, Part A ± Applications 35 (2) (1999) 191.
[59DP] B.B. Singh, S.K. Verma, Asymptotic behaviour of the
laminar boundary layer ¯ow of an incompressible
¯uid past a ¯at plate, Indian Journal of Engineering
and Materials Sciences 6 (6) 346.
[60DP] T. Watanabe, H. Taniguchi, M. Kumagai, I. Pop,
Stability of free convection with uniform suction or
injection from a vertical ¯at plate subjected to a
constant wall heat ¯ux, Acta Mechanica 136 (3±4)
(1999) 143.
[61DP] K.A. Yih, Coupled heat and mass transfer by free
convection over a truncated cone in porous media:
VWT/VWC or VHF/VMF, Acta Mechanica 137 (1±2)
(1999) 83.
[62DP] K.A. Yih, Uniform transpiration e€ect on combined
heat and mass transfer by natural convection over a
cone in saturated porous media: uniform wall temperature concentration or heat mass ¯ux, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 42 (18)
(1999) 3533.
[63DP] K.A. Yih, Uniform transpiration e€ect on coupled
heat and mass transfer, in mixed convection about
inclined surfaces in porous media ± the entire regime,
Acta Mechanica 132 (1±4) (1999) 229.
Packed and ¯uidized beds
[64DP] S.E. Aly, K.A. Fathalah, A three phase model of a
batch ¯uidized bed, Heat and Mass Transfer 34 (5)
(1999) 405.
[65DP] L. Bao, B. Liu, G.G. Lipscomb, Entry mass transfer in
axial ¯ows through randomly packed ®ber bundles,
AIChE Journal 45 (11) (1999) 2346.
[66DP] R. Boere®jn, M. Poletto, P. Salatino, Analysis of the
dynamics of heat transfer between a hot wire probe
and gas ¯uidized beds, Powder Technology 102 (1)
(1999) 53.
[67DP] C.L. Briens, M. DelPozo, C. Trudell, G. Wild,
Measurement and modeling of particle±liquid heat
transfer in liquid±solid and gas±liquid±solid ¯uidized
beds, Chemical Engineering Science 54 (6) (1999) 731.
[68DP] A.C. Caputo, P.M. Pelagagge, Heat recovery from
moving cooling beds: transient modeling by dynamic
simulation, Applied Thermal Engineering 19 (1)
(1999) 21.
[69DP] O.N. Cavatorta, U. Bohm, A.M.C. de del Giorgio,
Fluid-dynamic and mass-transfer behavior of static
mixers and regular packings, AIChE Journal 45 (5)
(1999) 938.
[70DP] J.C. Chen, Experiments that address phenomenological issues of fast ¯uidization, Chemical Engineering Science 54 (22) (1999) 5529.

[71DP] Y. Courbariaux, T. Pugsley, M. Couturier, Heat
transfer between fcc catalyst and an electrically heated
horizontal cylinder in a circulating ¯uidized bed,
Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering 77 (2)
(1999) 213.
[72DP] Y. Demirel, R. Kahraman, Entropy generation in a
rectangular packed duct with wall heat ¯ux, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 42 (13)
(1999) 2337.
[73DP] C. DiBlasi, G. Portoricco, M. Borrelli, C. Branca,
Oxidative degradation and ignition of loose-packed
straw beds, Fuel 78 (13) (1999) 1591.
[74DP] A.F. Dolidovich, G.S. Akhremkova, V.S. Efremtsev,
Novel technologies of VOC decontamination in ®xed,
moving and ¯uidized catalyst-adsorbent beds, Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering 77 (2) (1999)
342.
[75DP] K.H. Han, J. Park, J.I. Ryu, G.T. Jin, Coal combustion
characteristics in a pressurized ¯uidized bed, Korean
Journal of Chemical Engineering 16 (6) (1999) 804.
[76DP] I. Hashimoto, T. Watanabe, Clinker burning in the
¯uidized bed ± an innovative technology, ZKG
International 52 (1) (1999) 1.
[77DP] S. Heinrich, L. Morl, Description of the temperature,
humidity, and concentration distribution in gas±
liquid±solid ¯uidized beds, Chemical Engineering
and Technology 22 (2) (1999) 118.
[78DP] S.Y. Huang, Z.W. Wang, Y. Jin, Studies on gas±solid±
solid circulating ¯uidized-bed reactors, Chemical Engineering Science 54 (13±14) (1999) 2067.
[79DP] Y. Kaneko, T. Shiojima, M. Horio, DEM simulation
of ¯uidized beds for gas-phase ole®n polymerization,
Chemical Engineering Science 54 (24) (1999) 5809.
[80DP] S.D. Kim, J.S. Kim, C.H. Nam, S.H. Kim, Y. Kang,
Immersed heater-to-bed heat transfer in liquid±liquid±
solid ¯uidized beds, Chemical Engineering Science 54
(21) (1999) 5173.
[81DP] Y.J. Kim, J.H. Bang, S.D. Kim, Bed-to-wall heat
transfer in a downer reactor, Canadian Journal of
Chemical Engineering 77 (2) (1999) 207.
[82DP] A.E. Kronberg, K.R. Westerterp, Nonequilibrium
e€ects in ®xed-bed interstitial ¯uid dispersion, Chemical Engineering Science 54 (18) (1999) 3977.
[83DP] K. Kuramoto, A. Tsutsumi, T. Chiba, High-velocity
¯uidization of solid particles in a liquid±solid circulating ¯uidized bed system, Canadian Journal of
Chemical Engineering 77 (2) (1999) 291.
[84DP] H.M. Kvamsdal, H.F. Svendsen, T. Hertzberg, O.
Olsvik, Dynamic simulation and optimization of a
catalytic steam reformer, Chemical Engineering Science 54 (13±14) (1999) 2697.
[85DP] H. Li, A. Prakash, Analysis of bubble dynamics and
local hydrodynamics based on instantaneous heat
transfer measurements in a slurry bubble column,
Chemical Engineering Science 54 (21) (1999) 5265.
[86DP] W.C. Lin, S. Farooq, C. Tien, Estimation of overall
e€ective coecient of heat transfer for nonisothermal
®xed-bed adsorption, Chemical Engineering Science
54 (18) (1999) 4031.
[87DP] W. Luan, C.J. Lim, C.M.H. Brereton, B.D. Bowen,
J.R. Grace, Experimental and theoretical study of

R.J. Goldstein et al. / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 44 (2001) 3579±3699

[88DP]

[89DP]
[90DP]
[91DP]

[92DP]

[93DP]

[94DP]
[95DP]
[96DP]

[97DP]

[98DP]

[99DP]
[100DP]

[101DP]

[102DP]

[103DP]

total and radiative heat transfer in circulating ¯uidized
beds, Chemical Engineering Science 54 (17) (1999)
3749.
C. Marcandelli, G. Wild, A.S. Lamine, J.R. Bernard,
Measurement of local particle±¯uid heat transfer
coecient in trickle-bed reactors, Chemical Engineering Science 54 (21) (1999) 4997.
T. Matsuo, T. Kondou, K. Ueda, Electrical properties
and melting treatment rate of a continuous induction
waste melter, ISIJ International 39 (4) (1999) 388.
A. Moise, R.Z. Tudose, Study on gas±solid heat
transfer in packed granular beds ± II. Modeling of bed
heating, Revue Roumaine de Chimie 44 (1) 83.
J.L. Nijdam, C.W.M. van der Geld, A comparison of
hybrid and numerical techniques to model heat
transfer in reverse ¯ow reactors, Applied Thermal
Engineering 19 (10) (1999) 1045.
P.D. Noymer, L.R. Glicksman, Near-wall hydrodynamics in a scale-model circulating ¯uidized bed,
International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 42
(8) (1999) 1389.
A. Ogata, K. Yamanouchi, K. Mizuno, S. Kushiyama,
T. Yamamoto, Oxidation of dilute benzene ire an
alumina hybrid plasma reactor at atmospheric pressure, Plasma Chemistry and Plasma Processing 19 (3)
(1999) 383.
V. Papavassiliou, M.L. Wagner, Ballast gas for heat
transfer control in ®xed-bed reactors, Chemical Engineering Science 54 (15±16) (1999) 3683.
A. Schmidt, U. Renz, Eulerian computation of heat
transfer in ¯uidized beds, Chemical Engineering Science 54 (22) (1999) 5515.
S. Schmidt, J. Buchs, C. Born, P. Biselli, A new
correlation for the wall-to-¯uid mass transfer in
liquid±solid ¯uidized beds, Chemical Engineering
Science 54 (6) (1999) 829.
T. Shimizu, T. Hirama, H. Hosoda, K. Kitano, M.
Inagaki, K. Tejima, A twin ¯uid-bed reactor for
removal of CO2 from combustion processes, Chemical
Engineering Research and Design 77 (A1) (1999) 62.
A.W. Siebert, D. Highgate, M. Newborough, Heat
transfer characteristics of mechanically-stimulated
particle beds, Applied Thermal Engineering 19 (1)
(1999) 37.
Y.S. Teplitskiy, Similarity of transport processes in
¯uidized beds, International Journal of Heat and
Mass Transfer 42 (20) (1999) 3887.
Y.S. Teplitskiy, G.A. Ryabov, Scaling in a circulating
¯uidized bed: particle concentration and heat transfer
coecient in a transport zone, International Journal
of Heat and Mass Transfer 42 (21) (1999) 4065.
P. Vainshtein, M. Fichman, M. Shapiro, L. Moldavsky, C. Gut®nger, Fluidized bed in a con®ned volume,
International Journal of Multiphase Flow 25 (6±7)
(1999) 1431.
C. vonScala, M. Wehrli, G. Gaiser, Heat transfer
measurements and simulation of KATAPAK-M (R)
catalyst supports, Chemical Engineering Science 54
(10) (1999) 1375.
R.C. Wang, Y.C. Han, Momentum dissipation of jet
dispersion in a gas±solid ¯uidized bed, Journal of the

[104DP]
[105DP]

[106DP]

[107DP]

3645

Chinese Institute of Chemical Engineers 30 (3) (1999)
263.
J. Werther, Measurement techniques in ¯uidized beds,
Powder Technology 102 (1) (1999) 15.
J.W. Wu, H.S. Chu, Combined conduction and
radiation heat transfer in plane-parallel packed beds
with variable porosity, Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer 61 (4) (1999) 443.
G.G. Xu, G.G. Sun, K. Nomura, J.H. Li, K. Kato,
Two distinctive variational regions of radial particle
concentration pro®les in circulating ¯uidized bed
risers, Powder Technology 101 (1) (1999) 91.
S.C. Ye, C.A. Li, K.M. Cheng, Heat transfer between
immersed horizontal tubes and aerated vibrated ¯uidized beds, Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering
7 (2) (1999) 116.

Layers and enclosures
[108DP] A. Amahmid, M. Hasnaoui, M. Mamou, P. Vasseur,
Boundary layer ¯ows in a vertical porous enclosure
induced by opposing buoyancy forces, International
Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 42 (19) (1999)
3599.
[109DP] A. Amahmid, M. Hasnaoui, M. Mamou, P. Vasseur,
Double-di€usive parallel ¯ow induced in a horizontal
Brinkman porous layer subjected to constant heat and
mass ¯uxes: analytical and numerical studies, Heat
and Mass Transfer 35 (5) (1999) 409.
[110DP] V.V. Apollonov, S.I. Derzhavin, V.V. Kuz'minov,
D.A. Mashkovskii, V.N. Timoshkin, V.A. Filonenko,
Eciency of cooling of laser diode arrays in contact
with a porous permeable wall, Technical Physics
Letters 25 (1) (1999) 38.
[111DP] G. Chen, H.A. Hadim, Numerical study of threedimensional non-Darcy forced convection in a square
porous duct, International Journal of Numerical
Methods for Heat and Fluid Flow 9 (2) (1999) 151.
[112DP] S. Chevalier, O. Banton, Modelling of heat transfer
with the random walk method. Part 1. Application to
thermal energy storage in porous aquifers, Journal of
Hydrology 222 (1±4) (1999) 129.
[113DP] S. Chevalier, O. Banton, Modelling of heat transfer
with the random walk method. Part 2. Application to
thermal energy storage in fractured aquifers, Journal
of Hydrology 222 (1±4) (1999) 140.
[114DP] S. Chevalier, D. Bernard, N. Joly, Natural convection
in a porous layer bounded by impervious domains:
from numerical approaches to experimental realization, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer
42 (4) (1999) 581.
[115DP] Y. Demirel, H.H. Al-Ali, B.A. Abu-Al-Saud, Enhancement of convection heat-transfer in a rectangular duct, Applied Energy 64 (1) (1999) 441.
[116DP] M.A.I. El-Shaarawi, M.A. Al-Nimr, M.M.K. Al Yah,
Transient conjugate heat transfer in a porous medium
in concentric annuli, International Journal of Numerical Methods for Heat and Fluid Flow 9 (4) (1999)
444.
[117DP] J.R. Figueiredo, J. Llagostera, Comparative study of
the uni®ed ®nite approach exponential-type scheme
UNIFAES and its application to natural convection in

3646

[118DP]

[119DP]

[120DP]

[121DP]

[122DP]

[123DP]

[124DP]

[125DP]

[126DP]

[127DP]

[128DP]

[129DP]

[130DP]

[131DP]

R.J. Goldstein et al. / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 44 (2001) 3579±3699
a porous cavity, Numerical Heat Transfer, Part B ±
Fundamentals 35 (3) (1999) 347.
M.R. Gustafson, L.E. Howle, E€ects of anisotropy
and boundary plates on the critical values of a porous
medium heated from below, International Journal of
Heat and Mass Transfer 42 (18) (1999) 3419.
S.V. Iyer, K. Vafai, Passive heat transfer augmentation in a cylindrical annulus utilizing a porous
perturbation, Numerical Heat Transfer, Part A ±
Applications 36 (2) (1999) 115.
P.X. Jiang, Z.P. Ren, B.X. Wang, Numerical simulation of forced convection heat transfer in porous plate
channels using thermal equilibrium and nonthermal
equilibrium models, Numerical Heat Transfer, Part A
± Applications 35 (1) (1999) 99.
P.X. Jiang, Z. Wang, Z.P. Ren, B.X. Wang, Experimental research of ¯uid ¯ow and convection heat
transfer in plate channels ®lled with glass or metallic
particles, Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 20
(1) (1999) 45.
H. Jimenez-Islas, F. Lopez-Isunza, J.A. Ochoa-Tapia,
Natural convection in a cylindrical porous cavity with
internal heat source: a numerical study with Brinkman-extended Darcy model, International Journal of
Heat and Mass Transfer 42 (22) (1999) 4185.
M. Karimi-Fard, M.C. Charrier-Mojtabi, A. Mojtabi,
Onset of stationary and oscillatory convection in a
tilted porous cavity saturated with a binary ¯uid: linear
stability analysis, Physics of Fluids 11 (6) (1999) 1346.
K.M. Khanafer, A.J. Chamkha, Mixed convection
¯ow in a lid-driven enclosure ®lled with a ¯uidsaturated porous medium, International Journal of
Heat and Mass Transfer 42 (13) (1999) 2465.
S.J. Kim, D. Kim, Forced convection in microstructures for electronic equipment cooling, Journal of
Heat Transfer; Transactions of the ASME 121 (3)
(1999) 639.
D.V. Krishna, D. Rao, V. Sugunamma, Finite element
analysis of convection ¯ow through a porous medium
in a horizontal channel, Transport in Porous Media 36
(1) (1999) 69.
T.M. Kuzay, J.T. Collins, J. Koons, Boiling liquid
nitrogen heat transfer in channels with porous copper
inserts, International Journal of Heat and Mass
Transfer 42 (7) (1999) 1189.
A.V. Kuznetsov, Fluid mechanics and heat transfer in
the interface region between a porous medium and a
¯uid layer: a boundary layer solution, Journal of
Porous Media 2 (3) (1999) 309.
D.Y. Lee, K. Vafai, Analytical characterization and
conceptual assessment of solid and ¯uid temperature
di€erentials in porous media, International Journal of
Heat and Mass Transfer 42 (3) (1999) 423.
C. Mackie, P. Desai, C. Meyers, Rayleigh±Benard
stability of a solidifying porous medium, International
Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 42 (17) (1999)
3337.
M. Mamou, L. Robillard, P. Vasseur, Thermoconvective instability in a horizontal porous cavity saturated with cold water, International Journal of Heat
and Mass Transfer 42 (24) (1999) 4487.

[132DP] M. Marcoux, M.C. Charrier-Mojtabi, M. Azaiez,
Double-di€usive convection in an annular vertical
porous layer, International Journal of Heat and Mass
Transfer 42 (13) (1999) 2313.
[133DP] M. Massoudi, T.X. Phuoc, Flow and heat transfer due
to natural convection in granular materials, International Journal of Non-Linear Mechanics 34 (2)
(1999) 347.
[134DP] Y.N. Murty, E€ect of through¯ow and Coriolis force
on Benard convection in micropolar ¯uids, International Journal of Numerical Methods for Heat and
Fluid Flow 9 (5±6) (1999) 677.
[135DP] M. Naimi, M. Hasnaoui, J.K. Platten, Combined
Marangoni and natural convection in in®nite horizontal layer of non-Newtonian power law ¯uids,
Numerical Heat Transfer, Part A ± Applications 35
(4) (1999) 393.
[136DP] D.A. Nield, A.V. Kuznetsov, Local thermal nonequilibrium e€ects in forced convection in a porous
medium channel: a conjugate problem, International
Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 42 (17) (1999) 3245.
[137DP] D.A. Nield, D.C. Porneala, J.L. Lage, A theoretical
study with experimental veri®cation of the temperature-dependent viscosity e€ect on the forced convection through a porous medium channel, Journal of
Heat Transfer; Transactions of the ASME 121 (2)
(1999) 500.
[138DP] P. Nithiarasu, K.N. Seetharamu, T. Sundararajan,
Numerical investigation of buoyancy driven ¯ow in a
¯uid saturated non-Darcian porous medium, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 42 (7)
(1999) 1205.
[139DP] P. Nithiarasu, K.S. Sujatha, T. Sundararajan, K.N.
Seetharamu, Buoyancy driven ¯ow in a non-Darcian,
¯uid-saturated porous enclosure subjected to uniform
heat ¯ux ± a numerical study, Communications in
Numerical Methods in Engineering 15 (11) (1999) 765.
[140DP] J.W. Paek, B.H. Kang, J.M. Hyun, Transient cooldown of a porous medium in pulsating ¯ow, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 42 (18)
(1999) 3523.
[141DP] I. Pestov, Modelling structured geothermal systems II:
application of linear stability analysis, Mathematical
and Computer Modelling 29 (4) (1999) 1.
[142DP] W.L. Pu, P. Cheng, T.S. Zhao, Mixed-convection heat
transfer in vertical packed channels, Journal of Thermophysics and Heat Transfer 13 (4) (1999) 517.
[143DP] E. Saatdjian, R. Lam, J.P.B. Mota, Natural convection heat transfer in the annular region between
porous confocal ellipses, International Journal for
Numerical Methods in Fluids 31 (2) (1999) 513.
[144DP] M.Z. Saghir, M.R. Islam, Double di€usive convection
in dual-permeability, dual-porosity porous media,
International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 42
(3) (1999) 437.
[145DP] S. Schoofs, F.J. Spera, U. Hansen, Chaotic thermohaline convection in low-porosity hydrothermal systems, Earth and Planetary Science Letters 174 (1)
(1999) 213.
[146DP] I. Sezai, A.A. Mohamad, Three-dimensional doubledi€usive convection in a porous cubic enclosure due to

R.J. Goldstein et al. / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 44 (2001) 3579±3699

[147DP]
[148DP]

[149DP]

[150DP]

[151DP]

[152DP]

[153DP]

[154DP]

opposing gradients of temperature and concentration,
Journal of Fluid Mechanics 400 (1999) 333.
A.K. Singh, T. Paul, G.R. Thorpe, Natural convection
due to heat and mass transfer in a composite system,
Heat and Mass Transfer 35 (1) (1999) 39.
J.C. Umavathi, M.S. Malashetty, Oberbeck convection ¯ow of a couple stress ¯uid through a vertical
porous stratum, International Journal of Non-Linear
Mechanics 34 (6) (1999) 1037.
C.Y. Wang, Onset of convection in a ¯uid saturated
porous layer overlying a solid layer which is heated by
constant ¯ux, Journal of Heat Transfer; Transactions
of the ASME 121 (4) (1999) 1094.
W.M. Yan, Mixed convection heat and mass transfer
in rectangular ducts rotating about a parallel axis,
International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 42
(15) (1999) 2955.
Y. Yokoyama, F.A. Kulacki, R.L. Mahajan, Mixed
convection in a horizontal porous duct with a sudden
expansion and local heating from below, Journal of
Heat Transfer; Transactions of the ASME 121 (3)
(1999) 653.
X.L. Zhang, T.H. Nguyen, Solidi®cation of a superheated ¯uid in a porous medium: e€ects of convection,
International Journal of Numerical Methods for Heat
and Fluid Flow 9 (1) (1999) 72.
Y. Zhang, J.M. Khodadadi, F. Shen, Pseudosteadystate natural convection inside spherical containers
partially ®lled with a porous medium, International
Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 42 (13) (1999)
2327.
T.S. Zhao, Q. Liao, P. Cheng, Variations of buoyancy-induced mass ¯ux from single-phase to twophase ¯ow in a vertical porous tube with constant heat
¯ux, Journal of Heat Transfer; Transactions of the
ASME 121 (3) (1999) 646.

Coupled heat and mass transfer
[155DP] V.N. Antsiferov, I.V. Filimonova, A.M. Makarov,
Polymorphic transformations in deposition of gallium
oxide on highly porous materials, Russian Journal of
Applied Chemistry 72 (6) (1999) 1019.
[156DP] L.S. Bennethum, J.H. Cushman, Coupled solvent and
heat transport of a mixture of swelling porous
particles and ¯uids: single time-scale problem, Transport in Porous Media 36 (2) (1999) 211.
[157DP] J. Burgschweiger, H. Groenewold, C. Hirschmann, E.
Tsotsas, From hygroscopic single particle to batch
¯uidized bed drying kinetics, Canadian Journal of
Chemical Engineering 77 (2) (1999) 333.
[158DP] W.J. Chang, C.I. Weng, Inverse problem of coupled
heat and moisture transport for prediction of moisture
distributions in an annular cylinder, International
Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 42 (14) (1999) 2661.
[159DP] Q.S. Chen, V. Prasad, A. Chatterjee, Modeling of ¯uid
¯ow and heat transfer in a hydrothermal crystal
growth system: use of ¯uid-superposed porous layer
theory, Journal of Heat Transfer; Transactions of the
ASME 121 (4) (1999) 1049.
[160DP] Q.S. Chen, V. Prasad, A. Chatterjee, J. Larkin, A
porous media-based transport model for hydrother-

[161DP]

[162DP]
[163DP]

[164DP]
[165DP]

[166DP]

[167DP]

[168DP]

[169DP]

[170DP]

[171DP]

[172DP]

[173DP]
[174DP]
[175DP]

3647

mal growth, Journal of Crystal Growth 199 (Part 1)
(1999) 710.
M.K. Chourasia, T.K. Goswami, K. Chowdhury,
Temperature pro®les during cold storage of bagged
potatoes: e€ects of geometric and operating parameters, Transactions of the ASAE 42 (5) (1999)
1345.
R. de Boer, J. Bluhm, Phase transitions in gas- and
liquid-saturated porous solids, Transport in Porous
Media 34 (1±3) (1999) 249.
M.K. Deb, M.P. Reddy, R.S. Mayavaram, C.E.
Baumann, Finite element analysis of three-dimensional RTM process, Journal of Reinforced Plastics
and Composites 18 (11) (1999) 968.
Y.I. Dimitrienko, Dynamic transport phenomena in
porous polymer materials under impulse thermal
e€ects, Transport in Porous Media 35 (3) (1999) 299.
C. Figus, Y. LeBray, S. Bories, M. Prat, Heat and
mass transfer with phase change in a porous structure
partially heated: continuum model and pore network
simulations, International Journal of Heat and Mass
Transfer 42 (14) (1999) 2557.
W.S. Fu, W.W. Ke, Evaporation of water ®lm in an
enclosure ®lled with a porous medium, Chung Kuo
Kung Ch'Eng Hsueh K'An/Journal of the Chinese
Institute of Engineers 22 (3) (1999) 325.
R.C. Gaur, N.K. Bansal, Periodic solution of Luikov
equations for heat and mass transfer in capillary
porous bodies, International Journal of Energy Research 23 (10) (1999) 875.
D. Gawin, C.E. Majorana, B.A. Schre¯er, Numerical
analysis of hygro-thermal behaviour and damage of
concrete at high temperature, Mechanics of Cohesive
Frictional Materials 4 (1) (1999) 37.
S. Jugjai, A. Somjetlertcharoen, Multimode heat
transfer in cyclic ¯ow reversal combustion in a porous
medium, International Journal of Energy Research 23
(3) (1999) 183.
V.M. Kharin, G.V. Agafonov, External moisture and
heat transfer between a capillary porous body and a
gas±vapor environment, Theoretical Foundations of
Chemical Engineering 33 (2) (1999) 125.
N.A. Kudryashov, S.N. Kolobanov, Numerical modeling of the distribution of radionuclides in porous
media for strong damage to underground nuclear
power station, International Journal of Heat and
Mass Transfer 42 (19) (1999) 3695.
Y. LeBray, M. Prat, Three-dimensional pore network
simulation of drying in capillary porous media,
International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 42
(22) (1999) 4207.
Q. Liao, T.S. Zhao, Evaporative heat transfer in a
capillary structure heated by a grooved block, Journal
of Thermophysics and Heat Transfer 13 (1) (1999) 126.
E. Magyari, B. Keller, Transport in di€usion±substitution systems, Heat and Mass Transfer 35 (1) (1999)
49.
I. Malico, J.C.F. Pereira, Numerical predictions of
porous burners with integrated heat exchanger for
household applications, Journal of Porous Media 2 (2)
(1999) 153.

3648

R.J. Goldstein et al. / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 44 (2001) 3579±3699

[176DP] V. Martin, D.Y. Goswami, Heat and mass transfer in
packed bed liquid desiccant regenerators ± an experimental investigation, Journal of Solar Energy Engineering; Transactions of the ASME 121 (3) (1999)
162.
[177DP] R. McKibbin, A. McNabb, Deep hydrothermal systems: mathematical modeling of hot dense brines
containing noncondensible gases, Journal of Porous
Media 2 (1) (1999) 107.
[178DP] A. Mhimid, J.P. Fohr, S. Ben Nasrallah, Heat and
mass transfer during drying of granular products by
combined convection and conduction, Drying Technology 17 (6) (1999) 1043.
[179DP] R.V. Mohan, N.D. Ngo, K.K. Tamma, Three-dimensional resin transfer molding: Isothermal process
modeling and explicit tracking of moving fronts for
thick geometrically complex composites manufacturing applications ± Part 1, Numerical Heat Transfer,
Part A ± Applications 35 (8) (1999) 815.
[180DP] C.E. Morris, Moisture removal from a two-layer
porous media: a conceptual model and experimental
results, Transport in Porous Media 36 (1) (1999) 23.
[181DP] M. Mosaad, Natural convection in a porous medium
coupled across an impermeable vertical wall with ®lm
condensation, Heat and Mass Transfer 35 (3) (1999)
177.
[182DP] R.E.S. Moya, A.T. Prata, J. Neto, Experimental
analysis of unsteady heat and moisture transfer
around a heated cylinder buried into a porous
medium, International Journal of Heat and Mass
Transfer 42 (12) (1999) 2187.
[183DP] I.N. Nassar, R. Horton, Salinity and compaction
e€ects on soil water evaporation and water and solute
distributions, Soil Science Society of America Journal
63 (4) (1999) 752.
[184DP] I.N. Nassar, R. Horton, Transport and fate of volatile
organic chemicals in unsaturated, nonisothermal, salty
porous media: 1. Theoretical development, Journal of
Hazardous Materials 69 (2) (1999) 151.
[185DP] I.N. Nassar, L. Ukrainczyk, R. Horton, Transport
and fate of volatile organic chemicals in unsaturated,
nonisothermal, salty porous media: 2. Experimental
and numerical studies for benzene, Journal of Hazardous Materials 69 (2) (1999) 169.
[186DP] H. Ni, A.K. Datta, Heat and moisture transfer in
baking of potato slabs, Drying Technology 17 (10)
(1999) 2069.
[187DP] H. Ni, A.K. Datta, K.E. Torrance, Moisture transport
in intensive microwave heating of biomaterials: a
multiphase porous media model, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 42 (8) (1999) 1501.
[188DP] R.N. Pandey, S.K. Pandey, M.D. Mikhailov, Temperature and moisture distributions in a moist spherical capillary-porous body ± a new approach,
International Journal for Numerical Methods in
Engineering 45 (2) (1999) 125.
[189DP] W. Peng, E.A. Smith, A. deVille, Air¯ow and temperature distribution in two-dimensional drying bins,
Journal of Engineering Mathematics 36 (3) (1999) 241.
[190DP] P. Perre, I.W. Turner, A three-dimensional version of
TransPore: a comprehensive heat and mass transfer

[191DP]

[192DP]

[193DP]

[194DP]

[195DP]

[196DP]

[197DP]

[198DP]

[199DP]
[200DP]

[201DP]

[202DP]

[203DP]
[204DP]

[205DP]

computational model for simulating the drying of
porous media, International Journal of Heat and
Mass Transfer 42 (24) (1999) 4501.
P. Perre, I.W. Turner, TransPore: a generic heat and
mass transfer computational model for understanding
and visualising the drying of porous media, Drying
Technology 17 (7±8) (1999) 1273.
V.M. Polyaev, B.V. Kichatov, The structure of the
boiling zone under conditions of percolation of liquid
in a porous medium, High Temperature (USSR) 37 (3)
(1999) 408.
G. Reddy, Z. Hu, Macroscopic cylindrical governing
equations: transport process in unsaturated porous
media with a line heat source, International Journal of
Energy Research 23 (2) (1999) 91.
P.J. Reucroft, D. Rivin, Gas/vapor ¯ow microcalorimetry on porous carbons II. Heat of adsorption of
toluene on microporous/mesoporous carbons, Thermochimica Acta 328 (1±2) (1999) 19.
A. Serbezov, S.V. Sotirchos, Particle-bed model for
multicomponent adsorption-based separations: application to pressure swing adsorption, Chemical Engineering Science 54 (23) (1999) 5647.
M. Shapiro, I. Gotman, V. Dudko, Modeling of
thermal explosion in constrained dies for B4C-Ti and
BN-Ti powder blends, Journal of the European
Ceramic Society 19 (13±14) (1999) 2233.
S. Stefanov, A. Frezzotti, V. Levdansky, V. Leitsina,
N. Pavlyukevich, Direct statistical simulation of gas
mixture mass transfer in a porous layer with condensation of one of the components and absorption of
another, International Journal of Heat and Mass
Transfer 42 (11) (1999) 2063.
A.K. Stubos, J.M. Buchlin, Enhanced cooling via
boiling in porous layers: the e€ect of vapor channels,
Journal of Heat Transfer; Transactions of the ASME
121 (1) (1999) 205.
A.M. Telengator, S.B. Margolis, F.A. Williams,
Analysis of ignition of a porous energetic material,
Combustion Theory and Modelling 3 (1) (1999) 33.
H.R. Thomas, W.J. Ferguson, A fully coupled heat
and mass transfer model incorporating contaminant
gas transfer in an unsaturated porous medium, Computers and Geotechnics 24 (1) (1999) 65.
H.R. Thomas, H. Missoum, Three-dimensional
coupled heat moisture and air transfer in a deformable
unsaturated soil, International Journal for Numerical
Methods in Engineering 44 (7) (1999) 919.
H.R. Thomas, H.T. Yang, Y. He, A sub-structure
based parallel solution of coupled thermo-hydromechanical modelling of unsaturated soil, Engineering
Computations 16 (4) (1999) 428.
F. Topin, O. Rahli, L. Tadrist, Experimental and
numerical analysis of drying of particles in superheated
steam, Journal of Porous Media 2 (3) (1999) 205.
M.W. Waite, M.R. Amin, Numerical investigation of
two-phase ¯uid ¯ow and heat transfer in porous media
heated from the side, Numerical Heat Transfer, Part A
± Applications 35 (3) (1999) 271.
D.C. Walther, A.C. Fernandezpello, D.L. Urban,
Space shuttle based microgravity smoldering combus-

R.J. Goldstein et al. / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 44 (2001) 3579±3699

[206DP]
[207DP]
[208DP]
[209DP]
[210DP]

[211DP]

[212DP]
[213DP]
[214DP]
[215DP]

[216DP]
[217DP]

[218DP]

[219DP]

[220DP]

[221DP]

tion experiments, Combustion and Flame 116 (3)
(1999) 398.
J.H. Wang, C.Y.H. Chao, Flame spread over solid
surface coated with a layer of noncombustible porous
material, Journal of Fire Sciences 17 (4) (1999) 307.
Z.H. Wang, G.H. Chen, Heat and mass transfer
during low intensity convection drying, Chemical
Engineering Science 54 (17) (1999) 3899.
Z.H. Wang, G.H. Chen, Heat and mass transfer in
®xed-bed drying, Chemical Engineering Science 54
(19) (1999) 4233.
Z.H. Wang, M.H. Shi, Microwave freeze drying
characteristics of beef, Drying Technology 17 (3)
(1999) 433.
G. Weickert, G.B. Meier, J.T.M. Pater, K.R. Westerterp, The particle as microreactor: catalytic propylene
polymerizations with supported metallocenes and
Ziegler±Natta catalysts, Chemical Engineering Science
54 (15±16) (1999) 3291.
Y.S. Wu, C. Haukwa, G.S. Bodvarsson, A site-scale
model for ¯uid and heat ¯ow in the unsaturated zone
of Yucca Mountain, Nevada, Journal of Contaminant
Hydrology 38 (1±3) (1999) 185.
Y.F. Xu, D. Burfoot, Simulating the bulk storage of
foodstu€s, Journal of Food Engineering 39 (1) (1999)
23.
Y.M. Xuan, R. Viskanta, Numerical investigation of a
porous matrix combustor-heater, Numerical Heat
Transfer, Part A ± Applications 36 (4) (1999) 359.
T.A. Yih, Coupled heat and mass transfer in mixed
convection over a VHF/VMF wedge in porous media:
the entire regime, Acta Mechanica 137 (1±2) (1999) 1.
A.I. Zhakin, M.A. Verevicheva, Continuous model of
heat and mass transfer in ®nely porous media under
conditions of high heat ¯uxes: investigation of
the model, High Temperature (USSR) 37 (1) (1999)
106.
L.Z. Zhang, Y. Jiang, Heat and mass transfer in a
membrane-based energy recovery ventilator, Journal
of Membrane Science 163 (1) (1999) 29.
T.S. Zhao, Coupled heat and mass transfer of a
stagnation point ¯ow in a heated porous bed with
liquid ®lm evaporation, International Journal of Heat
and Mass Transfer 42 (5) (1999) 861.
T.S. Zhao, Q. Liao, Mixed convective boiling heat
transfer in a vertical capillary structure heated asymmetrically, Journal of Thermophysics and Heat
Transfer 13 (3) (1999) 302.
A.P. Zhilyaev, J.A. Szpunar, In¯uence of stress
developed due to oxide layer formation on the
oxidation kinetics of Zr±2.5%Nb alloy, Journal of
Nuclear Materials 264 (3) (1999) 327.
Y. Zhou, R.K.N.D. Rajapakse, J. Graham, Coupled
®elds in a deformable unsaturated medium, International Journal of Solids and Structures 36 (31±32)
(1999) 4841.
N. Zhu, K. Vafai, Analysis of cylindrical heat pipes
incorporating the e€ects of liquid±vapor coupling and
non-Darcian transport ± a closed form solution,
International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 42
(18) (1999) 3405.

3649

[222DP] L. Zili, S. BenNasrallah, Heat and mass transfer during
drying in cylindrical packed beds, Numerical Heat
Transfer, Part A ± Applications 36 (2) (1999) 201.

[1E]

[2E]

[3E]

[4E]
[5E]

[6E]

[7E]

[8E]

[9E]

[10E]

[11E]

[12E]

Experimental methods
Heat ¯ux measurements
P.R.N. Childs, J.R. Greenwood, C.A. Long, Heat ¯ux
measurement techniques, Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers: Part C ± Journal of
Mechanical Engineering Science 213 (7) (1999) 655.
C. de Izarra, M. Pennaneac'h, O.A. Vallee, Low
power laser process: theoretical and experimental
studies, High Temperature Material Processes 3 (4)
(1999) 421.
X. Guo, A.I. Isayev, M. Demiray, Crystallinity and
microstructure in injection moldings of isotactic polypropylenes. Part II: simulation and experiment, Polymer Engineering and Science 39 (11) (1999) 2132.
P.R. Hakenesch, Thin layer thermography ± a new
heal transfer measurement technique, Experiments in
Fluids 26 (3) (1999) 257.
J.M. Hutchinson, A.B. Tong, Z. Jiang, Aging of
polycarbonate studied by temperature modulated
di€erential scanning calorimetry, Thermochimica
Acta 335 (1±2) (1999) 27.
P.T. Ireland, A.J. Neely, D.R.H. Gillespie, A.J.
Robertson, Turbulent heat transfer measurements
using liquid crystals, International Journal of Heat
and Fluid Flow 20 (4) (1999) 355.
A.V. Murthy, B.K. Tsai, R.D. Saunders, Comparative
calibration of heat ¯ux sensors in two blackbody
facilities, Journal of Research of the National Institute
of Standards and Technology 104 (5) (1999) 487.
Y. Ohsone, G. Wu, J. Dryden, F. Zok, A. Majumdar,
Optical measurement of thermal contact conductance
between wafer-like thin solid samples, Journal of Heat
Transfer; Transactions of the ASME 121 (4) 954.
T. Pekdemir, T.W. Davies, Establishment of a new
mass (heat) transfer measurement technique and its
validation, Experimental Heat Transfer 12 (1) (1999)
33.
G.S. Spagnolo, D. Ambrosini, D. Paoletti, Electronic
speckle pattern shearing interferometry for determining free convection heat transfer coecient, European
Physical Journal Applied Physics 6 (3) (1999) 281.
W. Turnbull, P. Oosthuizen, Theoretical evaluation of
new phase delay methods for measuring local heat
transfer coecients, Transactions of the Canadian
Society for Mechanical Engineering 23 (3±4) (1999)
361.
J. Yang, C. Roy, Using DTA to quantitatively
determine enthalpy change over a wide temperature
range by the mass-di€erence baseline method, Thermochimica Acta 333 (2) (1999) 131.

Temperature measurements
[13E] J.W. Baughn, M.R. Anderson, J.E. Mayhew, J.D.
Wolf, Hysteresis of thermochromic liquid crystal
temperature measurement based on hue, Journal of
Heat Transfer; Transactions of the ASME 121 (4)
(1999) 1067.

3650

R.J. Goldstein et al. / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 44 (2001) 3579±3699

[14E] M. Igeta, T. Inoue, J. Varesi, A. Majumdar, Thermal
expansion and temperature measurement in a microscopic scale by using the Atomic Force Microscope,
JSME International Journal, Series B ± Fluids and
Thermal Engineering 42 (4) 723.
[15E] A.M.C. Janse, X.A. de Jong, W. Prins, W.P.M. van
Swaaij, Heat transfer coecients in the rotating cone
reactor, Powder Technology 106 (3) (1999) 168.
[16E] M. Jorge, J. Mendes, A.C. Oliveira, A.J.P. Braga, C.L.
Cesar, S.P. Morato, N.D. Vieira, M.M.F. Vieira,
Resonan photoacoustic cell for low temperature
measurements, Cryogenics 39 (3) (1999) 193.
[17E] S.P. Kearney, R.P. Lucht, A.M. Jacobi, Temperature
measurements in convective heat transfer ¯ows using
dual-broadband, pure-rotational coherent anti-Stokes
Raman spectroscopy (CARS), Experimental Thermal
and Fluid Science 19 (1) (1999) 13.
[18E] E.R. Meinders, G.M.P. van Kempen, L.J. van Vliet,
T.H. van der Meer, Measurement and application of
an infrared image restoration ®lter to improve the
accuracy of surface temperature measurements of
cubes, Experiments in Fluids 26 (1±2) (1999) 86.
[19E] D. Mishra, K. Muralidhar, P. Munshi, Interferometric
study of Rayleigh±Benard convection using tomography with limited projection data, Experimental Heat
Transfer 12 (1999) 117.
[20E] A. Miyasaka, Satellite mesh re¯ector temperature
measured by using ®ne thermocouples, Journal of
Thermophysics and Heat Transfer 13 (1) (1999) 164.
Velocity and single-phase ¯ow measurements
[21E] S.J. Ball, S. Ashforth-Frost, K. Jambunathan, C.F.
Whitney, Appraisal of a hot-wire temperature compensation technique for velocity measurements in nonisothermal ¯ows, International Journal of Heat and
Mass Transfer 42 (16) (1999) 3097.
[22E] S. Chatterjee, K. Sengupta, H.S. Maiti, Gas ¯ow
meter using a positive temperature coecient thermistor as the sensor, Review of Scienti®c Instruments 70
(10) (1999) 3949.
[23E] G. Kaltsas, A.G. Nassiopoulou, Novel C-MOS compatible monolithic silicon gas ¯ow sensor with porous
silicon thermal isolation, Sensors and Actuators A
Physical 76 (1±3) (1999) 133.
[24E] C.F. Lange, F. Durst, M. Breuer, Wall e€ects on heat
losses from hot-wires, International Journal of Heat
and Fluid Flow 20 (1) (1999) 34.
[25E] R. Liu, Y.I. Cho, Combined use of an electronic
antifouling technology and brush punching for scale
removal in a water-cooled plain tube, Experimental
Heat Transfer 12 (1999) 203.
[26E] K. Miyazaki, G. Chen, F. Yamamoto, J. Ohta, Y.
Murai, K. Horii, PIV measurement of particle motion
in spiral gas±solid two-phase ¯ow, Experimental
Thermal and Fluid Science 19 (4) (1999) 194.
[27E] M. Reeves, D.P. Towers, B. Tavender, C.H. Buckberry, A high-speed all-digital technique for cycleresolved two-dimensional ¯ow measurement and how
visualisation within SI engine cylinders, Optics and
Lasers in Engineering 31 (4) (1999) 247.

[28E] B.W. van Oudheusden, The determination of the
e€ective ambient temperature for thermal ¯ow sensors
in a non-isothermal environment, Sensors and Actuators A Physical 72 (1) (1999) 38.
Two-phase ¯ow measurements
[29E] S. Bae, M. Kim, J. Kim, Improved technique to
measure time-and space-resolved heat transfer under
single bubbles during saturated pool boiling of FC-72,
Experimental Heat Transfer 12 (1999) 265.
[30E] E. Barrau, T. Riviere, C. Poupot, A. Cartellier, Single
and double optical probes in air±water two-phase
¯ows: real time signal processing and sensor performance, International Journal of Multiphase Flow
25 (2) (1999) 229.
[31E] A. Cartellier, Post-treatment for phase detection
probes in non uniform two-phase ¯ows, International
Journal of Multiphase Flow 25 (2) (1999) 201.
[32E] G.J. Kirouac, T.A. Trabold, P.F. Vassallo, W.E.
Moore, R. Kumar, Instrumentation development in
two-phase ¯ow, Experimental Thermal and Fluid
Science 20 (2) (1999) 79.
[33E] D.C. Lowe, K.S. Rezkallah, Flow regime identi®cation in microgravity two-phase ¯ows using void
fraction signals, International Journal of Multiphase
Flow 25 (3) (1999) 433.
[34E] Q. Wu, M. Ishii, Sensitivity study on double-sensor
conductivity probe for the measurement of interfacial
area concentration in bubbly ¯ow, International
Journal of Multiphase Flow 25 (1) (1999) 155.
Miscellaneous
[35E] S. Lee, S.U.S. Choi, S. Li, J.A. Eastman, Measuring
thermal conductivity of ¯uids containing oxide nanoparticles, Journal of Heat Transfer; Transactions of
the ASME 121 (2) (1999) 280.
[36E] J.F. Lubben, C. Mund, B. Schrader, R. Zellner,
Uncertainties in temperature measurements of optically levitated single aerosol particles by Raman
spectroscopy, Journal of Molecular Structure 481
(Special Issue SI) (1999) 311.
[37E] D.K. Ruch, J.K. Kissock, T.A. Reddy, Prediction
uncertainty of linear building energy use models with
autocorrelated residuals, Journal of Solar Energy
Engineering; Transactions of the ASME 121 (1)
(1999) 63.
[38E] S.M. Sarge, W. Poessnecker, The in¯uence of heat
resistances and heat transfers on the uncertainty of
heat-capacity measurements by means of di€erential
scanning calorimetry (DSC), Thermochimica Acta 329
(1) (1999) 17.
[39E] F. Scarpa, G. Milano, In¯uence of sensor calibration
uncertainty in the inverse heat conduction problem
(IHCP), Numerical Heat Transfer, Part B ± Fundamentals 36 (4) (1999) 457.
[40E] N. Taketoshi, T. Baba, A. Ono, Observation of heat
di€usion across submicrometer metal thin ®lms using
a picosecond thermore¯ectance technique, Japanese
Journal of Applied Physics Part 38 (11A) (1999)
L1268.

R.J. Goldstein et al. / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 44 (2001) 3579±3699

[1F]

[2F]

[3F]

[4F]

[5F]
[6F]

[7F]
[8F]

[9F]

[10F]
[11F]

[12F]

[13F]

[14F]

[15F]

Natural convection ± internal ¯ows
Fundamental studies
E. Bucchignani, F. Stella, Rayleigh±Benard convection in limited domains: Part 2 ± transition to chaos,
Numerical Heat Transfer, Part A ± Applications 36 (1)
(1999) 17.
G.F. Carey, R. McLay, G. Bicken, B. Barth, S. Swift,
A. Ardelea, Parallel ®nite element solution of threedimensional Rayleigh±Benard±Marangoni ¯ows, International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids
31 (1) (1999) 37.
P. Carles, A brief review on the onset of free
convection near the liquid±vapour critical point,
Journal de Chimie Physique et de Physico Chimie
Biologique 96 (6) (1999) 1044.
C.L. Chan, C.F. Chen, Salt-®nger convection generated by thermal and solutal capillary motion in a
strati®ed ¯uid, International Journal of Heat and
Mass Transfer 42 (12) (1999) 2143.
C.P. Chiu, J.Y. Shich, W.R. Chen, Transient natural
convection of micropolar ¯uids in concentric spherical
annuli, Acta Mechanica 132 (1±4) (1999) 75.
V.A.F. Costa, Uni®cation of the streamline heatline
and massline methods for the visualization of twodimensional transport phenomena, International
Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 42 (1) (1999) 27.
A. Davaille, Two-layer thermal convection in miscible
viscous ¯uids, Journal of Fluid Mechanics 379 (1999)
223.
R. Delgado-Buscalioni, E.C. del Arco, Stability of
thermally driven shear ¯ows in long inclined cavities
with end-to-end temperature di€erence, International
Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 42 (15) (1999) 2811.
G.Z. Gershuni, A.K. Kolesnikov, J.C. Legros, B.I.
Myznikova, On the convective instability of a horizontal binary mixture layer with Soret e€ect under
transversal high frequency vibration, International
Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 42 (3) (1999) 547.
I. Hashim, S.K. Wilson, Onset of Benard±Marangoni
convection in a horizontal layer of ¯uid, International
Journal of Engineering Science 37 (5) (1999) 643.
S. Horanyi, L. Krebs, U. Muller, Turbulent Rayleigh±
Benard convection in low Prandtl-number ¯uids,
International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 42
(21) (1999) 3983.
S. Kenjeres, K. Hanjalic, Transient analysis of Rayleigh±Benard convection with a RANS model, International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow 20 (3) (1999)
329.
M.C. Kim, K.H. Choi, C.K. Choi, Onset of thermal
convection in an initially, stably strati®ed ¯uid layer,
International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 42
(1999) 4253.
S. Maruyama, T. Shibata, K. Tsukamoto, Measurement of di€usion ®elds of solutions using real-time
phase-shift interferometer and rapid heat-transfer
control system, Experimental Thermal and Fluid
Science 19 (1) (1999) 34.
H.M. Park, O.Y. Chung, An inverse natural convection problem of estimating the strength of a heat

[16F]

[17F]

[18F]

[19F]

[20F]

[21F]

[22F]
[23F]

3651

source, International Journal of Heat and Mass
Transfer 42 (23) (1999) 4259.
H.M. Park, O.Y. Chung, Inverse natural convection
problem of estimating wall heat ¯ux using a moving
sensor, Journal of Heat Transfer; Transactions of the
ASME 121 (4) (1999) 828.
J. Severin, H. Herwig, Onset of convection in the
Rayleigh±Benard ¯ow with temperature dependent
viscosity: an asymptotic approach, Zeitschrift fur
Angewandte Mathematik und Physik 50 (3) (1999)
375.
J.R.L. Skarda, F.E. McCaughan, Exact solution to
stationary onset of convection due to surface tension
variation in a multicomponent ¯uid layer with interfacial deformation, International Journal of Heat and
Mass Transfer 42 (13) (1999) 2387.
S. Slavtchev, G. Simeonov, S. Van Vaerenbergh, J.C.
Legros, Marangoni instability of a layer of binary
liquid in the presence of nonlinear Soret e€ect,
International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 42
(15) (1999) 3007.
F. Stella, E. Bucchignani, Rayleigh±Benard convection in limited domains: Part 1 ± Oscillatory ¯ow,
Numerical Heat Transfer, Part A ± Applications 36 (1)
(1999) 1.
M. Takashima, M. Hirasawa, H. Nozaki, Buoyancy
driven instability in a horizontal layer of electrically
conducting ¯uid in the presence of a vertical magnetic
®eld, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer
42 (9) (1999) 1689.
K.K. Tan, R.B. Thorpe, The onset of convection
induced by buoyancy during gas di€usion in deep ¯uids,
Chemical Engineering Science 54 (19) (1999) 4179.
P. Vadasz, On the homoclinic orbit for convection in a
¯uid layer heated from below, International Journal of
Heat and Mass Transfer 42 (19) (1999) 3557.

Thermocapillary ¯ows
[24F] T.C. Jue, Combined thermosolutal buoyancy and
surface-tension ¯ows in a cavity, Heat and Mass
Transfer 35 (2) (1999) 149.
[25F] Y. Kamotani, S. Ostrach, J. Masud, Oscillatory
thermocapillary ¯ows in open cylindrical containers
induced by CO2 laser heating, International Journal of
Heat and Mass Transfer 42 (3) (1999) 555.
[26F] X.J. Ma, R. Balasubramaniam, R.S. Subramanian,
Numerical simulation of thermocapillary drop motion
with internal circulation, Numerical Heat Transfer,
Part A ± Applications 35 (3) (1999) 291.
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Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 42 (1) (1999) 95.
[28F] H. Prange, M. Wanschura, H.C. Kuhlmann, H.J.
Rath, Linear stability of thermocapillary convection
in cylindrical liquid bridges under axial magnetic
®elds, Journal of Fluid Mechanics 394 (1999) 281.
[29F] F. Shen, J.M. Khodadadi, Combined thermocapillary
and buoyancy-driven convection within short-duration pulse-heated liquid droplets, Numerical Heat
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[30F] F. Shen, J.M. Khodadadi, Thermocapillary convection within short-duration pulse-heated liquid droplets, Numerical Heat Transfer, Part A ± Applications
35 (3) (1999) 251.
Enclosure heat transfer
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natural convection in a square enclosure with horizontal walls submitted to periodic temperatures,
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rectangular enclosures heated from one side and
cooled from the ceiling, International Journal of Heat
and Mass Transfer 42 (13) (1999) 2345.
[33F] O. Aydin, A. Unal, T. Ayhan, A numerical study on
buoyancy-driven ¯ow in an inclined square enclosure
heated and cooled on adjacent walls, Numerical Heat
Transfer, Part A ± Applications 36 (6) (1999) 585.
[34F] A.M. Bethancourt, M. Hashiguchi, K. Kuwahara,
J.M. Hyun, Natural convection of a two-layer ¯uid in
a side-heated cavity, International Journal of Heat
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[35F] D.M. Cuckovic-Dzodzo, M.B. Dzodzo, M.D. Pavlovic, Laminar natural convection in a fully partitioned
enclosure containing ¯uid with nonlinear thermophysical properties, International Journal of Heat and
Fluid Flow 20 (6) (1999) 614.
[36F] C. Dumoulin, M.P. Doin, L. Fleitout, Heat transport
in stagnant lid convection with temperature- and
pressure-dependent Newtonian or non-Newtonian
rheology, Journal of Geophysical Research Solid
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[37F] M.M. Elsayed, N.M. Al-Najem, M.M. El-Refaee,
A.A. Noor, Numerical study of natural convection in
fully open tilted cavities, Heat Transfer Engineering 20
(3) (1999) 73.
[38F] M.M. Elsayed, W. Chakroun, E€ect of aperture
geometry on heat transfer in tilted partially open
cavities, Journal of Heat Transfer; Transactions of the
ASME 121 (4) (1999) 819.
[39F] A.F. Emery, J.W. Lee, The e€ects of property variations on natural convection in a square enclosure,
Journal of Heat Transfer; Transactions of the ASME
121 (1) (1999) 57.
[40F] K. Ghorayeb, H. Khallouf, A. Mojtabi, Onset of
oscillatory ¯ows in double-di€usive convection, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 42 (4)
(1999) 629.
[41F] G. Grotzbach, M. Worner, Direct numerical and large
eddy simulations in nuclear applications, International
Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow 20 (3) (1999) 222.
[42F] M.Y. Ha, M.J. Jung, Y.S. Kim, Numerical study on
transient heat transfer and ¯uid ¯ow of natural
convection in an enclosure with a heat-generating
conducting body, Numerical Heat Transfer, Part A ±
Applications 35 (4) (1999) 415.
[43F] C.J. Ho, F.J. Tu, Numerical study on oscillatory
convection of cold water in a tall vertical enclosure,
International Journal of Numerical Methods for Heat
and Fluid Flow 9 (4) (1999) 487.

[44F] A. Ivancic, A. Oliva, C.D.P. Segarra, M. Costa, Heat
transfer simulation in vertical cylindrical enclosures
for supercritical Rayleigh number and arbitrary sidewall conductivity, International Journal of Heat and
Mass Transfer 42 (2) (1999) 323.
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a magnetic ®eld, Acta Mechanica 136 (1±2) (1999) 29.
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convection in undivided and partially divided enclosures, Energy Conversion 40 (7) (1999) 717.
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non-rectangular cavity with nonvertical insulating
sidewalls, International Journal of Heat and Mass
Transfer 42 (11) (1999) 2111.
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1979.
[49F] W.X. Lin, S.W. Arm®eld, Direct simulation of natural
convection cooling in a vertical circular cylinder,
International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 42
(22) (1999) 4117.
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advanced turbulence model for buoyancy driven ¯ows
in enclosures, International Journal of Heat and Mass
Transfer 42 (21) (1999) 3967.
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convection ¯ow in a vertical slot, Acta Mechanica
Sinica 15 (3) (1999) 215.
[52F] R. Mossner, U. Muller, A numerical investigation of
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cavities, International Journal of Heat and Mass
Transfer 42 (6) (1999) 1111.
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pattern change in a rectangular cavity, Journal of
Fluid Mechanics 392 (1999) 361.
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enclosure with a stepwise periodically varying sidewall heat ¯ux, International Journal of Numerical
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experimental study, Journal of Heat Transfer; Transactions of the ASME 121 (3) (1999) 616.
[58F] N. Ramesh, S.P. Venkateshan, E€ect of surface
radiation on natural convection in a square enclosure,
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(1999) 299.
[59F] S.P. Rodionov, Natural convection of water in a
closed three-dimensional rectangular cavity heated

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[60F]

[61F]

[62F]

[63F]
[64F]
[65F]

from below in the vicinity of the density inversion
point, High Temperature (USSR) 37 (2) (1999) 224.
H. Sammouda, A. Belghith, C. Surry, Finite element
simulation of transient natural convection of lowPrandtl-number ¯uids in heated cavity, International
Journal of Numerical Methods for Heat and Fluid
Flow 9 (5±6) (1999) 612.
C. Sotin, S. Labrosse, Three-dimensional thermal
convection in an iso-viscous, in®nite Prandtl number
¯uid heated from within and from below: applications
to the transfer of heat through planetary mantles,
Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors 112 (3±4)
(1999) 171.
S.K.W. Tou, C.P. Tso, X. Zhang, Three-dimensional
numerical analysis of natural convective liquid cooling
of a 3  3 heater array in rectangular enclosures,
International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 42
(17) (1999) 3231.
M.P. Volz, K. Mazuruk, Thermoconvective instability
in a rotating magnetic ®eld, International Journal of
Heat and Mass Transfer 42 (6) (1999) 1037.
T. Wei, Aspect ratio e€ect on natural convection in
water near its density maximum temperature, International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow 20 (6) (1999) 624.
I. Yamaguchi, I. Kobori, Y. Uehata, Heat transfer in
natural convection of magnetic ¯uids, Journal of
Thermophysics and Heat Transfer 13 (4) (1999) 501.

Vertical ducts and annuli
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simulation of time-dependent buoyant ¯ows in an
enclosed vertical channel, Heat and Mass Transfer 35
(2) (1999) 89.
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on heat transfer in buoyancy driven open channels,
Heat and Mass Transfer 35 (4) (1999) 273.
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Part A ± Applications 36 (2) (1999) 129.
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free convection in open-ended vertical eccentric annuli
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(2) (1999) 133.
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in a cylindrical annulus utilizing multiple perturbations
on the inner and outer cylinders, Numerical Heat
Transfer, Part A ± Applications 35 (6) (1999) 567.
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transfer in vertical rectangular ducts, International
Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 42 (24) (1999)
4523.

3653

[74F] K.T. Lee, Natural convection heat and mass transfer
in partially heated vertical parallel plates, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 42 (23)
(1999) 4417.
[75F] H.A. Machado, R.M. Cotta, Analysis of internal
convection with variable physical properties via integral transformation, Numerical Heat Transfer, Part A
± Applications 36 (7) (1999) 699.
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natural convection in tilted channels, Heat Transfer
Engineering 20 (3) (1999) 64.
[77F] G.A. Shahin, J.M. Floryan, Heat transfer enhancement generated by the chimney e€ect in systems of
vertical channels, Journal of Heat Transfer; Transactions of the ASME 121 (1) (1999) 230.
[78F] T.A.M. Versteegh, F.T.M. Nieuwstadt, A direct
numerical simulation of natural convection between
two in®nite vertical di€erentially heated walls scaling
laws and wall functions, International Journal of Heat
and Mass Transfer 42 (19) (1999) 3673.
Horizontal cylinders and annuli
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experimental investigation of stability of natural
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convection in a horizontal cylindrical annulus, Journal
of Heat Transfer; Transactions of the ASME 121 (3)
(1999) 598.
[81F] I.S. Jeong, M.H. Park, Thermal strati®cation in a
horizontal circular cylinder with external heat tracing,
Numerical Heat Transfer, Part A ± Applications 35 (1)
(1999) 85.
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dual solutions in natural convection in a horizontal
annulus, International Journal of Heat and Mass
Transfer 42 (17) (1999) 3279.
[83F] J.S. Yoo, Transition and multiplicity of ¯ows in
natural convection in a narrow horizontal cylindrical
annulus: Pr ˆ 0:4, International Journal of Heat and
Mass Transfer 42 (4) (1999) 709.
Mixed convection
[84F] J.J. Costa, L.A. Oliveira, D. Blay, Test of several
versions for the k± type turbulence modelling of
internal mixed convection ¯ows, International Journal
of Heat and Mass Transfer 42 (23) (1999) 4391.
[85F] S. Gupta, P.M. Ligrani, J.C. Giddings, Characteristics
of ¯ow instabilities from unstable strati®cation of
density in channel shear layers at low Reynolds
numbers, International Journal of Heat and Mass
Transfer 42 (6) (1999) 1023.
[86F] T.W. Gyves, T.F. Irvine, M.H.N. Naraghi, Gravitational and centrifugal buoyancy e€ects in curved
square channels with conjugated boundary conditions,
International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 42
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133 (1±4) (1999) 87.

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R.J. Goldstein et al. / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 44 (2001) 3579±3699

[88F] L.J. Li, C.X. Lin, M.A. Ebadian, Turbulent heat
transfer to near-critical water in a heated curved pipe
under the conditions of mixed convection, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 42 (16)
(1999) 3147.
[89F] A. Omri, S. Ben Nasrallah, Control volume ®nite
element numerical simulation of mixed convection in
an air-cooled cavity, Numerical Heat Transfer, Part A
± Applications 36 (6) (1999) 615.
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steady laminar mixed convection ¯ow in uniformly
heated inclined tubes, International Journal of Numerical Methods for Heat and Fluid Flow 9 (5±6)
(1999) 543.
Complex geometries
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Natural convection from a horizontal cylinder in a
rectangular cavity, International Journal of Heat and
Mass Transfer 42 (10) (1999) 1801.
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upward ¯ow of hot air to a cooled vertical pipe, Heat
and Mass Transfer 35 (2) (1999) 171.
[93F] J.P. Liu, W.Q. Tao, Bifurcation to oscillatory ¯ow of
the natural convection around a vertical channel in
rectangular enclosure, International Journal of Numerical Methods for Heat and Fluid Flow 9 (2) (1999)
170.
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natural convection air cooled electronic enclosure,
Journal of Electronic Packaging 121 (2) (1999) 108.
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micropolar ¯uid in a partially divided enclosure, Acta
Mechanica 136 (1±2) (1999) 41.
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three-dimensional natural and mixed convection simulation using modular zonal models in buildings,
International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 42
(5) (1999) 923.
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Part A ± Applications 36 (6) (1999) 601.
Fires
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and Mass Transfer 42 (17) (1999) 3253.
[99F] A. Ito, A. Narumi, T. Konishi, G. Tashtoush, K.
Saito, C.J. Cremers, The measurement of transient
two-dimensional pro®les of velocity and fuel concentration over liquids, Journal of Heat Transfer; Transactions of the ASME 121 (2) (1999) 413.
[100F] D.G. Lilley, Fire dynamics ± a primer, Journal of
Propulsion and Power 15 (2) (1999) 204.
[101F] G.P. Mercier, Y. Jaluria, Fire-induced ¯ow of smoke
and hot gases in open vertical enclosures, Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 19 (2) (1999) 77.
[102F] Y.V. Nikitin, Self-extinction of ®re in a closed
compartment, Journal of Fire Sciences 17 (2) (1999)
97.

[103F] Z.H. Yan, G. Holmstedt, Three-dimensional computation of heat transfer from ¯ames between vertical
parallel walls, Combustion and Flame 117 (3) (1999)
574.
Miscellaneous
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in a suspension of rod-like akageneite particle (bFeOOH), International Journal of Heat and Mass
Transfer 42 (9) (1999) 1617.
[105F] R. Kedia, M.L. Hunt, T. Colonius, Transition of
chaotic ¯ow in a radially heated Taylor±Couette
system, Journal of Heat Transfer; Transactions of
the ASME 121 (3) (1999) 574.
[106F] M. Nielsen, S. Ott, Heat transfer in large-scale heavygas dispersion, Journal of Hazardous Materials 67 (1)
(1999) 41.
[107F] B. Zappoli, A. Jounet, S. Amiroudine, A. Mojtabi,
Thermoacoustic heating and cooling in near-critical
¯uids in the presence of a thermal plume, Journal of
Fluid Mechanics 388 (1999) 389.

[1FF]

[2FF]
[3FF]

[4FF]
[5FF]

[6FF]

[7FF]

[8FF]

[9FF]

Natural convection ± external ¯ows
Vertical plate
U.N. Das, R.K. Deka, V.M. Soundalgekar, Transient
free convection ¯ow past an in®nite vertical plate with
periodic temperature variation, Journal of Heat Transfer; Transactions of the ASME 121 (4) (1999) 1091.
J. Fan, J. Shi, X. Xu, Similarity solution of free
convective boundary-layer behavior at a stretching
surface, Heat and Mass Transfer 35 (3) (1999) 191.
M.A. Hossain, M.K. Chowdhury, R.S.R. Gorla, Free
convection ¯ow of thermomicropolar ¯uid along a
vertical plate with nonuniform surface temperature
and surface heat ¯ux, International Journal of Numerical Methods for Heat and Fluid Flow 9 (5±6)
(1999) 568.
M.A. Hossain, D.A.S. Rees, Combined heat and mass
transfer in natural collection ¯ow from a vertical wavy
surface, Acta Mechanica 136 (3±4) (1999) 133.
S. Jayaraj, Finite di€erence modelling of natural
convection ¯ow with thermophoresis, International
Journal of Numerical Methods for Heat and Fluid
Flow 9 (5±6) (1999) 692.
D. Lesnic, D.B. Ingham, I. Pop, Free convection
boundary-layer ¯ow along a vertical surface in a
porous medium with Newtonian heating, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 42 (14)
(1999) 2621.
R. Muthucumaraswamy, P. Ganesan, Mass transfer
e€ects on impulsively started vertical plate with
variable surface heat ¯ux, Forschung im Ingenieurwesen-Engineering Research 65 (7) (1999) 200.
J.F.T. Pittman, J.F. Richardson, C.P. Sherrard, An
experimental study of heat transfer by laminar natural
convection between an electrically-heated vertical
plate and both Newtonian and non-Newtonian ¯uids,
International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 42
(4) (1999) 657.
I. Sezai, A.A. Mohamad, Suppressing free convection
from a ¯at plate with poor conductor ribs, Inter-

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national Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 42 (11)
(1999) 2041.
Horizontal and inclined plates
[10FF] C. Boyadjiev, M. Doichinova, Non-linear mass transfer and Marangoni e€ect, Hungarian Journal of
Industrial Chemistry 27 (3) (1999) 215.
[11FF] C.H. Cheng, J.H. Yu, Conjugate heat transfer in an
inclined slab with an array of horizontal circular
channels, Numerical Heat Transfer, Part A ± Applications 35 (7) (1999) 779.
[12FF] M.A. Hossain, M.K. Chowdhury, R.S.R. Gorla,
Natural convection of thermomicropolar ¯uid from
an isothermal surface inclined at a small angle to the
horizontal, International Journal of Numerical Methods for Heat and Fluid Flow 9 (8) (1999) 814.
[13FF] C. Trevino, Heat transfer in a thin facing up horizontal strip with internal heat generation, Heat and Mass
Transfer 35 (3) (1999) 243.
Cylinders and blunt bodies
[14FF] H. Azuma, S. Yoshihara, M. Onishi, K. Ishii, S.
Masuda, T. Maekawa, Natural convection driven in
CO2 near its critical point under terrestrial gravity
conditions, International Journal of Heat and Mass
Transfer 42 (4) (1999) 771.
[15FF] R. Ganapathy, Double di€usion from a horizontal
line source, Zeitschrift fur Angewandte Mathematik
und Mechanik 79 (9) (1999) 635.
[16FF] K. Hata, Y. Takeuchi, M. Shiotsu, A. Sakurai,
Natural convection heat transfer from a horizontal
cylinder in liquid sodium ± Part 2: generalized
correlation for laminar natural convection heat transfer, Nuclear Engineering and Design 194 (2).
[17FF] K. Hata, Y. Takeuchi, M. Shiotsu, A. Sakurai, Natural
convection heat transfer from a horizontal cylinder in
liquid sodium ± Part I. Experimental results, Nuclear
Engineering and Design 193 (1±2) (1999) 105.
[18FF] V.N. Kurdyumov, A. Linan, Free convection from a
point source of heat, and heat transfer from spheres at
small Grashof numbers, International Journal of Heat
and Mass Transfer 42 (20) (1999) 3849.
[19FF] G.B. Lawrence, G.E. Jardin, D. Naylor, A.D. Machin, Free convection from a horizontal heated
cylinder located below a ceiling, Transactions of the
Canadian Society for Mechanical Engineering 23 (1A)
(1999) 19.
[20FF] W.M. Lewandowski, S. Szymanski, P. Kubski, E.
Radziemska, H. Bieszk, T. Wilczewski, Natural convective heat transfer from isothermal conic, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 42 (10)
(1999) 1895.
[21FF] K.A. Yih, E€ect of radiation on natural convection
about a truncated cone, International Journal of Heat
and Mass Transfer 42 (23) (1999) 4299.
Thermal plumes
[22FF] K. Noto, K. Teramoto, T. Nakajima, Spectra and
critical Grashof numbers for turbulent transition in a
thermal plume, Journal of Thermophysics and Heat
Transfer 13 (1) (1999) 82.

3655

[23FF] R. Sangras, Z. Dai, G.M. Faeth, Mixture fraction
statistics of plane self-preserving buoyant turbulent
adiabatic wall plumes, Journal of Heat Transfer;
Transactions of the ASME 121 (4) (1999) 837.
[24FF] Z.H. Yan, G. Holmstedt, A two-equation turbulence
model and its application to a buoyant di€usion ¯ame,
International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 42
(7) (1999) 1305.
Mixed convection
[25FF] D. Angirasa, Interaction of low-velocity plane jets
with buoyant convection adjacent to heated vertical
surfaces, Numerical Heat Transfer, Part A ± Applications 35 (1) (1999) 67.
[26FF] S.D. Harris, D.B. Ingham, I. Pop, Unsteady mixed
convection boundary-layer ¯ow on a vertical surface
in a porous medium, International Journal of Heat
and Mass Transfer 42 (2) (1999) 357.
[27FF] V.N. Popov, Turbulent transport of momentum, heat,
and mass of components of a mixture under conditions of free and mixed thermoconcentration convection in the vicinity of an inclined surface, High
Temperature (USSR) 37 (1) (1999) 73.
[28FF] H.M. Ramadan, A.J. Chamkha, Two-phase free
convection ¯ow over an in®nite permeable inclined
plate with non-uniform particle-phase density, International Journal of Engineering Science 37 (10) (1999)
1351.
Applications and miscellaneous
[29FF] F.A. Ansari, Finite di€erence solution of heat and
mass transfer problems related to precooling of food,
Energy Conversion and Management 40 (8) (1999)
795.
[30FF] H.B. Awbi, A. Hatton, Natural convection from
heated room surfaces, Energy and Buildings 30 (3)
(1999) 233.
[31FF] W.K.S. Chiu, Y. Jaluria, E€ect of buoyancy, susceptor motion, and conjugate transport in chemical vapor
deposition systems, Journal of Heat Transfer; Transactions of the ASME 121 (3) (1999) 757.
[32FF] A.G. Fikiin, K.A. Fikiin, S.D. Triphonov, Equivalent
thermophysical properties and surface heat transfer
coecient of fruit layers in trays during cooling,
Journal of Food Engineering 40 (1±2) (1999) 7.
[33FF] M. Glaser, Change of the apparent mass of weights
arising from temperature di€erences, Metrologia 36
(3) (1999) 183.
[34FF] S.D. Golosov, N.V. Ignatieva, Hydrothermodynamic
features of mass exchange across the sediment±water
interface in shallow lakes, Hydrobiologia 409 (1999)
153.
[35FF] T.C. Hung, C.S. Fu, Conjugate heat transfer analysis
for the passive enhancement of electronic cooling
through geometric modi®cation in a mixed convection
domain, Numerical Heat Transfer, Part A ± Applications 35 (5) (1999) 519.
[36FF] M.S. Kurbangaleev, G. D'Yakonov V, A.G. Usmanov, Heat transfer in the packing layer under conditions of high-frequency electromagnetic ®eld, High
Temperature (USSR) 37 (4) (1999) 597.

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R.J. Goldstein et al. / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 44 (2001) 3579±3699

[37FF] R.J. Park, S.B. Kim, H.D. Kim, S.M. Choi, Natural
convection heat transfer with crust formation in the
molten metal pool, Nuclear Technology 127 (1) (1999)
66.
[38FF] J. Phillips, D. Naylor, S.J. Harrison, P.H. Oosthuizen,
Free convection from a window glazing with a
venetian blind: numerical model development, Transactions of the Canadian Society for Mechanical
Engineering 23 (1B) (1999) 159.
[39FF] P. Sae-oui, P.K. Freakley, P.S. Oubridge, Determination of heat transfer coecient of rubber to air,
Plastics Rubber and Composites 28 (2) (1999) 65.
[40FF] C.S. Wang, M.M. Yovanovich, J.R. Culham, Modeling natural convection from horizontal isothermal
annular heat sinks, Journal of Electronic Packaging
121 (1) (1999) 44.

[1G]

[2G]

[3G]

[4G]

[5G]

[6G]

[7G]

Rotating surfaces
Rotating disks
A. Aoune, C. Ramshaw, Process intensi®cation: heat
and mass transfer characteristics of liquid ®lms on
rotating discs, International Journal of Heat and Mass
Transfer 42 (14) (1999) 2543.
J. Herrero, F. Giralt, J.A.C. Humphrey, Non-isothermal laminar ¯ow and heat transfer between disks
corotating in a ®xed enclosure, International Journal
of Heat and Mass Transfer 42 (17) (1999) 3291.
R.W. Hill, K.S. Ball, Direct numerical simulations of
turbulent forced convection between counter-rotating
disks, International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow
20 (3) (1999) 208.
I. Mirzaee, P. Quinn, M. Wilson, J.M. Owen, Heat
transfer in a rotating cavity with a stationary stepped
casing, Journal of Turbomachinery; Transactions of
the ASME 121 (2) (1999) 281.
R. Pilbrow, H. Karabay, M. Wilson, J.M. Owen, Heat
transfer in a cover-plate preswirl rotating-disk system,
Journal of Turbomachinery; Transactions of the
ASME 121 (2) (1999) 249.
Y.R. Shieh, C.J. Li, Y.H. Hung, Heat transfer from a
horizontal wafer-based disk of multichip modules,
International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 42
(6) (1999) 1007.
J.S. Yoo, E€ect of inviscid stagnation ¯ow on the
freezing of ¯uid ± a theoretical analysis, International
Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 42 (19) (1999)
3707.

Rotating channels
[8G] K.V. Akella, J.C. Han, Impingement cooling in
rotating two-pass rectangular channels with ribbed
walls, Journal of Thermophysics and Heat Transfer 13
(3) (1999) 364.
[9G] J.P. Bons, J.L. Kerrebrock, 1998 Heat Transfer
Committee Best Paper Award ± complementary
velocity and heat transfer measurements in a rotating
cooling passage with smooth walls, Journal of Turbomachinery; Transactions of the ASME 121 (4) (1999)
651.
[10G] S.S. Hsieh, P.J. Chen, H.J. Chin, Turbulent ¯ow in a
rotating two pass smooth channel, Journal of Fluids

[11G]

[12G]

[13G]

[14G]

[15G]

[16G]

[17G]

[18G]

[19G]

[20G]

[21G]

[22G]

[23G]

[24G]

Engineering; Transactions of the ASME 121 (4) (1999)
725.
S.S. Hsieh, J.T. Huang, C.F. Liu, Local heat transfer
in a rotating square channel with jet impingement,
Journal of Heat Transfer; Transactions of the ASME
121 (4) 811.
G.J. Hwang, S.C. Tzeng, C.P. Mao, Heat transfer of
compressed air ¯ow in a spanwise rotating four-pass
serpentine channel, Journal of Heat Transfer; Transactions of the ASME 121 (3) (1999) 583.
J.J. Hwang, Y.P. Tsai, W.J. Wang, D.Y. Lai, E€ects
of leading-wall blowing/suction on mixed convective
phenomena in a radially rotating multiple-pass duct,
International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 42
(24) (1999) 4461.
H. Iacovides, D.C. Jackson, G. Kelemenis, B.E.
Launder, Y.M. Yuan, Experiments on local heat
transfer in a rotating square-ended U-bend, International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow 20 (3) (1999)
302.
H. Iacovides, D.C. Jackson, B.E. Launder, Y.M.
Yuan, An experimental study of a rib-roughened
rotating U-bend ¯ow, Experimental Thermal and
Fluid Science 19 (3) (1999) 151.
H. Ishigaki, Analogy between developing laminar
¯ows in curved pipes and orthogonally rotating pipes,
JSME International Journal, Series B ± Fluids and
Thermal Engineering 42 (2) (1999) 197.
H. Ishigaki, Analogy of forced convective heat transfer between laminar ¯ows in curved pipes and
orthogonally rotating pipes, JSME International
Journal, Series B ± Fluids and Thermal Engineering
42 (1) (1999) 48.
H. Ishigaki, Laminar convective heat transfer in
rotating curved pipes, JSME International Journal,
Series B ± Fluids and Thermal Engineering 42 (3)
(1999) 489.
R. Jakoby, S. Kim, S. Wittig, Correlations of the
convection heat transfer in annular channels with
rotating inner cylinder, Journal of Engineering for
Gas Turbines and Power Transactions of the ASME
121 (4) (1999) 670.
A.F. Kurbatskii, S.V. Poroseva, Modeling turbulent
di€usion in a rotating cylindrical pipe ¯ow, International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow 20 (3) (1999)
341.
T.M. Liou, C.C. Chen, Heat transfer in a rotating
two-pass smooth passage with a 180° rectangular turn,
International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 42
(2) (1999) 231.
T.M. Liou, C.C. Chen, LDV study of developing ¯ows
through a smooth duct with a 180° straight-corner
turn, Journal of Turbomachinery; Transactions of the
ASME 121 (1) (1999) 167.
A. Murata, S. Mochizuki, E€ect of cross-sectional
aspect ratio on turbulent heat transfer in an orthogonally rotating rectangular smooth duct, International
Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 42 (20) (1999)
3803.
A. Murata, S. Mochizuki, T. Takahashi, Local heat
transfer measurements of an orthogonally rotating

R.J. Goldstein et al. / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 44 (2001) 3579±3699

[25G]

[26G]
[27G]

[28G]

[29G]
[30G]

[31G]

[32G]

square duct with angled rib turbulators, International
Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 42 (16) (1999)
3047.
K.J. Rinck, H. Beer, Solidi®cation inside an axially
rotating pipe containing a turbulent liquid ¯ow,
International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 42
(23) (1999) 4375.
M. Selmi, K. Nandakumar, Bifurcation study of ¯ow
through rotating curved ducts, Physics of Fluids 11 (8)
(1999) 2030.
F.M. Sharipov, G.M. Kremer, Non-isothermal Couette ¯ow of a rare®ed gas between two rotating
cylinders, European Journal of Mechanics B Fluids 18
(1) (1999) 121.
C.Y. Soong, W.M. Yan, Development of secondary
¯ow and convective heat transfer in isothermal/iso¯ux rectangular ducts rotating about a parallel axis,
International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 42
(3) (1999) 497.
M.A. Stephens, T.I.P. Shih, Flow and heat transfer in
a smooth U-duct with and without rotation, Journal
of Propulsion and Power 15 (2) (1999) 272.
S. Torii, W.J. Yang, Swirling e€ects on laminarization
of gas ¯ow in a strongly heated tube, Journal of Heat
Transfer; Transactions of the ASME 121 (2) (1999)
307.
L.Q. Wang, Competition of coriolis instability with
centrifugal instability and its e€ects on heat transfer in
a rotating curved heated channel, International Journal of Non-Linear Mechanics 34 (1) (1999) 35.
W.M. Yan, H.Y. Li, D. Lin, Mixed convection heat
transfer in a radially rotating square duct with
radiation e€ects, International Journal of Heat and
Mass Transfer 42 (1) (1999) 35.

Enclosures
[33G] C.H. Lee, J.M. Hyun, Flow of a strati®ed ¯uid in a
cylinder with a rotating lid, International Journal of
Heat and Fluid Flow 20 (1) (1999) 26.
[34G] J.H. Lee, S.H. Kang, Y.S. Son, Experimental study of
double-di€usive convection in a rotating annulus with
lateral heating, International Journal of Heat and
Mass Transfer 42 (5) (1999) 821.
[35G]

[36G]

[37G]

[38G]

Cylinders and bodies of revolution
B.A.K. Abu-Hijleh, W.N. Heilen, Entropy generation
due to laminar natural convection over a heated
rotating cylinder, International Journal of Heat and
Mass Transfer 42 (22) (1999) 4225.
F.M. Mahfouz, H.M. Badr, Heat convection from a
cylinder performing steady rotation or rotary oscillation ± Part I: steady rotation, Heat and Mass Transfer
34 (5) (1999) 365.
F.M. Mahfouz, H.M. Badr, Heat convection from a
cylinder performing steady rotation or rotary oscillation ± Part II: rotary oscillation, Heat and Mass
Transfer 34 (5) (1999) 375.
R.E.M. Morales, A. Balparda, A. Silveira-Neto,
Large-eddy simulation of the combined convection
around a heated rotating cylinder, International
Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 42 (5) (1999) 941.

3657

[39G] Y. Ruan, A steady-state thermomechanical solution of
continuously quenched axisymmetric bodies, Journal
of Applied Mechanics Transactions of the ASME 66
(2) (1999) 334.
Miscellaneous
[40G] O. Iida, Y. Nagano, Coherent structure and heat
transfer in geostrophic ¯ow under density strati®cation, Physics of Fluids 11 (2) (1999) 368.
[41G] K.S. Klasing, S.K. Thomas, K.L. Yerkes, Prediction
of the operating limits of revolving helically grooved
heat pipes, Journal of Heat Transfer; Transactions of
the ASME 121 (1) (1999) 213.
[42G] L.C. Lin, A. Faghri, Heat transfer in micro region of a
rotating miniature heat pipe, International Journal of
Heat and Mass Transfer 42 (8) (1999) 1363.
[43G] J. Ling, Y. Cao, W.S. Chang, Analyses of radially
rotating high-temperature heat pipes for turbomachinery applications, Journal of Engineering for Gas
Turbines and Power Transactions of the ASME 121
(2) (1999) 306.
[44G] M.S. Rajagopal, K.N. Seetharamu, P.A.A. Narayana,
Finite element analysis of radial cooled rotating
electrical machines, International Journal of Numerical Methods for Heat and Fluid Flow 9 (1) (1999) 18.
[45G] W.J. Sheu, N.C. Liou, Eciency of heat transfer
between opposed corotating jets, Numerical Heat
Transfer, Part A ± Applications 36 (1) (1999) 35.
[46G] M.H. Shi, Y.L. Hao, Y.Q. Din, Investigation on the
incipient ¯uidization and heat transfer in a centrifugal
¯uidized bed dryer, Drying Technology 17 (9) (1999)
1827.
[47G] D.R. Van Puyvelde, B.R. Young, M.A. Wilson, S.J.
Schmidt, Experimental determination of transverse
mixing kinetics in a rolling drum by image analysis,
Powder Technology 106 (3) (1999) 183.

[1H]

[2H]

[3H]

[4H]

[5H]
[6H]

Combined heat and mass transfer
Ablation
D.L. Deardor€, C.J. Diederich, Angular directivity of
thermal coagulation using air-cooled direct-coupled
interstitial ultrasound applicators, Ultrasound in
Medicine and Biology 25 (4) (1997) 609.
J. Gonzalez-Aguilar, C.P. Sanjurjo, A. RodriguezYunta, M.A.G. Calderon, A theoretical study of a
cutting air plasma torch, IEEE Transactions on
Plasma Science 27 (1) (1997) 264.
S.K. Lee, W.S. Chang, S.J. Na, Numerical and
experimental study on the thermal damage of thin
Cr ®lms induced by excimer laser irradiation, Journal
of Applied Physics 86 (8) (1997) 4282.
C.D. Li, M.A. Shannon, A simpli®ed cavity analysis
for estimating energy coupling during laser ablation
and drilling of solids ± experiment, Applied Surface
Science 150 (1±4) (1997) 211.
D. Sands, P. Key, J. Hoyland, In situ measurements of
excimer laser irradiated zinc sulphide ®lms on silicon,
Applied Surface Science 139 (1997) 240.
C.C. Sumian, F.B. Pitre, B.E. Gauthier, M. Bouclier,
S.R. Mordon, Laser skin resurfacing using a
frequency doubled Nd: YAG laser after topical

3658

[7H]

[8H]

[9H]
[10H]

R.J. Goldstein et al. / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 44 (2001) 3579±3699
application of an exogenous chromophore, Lasers
in Surgery and Medicine 25 (1) (1997) 43.
S.K. Wong, A. Walton, Numerical solution of singlephase Stefan problem using a ®ctitious material,
Numerical Heat Transfer, Part B ± Fundamentals 35
(2) (1997) 211.
S.V. Zhluktov, T. Abe, Viscous shock-layer simulation
of air¯ow past ablating blunt body with carbon
surface, Journal of Thermophysics and Heat Transfer
13 (1) (1997) 50.
T.F. Zien, C.Y. Wei, Heat transfer in the melt layer of
a simple ablation model, Journal of Thermophysics
and Heat Transfer 13 (4) (1997) 450.
M.J. Zuerlein, D. Fried, J.D.B. Featherstone, W.
Seka, Optical properties of dental enamel in the midIR determined by pulsed photothermal radiometry,
IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics 5 (4) (1997) 1083.

Film cooling
[11H] C.M. Bell, P.M. Ligrani, W.A. Hull, C.M. Norton,
Film cooling subject to bulk ¯ow pulsations: e€ects of
blowing ratio, freestream velocity, and pulsation
frequency, International Journal of Heat and Mass
Transfer 42 (23) (1997) 4333.
[12H] A. Chernobrovkin, B. Lakshminarayana, Numerical
simulation and aerothermal physics of leading edge
®lm cooling, Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part A: Journal of Power and
Energy 213 (A2) (1997) 103.
[13H] U. Drost, A. Bolcs, Investigation of detailed ®lm
cooling e€ectiveness and heat transfer distributions on
a gas turbine airfoil, Journal of Turbomachinery;
Transactions of the ASME 121 (2) (1997) 233.
[14H] H. Du, S.V. Ekkad, J.C. Han, E€ect of unsteady wake
with trailing edge coolant ejection on ®lm cooling
performance for a gas turbine blade, Journal of
Turbomachinery; Transactions of the ASME 121 (3)
(1997) 448.
[15H] V.K. Garg, D.L. Rigby, Heat transfer on a ®lm-cooled
blade ± e€ect of hole physics, International Journal of
Heat and Fluid Flow 20 (1) (1997) 10.
[16H] R.J. Goldstein, P. Jin, R.L. Olson, Film cooling
e€ectiveness and mass heat transfer coecient downstream of one row of discrete holes, Journal of
Turbomachinery; Transactions of the ASME 121 (2)
(1997) 225.
[17H] T.V. Jones, Theory for the use of foreign gas in
simulating ®lm cooling, International Journal of Heat
and Fluid Flow 20 (3) (1997) 349.
[18H] B.A. Jubran, B.Y. Maiteh, Film cooling and heat
transfer from a combination of two rows of simple
and or compound angle holes in inline and or
staggered con®guration, Heat and Mass Transfer 34
(6) (1997) 495.
[19H] A.I. Leontiev, Heat and mass transfer problems for
®lm cooling, Journal of Heat Transfer; Transactions
of the ASME 121 (3) (1997) 509.
[20H] B.Y. Maiteh, B.A. Jubran, In¯uence of mainstream
¯ow history on ®lm cooling and heat transfer from
two rows of simple and compound angle holes in

[21H]

[22H]

[23H]

[24H]

combination, International Journal of Heat and Fluid
Flow 20 (2) (1997) 158.
E.L. McGrath, J.H. Leylek, Physics of hot cross¯ow ingestion in ®lm cooling, Journal of Turbomachinery; Transactions of the ASME 121 (3)
(1997) 532.
S.S. Talya, J.N. Rajadas, A. Chattopadhyay, Multidisciplinary design optimization of ®lm-cooled gas
turbine blades, Mathematical Problems in Engineering
5 (2) (1997) 97.
S. Thakur, J. Wright, W. Shyy, Convective ®lm
cooling over a representative turbine blade leadingedge, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 42 (12) (1997) 2269.
G. Theodoridis, W. Rodi, Calculation of the ¯ow
around a high-pressure turbine blade with cooling-jet
injection from slots at the leading edge, Flow Turbulence and Combustion 62 (2) (1997) 89.

Jet impingement heat transfer ± submerged jet
[25H] E. Baydar, Con®ned impinging air jet at low Reynolds
numbers, Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 19
(1) (1997) 27.
[26H] L.A. Brignoni, S.V. Garimella, Experimental optimization of con®ned air jet impingement on a pin ®n
heat sink, IEEE Transactions on Components and
Packaging Technologies 22 (3) (1997) 399.
[27H] S.W. Chang, L.M. Su, T.L. Yang, Heat transfer of
impinging jet and ribbed-duct ¯ows with system
reciprocation, Journal of Ship Research 43 (2) (1997)
107.
[28H] Q. Chen, V. Modi, Mass transfer in turbulent
impinging slot jets, International Journal of Heat
and Mass Transfer 42 (5) (1997) 873.
[29H] C. Cornaro, A.S. Fleischer, R.J. Goldstein, Flow
visualization of a round jet impinging on cylindrical
surfaces, Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 20
(2) (1997) 66.
[30H] S.V. Ekkad, Y.Z. Huang, J.C. Han, Impingement heat
transfer on a target plate with ®lm cooling holes,
Journal of Thermophysics and Heat Transfer 13 (4)
(1997) 522.
[31H] H. Fujimoto, N. Hatta, R. Viskanta, Numerical
simulation of convective heat transfer to a radial free
surface jet impinging on a hot solid, Heat and Mass
Transfer 35 (4) (1997) 266.
[32H] H. Fujimoto, H. Takuda, N. Hatta, R. Viskanta,
Numerical simulation of transient cooling of a hot
solid by an impinging free surface jet, Numerical Heat
Transfer, Part A ± Applications 36 (8) 767.
[33H] D.L. James, J.A. Castleberry, J.Y. Pak, Pulsed radial
jet reattachment nozzle, International Journal of Heat
and Mass Transfer 42 (15) (1997) 2921.
[34H] K.C. Kannenberg, I.D. Boyd, Three-dimensional
Monte Carlo simulations of plume impingement,
Journal of Thermophysics and Heat Transfer 13 (2)
(1997) 226.
[35H] D.Y. Lee, K. Vafai, Comparative analysis of jet
impingement and microchannel cooling for high heat
¯ux applications, International Journal of Heat and
Mass Transfer 42 (9) (1997) 1555.

R.J. Goldstein et al. / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 44 (2001) 3579±3699
[36H] J. Lee, S.-J. Lee, Stagnation region heat transfer of a
turbulent axisymmetric jet impingement, Experimental Heat Transfer 12 (1997) 137.
[37H] H.E. Marcroft, M. Chandrasekaran, M.V. Karwe,
Flow ®eld in a hot air jet impingement oven ± Part II:
multiple impingement jets, Journal of Food Processing
and Preservation 23 (3) (1997) 235.
[38H] H.E. Marcroft, M.V. Karwe, Flow ®eld in a hot air jet
impingement oven ± Part I: a single impinging jet,
Journal of Food Processing and Preservation 23 (3)
(1997) 217.
[39H] J.G. Maveety, J.F. Hendricks, A heat sink performance
study considering material, geometry, nozzle placement, and Reynolds number with air impingement,
Journal of Electronic Packaging 121 (3) (1997) 156.
[40H] J.M. Miranda, J. Campos, Impinging jets con®ned by
a conical wall: laminar ¯ow predictions, AIChE
Journal 45 (11) (1997) 2273.
[41H] G.K. Morris, S.V. Garimella, J.A. Fitzgerald, Flow®eld prediction in submerged and con®ned jet impingement using the Reynolds stress model, Journal of
Electronic Packaging 121 (4) 255.
[42H] S. Parneix, M. Behnia, P.A. Durbin, Predictions of
turbulent heat transfer in an axisymmetric jet impinging on a heated pedestal, Journal of Heat
Transfer; Transactions of the ASME 121 (1) (1997) 43.
[43H] F. Qian, B. Farouk, R. Mutharasan, N. Macken,
Experimental and numerical studies of heat transfer
from a liquid bath due to an impinging gas jet, Journal
of Heat Transfer; Transactions of the ASME 121 (2)
(1997) 333.
[44H] D.J. Sailor, D.J. Rohli, Q.L. Fu, E€ect of variable
duty cycle ¯ow pulsations on heat transfer enhancement for an impinging air jet, International Journal of
Heat and Fluid Flow 20 (6) (1997) 574.
[45H] I. Sezai, A.A. Mohamad, Three-dimensional simulation of laminar rectangular impinging jets, ¯ow
structure, and heat transfer, Journal of Heat Transfer;
Transactions of the ASME 121 (1) (1997) 50.
[46H] H.S. Sheri€, D.A. Zumbrunnen, Local and instantaneous heat transfer characteristics of arrays of
pulsating jets, Journal of Heat Transfer; Transactions
of the ASME 121 (2) (1997) 341.
[47H] S.Z. Shuja, B.S. Yilbas, M.O. Budair, Gas jet
impingement on a surface having a limited constant
heat ¯ux area: various turbulence models, Numerical
Heat Transfer, Part A ± Applications 36 (2) (1997)
171.
[48H] A.A. Tawfek, Heat transfer due to a round jet
impinging normal to a circular cylinder, Heat and
Mass Transfer 35 (4) (1997) 327.
[49H] P.Y. Tzeng, C.Y. Soong, C.D. Hsieh, Numerical
investigation of heat transfer under con®ned impinging turbulent slot jets, Numerical Heat Transfer,
Part A ± Applications 35 (8) (1997) 903.
[50H] G. Yang, M. Choi, J.S. Lee, An experimental study of
slot jet impingement cooling on concave surface: e€ects
of nozzle con®guration and curvature, International
Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 42 (12) (1997) 2199.
[51H] T.L. Yang, S.W. Chang, L.M. Su, C.C. Hwang, Heat
transfer of con®ned impinging jet onto spherically

3659

concave surface with piston cooling application,
JSME International Journal, Series B ± Fluids and
Thermal Engineering 42 (2) (1997) 238.
[52H] Y.T. Yang, T.P. Hao, Numerical studies of three
turbulent slot jets with and without moving surface,
Acta Mechanica 136 (1±2) (1997) 17.
[53H] S. Yapici, S. Kuslu, C. Ozmetin, H. Ersahan, T.
Pekdemir, Surface shear stress for a submerged jet
impingement using electrochemical technique, Journal
of Applied Electrochemistry 29 (2) (1997) 185.
Jet impingement heat transfer ± liquid jets
[54H] K. Garrett, B.W. Webb, The e€ect of drainage
con®guration on heat transfer under an impinging
liquid jet array, Journal of Heat Transfer; Transactions of the ASME 121 (4) 803.
[55H] J.E. Leland, M.R. Pais, Free jet impingement heat
transfer of a high Prandtl number ¯uid under conditions of highly varying properties, Journal of Heat
Transfer; Transactions of the ASME 121 (3) (1997)
592.
[56H] M.M. Rahman, A.J. Bula, J.E. Leland, Conjugate
heat transfer during free jet impingement of a high
Prandtl number ¯uid, Numerical Heat Transfer, Part
B ± Fundamentals 36 (2) (1997) 139.
Spray cooling
[57H] H. Chaves, A.M. Kubitzek, F. Obermeier, Dynamic
processes occurring during the spreading of thin liquid
®lms produced by drop impact on hot walls, International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow 20 (5) (1997)
470.
[58H] M. Ciofalo, I. DiPiazza, V. Brucato, Investigation of
the cooling of hot walls by liquid water sprays,
International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 42
(7) (1997) 1157.
[59H] H.G. Fan, R. Kovacevic, Droplet formation, detachment, and impingement on the molten pool in gas
metal arc welding, Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B Process Metallurgy and Materials Processing Science 30 (4) (1997) 791.
[60H] S. Heinrich, L. Morl, Fluidized bed spray granulation
± a new model for the description of particle wetting
and of temperature and concentration distribution,
Chemical Engineering and Processing 38 (4±6) (1997)
635.
Drying
[61H] S. Alsoy, J.L. Duda, Modeling of multicomponent
drying of polymer ®lms, AIChE Journal 45 (4) (1997)
896.
[62H] S. Alsoy, J.L. Duda, Modeling of multilayer drying of
polymer ®lms, Journal of Polymer Science, Part B ±
Polymer Physics 37 (14) (1997) 1665.
[63H] R. Arjona, A. Garcia, P. Ollero, The drying of
alpeorujo a waste product of the olive oil mill
industry, Journal of Food Engineering 41 (3±4)
(1997) 229.
[64H] A. Avci, M. Can, The analysis of the drying process
on unsteady forced convection in thin ®lms of ink,
Applied Thermal Engineering 19 (6) (1997) 641.

3660

R.J. Goldstein et al. / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 44 (2001) 3579±3699

[65H] M.A.S. Barrozo, H.M. Henrique, D.J.M. Sartori, J.T.
Freire, Drying of soybean seeds in a cross¯ow moving
bed, Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering 77 (6)
1121.
[66H] E. Ben-Yoseph, R.W. Hartel, Computer modeling of
sugar crystallization during drying of thin sugar ®lms,
Journal of Crystal Growth 199 (Part 2) (1997) 1294.
[67H] R. Blasco, P.I. Alvarez, Flash drying of ®sh meals with
superheated steam: isothermal process, Drying Technology 17 (4±5) (1997) 775.
[68H] L.V. Chong, X.D. Chen, A mathematical model of the
self-heating of spray-dried food powders containing
fat, protein, sugar and moisture, Chemical Engineering Science 54 (19) (1997) 4165.
[69H] A. Frydman, J. Vasseur, F. Ducept, M. Sionneau,
J. Moureh, Simulation of spray drying in superheated
steam using computational ¯uid dynamics, Drying
Technology 17 (7±8) (1997) 1313.
[70H] Z. Gawrzynski, R. Glaser, T. Kudra, Drying of
powdery materials in a pulsed ¯uid bed dryer, Drying
Technology 17 (7±8) (1997) 1523.
[71H] R.K. Goyal, G.N. Tiwari, Performance of a reverse ¯at
plate absorber cabinet dryer: a new concept, Energy
Conversion and Management 40 (4) (1997) 385.
[72H] J.J. Gu, N.M. Faqir, H.J. Bart, Drying of an activated
carbon column after steam regeneration, Chemical
Engineering and Technology 22 (10) (1997) 859.
[73H] S. Gunasekaran, Pulsed microwave-vacuum drying of
food materials, Drying Technology 17 (3) (1997) 395.
[74H] S.J. Hashemi, W.J.M. Douglas, Through drying of
paper from mechanical and chemical pulp blends:
transport phenomena behavior, Drying Technology
17 (10) (1997) 2183.
[75H] M.N.A. Hawlader, J.C. Ho, Z. Qing, A mathematical
model for drying of shrinking materials, Drying
Technology 17 (1±2) (1997) 27.
[76H] A. Hukka, The e€ective di€usion coecient and mass
transfer coecient of Nordic softwoods as calculated
from direct drying experiments, Holzforschung 53 (5)
(1997) 534.
[77H] A. Hukka, O. Oksanen, Convective mass transfer
coecient at wooden surface in jet drying of veneer,
Holzforschung 53 (2) (1997) 204.
[78H] J. Irudayaraj, Y. Wu, Heat and mass transfer coef®cients in drying of starch based food systems, Journal
of Food Science 64 (2) (1997) 323.
[79H] J. Irudayaraj, Y. Wu, Numerical modeling of heat and
mass transfer in starch systems, Transactions of the
ASAE 42 (2) (1997) 449.
[80H] Y. Itaya, N. Bessho, M. Hasatani, Heat and mass
transfer with polycondensation in resin ®lm during
drying, Drying Technology 17 (10) (1997) 2169.
[81H] Y. Itaya, S. Mori, M. Hasatani, E€ect of intermittent
heating on drying-induced strain-stress of molded
clay, Drying Technology 17 (7±8) (1997) 1261.
[82H] H. Kiiskinen, K. Juppi, O. Timofeev, M.A. Karlsson,
K. Edelmann, Impingement drying of multi-ply linerboard, Pulp and Paper Canada 100 (1) (1997) 43.
[83H] C.T. Kiranoudis, V.T. Karathanos, N.C. Markatos,
Computational ¯uid dynamics of industrial batch
dryers of fruits, Drying Technology 17 (1±2) (1997) 1.

[84H] D.H. Lee, S.D. Kim, Mathematical model for batch
drying in an inert medium ¯uidized bed, Chemical
Engineering and Technology 22 (5) (1997) 443.
[85H] A. Levy, I. Borde, Steady state one-dimensional ¯ow
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[86H] Y.B. Li, J. Seyed-Yagoobi, R.G. Moreira, R. Yamsaengsung, Superheated steam impingement drying of
tortilla chips, Drying Technology 17 (1±2) (1997) 191.
[87H] M. Lima, S.K. Sastry, The e€ects of ohmic heating
frequency on hot-air drying rate and juice yield,
Journal of Food Engineering 41 (2) (1997) 115.
[88H] T.A. Martin, T.M. Hinckley, F.C. Meinzer, D.G.
Sprugel, Boundary layer conductance, leaf temperature and transpiration of Abies amabilis branches,
Tree Physiology 19 (7) (1997) 435.
[89H] S. Pabis, The initial phase of convection drying of
vegetables and mushrooms and the e€ect of shrinkage,
Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research 72 (2)
(1997) 187.
[90H] P. Perre, I.W. Turner, The use of numerical simulation
as a cognitive tool for studying the microwave drying
of softwood in an over-sized waveguide, Wood
Science and Technology 33 (6) 445.
[91H] L.J. Pordage, T.A.G. Langrish, Simulation of the
e€ect of air velocity in the drying of hardwood timber,
Drying Technology 17 (1±2) (1997) 237.
[92H] P.E. Price, R.A. Cairncross, Optimization of singlezone drying of polymer solution coatings to avoid
blister defects, Drying Technology 17 (7±8) (1997)
1303.
[93H] S. Ramaswamy, Y. Cui, Analyzing convective heat
and mass transfer in through-air drying of fabrics,
Textile Research Journal 69 (10) (1997) 776.
[94H] S. Ramaswamy, R.A. Holm, Analysis of heat and
mass transfer during drying of paper/board, Drying
Technology 17 (1±2) (1997) 49.
[95H] S. Ramaswamy, R.A. Holm, High intensity drying,
Drying Technology 17 (1±2) (1997) 73.
[96H] K. Rastikian, R. Capart, J. Benchimol, Modelling of
sugar drying in a countercurrent cascading rotary
dryer from stationary pro®les of temperature and
moisture, Journal of Food Engineering 41 (3±4) (1997)
193.
[97H] S.A. Reardon, M.R. Davis, P.E. Doe, Construction of
an analytical model of paper drying, Drying Technology 17 (4±5) (1997) 655.
[98H] H.T. Sabarez, W.E. Price, A di€usion model for prune
dehydration, Journal of Food Engineering 42 (3) 167.
[99H] H. Sadikoglu, A.I. Liapis, O.K. Crosser, R. Bruttini,
Estimation of the e€ect of product shrinkage on the
drying times, heat input and condenser load of the
primary and secondary drying stages of the lyophilization process in vials, Drying Technology 17 (10)
(1997) 2013.
[100H] R.A. Sadykov, Calculation of vacuum drying of
dispersed materials from multicomponent liquid systems, Drying Technology 17 (10) (1997) 2123.
[101H] P.N. Sarsavadia, R.L. Sawhney, D.R. Pangavhane,
S.P. Singh, Drying behaviour of brined onion slices,
Journal of Food Engineering 40 (3) (1997) 219.

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[102H] J. Straatsma, G. Van Houwelingen, A.E. Steenbergen,
P. DeJong, Spray drying of food products: 1. Simulation model, Journal of Food Engineering 42 (2)
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[103H] C. Strumillo, I. Zbicinski, I. Smucerowicz, C. Crowe,
An analysis of a pulse combustion drying system,
Chemical Engineering and Processing 38 (4±6) (1997)
593.
[104H] Z.F. Sun, C.G. Carrington, Dynamic modelling of a
dehumidi®er wood drying kiln, Drying Technology 17
(4±5) (1997) 711.
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of a dynamic model for a dehumidi®er wood drying
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[106H] C. Tremblay, A. Cloutier, B. Grandjean, Experimental
determination of the ratio of vapor di€usion to the
total water movement in wood during drying, Wood
and Fiber Science 31 (3) (1997) 235.
[107H] J. Wang, J.P. Zhang, J.P. Wang, N.Z. Xu, Modeling
simultaneous heat and mass transfer for microwave
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1927.
[108H] S. Watano, N. Yeh, K. Miyanami, Heat transfer and
the mechanism of drying in agitation ¯uidized bed,
Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin 47 (6) (1997)
843.
[109H] P. Wiberg, T.J. Moren, Moisture ¯ux determination in
wood during drying above ®bre saturation point using
CT-scanning and digital image processing, Holz Als
Roh und Werksto€ 57 (2) (1997) 137.
[110H] Z.Q. Wu, W.J. Batchelor, R.E. Johnston, Development of an impedance method to measure the
moisture content of a wet paper web, Appita Journal
52 (6) (1997) 425.
[111H] E.P. Zaporozhets, L.P. Kholpanov, V.B. Sazhin,
Modeling of solid material drying in a ¯uidized bed,
Theoretical Foundations of Chemical Engineering 33
(2) (1997) 172.
[112H] K. Zhu, X. Li, Z.D. Chu, J.H. Yang, The thermoimage experimental study for the optimization of seeds
drying, Drying Technology 17 (9) (1997) 1935.
Miscellaneous
[113H] F. Abu Al-Rub, F.A. Banat, M. Shannag, Theoretical
assessment of dilute acetone removal from aqueous
streams by membrane distillation, Separation Science
and Technology 34 (14) (1997) 2817.
[114H] N. Alleborn, H. Raszillier, F. Durst, Lid-driven cavity
with heat and mass transport, International Journal of
Heat and Mass Transfer 42 (5) (1997) 833.
[115H] M.R. Avelino, J. Su, A.P.S. Freire, An analytical near
wall solution for the j± model for transpired boundary layer ¯ows, International Journal of Heat and
Mass Transfer 42 (16) (1997) 3085.
[116H] A. Bhargava, G.J. Grin, A two-dimensional model
of heat transfer across a ®re retardant epoxy coating
subjected to an impinging ¯ame, Journal of Fire
Sciences 17 (3) (1997) 188.
[117H] A.V. Bridgwater, Principles and practice of biomass
fast pyrolysis processes for liquids, Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis 51 (1±2) (1997) 3.

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[118H] A.V. Bridgwater, D. Meier, D. Radlein, An overview
of fast pyrolysis of biomass, Organic Geochemistry 30
(12) 1479.
[119H] H.Q. Chen, B.P. Marks, R.Y. Murphy, Modeling
coupled heat and mass transfer for convection cooking
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139.
[120H] R.M. Costa, F.A.R. Oliveira, O. Delaney, V. Gekas,
Analysis of the heat transfer coecient during potato
frying, Journal of Food Engineering 39 (3) (1997)
293.
[121H] S.K. Das, Thermal modelling of DC continuous
casting including submould boiling heat transfer,
Applied Thermal Engineering 19 (8) (1997) 897.
[122H] T. Elperin, A. Fominykh, E€ect of absorbate concentration level on dissolving translating bubble collapse
governed by simultaneous heat and mass transfer,
Heat and Mass Transfer 35 (6) 517.
[123H] G.S. Enrique, I. Braud, T. Jean-Louis, V. Michel,
B. Pierre, C. Jean-Christophe, Modelling heat and
water exchanges of fallow land covered with plantresidue mulch, Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
97 (3) (1997) 151.
[124H] G.M. Fahmy, S.A. Ouf, Signi®cance of microclimate
on phylloplane myco¯ora of green and senescing
leaves of Zygophyllum album L., Journal of Arid
Environments 41 (3) (1997) 257.
[125H] A. Fedorov, R. Viskanta, Scale analysis and parametric study of transient heat mass transfer in the
presence of nonporous solid adsorption, Chemical
Engineering Communications 171 (1997) 231.
[126H] A.G. Fedorov, R. Viskanta, Analysis of transient
heat/mass transfer and adsorption/desorption interactions, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 42 (5) (1997) 803.
[127H] B. Govindasamy, M.F. Wehner, C.R. Mechoso, P.
Du€y, The in¯uence of a soil±vegetation±atmosphere
transfer scheme on the simulated climate of LLNL/
UCLA AGCM, Global and Planetary Change 20 (1)
(1997) 67.
[128H] C.B. Hwang, C.A. Lin, A low Reynolds number twoequation kh ±~
h model to predict thermal ®elds, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 42 (17)
(1997) 3217.
[129H] J.C. Jo, W.K. Shin, C.Y. Choi, Multidimensional
phase change problems by the dual-reciprocity boundary-element method, Numerical Heat Transfer, Part B
± Fundamentals 36 (1) (1997) 95.
[130H] B.M. Khusid, V.V. Kulebyakin, E.A. Bashtovaya,
B.B. Khina, Mathematical and experimental modelling of quenching a self-propagating high-temperature
synthesis process, International Journal of Heat and
Mass Transfer 42 (22) (1997) 4235.
[131H] V. Koren, J. Schaake, K. Mitchell, Q.Y. Duan, F.
Chen, J.M. Baker, A parameterization of snowpack
and frozen ground intended for NCEP weather and
climate models, Journal of Geophysical Research
Atmospheres 104 (D16) (1997) 19569.
[132H] W.P. Kustas, J.M. Norman, Evaluation of soil and
vegetation heat ¯ux predictions using a simple
two-source model with radiometric temperatures for

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partial canopy cover, Agricultural and Forest
Meteorology 94 (1) (1997) 13.
S.W.K. Kweh, K.A. Khor, P. Cheang, The production
and characterization of hydroxyapatite (HA) powders,
Journal of Materials Processing Technology 90
(Special Issue SI) (1997) 373.
H.M. Lou, H. Miyajima, F. Dong, A. Kodama,
M. Goto, T. Hirose, Experimental study of thermal
phenomenon in PSA air dehumidi®cation, Separation
and Puri®cation Technology 17 (1) (1997) 65.
L.C. Lundin, S. Halldin, A. Lindroth, E. Cienciala,
A. Grelle, P. Hjelm, E. Kellner, A. Lundberg,
M. Molder, A.S. Moren, T. Nord, J. Seibert, M. Stahli,
Continuous long-term measurements of soil±plant±
atmosphere variables at a forest site, Agricultural and
Forest Meteorology (Issue SI) 53.
W.N. MacPherson, J.M. Kilpatrick, J.S. Barton,
J.D.C. Jones, L. Zhang, I. Bennion, Heat-¯ux
measurement using ®bre-Bragg-grating Fabry±Perot
sensors, Measurement Science and Technology 10 (12)
1300.
O. Manca, B. Morrone, S. Nardini, Thermal analysis
of solids at high Peclet numbers subjected to moving
heat sources, Journal of Heat Transfer; Transactions
of the ASME 121 (1) (1997) 182.
M. Martin, R.E. Dickinson, Z.L. Yang, Use of a
coupled land surface general circulation model to
examine the impacts of doubled stomatal resistance on
the water resources of the American southwest,
Journal of Climate 12 (12) 3359.
F. Morency, F. Tezok, I. Paraschivoiu, Anti-icing
system simulation using CANICE, Journal of Aircraft
36 (6) 999.
K. Okuyama, A. Ogawa, Y. Iida, Endothermic
reaction and heat transfer characteristics of a catalyst-coated ®n ± (experiment of ®n with methanol
decomposition reaction), JSME International Journal,
Series B ± Fluids and Thermal Engineering 42 (4) 683.
K. Okuyama, A. Ogawa, Y. Iida, Reaction and heat
transfer characteristics of catalyst-coated ®ns
(theoretical analysis of ®ns with an endothermic
reaction), JSME International Journal, Series
B ± Fluids 42 (2) (1997) 255.
M.J. Pattison, S.E. Belcher, Production rates of seaspray droplets, Journal of Geophysical Research
Oceans 104 (C8) (1997) 18397.
V.R.N. Pauwels, E.F. Wood, A soil±vegetation±
atmosphere transfer scheme for the modeling of water
and energy balance processes in high latitudes 1.
Model improvements, Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres 104 (D22) (1997) 27811.
G.P. Peterson, H.B. Ma, Temperature response of heat
transport in a micro heat pipe, Journal of Heat
Transfer; Transactions of the ASME 121 (2) (1997) 438.
K.J. Ramesh, P.L.S. Rao, U.C. Mohanty, A study on
the performance of the NCMRWF analysis and
forecasting system during Asian summer monsoon:
thermodynamic aspects, Pure and Applied Geophysics
154 (1) (1997) 141.
G. Rosengarten, M. Behnia, G. Morrison, Some
aspects concerning modelling the ¯ow and heat

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[148H]
[149H]

[150H]
[151H]
[152H]

[153H]

[1I]

[2I]
[3I]
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[8I]

transfer in horizontal mantle heat exchangers in solar
water heaters, International Journal of Energy
Research 23 (11) (1997) 1007.
V. Sidiropoulos, P.E. Wood, J. Vlachopoulos, The
aerodynamics of cooling of blown ®lm bubbles,
Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites 18
(6) (1997) 529.
H.R. Thomas, P.J. Cleall, Inclusion of expansive clay
behaviour in coupled thermo hydraulic mechanical
models, Engineering Geology 54 (1±2) (1997) 93.
S. Vohra, G. Frent, V. Campbell, M. Abbott,
R. Whyte, E€ect of polyethylene occlusive skin
wrapping on heat loss in very low birth weight infants
at delivery: a randomized trial, Journal of Pediatrics
134 (5) (1997) 547.
A.L. Yarin, G. Brenn, O. Kastner, D. Rensink,
C. Tropea, Evaporation of acoustically levitated
droplets, Journal of Fluid Mechanics 399 151.
N. Yoshikawa, A. Kikuchi, S. Taniguchi, CVD
process simulation for TiN, Mo ®lm growth rate
distributions, Materials Transactions Jim 40 (11) 1323.
L.J. Zarzalejo, K.S. Schmaltz, C.H. Amon, Molten
droplet solidi®cation and substrate remelting in
microcasting ± Part I: numerical modeling and experimental veri®cation, Heat and Mass Transfer 34 (6)
(1997) 477.
L.T. Zhao, D.M. Gray, Estimating snowmelt in®ltration into frozen soils, Hydrological Processes 13
(12±13) (1997) 1827.
Bioheat transfer
Thermal engineering
D.W. Barker, S. Kini, T.E. Bernard, Thermal characteristics of clothing ensembles for use in heat stress
analysis, American Industrial Hygiene Association
Journal 60 (1) (1999) 32.
M. Bluestein, J. Zecher, A new approach to an
accurate wind chill factor, Bulletin of the American
Meteorological Society 80 (9) (1999) 1893.
C. Dawson, J.F.V. Vincent, G. Jeronimidis, G. Rice,
P. Forshaw, Heat transfer through penguin feathers,
Journal of Theoretical Biology 199 (3) (1999) 291.
G. Flensner, C. Lindencrona, The cooling-suit: a
study of 10 multiple sclerosis patients' experiences in
daily life, Journal of Advanced Nursing 29 (6) (1999)
1444.
M.A. Hanson, Development of a draft British standard: the assessment of heat strain for workers
wearing personal protective equipment, Annals of
Occupational Hygiene 43 (5) (1999) 309.
G. Havenith, I. Holmer, E.A. DenHartog, K.C.
Parsons, Clothing evaporative heat resistance - proposal for improved representation in standards and
models, Annals of Occupational Hygiene 43 (5) (1999)
339.
I. Holmer, H. Nilsson, G. Havenith, K. Parsons,
Clothing convective heat exchange ± proposal for
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of Occupational Hygiene 43 (5) (1999) 329.
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between the surface of the human body and ambient

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T.M. McLellan, D.G. Bell, Ecacy of air and liquid
cooling during light and heavy exercise while wearing
NBC clothing, Aviation Space and Environmental
Medicine 70 (8) (1999) 802.
S. Murakami, J. Zeng, T. Hayashi, CFD analysis of
wind environment around a human body, Journal of
Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics 83
(1999) 393.
K.C. Parsons, G. Havenith, I. Holmer, H. Nilsson, J.
Malchaire, The e€ects of wind and human movement
on the heat and vapour transfer properties of clothing,
Annals of Occupational Hygiene 43 (5) (1999) 347.
S. Ward, J.M. Rayner, U. Moller, D.M. Jackson, W.
Nachtigall, J.R. Speakman, Heat transfer from starlings Sturnus vulgaris during ¯ight, Journal of Experimental Biology 202 (12) (1999) 1589.

Thermoregulation
[13I] E.M. Dzialowski, M.P. O'Connor, Utility of blood
¯ow to the appendages in physiological control of heat
exchange in reptiles, Journal of Thermal Biology 24
(1) (1999) 21.
[14I] D. Fiala, K.J. Lomas, M. Stohrer, A computer model
of human thermoregulation for a wide range of
environmental conditions: the passive system, Journal
of Applied Physiology 87 (5) (1999) 1957.
[15I] R. Glowinski, T.W. Pan, T.I. Hesla, D.D. Joseph, A
distributed Lagrange multiplier ®ctitious domain
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of Multiphase Flow 25 (5) (1999) 755.
[16I] J. Gonzalez-Alonso, J.A.L. Calbet, B. Nielsen, Metabolic and thermodynamic responses to dehydrationinduced reductions in muscle blood ¯ow in exercising
humans, Journal of Physiology, London 520 (2) (1999)
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[17I] S.A. Loer, J.K.G. Wietasch, T.W.L. Scheeren, Does
bronchial thermodilution allow estimation of cardiac
output, Intensive Care Medicine 25 (2) (1999) 211.
[18I] D.P. Noren, T.M. Williams, P. Berry, E. Butler,
Thermoregulation during swimming and diving in
bottlenose dolphins, Tursiops truncatus, Journal of
Comparative Physiology B, Biochemical, Systemic,
and Environmental Physiology 169 (2) (1999) 93.
[19I] F. Seebacher, Behavioural postures and the rate of
body temperature change in wild freshwater crocodiles, Crocodylus johnstoni, Physiological and Biochemical Zoology 72 (1) 57.
[20I] F. Seebacher, G.C. Grigg, L.A. Beard, Crocodiles as
dinosaurs: Behavioural thermoregulation in very large
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77.
[21I] P.B. Sharpe, B. Van Horne, Relationships between the
thermal environment and activity of Piute ground
squirrels (Spermophilus mollis), Journal of Thermal
Biology 24 (4) (1999) 265.
[22I] C.E. Smith, A. Parand, A.C. Pinchak, J.F. Hagen,
D.E. Hancock, The failure of negative pressure
rewarming (Thermostat (TM)) to accelerate recovery

3663

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patients, Anesthesia and Analgesia 89 (6) (1999) 1541.
[23I] B.I. Tieleman, J.B. Williams, The role of hyperthermia
in the water economy of desert birds, Physiological
and Biochemical Zoology 72 (1) (1999) 87.
[24I] F.M. van der Sande, J.P. Kooman, J. Burema, P.
Hameleers, A.M.M. Kerkhofs, J.M. Barendregt,
K.M.L. Leunissen, E€ect of dialysate temperature on
energy balance during hemodialysis: quanti®cation of
extracorporeal energy transfer, American Journal of
Kidney Diseases 33 (6) (1999) 1115.
[25I] T.M. Williams, D. Noren, P. Berry, J.A. Estes, C.
Allison, J. Kirtland, The diving physiology of bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) ± III. Thermoregulation at depth, Journal of Experimental Biology
202 (20) (1999) 2763.
Thermal therapy
[26I] A.A. Brownlee, C.M. Lockwood, Heat treatment of
normal human sera reveals antibodies to bactericidal
permeability-inducing protein (BPI), Clinical and
Experimental Immunology 117 (1) (1999) 183.
[27I] D.L. Deardor€, C.J. Diederich, Angular directivity of
thermal coagulation using air-cooled direct-coupled
interstitial ultrasound applicators, Ultrasound in
Medicine and Biology 25 (4) (1999) 609.
[28I] S.J. Graham, G.J. Stanisz, A. Kecojevic, M.J. Bronskill, R.M. Henkelman, Analysis of changes in MR
properties of tissues after heat treatment, Magnetic
Resonance in Medicine 42 (6) (1999) 1061.
[29I] M.C. Kolios, A.E. Worthington, D.W. Holdsworth,
M.D. Sherar, J.W. Hunt, An investigation of the ¯ow
dependence of temperature gradients near large vessels
during steady state and transient tissue heating,
Physics in Medicine and Biology 44 (6) (1999) 1479.
[30I] A. Kotte, G.M.J. van Leeuwen, J.J.W. Lagendijk,
Modelling the thermal impact of a discrete vessel tree,
Physics in Medicine and Biology 44 (1) (1999) 57.
[31I] J. Lang, B. Erdmann, M. Seebass, Impact of nonlinear
heat transfer on temperature control in regional
hyperthermia, IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering 46 (9) (1999) 1129.
[32I] W.L. Lin, J.Y. Yen, Y.Y. Chen, K.W. Jin, M.J. Shieh,
Relationship between acoustic aperture size and tumor
conditions for external ultrasound hyperthermia,
Medical Physics 26 (5) (1999) 818.
[33I] J. Liu, X. Chen, L.X. Xu, New thermal wave aspects
on burn evaluation of skin subjected to instantaneous
heating, IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering 46 (4) (1999) 420.
[34I] X.Q. Lu, E.C. Burdette, G.K. Svensson, A dualfrequency ultrasonic system for breast cancer treatment, Acta Physica Sinica Overseas Edition 8 (Suppl
S) (1999) S345.
[35I] K.M. McNally, A.E. Parker, D.L. Heintzelman, B.S.
Sorg, J.M. Dawes, T.J. Pfefer, A.J. Welch, Dynamic
optical-thermal modeling of laser tissue soldering with
a scanning source, IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in
Quantum Electronics 5 (4) (1999) 1072.
[36I] T.J. Pfefer, J.K. Barton, D.J. Smithies, T.E. Milner,
J.S. Nelson, M.J.C. van Gemert, A.J. Welch,

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Modeling laser treatment of port wine stains with a
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T.L. Poepping, D.R. Wyman, O.H. Sanchez-Sweatman, T.M. Chow, Long exposure growth of in-vivo
interstitial laser photocoagulation lesions, Lasers in
Medical Science 14 (4) (1999) 297.
K.N. Rai, S.K. Rai, E€ect of metabolic heat generation and blood perfusion on the heat transfer in the
tissues with a blood vessel, Heat and Mass Transfer 35
(1) (1999) 75.
K.N. Rai, S.K. Rai, Heat transfer inside the tissues
with a supplying vessel for the case when metabolic
heat generation and blood perfusion are temperature
dependent, Heat and Mass Transfer 35 (4) (1999) 345.
B. Rivolta, F. Inzoli, S. Mantero, A. Severini, Evaluation of temperature distribution during hyperthermic treatment in biliary tumors: a computational
approach, Journal of Biomechanical Engineering 121
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R.B. Roemer, Conditions for equivalency of countercurrent vessel heat transfer formulations, Journal of
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J. Song, L.X. Xu, D.E. Lemons, S. Weinbaum,
Microvascular thermal equilibration in rat spinotrapezius muscle, Annals of Biomedical Engineering 27
(1) (1999) 56.
W.M. Whelan, D.R. Wyman, Dynamic modeling of
interstitial laser photocoagulation: implications for
lesion formation in liver in vivo, Lasers in Surgery and
Medicine 24 (3) (1999) 202.
L. Zhu, L.X. Xu, Evaluation of the e€ectiveness of
transurethral radio frequency hyperthermia in the
canine prostate: temperature distribution analysis,
Journal of Biomechanical Engineering; Transactions
of the ASME 121 (6) (1999) 584.

Cryopreservation
[45I] P. Holm, G. Vajta, Z. Machaty, M. Schmidt, R.S.
Prather, T. Greve, H. Callesen, Open Pulled Straw
(OPS) vitri®cation of porcine blastocysts: simple
procedure yielding excellent in vitro survival, but so
far no piglets following transfer, Cryo Letters 20 (5)
(1999) 307.
[46I] Q. Zhang, T.H. Jackson, A. Ungan, D. Gao, Numerical modeling of continuous hybrid heating of cryopreserved tissue, International Journal of Heat and
Mass Transfer 42 (3) (1999) 395.
[47I] Z. Zomborszky, T. Zubor, J. Toth, P. Horn, Sperm
collection from shot red deer stags (Cervus elaphus)
and the utilisation of sperm frozen and subsequently
thawed, Acta Veterinaria Hungarica 47 (2) (1999) 263.
Dental/biomaterial
[48I] J. Catanese, J.D.B. Featherstone, T.M. Keaveny,
Characterization of the mechanical and ultrastructural
properties of heat-treated cortical bone for use as a
bone substitute, Journal of Biomedical Materials
Research 45 (4) (1999) 327.
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L.J. Hubbard, B.E. Farkas, A method for determining
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B. Jeyadevan, T. Torigoe, K. Nakatsuka, I. Nakatani,
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[102J] G.E. Thorncroft, J.F. Klausner, The in¯uence of
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velocity in two-phase slit ¯ow, International Journal
of Multiphase Flow 25 (6±7) (1999) 1181.
G.R. Noghrehkar, M. Kawaji, A.M.C. Chan, Investigation of two-phase ¯ow regimes in tube bundles
under cross-¯ow conditions, International Journal of
Multiphase Flow 25 (5) (1999) 857.
M.K. Reagan, W.J. Bowman, Transient studies of Ginduced capillary ¯ow, Journal of Thermophysics and
Heat Transfer 13 (4) (1999) 537.
K.A. Triplett, S.M. Ghiaasiaan, S.I. Abdel-Khalik, A.
LeMouel, B.N. McCord, Gas±liquid two-phase ¯ow
in microchannels, Part II: void fraction and pressure
drop, International Journal of Multiphase Flow 25 (3)
(1999) 395.
K.A. Triplett, S.M. Ghiaasiaan, S.I. Abdel-Khalik,
D.L. Sadowski, Gas±liquid two-phase ¯ow in microchannels, Part I: two-phase ¯ow patterns, International Journal of Multiphase Flow 25 (3) (1999) 377.
M. Tshuva, D. Barnea, Y. Taitel, Two-phase ¯ow
in inclined parallel pipes, International Journal of
Multiphase Flow 25 (6±7) (1999) 1491.
M. Uehiro, Y.F. Rao, K. Fukuda, Analysis of coupled
nuclear/thermal instabilities of two-phase ¯ows in
parallel boiling channels, Journal of Heat Transfer;
Transactions of the ASME 121 (4) (1999) 916.
N.A. Vlachos, S.V. Paras, A.J. Karabelas, Prediction
of holdup, axial pressure gradient and wall shear stress
in wavy strati®ed and strati®ed/atomization gas/liquid
¯ow, International Journal of Multiphase Flow 25 (2)
(1999) 365.
M.J. Watson, G.F. Hewitt, Pressure e€ects on the slug
to churn transition, International Journal of Multiphase Flow 25 (6±7) (1999) 1225.
B.D. Woods, T.J. Hanratty, In¯uence of Froude
number on physical processes determining frequency
of slugging in horizontal gas±liquid ¯ows, International Journal of Multiphase Flow 25 (6±7) (1999)
1195.
J.L. Xu, Experimental study on gas±liquid two-phase
¯ow regimes in rectangular channels with mini gaps,
International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow 20 (4)
(1999) 422.
J.L. Xu, P. Cheng, T.S. Zhao, Gas±liquid two-phase
¯ow regimes in rectangular channels with mini/micro
gaps, International Journal of Multiphase Flow 25 (3)
(1999) 411.

Change of phase ± condensation
[1JJ] J.W. Rose, Condensation heat transfer, Heat and
Mass Transfer 35 (6) 479.
Surface geometry and material e€ects
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seasonal snowpack at a continental, mid-latitude

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[4JJ]

[5JJ]

[6JJ]

[7JJ]

[8JJ]

[9JJ]

[10JJ]

[11JJ]

[12JJ]
[13JJ]
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[16JJ]

alpine site, Hydrological Processes 13 (12±13) (1999)
1781.
A. Majumdar, I. Mezic, Instability of ultra-thin water
®lms and the mechanism of droplet formation on
hydrophilic surfaces, Journal of Heat Transfer; Transactions of the ASME 121 (4) (1999) 964.
G.K. Silver, R.M. Love, D.G. Purton, Comparison of
two vertical condensation obturation techniques:
Touch 'n Heat modi®ed and System B, International
Endodontic Journal 32 (4) (1999) 287.
Y.W. Tsang, J.T. Birkholzer, Predictions and observations of the thermal±hydrological conditions in the
single heater test, Journal of Contaminant Hydrology
38 (1±3) (1999) 385.
T. Valmari, T.M. Lind, E.I. Kauppinen, G. S®ris,
K. Nilsson, W. Maenhaut, Field study on ash behavior during circulating ¯uidized-bed combustion of
biomass. 2. Ash deposition and alkali vapor condensation, Energy and Fuels 13 (2) (1999) 390.
Y.F. Xu, D. Burfoot, Predicting condensation in bulks
of foodstu€s, Journal of Food Engineering 40 (1±2)
(1999) 121.
Global geometry, thermal boundary condition and
external in¯uence e€ects
M. Asbik, A. Daif, P.K. Panday, A. Khmou, Numerical study of laminar condensation of downward
¯owing vapour on a single horizontal cylinder or a
bank of tubes, Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering 77 (1) (1999) 54.
E. Begg, D. Khrustalev, A. Faghri, Complete condensation of forced convection two-phase ¯ow in a
miniature tube, Journal of Heat Transfer; Transactions of the ASME 121 (4) (1999) 904.
K. Cheung, M.M. Ohadi, S.V. Dessiatoun, EHDassisted external condensation of R-134a on smooth
horizontal and vertical tubes, International Journal of
Heat and Mass Transfer 42 (10) (1999) 1747.
A.K. Das, G.A. Incheck, P.J. Marto, The e€ect of ®n
height during steam condensation on a horizontal
stainless steel integral-®n tube, Journal of Enhanced
Heat Transfer 6 (2±4) (1999) 237.
Z.Y. Guo, N.K. Anand, Condensation of R-410A in a
rectangular channel, Hvac & R Research 5 (2) (1999)
99.
Y. Hirayama, W.J. Batty, Dehumidifying chilled
radiator system for hot and humid climates, Energy
and Buildings 30 (2) (1999) 203.
D. Homescu, P.K. Panday, Forced convection condensation on a horizontal tube: in¯uence of turbulence
in the vapor and liquid phases, Journal of Heat
Transfer; Transactions of the ASME 121 (4) 874.
H. Honda, H. Takamatsu, N. Takata, Experimental
measurements for condensation of downward-¯owing
R123/R134a in a staggered bundle of horizontal low®nned tubes with four ®n geometries, International
Journal of Refrigeration ± Revue Internationale du
Froid 22 (8) (1999) 615.
C.H. Hsu, S.A. Yang, Pressure gradient and variable
wall temperature e€ects during ®lmwise condensation
from downward ¯owing vapors onto a horizontal

[17JJ]

[18JJ]

[19JJ]

[20JJ]

[21JJ]

[22JJ]

[23JJ]

[24JJ]

[25JJ]

[26JJ]

[27JJ]

[28JJ]

[29JJ]
[30JJ]

3669

tube, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer
42 (13) (1999) 2419.
E.T. Hurlburt, T.A. Newell, Characteristics of refrigerant ®lm thickness, pressure drop, and condensation
heat transfer in annular ¯ow, Hvac & R Research 5 (3)
(1999) 229.
D.S. Jung, C.B. Kim, S.J. Cho, K.H. Song, Condensation heat transfer coecients of enhanced tubes with
alternative refrigerants for CFC11 and CFC12, International Journal of Refrigeration ± Revue Internationale du Froid 22 (7) (1999) 548.
M.A. Kedzierski, J.M. Goncalves, Horizontal convective condensation of alternative refrigerants within a
micro-®n tube, Journal of Enhanced Heat Transfer
6 (2±4) (1999) 161.
T.Y. Li, S.G. Wang, P.T. Hsu, Laminar ®lm condensation with constant heat ¯ux on a ®nite-size horizontal plate, Chemical Engineering Communications 172
(1999) 29.
M. Mosaad, Combined free and forced convection
laminar ®lm condensation on an inclined circular tube
with isothermal surface, International Journal of Heat
and Mass Transfer 42 (21) (1999) 4017.
J.L. Munoz-Cobo, S. Chiva, J.M. Corberan, A.
Escriva, Interaction between natural convection and
condensation heat transfer in the passive containment
cooling condensers of the ESBWR reactor, Annals of
Nuclear Energy 26 (4) (1999) 277.
H.S. Park, H.C. No, A condensation experiment in the
presence of noncondensables in a vertical tube of a
passive containment cooling system and its assessment
with RELAP5/MOD3.2, Nuclear Technology 127 (2)
(1999) 160.
L. Rosario, M.M. Rahman, Analysis of heat transfer
in a partially wet radial ®n assembly during dehumidi®cation, International Journal of Heat and Fluid
Flow 20 (6) (1999) 642.
L. Rosario, M.M. Rahman, A two-dimensional
numerical study of heat transfer in a ®nned tube
assembly during axisymmetric dehumidi®cation, Journal of Energy Resources Technology; Transactions of
the ASME 121 (4) 247.
A. Scha€rath, Experimental and analytical investigation of the operation mode of the emergency condenser of the SWR1000, Nuclear Technology 126 (2)
(1999) 123.
A. Scha€rath, E.F. Hicken, H. Jaegers, H.M. Prasser,
Operation conditions of the emergency condenser of
the SWR 1000, Nuclear Engineering and Design 188
(3) (1999) 303.
K.W. Seul, Y.S. Bang, H.J. Kim, Plant behavior
following a loss-of-residual-heat-removal event under
a shutdown condition, Nuclear Technology 126 (3)
(1999) 265.
J.J. Shu, I. Pop, Thermal interaction between free
convection and forced convection along a vertical conducting wall, Heat and Mass Transfer 35 (1) (1999) 33.
M. Trela, D. Butrymowicz, Enhancement of condensate drainage from a horizontal integral-®n tube by
means of a solid strip, International Journal of Heat
and Mass Transfer 42 (18) (1999) 3447.

3670

R.J. Goldstein et al. / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 44 (2001) 3579±3699

[31JJ] J.V.C. Vargas, A. Bejan, Optimisation of ®lm condensation with periodic wall cleaning, International
Journal of Thermal Sciences 38 (2) (1999) 113.
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analysis of steam condensation in a plate heat
exchanger, Heat Transfer Engineering 20 (1) (1999)
71.
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condensation of saturated and superheated vapors
along isothermal vertical surfaces in mixed convection,
Numerical Heat Transfer, Part A ± Applications 36 (4)
(1999) 375.
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dropwise condensation with varying body force and
surface subcooling, International Journal of Heat and
Mass Transfer 42 (15) (1999) 2943.
[35JJ] Y.Y. Yan, T.F. Lin, Condensation heat transfer and
pressure drop of refrigerant R-134a in a small pipe,
International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 42
(4) (1999) 697.
[36JJ] Y.Y. Yan, H.C. Lio, T.F. Lin, Condensation heat
transfer and pressure drop of refrigerant R-134a in a
plate heat exchanger, International Journal of Heat
and Mass Transfer 42 (6) (1999) 993.
Modeling and analysis techniques
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condensation heat transfer on low-®nned tubes, Journal of Enhanced Heat Transfer 6 (1) (1999) 51.
[38JJ] A. Cavallini, D. DelCol, L. Doretti, G.A. Longo, L.
Rossetto, A new computational procedure for heat
transfer and pressure drop during refrigerant condensation inside enhanced tubes, Journal of Enhanced
Heat Transfer 6 (6) (1999) 441.
[39JJ] G.H. Chou, J.C. Chen, A general modeling for heat
transfer during re¯ux condensation inside vertical
tubes surrounded by isothermal ¯uid, International
Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 42 (12) (1999)
2299.
[40JJ] N. Deberne, J.F. Leone, A. Duque, A. Lallemand, A
model for calculation of steam injector performance,
International Journal of Multiphase Flow 25 (5)
(1999) 841.
[41JJ] K. Sanjeev, G.N. Tiwari, Optimization of daily yield
for an active double e€ect distillation with water ¯ow,
Energy Conversion and Management 40 (7) (1999)
703.
[42JJ] R.G.M. van der Sman, Solving the vent hole design
problem for seed potato packagings, with the Lattice
Boltzmann scheme, International Journal of Computational Fluid Dynamics 11 (3±4 Special Issue SI)
(1999) 237.
[43JJ] C.Y. Yang, A critical review of condensation heat
transfer predicting models-e€ects of surface-tension
force, Journal of Enhanced Heat Transfer 6 (2±4)
(1999) 217.
Unsteady e€ects in condensation
[44JJ] I. Budaiwi, R. El-Diasty, A. Abdou, Modelling of
moisture and thermal transient behaviour of multi-

[45JJ]

[46JJ]

[47JJ]
[48JJ]

[49JJ]
[50JJ]

[51JJ]

[52JJ]

[53JJ]

layer non-cavity walls, Building and Environment 34
(5) (1999) 537.
B.M. Burnside, H.A. Hadi, Digital computer simulation of dropwise condensation from equilibrium
droplet to detectable size, International Journal of
Heat and Mass Transfer 42 (16) (1999) 3137.
T.P. Drusedau, T. Bock, T.M. John, F. Klabunde, W.
Eckstein, Energy transfer into the growing ®lm during
sputter deposition: an investigation by calorimetric
measurements and Monte Carlo simulations, Journal
of Vacuum Science and Technology A Vacuum
Surfaces and Films 17 (5) (1999) 2896.
G. Flamant, A. Ferriere, D. Laplaze, C. Monty, Solar
processing of materials: opportunities and new frontiers, Solar Energy 66 (2) (1999) 117.
G.A. Gaddy, S.F. Webb, R. Blumenthal, Supersonic
pulse, plasma sampling mass spectrometry: theory and
practice, Plasma Chemistry and Plasma Processing 19
(4) (1999) 513.
C.L. Lai, Gibbs±Thomson e€ect on droplet condensation, Journal of Heat Transfer; Transactions of the
ASME 121 (3) (1999) 632.
A. Mativet, F. Meunier, J.B. Chalfen, Experimental
study of heat transfer during ®lm condensation in
transient conditions in a vertical smooth tube, Experimental Heat Transfer 12 (1999) 247.
M.M. Merton, C.P. Malhotra, N. Nikmanesh, R.L.
Mahajan, Alternative curing methods for FCOB
under®ll, Journal of Electronic Packaging 121 (4)
(1999) 249.
H. Teng, P. Cheng, T.S. Zhao, Instability of condensate ®lm and capillary blocking in small-diameterthermosyphon condensers, International Journal of
Heat and Mass Transfer 42 (16) (1999) 3071.
K. Terasaka, W.Y. Sun, T. Prakoso, H. Tsuge,
Measurement of heat transfer coecient for directcontact condensation during bubble growth in liquid,
Journal of Chemical Engineering of Japan 32 (5)
(1999) 594.

Binary mixtures
[54JJ] S.J. Eckels, B.J. Unruh, Local heat transfer coef®cients during condensation of R-22 and R-32/R-125
mixtures, Hvac & R Research 5 (1) (1999) 59.
[55JJ] H. Honda, H. Takamatsu, N. Takata, Condensation
of downward-¯owing zeotropic mixture HCFC-123/
HFC-134a on a staggered bundle of horizontal low®nned tubes, Journal of Heat Transfer; Transactions
of the ASME 121 (2) (1999) 405.
[56JJ] H.C. Kang, M.H. Kim, Characteristics of ®lm condensation of supersaturated steam±air mixture on a
¯at plate, International Journal of Multiphase Flow
25 (8) (1999) 1601.
[57JJ] S. Kaufmann, K. Hil®ker, Prevention of fog in the
condensation of vapour from mixtures with inert gas,
by a regenerative thermal process, International Journal of Thermal Sciences 38 (3) (1999) 209.
[58JJ] J. Mitrovic, Condensation of pure refrigerants R12,
R134a and their mixtures on a horizontal tube with
capillary structure: an experimental study, Forschung

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laminar mixed-convection condensation on isothermal
plates using the full boundary-layer equations: mixtures of a vapor and a lighter gas, International
Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 42 (4) (1999) 685.
[60JJ] A. Weidenka€, A. Steinfeld, A. Wokaun, P.O. Auer,
B. Eichler, A. Reller, Direct solar thermal dissociation
of zinc oxide: condensation and crystallisation of zinc
in the presence of oxygen, Solar Energy 65 (1 Part A
Special Issue SI) (1999) 59.

[1JM]
[2JM]

[3JM]

[4JM]

[5JM]

Change of phase ± freezing and melting
Melting and freezing of spheres, cylinders and slabs
G. Amberg, R. Tonhardt, C. Winkler, Finite element
simulations using symbolic computing, Mathematics
and Computers in Simulation 49 (4±5) (1999) 257.
J. Banaszek, Y. Jaluria, T.A. Kowalewski, M. Rebow,
Semi-implicit FEM analysis of natural convection in
freezing water, Numerical Heat Transfer, Part A ±
Applications 36 (5) (1999) 449.
T. Kawanami, S. Fukusako, M. Yamada, K. Itoh,
Experiments on melting of slush ice in a horizontal
cylindrical capsule, International Journal of Heat and
Mass Transfer 42 (15) (1999) 2981.
A.C. Keary, R.J. Bowen, On the prediction of local ice
formation in pipes in the presence of natural convection, Journal of Heat Transfer; Transactions of the
ASME 121 (4) (1999) 934.
S. Zuca, P.M. Pavel, M. Constantinescu, Study of
one-dimensional solidi®cation with free convection in
an in®nite plate geometry, Energy Conversion and
Management 40 (3) (1999) 261.

Stefan problems
[6JM] A.C. Briozzo, M.F. Natale, D.A. Tarzia, Determination of unknown thermal coecients for storms-type
materials through a phase-change process, International Journal of Non-Linear Mechanics 34 (2)
(1999) 329.
[7JM] I. Grants, G. Gerbeth, Linearized solution of quasisteady Stefan problem in vertical gradient freeze
con®guration, Journal of Crystal Growth 207 (1±2)
(1999) 138.
[8JM] R.G. Keanini, An implicit method for reconstructing
dynamic three-dimensional phase boundaries under
low Peclet number conditions, International Journal
of Heat and Mass Transfer 42 (10) (1999) 1863.
[9JM] Z.L. Li, B. Soni, Fast and accurate numerical
approaches for Stefan problems and crystal growth,
Numerical Heat Transfer, Part B ± Fundamentals 35
(4) (1999) 461.
[10JM] T.G. Myers, D.W. Hammond, Ice and water ®lm
growth from incoming supercooled droplets, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 42 (12)
(1999) 2233.
[11JM] D.A. Tarzia, Numerical analysis of a mixed elliptic
problem with ¯ux and convective boundary conditions
to obtain a discrete solution of nonconstant sign,

3671

Numerical Methods for Partial Di€erential Equations
15 (3) (1999) 355.
Ice formation in porous materials
[12JM] K.A. Fikiin, A.G. Fikiin, Predictive equations for
thermophysical properties and enthalpy during cooling and freezing of food materials, Journal of Food
Engineering 40 (1±2) (1999) 1.
[13JM] C.T. Kiranoudis, N.C. Markatos, Design of tray
tunnels for food deep chilling, Journal of Food
Engineering 40 (1±2) (1999) 35.
[14JM] T. Lucas, J. Francois, P. Bohuon, A.L. Raoult-Wack,
Factors in¯uencing mass transfer during immersion
cold storage of apples in NaCl/sucrose solutions, Food
Science and Technology Lebensmittel Wissenschaft
and Technologie 32 (6) (1999) 327.
[15JM] T.D. Miao, L. Guo, Y.H. Niu, C.Q. Zhang, Modeling
on coupled heat and moisture transfer in freezing soil
using mixture theory, Science in China, Series D ±
Earth Sciences 42 (Suppl S) (1999) 9.
[16JM] N.O. Moraga, C.H. Salinas, Numerical model for heat
and ¯uid ¯ow in food freezing, Numerical Heat
Transfer, Part A ± Applications 35 (5) (1999) 495.
[17JM] K.M. Neaupane, T. Yamabe, R. Yoshinaka, Simulation of a fully coupled thermo-hydro-mechanical
system in freezing and thawing rock, International
Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences and
Geomechanics Abstracts 36 (5) (1999) 563.
[18JM] B.E. Potter, J.C. Zasada, Biomass, thermal inertia,
and radiative freeze occurrence in lea¯ess forests,
Canadian Journal of Forest Research Journal
Canadien de la Recherche Forestiere 29 (2) (1999)
213.
[19JM] P.D. Sanz, M. Ramos, J. Aguirre-Puente, One-stage
model of foods freezing, Journal of Food Engineering
40 (4) (1999) 233.
[20JM] M. Stahli, P.E. Jansson, L.C. Lundin, Soil moisture
redistribution and in®ltration in frozen sandy soils,
Water Resources Research 35 (1) (1999) 95.
[21JM] D.W. Sun, X. Zhu, E€ect of heat transfer direction on
the numerical prediction of beef freezing processes,
Journal of Food Engineering 42 (1) (1999) 45.
[22JM] E. Sundin, P. Andreasson, M. Viklander, An energy
budget approach to urban snow deposit melt, Nordic
Hydrology 30 (1) (1999) 39.
[23JM] L.X. Zhang, Y.B. Pu, Q.R. Liao, T.X. Gu, Dynamic
investigation on the coupled changing process of
moisture and density ®elds in freezing soil, Science in
China, Series D ± Earth Sciences 42 (2) (1999) 141.
Contact melting
[24JM] S.A. Fomin, T.S. Saitoh, Melting of un®xed material
in spherical capsule with nonisothermal wall, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 42 (22)
(1999) 4197.
Melting and melt ¯ows ± EM processing
[25JM] S. Avagliano, N. Bianco, O. Manca, V. Naso, Combined thermal and optical analysis of laser backscribing for amorphous-silicon photovoltaic cells

3672

[26JM]
[27JM]

[28JM]

[29JM]

[30JM]
[31JM]

[32JM]

[33JM]

[34JM]
[35JM]

R.J. Goldstein et al. / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 44 (2001) 3579±3699
processing, International Journal of Heat and Mass
Transfer 42 (4) (1999) 645.
K. Chen, Y.L. Yao, Striation formation and melt
removal in the laser cutting process, Journal of
Manufacturing Systems (Suppl. S) (1999) 43.
Y.W. Cho, S.H. Chung, J.D. Shim, S. Dement'ev, S.
Ivanov, Fluid ¯ow and heat transfer in molten metal
stirred by a circular inductor, International Journal of
Heat and Mass Transfer 42 (7) (1999) 1317.
A. Croll, P. Dold, T. Kaiser, F.R. Szofran, K.W.
Benz, The in¯uence of static and rotating magnetic
®elds on heat and mass transfer in silicon ¯oating
zones, Journal of the Electrochemical Society 146 (6)
(1999) 2270.
K. Euh, S. Lee, K. Shin, Microstructure of TiB2/
carbon steel surface-alloyed materials fabricated by
high-energy electron beam irradiation, Metallurgical
and Materials Transactions A ± Physical Metallurgy
and Materials Science 30 (12) (1999) 3143.
R. Mossner, G. Gerbeth, Buoyant melt ¯ows under
the in¯uence of steady and rotating magnetic ®elds,
Journal of Crystal Growth 197 (1±2) (1999) 341.
A.I.P. Nwobu, R.D. Rawlings, D.R.F. West, Nitride
formation in titanium based substrates during laser
surface melting in nitrogen-argon atmospheres, Acta
Materialia 47 (2) (1999) 631.
B.L. Smorodin, G.Z. Gershuni, M.G. Velarde, On the
parametric excitation of thermoelectric instability in a
liquid layer open to air, International Journal of Heat
and Mass Transfer 42 (16) (1999) 3159.
Y. Umezu, R.L. Lehman, J. Wagner, P. Biswas, D.E.
Murnick, Localized surface modi®cation of low-thermal-conductivity brittle solids, Journal of the American Ceramic Society 82 (6) (1999) 1425.
K. Vutova, G. Mladenov, Computer simulation of the
heat transfer during electron beam melting and
re®ning, Vacuum 53 (1±2) (1999) 87.
Y.W. Zhang, A. Faghri, Vaporization, melting and
heat conduction in the laser drilling process, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 42 (10)
(1999) 1775.

Melting and melt ¯ows ± convection
[36JM] O. Bertrand, B. Binet, H. Combeau, S. Couturier, Y.
Delannoy, D. Gobin, M. Lacroix, P. LeQuere, M.
Medale, J. Mencinger, H. Sadat, G. Vieira, Melting
driven by natural convection ± a comparison exercise:
®rst results, International Journal of Thermal Sciences
38 (1) (1999) 5.
[37JM] C. Bhanu, D. Mazumdar, On the estimation of
melting rates in the two phase plume region of a gas
stirred bath, Transactions of the Indian Institute of
Metals 52 (2±3) (1999) 159.
[38JM] J.P. Gu, C. Beckermann, Simulation of convection
and macrosegregation in a large steel ingot, Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A ± Physical Metallurgy and Materials Science 30 (5) (1999) 1357.
Melting and melt ¯ows ± geological
[39JM] A.M. Jellinek, R.C. Kerr, Mixing and compositional
strati®cation produced by natural convection 2.

[40JM]
[41JM]

[42JM]

[43JM]
[44JM]

[45JM]
[46JM]
[47JM]

[48JM]

Applications to the di€erentiation of basaltic and
silicic magma chambers and komatiite lava ¯ows,
Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth 104 (B4)
(1999) 7203.
T. Koyaguchi, K. Kaneko, A two-stage thermal
evolution model of magmas in continental crust,
Journal of Petrology 40 (2) (1999) 241.
S.J. Matthews, R.S.J. Sparks, M.C. Gardeweg, The
Piedras Grandes-Soncor eruptions, Lascar Volcano,
Chile; evolution of zoned magma chamber in the
central Andean upper crust, Journal of Petrology 40
(12) (1999) 1891.
J. Pous, P. Queralt, J. Ledo, E. Roca, A high electrical
conductive zone at lower crustal depth beneath the
Betic Chain Spain, Earth and Planetary Science
Letters 167 (1±2) (1999) 35.
G. Prouteau, B. Scaillet, M. Pichavant, R.C. Maury,
Fluid-present melting of ocean crust in subduction
zones, Geology 27 (12) (1999) 1111.
S.K. Ray, Transformation of cataclastically deformed
rocks to pseudotachylyte by pervasion of frictional
melt: inferences from clast-size analysis, Tectonophysics 301 (3±4) (1999) 283.
N.M. Ribe, U.R. Christensen, The dynamical origin
of Hawaiian volcanism, Earth and Planetary Science
Letters 171 (4) (1999) 517.
E.W. Sawyer, Criteria for the recognition of partial
melting, Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Part A ±
Solid Earth and Geodesy 24 (3) (1999) 269.
D.D. Williams, M.K. Lee, J.E. Crawford, P.O. Tyree,
Analysis of convective heat transfer in deformed and
strati®ed aquifers associated with Frasch thermal
mining, Ground Water 37 (4) (1999) 517.
J.J. Wylie, K.R. Helfrich, B. Dade, J.R. Lister, J.F.
Salzig, Flow localization in ®ssure eruptions, Bulletin
of Volcanology 60 (6) (1999) 432.

Melting and melt ¯ows ± sea ice and snowmelt
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D.C. Sarocka, A.J. Berno€, L.F. Rossi, Large-amplitude solutions to the Sivashinsky and Riley±Davis
equations for directional solidi®cation, Physica D 127
(3±4) (1999) 146.
D.S. Schrage, A simpli®ed model of dendritic growth
in the presence of natural convection, Journal of
Crystal Growth 205 (3) (1999) 410.
R.A. Talalaev, E.V. Yakovlev, S.Y. Karpov, I.Y.
Evstratov, A.N. Vorobev, Y.N. Makarov, On the
possible origins of low indium incorporation during
MOVPE of InGaN, Physica Status Solidi A ± Applied
Research 176 (1) (1999) 253.

Directional solidi®cation ± Bridgeman growth
[170JM] R. Bessaih, M. Kadja, P. Marty, E€ect of wall
electrical conductivity and magnetic ®eld orientation
on liquid metal ¯ow in a geometry similar to the
horizontal Bridgman con®guration for crystal growth,
International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 42
(23) (1999) 4345.
[171JM] K.P. Dharmasena, H.N.G. Wadley, Modeling multifrequency eddy current sensor interactions during
vertical Bridgman growth of semiconductors, Review
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[172JM] M.R. Foster, Asymptotic analysis of a three-dimensional Bridgman furnace at large Rayleigh number,
Physics of Fluids 11 (7) (1999) 1827.
[173JM] M. Hort, B.D. Marsh, R.G. Resmini, M.K. Smith,
Convection and crystallization in a liquid cooled from
above: an experimental and theoretical study, Journal
of Petrology 40 (8) (1999) 1271.
[174JM] C. Martinez-Tomas, V. Munoz, R. Triboulet, Heat
transfer simulation in a vertical Bridgman CdTe
growth con®guration, Journal of Crystal Growth 197
(3) (1999) 435.
[175JM] D. Morvan, M. ElGanaoui, P. Bontoux, Numerical
simulation of a two-dimensional crystal growth problem in vertical Bridgman±Stockbarger furnace: latent
heat e€ect and crystal±melt interface morphology,
International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 42
(3) (1999) 573.
[176JM] P.K. Volkov, B.G. Zakharov, Y.A. Serebryakov,
Numerical and experimental investigations of convection and heat/mass transfer e€ect in melts on inhomogeneity formation during Ge crystal growth by
the Bridgman method, Journal of Crystal Growth
204 (4) (1999) 475.
[177JM] A. Yeckel, F.P. Doty, J.J. Derby, E€ect of steady
crucible rotation on segregation in high-pressure
vertical Bridgman growth of cadmium zinc telluride, Journal of Crystal Growth 203 (1±2) (1999)
87.

3677

Directional solidi®cation ± Czochralski growth
[178JM] K. Bottcher, P. Rudolph, M. Neubert, M. Kurz, A.
Pusztai, G. Muller, Global temperature ®eld simulation of the vapour pressure controlled Czochralski
(VCZ) growth of 300 ±400 gallium arsenide crystals,
Journal of Crystal Growth 199 (Part 1) (1999) 349.
[179JM] Z. Guo, S.H. Hahn, S. Maruyama, T. Tsukada,
Global heat transfer analysis in Czochralski silicon
furnace with radiation on curved specular surfaces,
Heat and Mass Transfer 35 (3) (1999) 185.
[180JM] A. Lipchin, R.A. Brown, Comparison of three turbulence models for simulation of melt convection in
Czochralski crystal growth of silicon, Journal of
Crystal Growth 205 (1±2) (1999) 71.
[181JM] Y.C. Won, K. Kakimoto, H. Ozoe, Transient threedimensional ¯ow characteristics of Si melt in a
Czochralski con®guration under a cusp-shaped magnetic ®eld, Numerical Heat Transfer, Part A ±
Applications 36 (6) (1999) 551.
[182JM] T. Zhang, F. Ladeinde, V. Prasad, Turbulent convection in a Czochralski silicon melt, Journal of Heat
Transfer; Transactions of the ASME 121 (4) (1999)
1027.
[183JM] Y.F. Zou, G.X. Wang, H. Zhang, V. Prasad, Mechanisms of thermo-solutal transport and segregation in
high-pressure liquid-encapsulated Czochralski crystal
growth, Journal of Heat Transfer; Transactions of the
ASME 121 (1) (1999) 148.
Casting
[184JM] S. Krug, J.R.G. Evans, Methods of assessing gate
solidi®cation time in ceramic injection moulding,
Ceramics International 25 (7) (1999) 661.
[185JM] A.V. Kuznetsov, Parametric study of macrosegregation in the horizontal strip casting process for di€erent
cooling rates and di€erent casting speeds, Heat and
Mass Transfer 35 (3) (1999) 197.
[186JM] R.S. Ransing, R.W. Lewis, D.T. Gehin, Lewis±
Ransing correlation to optimally design the
metal-mould heat transfer, International Journal of
Numerical Methods for Heat and Fluid Flow 9 (3)
(1999) 318.
[187JM] I. Rosindale, K. Davey, Transient thermal model for
the hot chamber injection system in the pressure die
casting process, Applied Mathematical Modelling 23
(4) (1999) 255.
[188JM] B. Sarler, J. Mencinger, Solution of temperature ®eld
in DC cast aluminium alloy billet by the dual
reciprocity boundary element method, International
Journal of Numerical Methods for Heat and Fluid
Flow 9 (3) (1999) 269.
[189JM] E. Velasco, J. Talamantes, S. Cano, S. Valtierra,
J.F. Mojica, R. Colas, Casting±chill interface heat
transfer during solidi®cation of an aluminum alloy,
Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B ± Process
Metallurgy and Materials Processing Science 30 (4)
(1999) 773.
[190JM] C.J. Vreeman, F.P. Incropera, Numerical discretization of species equation source terms in binary mixture
models of solidi®cation and their impact on macrosegregation in semicontinuous, direct chill casting

3678

R.J. Goldstein et al. / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 44 (2001) 3579±3699
systems, Numerical Heat Transfer, Part B ± Fundamentals 36 (1) (1999) 1.

Splat cooling
[191JM] R. Bhola, S. Chandra, Parameters controlling solidi®cation of molten wax droplets falling on a solid
surface, Journal of Materials Science 34 (19) (1999)
4883.
[192JM] H. Zhang, Theoretical analysis of spreading and
solidi®cation of molten droplet during thermal spray
deposition, International Journal of Heat and Mass
Transfer 42 (14) (1999) 2499.

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Radiative heat transfer
In¯uence of the geometry
H.Y. Chang, R.A. Adomaitis, Analysis of heat transfer in a chemical vapor deposition reactor: an eigenfunction expansion solution approach, International
Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow 20 (1) (1999) 74.
A. Fiterman, R. Ben-Zvi, A. Kribus, DOTS: pseudotime-stepping solution of the discrete ordinate
equations, Numerical Heat Transfer, Part B ± Fundamentals 35 (2) (1999) 163.
J. Fort, J.E. Llebot, T. Pujol, Extended thermodynamics of heat transport and energy equilibration in
radiative systems, Journal of Physics A ± Mathematical and General 32 (17) (1999) 3095.
V. Guilbaud-Massereau, A. Malaurie, C. Martin,
In¯uence of the reactor surfaces temperature on the
substrate temperature during vacuum deposition,
High Temperature Material Processes 3 (4) (1999) 395.
P. Hanzelka, Current leads in vacuum space of
cryogenic systems, Cryogenics 39 (11) (1999) 955.
S.H. Hong, J.R. Welty, Monte Carlo simulation of
radiation heat transfer in a three-dimensional enclosure containing a circular cylinder, Numerical Heat
Transfer, Part A ± Applications 36 (4) (1999) 395.
M.R. Jones, Inverse analysis of radiative heat transfer
systems, Journal of Heat Transfer; Transactions of the
ASME 121 (2) (1999) 481.
S.H. Kim, K.Y. Huh, Assessment of the ®nite-volume
method and the discrete ordinate method for radiative
heat transfer in a three-dimensional rectangular enclosure, Numerical Heat Transfer, Part B ± Fundamentals 35 (1) (1999) 85.
M. Kurz, A. Pusztai, G. Muller, Development of a
new powerful computer code CrysVUN++ especially
designed for fast simulation of bulk crystal growth
processes, Journal of Crystal Growth 199 (Part 1)
(1999) 101.
K.H. Lee, R. Viskanta, Comparison of the di€usion
approximation and the discrete ordinates method for
the investigation of heat transfer in glass, Glastechnische Berichte Glass Science and Technology 72 (8)
(1999) 254.
F.T. Lentes, N. Siedow, Three-dimensional radiative
heat transfer in glass cooling processes, Glastechnische
Berichte Glass Science and Technology 72 (6) (1999)
188.
D. Lindholm, B. Leden, A ®nite element method for
solution of the three-dimensional time-dependent

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heat-conduction equation with application for heating
of steels in reheating furnaces, Numerical Heat
Transfer, Part A ± Applications 35 (2) (1999) 155.
J. Liu, Y.S. Chen, Examination of conventional and
even-parity formulations of discrete ordinates method
in a body-®tted coordinate system, Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer 61 (4)
(1999) 417.
J. Liu, H.M. Shang, Y.S. Chen, Parallel simulation of
radiative heat transfer using an unstructured ®nitevolume method, Numerical Heat Transfer, Part B ±
Fundamentals 36 (2) (1999) 115.
W.J. Minkowycz, A. Haji-Sheikh, The Sparrow±
Galerkin solution of radiation exchange and transition
to ®nite element, International Journal of Heat and
Mass Transfer 42 (8) (1999) 1353.
P.J. Novo, P.J. Coelho, M.G. Carvalho, Parallelization of the discrete transfer method, Numerical
Heat Transfer, Part B ± Fundamentals 35 (2) (1999)
137.
G.D. Raithby, Discussion of the ®nite-volume method
for radiation, and its application using three-dimensional unstructured meshes, Numerical Heat Transfer,
Part B ± Fundamentals 35 (4) (1999) 389.
G.D. Raithby, Evaluation of discretization errors in
®nite-volume radiant heat transfer predictions, Numerical Heat Transfer, Part B ± Fundamentals 36 (3)
241.
S.P. Rusin, V.E. Peletskii, The characteristics of
thermal radiation of cylindrical isothermal cavities
with a longitudinal pyrometric slit, High Temperature
(USSR) 37 (3) (1999) 427.
C. Unal, W.R. Bohl, K.O. Pasamehmetoglu, Modeling of radiation heat transport in complex ladder-like
structures placed in rectangular enclosures, Nuclear
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H.K. Versteeg, J.C. Henson, W. Malalasekera, Approximation errors in the heat ¯ux integral of the
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(4) (1999) 387.
H.K. Versteeg, J.C. Henson, W. Malalasekera, Approximation errors in the heat ¯ux integral of the
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(4) (1999) 409.
C.Y. Wu, S.H. Wu, A new application of successive
approximation to radiative exchange among surfaces:
direct and inverse problems, International Journal of
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Participating media
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low-power hydrogen arcjet, Journal of Propulsion and
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[35K] L.A. Gritzo, J.H. Strickland, A gridless solution of the
radiative transfer equation for ®re and combustion
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3679

[42K] C.C. Liu, R.L. Dougherty, Anisotropically scattering
media having a re¯ective upper boundary, Journal of
Thermophysics and Heat Transfer 13 (2) (1999) 177.
[43K] F. Liu, Numerical solutions of three-dimensional nongrey gas radiative transfer using the statistical narrowband model, Journal of Heat Transfer; Transactions
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of statistical narrowband model to three-dimensional
absorbing-emitting-scattering media, Journal of Thermophysics and Heat Transfer 13 (3) (1999) 285.
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one-dimensional semitransparent medium by inverse
radiation analysis, Numerical Heat Transfer, Part A ±
Applications 36 (5) (1999) 511.
[46K] G.M. Makhviladze, J.P. Roberts, S.E. Yakush, Fireball during combustion of hydrocarbon fuel releases.
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computational technique, Journal of Quantitative
Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer 62 (4) (1999)
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[48K] S.H. Park, W.J. Kim, S.S. Kim, Thermophoretic
transport and deposition of particles in vertical tube
¯ow with variable wall temperature and thermal
radiation, KSME Journal 13 (3) (1999) 253.
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translucent wall with opaque radiation barriers, Journal of Thermophysics and Heat Transfer 13 (3) (1999)
277.
[51K] R. Siegel, Transient thermal analysis of a translucent
thermal barrier coating on a metal wall, Journal of
Heat Transfer; Transactions of the ASME 121 (2)
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[52K] R. Siegel, Transient thermal analysis of parallel
translucent layers by using Green's functions, Journal
of Thermophysics and Heat Transfer 13 (1) (1999) 10.
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radiation: real gas property e€ects, Journal of Thermophysics and Heat Transfer 13 (4) (1999) 460.
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Mass Transfer 42 (3) (1999) 385.
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scattering-radiating-conducting layer, Journal of
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R.J. Goldstein et al. / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 44 (2001) 3579±3699
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Combined heat transfer
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583.
E.M. Abulwafa, Conductive-radiative heat transfer in
an inhomogeneous slab with directional re¯ecting
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V.H. Adams, Y. Joshi, D.L. Blackburn, Three-dimensional study of combined conduction, radiation, and
natural convection from discrete heat sources in a
horizontal narrow-aspect-ratio enclosure, Journal of
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D. Baillis, M. Raynaud, J.F. Sacadura, Spectral
radiative properties of open-cell foam insulation,
Journal of Thermophysics and Heat Transfer 13 (3)
(1999) 292.
S. Bergero, E. Nannei, R. Sala, Combined radiative
and convective heat transfer in a three-dimensional
rectangular channel at di€erent wall temperatures,
Heat and Mass Transfer 35 (6) (1999) 443.
M.N. Borjini, C. Mbow, M. Daguenet, Numerical
analysis of combined radiation and unsteady natural
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M.N. Borjini, C. Mbow, M. Daguenet, Numerical
analysis of the e€ect of radiation on laminar steady
natural convection in a two-dimensional participating
medium between two horizontal confocal elliptical
cylinders, Numerical Heat Transfer, Part A ± Applications 35 (5) (1999) 467.
G.D. Caplinger, W.H. Sutton, R. Spindler, H. Gohlke, Transient heat transfer for layered ceramic
insulation and stainless foil ®re barriers, Journal of
Heat Transfer; Transactions of the ASME 121 (4)
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J.V. Daurelle, R. Occelli, M. Jaeger, Finite element
modelling of radiation in a nonparticipating medium
coupled with conduction and convection heat transfer
with moving boundaries, International Journal of
Numerical Methods for Heat and Fluid Flow 9 (3)
(1999) 257.
S.A. Gbadebo, B.S. Yilbas, K. Boran, Heat transfer
and entropy analysis for a transparent gas ¯owing in a
tube, International Journal of Energy Research 23
(12) (1999) 1101.
T.M. Grace, Bed cooling following an ESP, TAPPI
Journal 82 (9) (1999) 85.
M.A. Hadley, G.J. Morris, G. Richards, P.C. Upadhyay, Frequency response of bodies with combined
convective and radiative heat transfer, International
Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 42 (23) (1999)
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C.Y. Han, S.W. Baek, Natural convection phenomena
a€ected by radiation in concentric and eccentric

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horizontal cylindrical annuli, Numerical Heat Transfer, Part A ± Applications 36 (5) (1999) 473.
M.A. Hossain, M. Kutubuddin, I. Pop, Radiation±
conduction interaction on mixed convection from a
horizontal circular cylinder, Heat and Mass Transfer
35 (4) (1999) 307.
M.A. Hossain, H.S. Takhar, Thermal radiation e€ects
on the natural convection ¯ow over an isothermal
horizontal plate, Heat and Mass Transfer 35 (4) (1999)
321.
T.Y. Huang, Computer simulation of electro-thermomechanical interactions of an oxygen sensor during
warm-up, Chung Kuo Kung Ch'Eng Hsueh K'An/
Journal of the Chinese Institute of Engineers 22 (3)
(1999) 315.
J.C. Jones, Rates of radiative and convective heat
transfer in a cabin ®re, Journal of Fire Sciences 17 (2)
(1999) 103.
T. Kaya, T.T. Hoang, Mathematical modeling of loop
heat pipes and experimental validation, Journal of
Thermophysics and Heat Transfer 13 (3) (1999) 314.
K.M. Kim, H.J. Lee, S.W. Baek, Analysis of twophase radiation in thermally developing poiseuille
¯ow, Numerical Heat Transfer, Part A ± Applications
36 (5) (1999) 489.
D.C. Kuo, J.C. Morales, K.S. Ball, Combined natural
convection and volumetric radiation in a horizontal
annulus: spectral and ®nite volume predictions, Journal of Heat Transfer; Transactions of the ASME 121
(3) (1999) 610.
H.Y. Li, Estimation of thermal properties in combined
conduction and radiation, International Journal of
Heat and Mass Transfer 42 (3) (1999) 565.
T.H. Lin, C.H. Chen, In¯uence of two-dimensional
gas phase radiation on downward ¯ame spread,
Combustion Science and Technology 141 (1±6)
(1999) 83.
Y. Liu, N. Phan-Thien, A complete conjugate conduction convection and radiation problem for a
heated block in a vertical di€erentially heated square
enclosure, Computational Mechanics 24 (3) (1999)
175.
S.K. Mahapatra, S. Sen, A. Sarkar, Interaction of
surface radiation and variable property natural convection in a di€erentially heated square cavity ± a
®nite element analysis, International Journal of Numerical Methods for Heat and Fluid Flow 9 (4) (1999)
423.
E. Mastorakos, A. Massias, C.D. Tsakiroglou, D.A.
Goussis Burganos, A.C. Payatakes, V. N. CFD
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S. Mazumder, M.F. Modest, A probability density
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Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 42 (6) (1999) 971.
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[85K] C. Park, H.K. Ahn, Stagnation-point heat transfer
rates for Pioneer±Venus Probes, Journal of Thermophysics and Heat Transfer 13 (1) (1999) 33.
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of thermal radiation in participating media by means
of mode reduction, Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer 62 (2) (1999) 141.
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¯ow®eld behind a re¯ected shock wave in air, Journal
of Thermophysics and Heat Transfer 13 (1) (1999) 42.
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[89K] N. Sidell, G.W. Jewell, The design and construction of
a high temperature linear electromagnetic actuator,
Journal of Applied Physics 85 (8 Part 2A) (1999) 4901.
[90K] P. Stehlik, Radiative component and combined heat
transfer in the thermal calculation of ®nned tube
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[96K] E. Yu, Y.K. Joshi, Heat transfer in discretely heated
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Experimental methods
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of steady state and transient methods for measurement
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using liquid crystal thermography with radiant heating, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer
42 (1) (1999) 1.
[98K] J.F. Holzhauser, K.H. Spitzer, K. Schwerdtfeger,
Study of heat transfer through layers of casting ¯ux:
experiments with a laboratory set-up simulating the
conditions in continuous casting, Steel Research 70 (7)
(1999) 252.

3681

[99K] T. Inagaki, Y. Okamoto, Measurement of turbulent
heat transfer coecients using infrared thermography
near ambient conditions and its quantitative error
estimation, JSME International Journal, Series B ±
Fluids and Thermal Engineering 42 (2) (1999) 275.
[100K] A.R. Kumar, Z.M. Zhang, V.A. Boychev, D.B.
Tanner, L.R. Vale, D.A. Rudman, Far-infrared
transmittance and re¯ectance of YBa2 Cu3 O7 -delta
®lms on Si substrates, Journal of Heat Transfer;
Transactions of the ASME 121 (4) 844.
[101K] T. Makino, A. Nakamura, H. Wakabayashi, Directional characteristics of radiation re¯ection on rough
metal surfaces with description of heat transfer
parameters, JSME International Journal, Series B ±
Fluids and Thermal Engineering 42 (4) (1999) 745.
[102K] C.S. Park, M.E. New®eld, D.G. Fletcher, T. Gokcen,
Spectroscopic measurements of shock-layer ¯ows in
an arcjet facility, Journal of Thermophysics and Heat
Transfer 13 (1) (1999) 60.
Intensely irradiated materials
[103K] H. Habuka, T. Otsuka, M. Mayusumi, M. Shimada,
K. Okuyama, A direct approach for evaluating the
thermal condition of a silicon substrate under infrared
rays and specular re¯ectors, Journal of the Electrochemical Society 146 (2) (1999) 713.
[104K] J.P. Longtin, K. Hijikata, K. Ogawa, Laser-induced
surface-tension-driven ¯ows in liquids, International
Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 42 (1) (1999) 85.
[105K] T.R. Shiu, C.P. Grigoropoulos, R. Greif, Measurement of the transient glass surface deformation during
laser heating, Journal of Heat Transfer; Transactions
of the ASME 121 (4) (1999) 1042.

[1N]

[2N]

[3N]

[4N]

[5N]

[6N]

Numerical methods
Heat conduction
D.L. Clements, W.S. Budhi, A boundary element
method for the solution of a class of steady-state
problems for anisotropic media, Journal of Heat
Transfer; Transactions of the ASME 121 (2) (1999)
462.
C.H. Huang, H.M. Chen, Inverse geometry problem
of identifying growth of boundary shapes in a multiple
region domain, Numerical Heat Transfer, Part A ±
Applications 35 (4) (1999) 435.
S.J. Liao, A.T. Chwang, General boundary-element
method for unsteady nonlinear heat transfer problems, Numerical Heat Transfer, Part B ± Fundamentals 35 (2) (1999) 225.
H.M. Park, O.Y. Chung, Comparison of various
conjugate gradient methods for inverse heat transfer
problems, Chemical Engineering Communications 176
(1999) 201.
H.M. Park, O.Y. Chung, J.H. Lee, On the solution of
inverse heat transfer problem using the Karhunen±
Loeve±Galerkin method, International Journal of
Heat and Mass Transfer 42 (1) (1999) 127.
M. Prud'homme, T.H. Nguyen, Fourier analysis of
conjugate gradient method applied to inverse beat
conduction problems, International Journal of Heat
and Mass Transfer 42 (24) (1999) 4447.

3682

R.J. Goldstein et al. / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 44 (2001) 3579±3699

[7N] C.D. Rakopoulos, G.C. Mavropoulos, Modelling the
transient heat transfer in the ceramic combustion
chamber walls of a low heat rejection diesel engine,
International Journal of Vehicle Design 22 (3±4)
(1999) 195.
[8N] U. Rizwan, One-dimensional phase change with
periodic boundary conditions, Numerical Heat Transfer, Part A ± Applications 35 (4) (1999) 361.
[9N] W.W.M. Siu, S.H.K. Lee, Multi-spatial-temporal
grids for three-dimensional transient conduction problems, Numerical Heat Transfer, Part B ± Fundamentals 36 (2) (1999) 163.
[10N] J. Taler, W. Zima, Solution of inverse heat conduction
problems using control volume approach, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 42 (6)
(1999) 1123.
[11N] K.K. Tamma, X.M. Zhou, D.S. Sha, Towards a
formal theory of development evolution and characterization of time discretized operators for heat
transfer, International Journal of Numerical Methods
for Heat and Fluid Flow 9 (3) (1999) 348.
[12N] H.T. Yang, A precise algorithm in the time domain to
solve the problem of heat transfer, Numerical Heat
Transfer, Part B ± Fundamentals 35 (2) (1999) 243.
Convection and di€usion
[13N] W.K. Chow, Y.L. Cheung, Selection of di€erencing
schemes on simulating the sprinkler hot-air layer
problem, Numerical Heat Transfer, Part A ± Applications 35 (3) (1999) 311.
[14N] V. Kriventsev, H. Ninokata, An e€ective, locally exact
®nite-di€erence scheme for convection±di€usion problems, Numerical Heat Transfer, Part B ± Fundamentals 36 (2) (1999) 183.
[15N] H.D. Li, W.K. Chan, ADM-WENO scheme and its
application in compressible mixing ¯ows, International Journal of Numerical Methods for Heat
and Fluid Flow 9 (4) (1999) 461.
[16N] M.J. Ni, W.Q. Tao, S.J. Wang, Stability analysis for
discretized steady convective±di€usion equation, Numerical Heat Transfer, Part B ± Fundamentals 35 (3)
(1999) 369.
[17N] R.G. Rajagopalan, C.J. Yu, Use of Lagrange interpolation in modeling convective kinematics, Numerical Heat Transfer, Part B ± Fundamentals 36 (2)
(1999) 233.
[18N] B. Song, G.R. Liu, K.Y. Lam, R.S. Amano, Fourpoint interpolation schemes for convective ¯uxes
approximation, Numerical Heat Transfer, Part B ±
Fundamentals 35 (1) (1999) 23.
Radiation
[19N] J.M. Banoczi, C.T. Kelley, A fast multilevel algorithm
for the solution of nonlinear systems of conductive±
radiative heat transfer equations in two space dimensions, SIAM Journal on Scienti®c Computing 20 (4)
(1999) 1214.
[20N] P.J. Coelho, J. Goncalves, Parallelization of the ®nite
volume method for radiation heat transfer, International Journal of Numerical Methods for Heat and
Fluid Flow 9 (4) (1999) 388.

[21N] L.H. Howell, R.B. Pember, P. Colella, J.P. Jessee,
W.A. Fiveland, A conservative adaptive-mesh algorithm for unsteady, combined-mode heat transfer
using the discrete ordinates method, Numerical Heat
Transfer, Part B ± Fundamentals 35 (4) (1999) 407.
[22N] S.R. Mathur, J.Y. Murthy, Coupled ordinates method
for multigrid acceleration of radiation calculations,
Journal of Thermophysics and Heat Transfer 13 (4)
(1999) 467.
[23N] S.R. Mathur, J.Y. Murthy, Radiative heat transfer in
periodic geometries using a ®nite volume scheme,
Journal of Heat Transfer; Transactions of the ASME
121 (2) (1999) 357.
Fluid ¯ow
[24N] J. Cadafalch, A. Oliva, C.D. Perez-Segarra, M. Costa,
J. Salom, Comparative study of conservative and
nonconservative interpolation schemes for the domain
decomposition method on laminar incompressible
¯ows, Numerical Heat Transfer, Part B ± Fundamentals 35 (1) (1999) 65.
[25N] K.D. Carlson, W.L. Lin, C.J. Chen, Numerical
modeling of conjugate heat transfer on complex
geometries with diagonal cartesian method, Part II:
applications, Journal of Heat Transfer; Transactions
of the ASME 121 (2) (1999) 261.
[26N] S.K. Choi, Note on the use of momentum interpolation method for unsteady ¯ows, Numerical Heat
Transfer, Part A ± Applications 36 (5) (1999) 545.
[27N] W.S. Kim, I.T. Im, Analysis of a mold ®lling using an
implicit SOLA-VOF, Numerical Heat Transfer, Part
A ± Applications 35 (3) (1999) 331.
[28N] W.L. Lin, K.D. Carlson, C.J. Chen, Numerical
modeling of conjugate heat transfer on complex
geometries with diagonal Cartesian method, Part I:
methods, Journal of Heat Transfer; Transactions of
the ASME 121 (2) (1999) 253.
[29N] C.H. Liu, D.J. Doorly, Velocity-vorticity formulation
with vortex particle-in-cell method for incompressible
viscous ¯ow simulation, Part I: formulation and
validation, Numerical Heat Transfer, Part B ± Fundamentals 35 (3) (1999) 251.
[30N] M.T. Manzari, An explicit ®nite element algorithm for
convection heat transfer problems, International Journal of Numerical Methods for Heat and Fluid Flow 9
(8) (1999) 860.
[31N] F. Marcondes, C.R. Maliska, Treatment of the inlet
boundary conditions in natural-convection ¯ows in
open-ended channels, Numerical Heat Transfer, Part
B ± Fundamentals 35 (3) (1999) 317.
[32N] D. Pelletier, Adaptive ®nite element computations of
complex ¯ows, International Journal for Numerical
Methods in Fluids 31 (1) (1999) 189.
[33N] J.I. Ramos, An adaptive method for heat transfer in
annular liquid jets, International Journal of Computational Fluid Dynamics 11 (3±4 Special Issue SI)
(1999) 285.
[34N] L. Skerget, M. Hribersek, G. Kuhn, Computational
¯uid dynamics by boundary-domain integral method,
International Journal for Numerical Methods in
Engineering 46 (8) (1999) 1291.

R.J. Goldstein et al. / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 44 (2001) 3579±3699
[35N] F. Zdravistch, C.A.J. Fletcher, M. Behnia, Convergence acceleration of segregated algorithms using
dynamic tuning additive correction multigrid strategy,
International Journal for Numerical Methods in
Fluids 29 (5) (1999) 515.
Particle trajectories
[36N] R. Glowinski, T.W. Pan, T.I. Hesla, D.D. Joseph, A
distributed Lagrange multiplier ®ctitious domain
method for particulate ¯ows, International Journal
of Multiphase Flow 25 (5) (1999) 755.
[37N] R.V. Mohan, N.D. Ngo, K.K. Tamma, D.R. Shires,
Three-dimensional resin transfer molding: isothermal
process modeling and implicit tracking of moving
fronts for thick, geometrically complex composites
manufacturing applications ± Part 2, Numerical Heat
Transfer, Part A ± Applications 35 (8) (1999) 839.
[38N] S.V. Patankar, K.C. Karki, Calculation of particle
trajectories in complex meshes, Numerical Heat
Transfer, Part B ± Fundamentals 35 (4) (1999) 431.
[39N] R.I. Sujith, G.A. Waldherr, J.I. Jagoda, B.T. Zinn, A
theoretical investigation of the behavior of droplets in
axial acoustic ®elds, Journal of Vibration and Acoustics Transactions of the ASME 121 (3) (1999) 286.
Grid generation
[40N] Y.N. Jeng, C.T. Chen, Two-dimensional orthogonal
grid generation with ¯oating boundary points, Numerical Heat Transfer, Part B ± Fundamentals 36 (2)
(1999) 207.
[41N] E.Y.K. Ng, W.L. Siauw, H.M. Tsai, An evaluation of
a novel approach to mesh generation, International
Journal of Numerical Methods for Heat and Fluid
Flow 9 (8) (1999) 878.
[42N] B. Yu, M.J. Lin, W.Q. Tao, Automatic generation of
unstructured grids with Delaunay triangulation and its
application, Heat and Mass Transfer 35 (5) (1999) 361.
Other studies
[43N] R.W. Hill, K.S. Ball, Parallel implementation of a
Fourier±Chebyshev collocation method for incompressible ¯uid ¯ow and heat transfer, Numerical Heat
Transfer, Part B ± Fundamentals 36 (3) (1999) 309.
[44N] G. Juncu, Preconditioning by approximations of the
discrete Laplacian for two-dimensional non-linear free
convection elliptic equations, International Journal of
Numerical Methods for Heat and Fluid Flow 9 (5±6)
(1999) 586.
[45N] R. Kanapady, K.K. Tamma, A. Mark, Highly scalable parallel computational models for large-scale
RTM process modeling simulations, Part 1: theoretical formulations and generic design, Numerical Heat
Transfer, Part B ± Fundamentals 36 (3) (1999) 265.
[46N] R. Kanapady, K.K. Tamma, A. Mark, Highly scalable parallel computational models for large-scale
RTM process modeling simulations. Part 2: parallel
formulation theory and implementation, Numerical
Heat Transfer, Part B ± Fundamentals 36 (3) (1999)
287.
[47N] R. Kanapady, K.R. Tamma, A. Mark, Highly scalable parallel computational models for large-scale

3683

RTM process modeling simulations, Part 3: validation
and performance results, Numerical Heat Transfer,
Part B ± Fundamentals 36 (4) (1999) 351.
[48N] S. Sundar, B.K. Bhagavan, K.S. Sastri, Comparison
of Lanczos and CGS solvers for solving numerical
heat transfer problems, Computers and Mathematics
with Applications 37 (8) (1999) 107.

[1P]

[2P]
[3P]
[4P]
[5P]

[6P]

[7P]
[8P]

Properties
Di€usion
D.H. Fruman, J.L. Reboud, B. Stutz, Estimation of
thermal e€ects in cavitation of thermosensible liquids,
International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 42
(17) (1999) 3195.
G. Graziano, Hydrophobicity of benzene, Biophysical
Chemistry 82 (1) (1999) 69.
R. Habu, Di€usion equation for solute atoms under a
temperature gradient, Materials Transactions JIM 40
(12) (1999) 1355.
A. Nzihou, P. Sharrock, A. Ricard, Reaction kinetics
and heat transfer studies in thermoset resins, Chemical
Engineering Journal 72 (1) (1999) 53.
P.E. Phelan, R.N. Samant, S. Paluru, Heat transfer
and oxygen di€usion in Ag-clad BSCCO superconducting tapes, IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity 9 (2 Part 2) (1999) 2718.
S. Takasaka, Y. Tsujimi, T. Yagi, Anisotropy of
thermal relaxational mode in KHCO3 studied by
impulsive stimulated thermal scattering, Physica B 263
(1999) 657.
A. Tripathi, A. Acrivos, Viscous resuspension in a
bidensity suspension, International Journal of Multiphase Flow 25 (1) (1999) 1.
Y.Q. Zhu, I.M. Navon, Impact of parameter estimation on the performance of the FSU Global Spectral
Model using its full-physics adjoint, Monthly Weather
Review 127 (7) (1999) 1497.

Thermal conductivity
[9P] O.A. Almanza, M.A. Rodriguez-Perez, J.A. de Saja,
The thermal conductivity of polyethylene foams
manufactured by a nitrogen solution process, Cellular
Polymers 18 (6) (1999) 385.
[10P] M. Arias-Zugasti, P.L. Garcia-Ybarra, J.L. Castillo,
Droplet vaporization at critical conditions: long-time
convective±di€usive pro®les along the critical isobar,
Physical Review E 60 (3) (1999) 2930.
[11P] Z. Chen, K. Tozaki, K. Nishikawa, Evaluation and
countermeasures of convective heat transfer on thermal conductivity measurement using the Peltier e€ect
and application to supercritical CO2 , Japanese Journal
of Applied Physics, Part 1 ± Regular Papers Short
Notes and Review Papers 38 (12A) (1999) 6840.
[12P] T. Doi, A. Santos, M. Tij, Numerical study of the
in¯uence of gravity on the heat conductivity on the
basis of kinetic theory, Physics of Fluids 11 (11) (1999)
3553.
[13P] O. Douzane, J.M. Roucoult, T. Langlet, Thermophysical property measurements of building materials
in a periodic state, International Journal of Heat and
Mass Transfer 42 (21) (1999) 3943.

3684

R.J. Goldstein et al. / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 44 (2001) 3579±3699

[14P] A. Griesinger, K. Spindler, E. Hahne, Measurements
and theoretical modelling of the e€ective thermal
conductivity of zeolites, International Journal of Heat
and Mass Transfer 42 (23) (1999) 4363.
[15P] A.N. Gurova, U.V. Mardolcar, C.A.N. de Castro,
Thermal conductivity of 1,1-di¯uoroethane (HFC152a), International Journal of Thermophysics 20 (1)
(1999) 63.
[16P] K. Harstad, J. Bellan, The Lewis number under
supercritical conditions, International Journal of Heat
and Mass Transfer 42 (6) (1999) 961.
[17P] S.W. Indermuehle, R.B. Peterson, A phase-sensitive
technique for the thermal characterization of dielectric
thin ®lms, Journal of Heat Transfer; Transactions of
the ASME 121 (3) (1999) 528.
[18P] V.A. Konstantinov, V.G. Manzhelii, V.P. Revyakin,
S.A. Smirnov, Heat transfer in the orientationally
disordered phase of solid methane, Physica B 262
(3±4) (1999) 421.
[19P] O.A. Korolyuk, B.Y. Gorodilov, A.I. Krivchikov,
V.G. Manzhelii, In¯uence of an orthodeuterium
impurity on the thermal conductivity of solid parahydrogen, Low Temperature Physics 25 (8±9) (1999)
708.
[20P] D. Lesnic, L. Elliott, D.B. Ingham, B. Clennell, R.J.
Knipe, The identi®cation of the piecewise homogeneous thermal conductivity of conductors subjected
to a heat ¯ow test, International Journal of Heat and
Mass Transfer 42 (1) (1999) 143.
[21P] T.J. Lu, C. Chen, Thermal transport and ®re retardance properties of cellular aluminium alloys, Acta
Materialia 47 (5) (1999) 1469.
[22P] R.L. McMasters, J.V. Beck, R.B. Dinwiddie, H.
Wang, Accounting for penetration of laser heating in
¯ash thermal di€usivity experiments, Journal of Heat
Transfer; Transactions of the ASME 121 (1) (1999) 15.
[23P] V.V. Murashov, Thermal conductivity of model zeolites: molecular dynamics simulation study, Journal of
Physics Condensed Matter 11 (5) (1999) 1261.
[24P] V.G. Onishchenko, I.S. Lisker, A.G. Georgiadi, A
generalized description of soil thermal conductivity,
Eurasian Soil Science 32 (2) (1999) 185.
[25P] S.I. Park, J.G. Hartley, Predicting e€ective thermal
conductivities of unbonded and bonded silica sands,
Journal of Applied Physics 86 (9) (1999) 5263.
[26P] C.M. Rodenbush, D.S. Viswanath, F.H. Hsieh, A
group contribution method for the prediction of
thermal conductivity of liquids and its application to
the Prandtl number for vegetable oils, Industrial and
Engineering Chemistry Research 38 (11) (1999) 4513.
[27P] S. Sahin, S.K. Sastry, L. Bayindirli, The determination
of convective heat transfer coecient during frying,
Journal of Food Engineering 39 (3) (1999) 307.
[28P] S. Sahin, S.K. Sastry, L. Bayindirli, Heat transfer
during frying of potato slices, Food Science and
Technology Lebensmittel Wissenschaft and Technologie 32 (1) (1999) 19.
[29P] A.M. Satanin, V.V. Skuzovatkin, Thermal stabilization of anomalies in inhomogeneous conducting
structures, Journal of Experimental and Theoretical
Physics 88 (5) (1999) 997.

[30P] E. Schlegel, K. Haussler, H. Seifert, Microporosity
and its use in highly ecient thermal insulating
materials, CFI, Ceramic Forum International/Berichte
der DKG 76 (8) (1999) 7.
[31P] R.G. Seidensticker, W.R. Rosch, R. Mazelsky, R.H.
Hopkins, N.B. Singh, S.R. Coriell, W.M.B. Duval, C.
Batur, Active control of interface shape during the
crystal growth of lead bromide, Journal of Crystal
Growth 199 (Part 2) (1999) 988.
[32P] S.E. Stupp, M.A. Baldwinson, P. McEwen, T.M.
Crawford, C.T. Rogers, Thermal asperity trends,
IEEE Transactions on Magnetics 35 (2 Part 1)
(1999) 752.
[33P] E.G. Vorontsov, The thermal di€usivity of falling
®lms, Theoretical Foundations of Chemical Engineering 33 (2) (1999) 99.
[34P] X.W. Wang, X.F. Xu, S.U.S. Choi, Thermal conductivity of nanoparticle-¯uid mixture, Journal of Thermophysics and Heat Transfer 13 (4) (1999) 474.
[35P] J.W. Wu, W.F. Sung, H.S. Chu, Thermal conductivity
of polyurethane foams, International Journal of Heat
and Mass Transfer 42 (12) (1999) 2211.
[36P] R.Z. Zhdanov, V.I. Lahno, Group classi®cation of
heat conductivity equations with a nonlinear source,
Journal of Physics A Mathematical and General 32
(42) (1999) 7405.
Heat capacity
[37P] O.D. Baik, S.S. Sablani, M. Marcotte, F. Castaigne,
Modeling the thermal properties of a cup cake during
baking, Journal of Food Science 64 (2) (1999) 295.
[38P] J.N. Cao, Mathematical studies of modulated di€erential scanning calorimetry ± I. Heat capacity
measurements, Thermochimica Acta 325 (2) (1999)
101.
[39P] G. Juttner, A. Klumper, J. Suzuki, Correlated onedimensional electron systems: Luttinger liquid properties and deviations at ®nite temperature, Physica B
261 (1999) 1019.
[40P] T. Lazaridis, M. Karplus, Heat capacity and compactness of denatured proteins, Biophysical Chemistry
78 (1±2) (1999) 207.
[41P] R. Ludwig, F. Weinhold, T.C. Farrar, Quantum
cluster equilibrium theory of liquids: molecular clusters and thermodynamics of liquid ethanol, Molecular
Physics 97 (4) (1999) 465.
[42P] M. Merzlyakov, C. Schick, Complex heat capacity
measurements by TMDSC Part 1. In¯uence of nonlinear thermal response, Thermochimica Acta 330
(1±2) (1999) 55.
[43P] M. Merzlyakov, C. Schick, Complex heat capacity
measurements by TMDSC. Part 2. Algorithm for
amplitude and phase angle correction, Thermochimica
Acta 330 (1±2) (1999) 65.
[44P] A. Nishimori, M. Sorai, Thermodynamic study on
thermochromic phase transition in isopropylammonium trichlorocuprate, Journal of Physics and
Chemistry of Solids 60 (7) (1999) 895.
[45P] K.A.T. Silverstein, A.D.J. Haymet, K.A. Dill, Molecular model of hydrophobic solvation, Journal of
Chemical Physics 111 (17) (1999) 8000.

R.J. Goldstein et al. / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 44 (2001) 3579±3699
[46P] H.L. Tsay, Y.C. Chen, S.S. Weng, C.F. Chang, H.D.
Yang, Magnetic ®eld and pressure dependence of Tc
and T±N in TbSr2 Cu2:7 Mo0:3 O7 -delta, Physical Review B: Condensed Matter 59 (1) (1999) 636.
[47P] J. Wosnitza, Superconducting properties of quasi-twodimensional organic metals, Physica C 318 (1999) 98.
Composite materials
[48P] J.S. Cheon, S.Y. Kim, Y.T. Im, Determination of
short glass-®ber volume fractions in compression
molded thermoset composites ± numerical, Journal
of Composite Materials 33 (6) (1999) 547.
[49P] K.J. Dowding, J.V. Beck, B.F. Blackwell, Estimating
temperature-dependent thermal properties, Journal of
Thermophysics and Heat Transfer 13 (3) (1999) 328.
[50P] Y. Guemouri, H. Lanchon-Ducauquis, C. Meuris,
Study of the thermal equilibriums of a one-dimensional superconductor wire, International Journal of
Engineering Science 37 (6) (1999) 717.
[51P] M.I. Naji, S.V. Hoa, Curing of thick angle-bend
thermoset composite part: curing cycle e€ect on
thickness variation and ®ber volume fraction, Journal
of Reinforced Plastics and Composites 18 (8) (1999)
702.
[52P] K.S. Ravichandran, K. An, R.E. Dutton, S.L.
Semiatin, Thermal conductivity of plasma-sprayed
monolithic and multilayer coatings of alumina and
yttria-stabilized zirconia, Journal of the American
Ceramic Society 82 (3) (1999) 673.
[53P] A. Trende, B.T. Astrom, A. Woginger, C. Mayer, M.
Neitzel, Modelling of heat transfer in thermoplastic
composites manufacturing: double-belt press lamination, Composites Part A: Applied Science and
Manufacturing 30 (8) (1999) 935.

[54P]

[55P]

[56P]

[57P]

Thin ®lms/coatings
S. Callard, G. Tallarida, A. Borghesi, L. Zanotti,
Thermal conductivity of SiO2 ®lms by scanning
thermal microscopy, Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids 245 (1999) 203.
X. Jeandel, C. Dumouchel, In¯uence of the viscosity
on the linear stability of an annular liquid sheet,
International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow 20 (5)
(1999) 499.
E. Selli, N. Pome, P.L. Beltrame, A. Mossa, G. Testa,
A. Seves, Transfer phenomena of volatile organic
compounds in thermoplastic polymers and polymer
blends by supercritical carbon dioxide, Angewandte
Makromolekulare Chemie 270 (1999) 76.
Z.L. Xiao, P. Voss-de Haan, G. Jakob, T. Kluge, P.
Haibach, H. Adrian, E.Y. Andrei, Flux-¯ow instability and its anisotropy in Bi2 Sr2 CaCu2 O8‡d superconducting ®lms, Physical Review B: Condensed Matter
59 (2) (1999) 1481.

Transport properties
[58P] H.A. Abdel-Aal, On the thermal compatibility of
metallic pairs in rubbing applications, International
Journal of Thermal Sciences 38 (1) (1999) 27.
[59P] K. Gracie, P. Wiseman, R. Palepu, Micellar properties
of N-octylammonium bromide in binary aqueous

3685

mixtures of butoxyethanol system, Physics and Chemistry of Liquids 37 (2) (1999) 107.
[60P] C. Morel, N. Goreaud, J.M. Delhaye, The local
volumetric interfacial area transport equation: derivation and physical signi®cance, International Journal of
Multiphase Flow 25 (6±7) (1999) 1099.
[61P] O.C. Nwobi, L.N. Long, M.M. Micci, Molecular
dynamics studies of thermophysical properties of
supercritical ethylene, Journal of Thermophysics and
Heat Transfer 13 (3) (1999) 351.
[62P] R. Saravanan, M.P. Maiya, In¯uence of thermodynamic and thermophysical properties of water-based
working ¯uids for bubble pump operated vapour
absorption refrigerator, Energy Conversion and Management 40 (8) (1999) 845.
Viscosity
[63P] M.I. Char, C.C. Chen, In¯uence of viscosity variation
on the stationary Benard±Marangoni instability with a
boundary slab of ®nite conductivity, Acta Mechanica
135 (3±4) (1999) 181.
[64P] R.E. Graves, B.M. Argrow, Bulk viscosity: past to
present, Journal of Thermophysics and Heat Transfer
13 (3) (1999) 337.
[65P] A. Henni, P. Tontiwachwuthikul, A. Chakma, A.E.
Mather, Densities and viscosities of triethylene glycol
monomethyl ether plus water solutions in the temperature interval 25±80°C, Journal of Chemical and
Engineering Data 44 (1) (1999) 101.
[66P] M.K. Medaska, L. Nowag, S.Y. Liang, Simultaneous
measurement of the thermal and tribological e€ects of
cutting ¯uid, Machining Science and Technology 3 (2)
(1999) 221.
Miscellaneous
[67P] A. De Giacomo, P. D'Angelo, A. Inglese, S. Milioto,
R. De Lisi, A volumetric study of water±decyltrimethylammonium bromide±pentanol ternary system
from 25°C to 130°C at 2 and 19 MPa, Journal of
Solution Chemistry 28 (8) (1999) 1001.
[68P] A. Jalilian, V.J. Gosbell, B.S.P. Perera, P. Cooper,
Double chamber calorimeter (DCC): a new approach
to measure induction motor harmonic losses, IEEE
Transactions on Energy Conversion 14 (3) (1999) 680.
[69P] Z. Jiang, C.T. Imrie, J.M. Hutchinson, Temperature
modulated di€erential scanning calorimetry. Part III.
E€ect of heat transfer on phase angle in quasiisothermal ADSC, Thermochimica Acta 336 (1±2)
(1999) 27.
[70P] C. Jones, P. Peterson, C. Gautier, A new method for
deriving ocean surface speci®c humidity and air
temperature: an arti®cial neural network approach,
Journal of Applied Meteorology 38 (8) (1999) 1229.
[71P] I.M. Klotz, Parallel change with temperature of water
structure and protein behavior, Journal of Physical
Chemistry B 103 (28) (1999) 5910.
[72P] H.S. Le€, What if entropy were dimensionless?
American Journal of Physics 67 (12) 1114.
[73P] D. Qiu, V.K. Dhir, Measurement of refractive index of
PF-5060, Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 19
(3) (1999) 168.

3686

[1Q]
[2Q]

[3Q]

[4Q]

[5Q]

R.J. Goldstein et al. / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 44 (2001) 3579±3699
Heat transfer applications ± heat exchangers and heat
pipes
Compact and microheat exchangers
H.T. El-Dessouky, H.M. Ettouney, Plastic compact
heat exchangers for single-e€ect desalination systems,
Desalination 122 (2±3) (1999) 271.
R.B. Peterson, Numerical modeling of conduction
e€ects in microscale counter¯ow heat exchangers,
Microscale Thermophysical Engineering 3 (1) (1999)
17.
T.S. Ravigururajan, M.K. Drost, Single-phase ¯ow
thermal performance characteristics of a parallel
microchannel heat exchanger, Journal of Enhanced
Heat Transfer 6 (5) (1999) 383.
C.C. Wang, C.J. Lee, C.T. Chang, S.P. Lin, Heat
transfer and friction correlation for compact louvered
®n-and-tube heat exchangers, International Journal of
Heat and Mass Transfer 42 (11) (1999) 1945.
J. Wang, G.G. Hirs, P. Rollmann, The performance of
a new gas to gas heat exchanger with strip ®n, Energy
Conversion and Management 40 (15±16) (1999)
1743.

Design
[6Q] A.N. Abdelmessih, K.J. Bell, E€ect of mixed convection and U-bends on the design of double-pipe heat
exchangers, Heat Transfer Engineering 20 (3) (1999)
25.
[7Q] R.L. Cornelissen, G.G. Hirs, Thermodynamic optimisation of a heat exchanger, International Journal of
Heat and Mass Transfer 42 (5) (1999) 951.
[8Q] F.I. Khan, S.A. Abbasi, Optimal design of multiple
e€ect evaporator system using weighted heat transfer
coecient, Hungarian Journal of Industrial Chemistry
27 (1) (1999) 43.
[9Q] K.S. Lee, W.S. Kim, The e€ects of design and
operating factors on the frost growth and thermal
performance of a ¯at plate ®n-tube heat exchanger
under the frosting condition, KSME Journal 13 (12)
(1999) 973.
[10Q] F. Lipnizki, R.W. Field, Simulation and process
design of pervaporation plate-and-frame modules to
recover organic compounds from waste water, Chemical Engineering Research and Design 77 (A3) (1999)
231.
[11Q] R. Marshall, A generalised steady state collector
model including pipe losses, heat exchangers, and
pump powers, Solar Energy 66 (6) (1999) 469.
[12Q] M. Picon-Nunez, G.T. Polley, E. Torres-Reyes, A.
Gallegos-Munoz, Surface selection and design of
plate-®n heat exchangers, Applied Thermal Engineering 19 (9) (1999) 917.
[13Q] J. Schneider, I. Spradley, A. Hashemi, J. Nigen, E.
Dyson, Aircraft skin-cooling air¯ow distribution,
Journal of Thermophysics and Heat Transfer 13 (2)
(1999) 250.
[14Q] M.C. Tayal, Y. Fu, U.M. Diwekar, Optimal design of
heat exchangers: a genetic algorithm framework,
Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research 38
(2) (1999) 456.

Direct contact heat exchangers
[15Q] E. de Villiers, D.G. Kroger, Analysis of heat, mass,
and momentum transfer in the rain zone of counter¯ow cooling towers, Journal of Engineering for Gas
Turbines and Power Transactions of the ASME 121
(4) (1999) 751.
[16Q] M.D. Su, G.F. Tang, S. Fu, Numerical simulation of
¯uid ¯ow and thermal performance of a dry-cooling
tower under cross wind condition, Journal of Wind
Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics 79 (3)
(1999) 289.
Enhancement
[17Q] F.F. Ar, B.Z. Uysal, Fluidized tube heat exchanger,
Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology
74 (2) (1999) 169.
[18Q] A.E. Bergles, Enhanced heat transfer: endless frontier,
or mature and routine?, Journal of Enhanced Heat
Transfer 6 (2±4) (1999) 79.
[19Q] A. Campo, R.J. Spaulding, Coupling of the methods
of successive approximations and undetermined coef®cients for the prediction of the thermal behaviour of
uniform circumferential ®ns, Heat and Mass Transfer
34 (6) (1999) 461.
[20Q] M.K. Chyu, Y. Hsing, V. Natarajan, J.S. Chiou,
E€ects of perpendicular ¯ow entry on convective heat/
mass transfer from pin±®n arrays, Journal of Heat
Transfer; Transactions of the ASME 121 (3) (1999)
668.
[21Q] S. Inada, T. Taguchi, W.J. Yang, E€ects of vertical
®ns on local heat transfer performance in a horizontal
¯uid layer, International Journal of Heat and Mass
Transfer 42 (15) (1999) 2897.
[22Q] H.M. Joshi, T.M. Rudy, A.S. Wanni, A petrochemical
industry perspective on Professor Webb's contribution
to heat transfer enhancement, Journal of Enhanced
Heat Transfer 6 (2±4) (1999) 251.
[23Q] H.C. Kang, M.H. Kim, E€ect of strip location on the
air-side pressure drop and heat transfer in strip ®nand-tube heat exchanger, International Journal of
Refrigeration ± Revue Internationale du Froid 22 (4)
(1999) 302.
[24Q] N.H. Kim, B. Youn, R.L. Webb, Air-side ¯oat
transfer and friction correlations for plain ®n-andtube heat exchangers with staggered tube arrangements, Journal of Heat Transfer; Transactions of the
ASME 121 (3) (1999) 662.
[25Q] B. Kundu, P.K. Das, Performance analysis of eccentric annular ®ns with a variable base temperature,
Numerical Heat Transfer, Part A ± Applications 36 (7)
(1999) 751.
[26Q] S. Lalot, C. Tournier, M. Jensen, Fin eciency of
annular ®ns made of two materials, International
Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 42 (18) (1999)
3461.
[27Q] K.C. Leong, H.C. Toh, An experimental investigation
of heat transfer and ¯ow friction characteristics
of louvered ®n surfaces by the modi®ed single
blow technique, Heat and Mass Transfer 35 (1)
(1999) 53.

R.J. Goldstein et al. / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 44 (2001) 3579±3699
[28Q] A. Muley, R.M. Manglik, Experimental study of
turbulent ¯ow heat transfer and pressure drop in a
plate heat exchanger with chevron plates, Journal of
Heat Transfer; Transactions of the ASME 121 (1)
(1999) 110.
[29Q] A. Muley, R.M. Manglik, H.M. Metwally, Enhanced
heat transfer characteristics of viscous liquid ¯ows in a
chevron plate heat exchanger, Journal of Heat Transfer; Transactions of the ASME 121 (4) (1999) 1011.
[30Q] P.K. Nag, A. Gupta, Fin heat transfer studies in the
cyclone separator of a circulating ¯uidized bed, Heat
Transfer Engineering 20 (2) (1999) 28.
[31Q] S.W. Van Sciver, Heat transfer through an extended
surface containing He II, Journal of Heat Transfer;
Transactions of the ASME 121 (1) (1999) 142.
[32Q] C.-C. Wang, Y.-T. Lin, C.-J. Lee, Y.-J. Chang,
Investigation of wavy ®n-and-tube heat exchangers:
a contribution to databank, Experimental Heat
Transfer 12 (1) (1999) 73.
[33Q] C.C. Wang, J.Y. Chang, N.F. Chiou, E€ects of wa‚e
height on the air-side performance of wavy ®n-andtube heat exchangers, Heat Transfer Engineering 20
(3) (1999) 45.
[34Q] C.C. Wang, J.Y. Jang, N.F. Chiou, A heat transfer
and friction correlation for wavy ®n-and-tube heat
exchangers, International Journal of Heat and Mass
Transfer 42 (10) (1999) 1919.
[35Q] C.C. Wang, C.J. Lee, C.T. Chang, Y.J. Chang, Some
aspects of plate ®n-and-tube heat exchangers: with
and without louvers, Journal of Enhanced Heat
Transfer 6 (5) (1999) 357.
[36Q] C.C. Wang, W.H. Tao, C.J. Chang, An investigation
of the airside performance of the slit ®n-and-tube heat
exchangers, International Journal of Refrigeration ±
Revue Internationale du Froid 22 (8) (1999) 595.
[37Q] J.Y. Yun, K.S. Lee, Investigation of heat transfer
characteristics on various kinds of ®n-and-tube heat
exchangers with interrupted surfaces, International
Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 42 (13) (1999)
2375.
Fouling ± surface e€ects
[38Q] M.A.K. Al-So®, Fouling phenomena in multi stage
¯ash (MSF) distillers, Desalination 126 (1±3) (1999) 61.
[39Q] N. Andritsos, A.J. Karabelas, The in¯uence of particulates on CaCO3 scale formation, Journal of Heat
Transfer; Transactions of the ASME 121 (1) (1999) 225.
[40Q] Y.I. Cho, B.G. Choi, Validation of an electronic antifouling technology in a single-tube heat exchanger,
International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 42
(8) (1999) 1491.
[41Q] Y.I. Cho, R. Liu, Control of fouling in a spirally
ribbed water chilled tube with electronic anti-fouling
technology, International Journal of Heat and Mass
Transfer 42 (16) (1999) 3037.
[42Q] A.G.I. Dalvi, M.N.K. Mohammad, S. Al-Sulami, K.
Sahul, R. Al-Rasheed, E€ect of various forms of iron
in recycle brine on performance of scale control
additives in MSF desalination plants, Desalination
123 (2±3) (1999) 177.

3687

[43Q] M. Forster, W. Augustin, M. Bohnet, In¯uence of the
adhesion force crystal/heat exchanger surface on
fouling mitigation, Chemical Engineering and Processing 38 (4±6) (1999) 449.
[44Q] T. Kho, H. Muller-Steinhagen, An experimental and
numerical investigation of heat transfer fouling and
¯uid ¯ow in ¯at plate heat exchangers, Chemical
Engineering Research and Design 77 (A2) (1999) 124.
[45Q] R. Liu, Y.I. Cho, Combined use of an electronic
antifouling technology and brush punching for scale
removal in a water-cooled plain tube, Experimental
Heat Transfer 12 (1999) 203.
[46Q] M.M. Prieto, J. Miranda, B. Sigales, Application of a
stepwise method for analyzing fouling in shell-andtube exchangers, Heat Transfer Engineering 20 (4)
(1999) 19.
[47Q] T. Takemoto, B.D. Crittenden, S.T. Kolaczkowski,
Interpretation of fouling data in industrial shell and
tube heat exchangers, Chemical Engineering Research
and Design 77 (A8) 769.
[48Q] C.C. Yao, T.Q. Qiu, X.M. Zhang, S.Q. Hu, Ultrasonic
inhibition of scale formation in evaporators, International Sugar Journal 101 (1212) (1999) 602.
Mathematical modeling, optimization
[49Q] A. Alebrahim, A. Bejan, Constructal trees of circular
®ns for conductive and convective heat transfer, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 42 (19)
(1999) 3585.
[50Q] C. Aprea, C. Renno, An air cooled tube-®n evaporator
model for an expansion valve control law, Mathematical and Computer Modelling 30 (7±8) (1999) 135.
[51Q] J.H. Bae, M.H. Park, J.H. Lee, Local ¯ow and heat
transfer of a 2-row o€set strip ®n-tube heat exchanger,
Journal of Enhanced Heat Transfer 6 (1) (1999) 13.
[52Q] A. Bejan, N. Dan, Constructal trees of convective ®ns,
Journal of Heat Transfer; Transactions of the ASME
121 (3) (1999) 675.
[53Q] P.J. Coelho, Mathematical modeling of the convection
chamber of a utility boiler ± an application, Numerical
Heat Transfer, Part A ± Applications 36 (4) (1999)
411.
[54Q] T.W.H. Sheu, S.F. Tsai, A comparison study on ®n
surfaces in ®nned-tube heat exchangers, International
Journal of Numerical Methods for Heat and Fluid
Flow 9 (1) (1999) 92.
[55Q] S.Z. Shuja, S.M. Zubair, M.S. Khan, Thermoeconomic design and analysis of constant crosssectional area ®ns, Heat and Mass Transfer 34 (5)
(1999) 357.
[56Q] L.C. Thomas, Heat transfer in ®n assemblies: significance of two-dimensional e€ects ± a reexamination of
the issue, Journal of Heat Transfer; Transactions of
the ASME 121 (3) (1999) 748.
Performance ± factors a€ecting
[57Q] M.K. Alkam, M.A. Al-Nimr, Improving the performance of double-pipe heat exchangers by using
porous substrates, International Journal of Heat and
Mass Transfer 42 (19) (1999) 3609.

3688

R.J. Goldstein et al. / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 44 (2001) 3579±3699

[58Q] T.A. Ameel, L. Hewavitharana, Countercurrent heat
exchangers with both ¯uids subjected to external
healing, Heat Transfer Engineering 20 (3) (1999) 37.
[59Q] W.J. Bowman, J.K. Storey, K.I. Svensson, Analytical
comparison of constant area, adiabatic tip, standard
®ns, and heat pipe ®ns, Journal of Thermophysics and
Heat Transfer 13 (2) (1999) 269.
[60Q] D.G. Charyulu, G. Singh, J.K. Sharma, Performance
evaluation of a radiator in a diesel engine ± a case
study, Applied Thermal Engineering 19 (6) (1999)
625.
[61Q] G. Diaz, M. Sen, K.T. Yang, R.L. McClain, Simulation of heat exchanger performance by arti®cial neural
networks, Hvac & R Research 5 (3) (1999) 195.
[62Q] G. Fabbri, Optimum performances of longitudinal
convective ®ns with symmetrical and asymmetrical
pro®les, International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow
20 (6) (1999) 634.
[63Q] S.P. Narayanan, G. Venkatarathnam, Performance of
a counter¯ow heat exchanger with heat loss through
the wall at the cold end, Cryogenics 39 (1) (1999) 43.
[64Q] P. Sivashanmugam, S. Sundaram, Improvement in
performance of heat exchanger ®tted with twisted
tape, Journal of Energy Engineering ASCE 125 (1)
(1999) 35.
[65Q] C.C. Wang, Y.J. Du, Y.J. Chang, W.H. Tao, Airside
performance of herringbone ®n-and-tube heat exchangers in wet conditions, Canadian Journal of
Chemical Engineering 77 (6) (1999) 1225.
[66Q] P.C. Wayner, Intermolecular forces in phase-change
heat transfer: 1998 Kern award review, AIChE Journal 45 (10) (1999) 2055.
[67Q] A.S. Worlikar, O.M. Knio, Numerical study of
oscillatory ¯ow and heat transfer in a loaded thermoacoustic stack, Numerical Heat Transfer, Part A ±
Applications 35 (1) (1999) 49.
[68Q] L.Z. Zhang, L. Wang, E€ects of coupled heat and
mass transfers in adsorbent on the performance of a
waste heat adsorption cooling unit, Applied Thermal
Engineering 19 (2) (1999) 195.

[69Q]

[70Q]
[71Q]

[72Q]

Reactors
N.G. Carpenter, E.P.L. Roberts, Mass transport and
residence time characteristics of an oscillatory ¯ow
electrochemical reactor, Chemical Engineering Research and Design 77 (A3) (1999) 212.
R.E. Hayes, S.T. Kolaczkowski, A study of Nusselt
and Sherwood numbers in a monolith reactor, Catalysis Today 47 (1±4) (1999) 295.
K. Jha, G.L. Bauer, J.W. Weidner, Dynamic simulation of a parallel-plate electrochemical ¯uorination
reactor, Journal of Applied Electrochemistry 30 (1)
(1999) 85.
Y. Ma, J.X. Zhu, Characterizing gas and solids
distributors with heat transfer study in a gas±solids
downer reactor, Chemical Engineering Journal 72 (3)
(1999) 235.

Power and reversed cycles
[73Q] G. Cacciola, G. Restuccia, G.H.W. van Benthem,
In¯uence of the adsorber heat exchanger design on the

[74Q]

[75Q]

[76Q]

[77Q]

[78Q]
[79Q]

[80Q]

[81Q]

[82Q]

performance of the heat pump system, Applied
Thermal Engineering 19 (3) (1999) 255.
J.C.The Chen, general performance characteristics of
an irreversible absorption heat pump operating between four temperature levels, Journal of Physics D:
Applied Physics 32 (12) (1999) 1428.
J.C. Chen, The general performance characteristics of
an n-stage combined refrigeration system a€ected by
multi-irreversibilities, Journal of Physics D: Applied
Physics 32 (13) (1999) 1462.
J.C. Chen, The optimum performance characteristics
of a four-temperature-level irreversible absorption
refrigerator at maximum speci®c cooling load, Journal
of Physics D: Applied Physics 32 (23) 3085.
L.G. Chen, N. Ni, C. Wu, F.R. Sun, Performance
analysis of a closed regenerated brayton heat pump
with internal irreversibilities, International Journal of
Energy Research 23 (12) (1999) 1039.
C.Y. Cheng, C.K. Chen, Ecological optimization of
an irreversible Brayton heat engine, Journal of Physics
D: Applied Physics 32 (3) (1999) 350.
M. Hulten, T. Berntsson, The compression/absorption
cycle ± in¯uence of some major parameters on COP
and a comparison with the compression cycle, International Journal of Refrigeration ± Revue Internationale du Froid 22 (2) (1999) 91.
J.U.R. Khan, S.M. Zubair, Design and performance
evaluation of reciprocating refrigeration systems, International Journal of Refrigeration ± Revue Internationale du Froid 22 (3) (1999) 235.
N.K. Nawayseh, M.M. Farid, S. Al-Hallaj, A.R. AlTimimi, Solar desalination based on humidi®cation
process ± I. Evaluating the heat and mass transfer
coecients, Energy Conversion and Management 40
(13) (1999) 1423.
N. Ni, L.G. Chen, C. Wu, F.R. Sun, Performance
analysis for endoreversible closed regenerated Brayton
heat pump cycles, Energy Conversion and Management 40 (4) (1999) 393.

Shell and tube/plate
[83Q] T. Aicher, H. Martin, A. Polt, Rayleigh±Benard
convection in vertical shell and tube heat exchangers,
Chemical Engineering and Processing 38 (4±6) (1999)
579.
[84Q] O. Al-Hawaj, A study and comparison of plate and
tubular evaporators, Desalination 125 (1±3) (1999)
233.
[85Q] Z. Ayub, Case study: practical application of enhancement device in an ammonia ¯ooded evaporator,
Journal of Enhanced Heat Transfer 6 (1) (1999) 31.
[86Q] Z.C. Chang, M.S. Hung, P.P. Ding, P.H. Chen,
Experimental evaluation of thermal performance of
Gi€ord±McMahon regenerator using an improved
single-blow model with radial conduction, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 42 (3)
(1999) 405.
[87Q] F. de Monte, Cyclic steady thermal response of
rapidly switched ®xed-bed heat regenerators in counter¯ow, International Journal of Heat and Mass
Transfer 42 (14) (1999) 2591.

R.J. Goldstein et al. / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 44 (2001) 3579±3699
[88Q] D. Deglin, L. Van Caenegem, P. Dehon, Subsoil heat
exchangers for the air conditioning of livestock
buildings, Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research 73 (2) (1999) 179.
[89Q] K. Hong, R.L. Webb, Performance of dehumidifying
heat exchangers with and without wetting coatings,
Journal of Heat Transfe; Transactions of the ASME
121 (4) 1018.
[90Q] W.H. Kampen, A. Monge, J. Engolio, Experience
with a (pilot) rising ®lm plate evaporator and new mist
eliminator in Louisiana, International Sugar Journal
101 (1210) (1999) 523.
[91Q] Y.T. Kang, A. Akisawa, T. Kashiwagi, Experimental
correlation of combined heat and mass transfer for
NH3 ±H2 O falling ®lm absorption, International Journal of Refrigeration Revue Internationale du Froid 22
(4) (1999) 250.
[92Q] H.B. Kim, C.C. Tadini, R.K. Singh, Heat transfer in a
plate exchanger during pasteurization of orange juice,
Journal of Food Engineering 42 (2) (1999) 79.
[93Q] C. Legorreta, S. Hinge, J. Tonner, A. Lovato, Plates ±
the next breakthrough in desalination, Desalination
122 (2±3) (1999) 235.
[94Q] H. Li, V. Kottke, Analysis of local shellside heat and
mass transfer in the shell-and-tube heat exchanger
with disc-and-doughnut ba‚es, International Journal
of Heat and Mass Transfer 42 (18) (1999) 3509.
[95Q] M. Osakabe, T. Hamada, S. Horiki, Water ¯ow
distribution in horizontal header contaminated with
bubbles, International Journal of Multiphase Flow 25
(5) (1999) 827.
[96Q] C.R.F. Pacheco, C.A. Cezar, T.W. Song, E€ect of the
solute concentration on the performance of evaporators, Chemical Engineering and Processing 38 (2)
(1999) 109.
[97Q] M. Piechowski, Heat and mass transfer model of a
ground heat exchanger: theoretical development,
International Journal of Energy Research 23 (7)
(1999) 571.
[98Q] R.J. Rabehl, J.W. Mitchell, W.A. Beckman, Parameter estimation and the use of catalog data in modeling
heat exchangers and coils, Hvac & R Research 5 (1)
(1999) 3.
[99Q] P. Rollet-Miet, D. Laurence, J. Ferziger, LES and
RANS of turbulent ¯ow in tube bundles, International
Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow 20 (3) (1999) 241.
[100Q] F.E. Romie, Response of counter¯ow heat exchangers
to step changes of ¯ow rates, Journal of Heat Transfer;
Transactions of the ASME 121 (3) (1999) 746.
[101Q] F.E.M. Saboya, C. daCosta, Minimum irreversibility
criteria for heat exchanger con®gurations, Journal of
Energy Resources Technology; Transactions of the
ASME 121 (4) 241.
[102Q] J.B. Tonner, S. Hinge, C. Legorreta, Plate heat
exchangers ± the new trend in thermal desalination,
Desalination 125 (1±3) (1999) 243.
[103Q] R.Z. Wang, J.Y. Wu, Y.X. Xu, A continuous heat
regenerative adsorption refrigerator using spiral plate
heat exchanger as adsorbers: improvements, Journal
of Solar Energy Engineering; Transactions of the
ASME 121 (1) (1999) 14.

3689

[104Q] W. Wang, J.H. Walton, J.L. McCarthy, Flow pro®les
of power law ¯uids in scraped surface heat exchanger
geometry using MRI, Journal of Food Process Engineering 22 (1) (1999) 11.
Thermosyphons (heat pipes)
[105Q] P.E. Blumenfeld, C. Prenger, E.W. Roth, J.A. Stewart,
High temperature superconducting current lead test
facility with heat pipe intercepts, IEEE Transactions
on Applied Superconductivity 9 (2 Part 1) (1999) 527.
[106Q] G. Chen, Q. Wang, Y.D. Cao, Modeling a heat source
heat sink for tribological applications, Tribology
Transactions 42 (1) (1999) 223.
[107Q] M.S. El-Genk, H.H. Saber, Determination of operation envelopes for closed, two-phase thermosyphons,
International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 42
(5) (1999) 889.
[108Q] H. Khalkhali, A. Faghri, Z.J. Zuo, Entropy generation in a heat pipe system, Applied Thermal Engineering 19 (10) (1999) 1027.
[109Q] B. Mo, M.M. Ohadi, S.V. Dessiatoun, K.H. Cheung,
Startup time reduction in an electrohydrodynamically
enhanced capillary pumped loop, Journal of Thermophysics and Heat Transfer 13 (1) (1999) 134.
[110Q] K. Nakatsuka, B. Jeyadevan, Y. Akagami, T. Torigoe,
S. Asari, Visual observation of the e€ect of magnetic
®eld on moving air and vapor bubbles in a magnetic
¯uid, Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials
201 (1999) 256.
[111Q] J.M. Ochterbeck, G.P. Peterson, Modeling of heat
transfer in heat pipes, Modelling Of Engineering Heat
Transfer Phenomena 2 (1999) 175.
[112Q] C. Ramaswamy, Y. Joshi, W. Nakayama, W.B.
Johnson, Thermal performance of a compact twophase thermosyphon: response to evaporator con®nement and transient loads, Journal of Enhanced Heat
Transfer 6 (2±4) (1999) 279.
[113Q] S.T. Tu, H. Zhang, W.W. Zhou, Corrosion failures of
high temperature heat pipes, Engineering Failure
Analysis 6 (6) (1999) 363.
[114Q] Y.H. Yan, J.M. Ochterbeck, Analysis of supercritical
startup behavior for cryogenic heat pipes, Journal of
Thermophysics and Heat Transfer 13 (1) (1999) 140.
Miscellaneous
[115Q] M. Al-Shammiri, M. Safar, Multi-e€ect distillation
plants: state of the art, Desalination 126 (1±3) (1999)
45.
[116Q] S. Bilodeau, P. Brousseau, M. Lacroix, Y. Mercadier,
Frost formation in rotary heat and moisture exchangers, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer
42 (14) (1999) 2605.
[117Q] G. Rosengarten, G. Morrison, M. Behnia, A second
law approach to characterising thermally strati®ed hot
water storage with application to solar water heaters,
Journal of Solar Energy Engineering; Transactions of
the ASME 121 (4) (1999) 194.
[118Q] C.J. Simonson, R.W. Besant, Energy wheel e€ectiveness: Part I ± development of dimensionless groups,
International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 42
(12) (1999) 2161.

3690

[1S]

[2S]

[3S]

[4S]

[5S]

[6S]

[7S]
[8S]

R.J. Goldstein et al. / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 44 (2001) 3579±3699
Heat transfer applications ± general
Aerospace
R. Balakrishnan, R.K. Agarwal, K.Y. Yun, BGKBurnett equations for ¯ows in the continuum-transition regime, Journal of Thermophysics and Heat
Transfer 13 (4) (1999) 397.
Y.E. Gorbachev, F. Mallinger, Quasi-classical model
for vibrational±translational and vibrational±vibrational rate constants, Journal of Thermophysics and
Heat Transfer 13 (4) (1999) 411.
A. Hashemi, M. Fast, J. Schneider, E. Dyson,
Performance prediction and control-system design of
an aircraft skin-cooling technique, Journal of Thermophysics and Heat Transfer 13 (2) (1999) 243.
G.R. Inger, Shock viscous interaction e€ects on
nonequilibrium dissociated heating along arbitrarily
catalytic surfaces, Journal of Thermophysics and Heat
Transfer 13 (3) (1999) 379.
W.L. Kleb, W.A. Wood, P.A. Gno€o, S.J. Alter,
Computational aeroheating predictions for X-34,
Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets 36 (2) (1999)
179.
D.A. Kontinos, G. Palmer, Numerical simulation of
metallic thermal protection system panel bowing,
Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets 36 (6) (1999)
842.
C. Park, Interaction of spalled particles with shock
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T.S. Wang, Analysis of linear aerospike plumeinduced X-33 base heating environment, Journal of
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Nuclear reactors
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steam on heat transfer under conditions of severe
accidents in nuclear power plants, High Temperature
(USSR) 37 (6) (1999) 928.
[10S] Y. Harada, Y. Maruyama, A. Maeda, H. Shibazaki,
T. Kudo, A. Hidaka, K. Hashimoto, J. Sugimoto,
E€ect of microstructure on failure behavior of light
water reactor coolant piping under severe accident
conditions, Journal of Nuclear Science and Technology 36 (10) (1999) 923.
[11S] M. Kitamura, T. Ohi, T. Yamamoto, K. Akagi,
Development of high precision plant simulator for
pressurized water reactor plants using distributed
architecture, Journal of Nuclear Science and Technology 36 (4) (1999) 344.
[12S] A. Ohnuki, H. Akimoto, Numerical investigation of
heat transfer enhancement phenomenon during the
re¯ood phase of PWR-LOCA, Journal of Nuclear
Science and Technology 36 (11) (1999) 1021.
[13S] E. Pinton, B. Duret, G. Berthoud, Behavior of a UF6
container during a ®re ± I: analysis and phenomenological interpretation of Tenerife experimental results,
Nuclear Technology 127 (3) (1999) 332.
[14S] K.K. Wong, A. Endou, Estimation of FBR MONJU's
average fuel temperatures and fuel-to-coolant heat
transfer coecients using trip-test data, Journal of
Nuclear Science and Technology 36 (8) (1999) 698.

Gas turbines
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tip clearance and casing recess on heat transfer and
stage eciency in axial turbines, Journal of Turbomachinery; Transactions of the ASME 121 (4) (1999)
683.
[16S] A. Gehrer, H. Jericha, External heat transfer predictions in a highly loaded transonic linear turbine guide
vane cascade using an upwind biased Navier±Stokes
solver, Journal of Turbomachinery; Transactions of
the ASME 121 (3) (1999) 525.
[17S] N.W. Harvey, M.G. Rose, J. Coupland, T.V. Jones,
Measurement and calculation of nozzle guide vane
end wall heat transfer, Journal of Turbomachinery;
Transactions of the ASME 121 (2) (1999) 184.
[18S] C.H. Huang, T.Y. Hsiung, An inverse design problem
of estimating optimal shape of cooling passages in
turbine blades, International Journal of Heat and
Mass Transfer 42 (23) (1999) 4307.
[19S] V. Michelassi, F. Martelli, R. Denos, T. Arts, C.H.
Sieverding, Unsteady heat transfer in stator-rotor
interaction by two-equation turbulence model, Journal of Turbomachinery; Transactions of the ASME
121 (3) (1999) 436.
[20S] C. Riegler, Correlations to include heat transfer in gas
turbine performance calculations, Recherche Aerospatiale 3 (5) (1999) 281.
[21S] M.T. Schobeiri, K. Pappu, Optimization of trailing
edge ejection mixing losses: a theoretical and experimental study, Journal of Fluids Engineering; Transactions of the ASME 121 (1) (1999) 118.
[22S] J. Steelant, E. Dick, Calculation of transition in
turbine cascades by conditioned Navier±Stokes equations, Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical
Engineers, Part A: Journal of Power and Energy 213
(A4) (1999) 319.
Automotive engines
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reactions in exhaust system of a cold-start engine,
International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 42
(22) (1999) 4165.
[24S] J.Y. Jang, M.M. Khonsari, Thermal characteristics of
a wet clutch, Journal of Tribology; Transactions of the
ASME 121 (3) (1999) 610.
[25S] I.P. Kandylas, A.M. Stamatelos, Engine exhaust
system design based on heat transfer computation,
Energy Conversion and Management 40 (10) (1999)
1057.
[26S] S. Sieniutycz, Optimal control framework for multistage endoreversible engines with heat and mass
transfer, Journal of Non-Equilibrium Thermodynamics 24 (1) (1999) 40.
[27S] S. Tronci, R. Baratti, A. Gavriilidis, Catalytic converter design for minimisation of cold-start emissions,
Chemical Engineering Communications 173 (1999) 53.
Buildings
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simulation of measured transient temperatures in the
walls, ¯oor and surrounding soil of a buried structure,

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R.E. Critoph, Forced convection adsorption cycle
with packed bed heat regeneration, International
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K. Darkwa, Evaluation of regenerative phase change
drywalls: low-energy buildings application, International Journal of Energy Research 23 (14) (1999) 1205.
I.R. Edmonds, D.J. Pearce, Enhancement of crop
illuminance in high latitude greenhouses with laser-cut
panel glazing, Solar Energy 66 (4) (1999) 255.
S.Y. Liang, M. Liu, T.N. Wong, G.K. Nathan,
Analytical study of evaporator coil in humid environment, Applied Thermal Engineering 19 (11) (1999)
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M.A. Medina, A quasi-steady-state heat balance
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E. Nannei, C. Schenone, Thermal transients in buildings: development and validation of a numerical
model, Energy and Buildings 29 (3) (1999) 209.
T.A. Reddy, S. Deng, D.E. Claridge, Development of
an inverse method to estimate overall building and
ventilation parameters of large commercial buildings,
Journal of Solar Energy Engineering; Transactions of
the ASME 121 (1) (1999) 40.
H.R. Thomas, S.W. Rees, The thermal performance of
ground ¯oor slabs ± a full scale in situ experiment,
Building and Environment 34 (2) (1999) 139.
H. Xue, C. Shu, Mixing characteristics in a ventilated
room with non-isothermal ceiling air supply, Building
and Environment 34 (3) (1999) 245.

Meteorology
[38S] A. Arola, Parameterization of turbulent and mesoscale ¯uxes for heterogeneous surfaces, Journal of the
Atmospheric Sciences 56 (4) (1999) 584.
[39S] G. Boulet, A. Chehbouni, I. Braud, M. Vauclin,
Mosaic versus dual source approaches for modelling
the surface energy balance of a semi-arid land,
Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 3 (2) (1999)
247.
[40S] D. Brown, R. DuTeaux, P. Kruger, D. Swenson, T.
Yamaguchi, Fluid circulation and heat extraction
front engineered geothermal reservoirs, Geothermics
28 (4±5) (1999) 553.
[41S] V.T. Ca, T. Asaeda, Y. Ashie, Development of a
numerical model for the evaluation of the urban
thermal environment, Journal of Wind Engineering
and Industrial Aerodynamics 81 (1999) 181.
[42S] Y. Delage, L. Wen, J.M. Belanger, Aggregation of
parameters for the land surface model CLASS,
Atmosphere Ocean 37 (2) (1999) 157.
[43S] R. Kimura, J. Kondo, Studies on the relationships
among the leaf transfer coecient for water vapor, soil
water content, and spectral re¯ectance, Journal of the
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[44S] J. Malm, Some properties of currents and mixing in a
shallow ice covered lake, Water Resources Research
35 (1) (1999) 221.

3691

[45S] R. Meerkotter, U. Schumann, D.R. Doelling, P.
Minnis, T. Nakajima, Y. Tsushima, Radiative forcing
by contrails, Annales Geophysicae Atmospheres Hydrospheres and Space Sciences 17 (8) (1999) 1080.
[46S] Y. Nakai, T. Sakamoto, T. Terajima, K. Kitamura, T.
Shirai, Energy balance above a boreal coniferous
forest: a di€erence in turbulent ¯uxes between snowcovered and snow-free canopies, Hydrological Processes 13 (4) (1999) 515.
[47S] M.D. Parkhomov, V.I. Zui, Combined e€ect of
climatic variations and groundwater movement on
observed heat ¯ow, Studia Geophysica et Geodaetica
43 (3) (1999) 265.
[48S] F. Quareni, P. Righi, The onset of thermal convection
in an in®nite Prandtl number, variable-viscosity,
compressible Earth's mantle by the mean-®eld approximation, Nuovo Cimento della Societa Italiana di
Fisica C Geophysics and Space Physics 22 (2) (1999)
165.
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height over a grassland, Boundary-Layer Meteorology
92 (3) (1999) 407.
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atmosphere±soil transfer model, Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres 104 (D16) (1999) 19587.
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Sakura, Y. Shimano, S. Dapaah-Siakwan, S. Kawashima, Disturbances of temperature depth pro®les due
to surface climate change and subsurface water ¯ow:
1. An e€ect of linear increase in surface temperature
caused by global warming and urbanization in the
Tokyo metropolitan area, Japan, Water Resources
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[52S] J. Wang, R.L. Bras, Ground heat ¯ux estimated from
surface soil temperature, Journal of Hydrology 216
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26 (2) (1999) 267.
[55S] C.Z. Zou, T. Gal-Chen, Parameterization of the
meridional eddy heat and momentum ¯uxes, Journal
of the Atmospheric Sciences 56 (12) (1999) 1830.
Electrics, electronics
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insulated electric wires producing pulsating signals,
Heat Transfer Engineering 20 (4) (1999) 62.
[57S] A. Bousbaine, Thermal modelling of induction motors
based on accurate loss density distribution, Electric
Machines and Power Systems 27 (3) (1999) 311.
[58S] H.M. Cheng, X.Q. Huang, H.G. Wang, Calculation of
the residual stress of a 45 steel cylinder with a nonlinear surface heat-transfer coecient including phase
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3692

R.J. Goldstein et al. / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 44 (2001) 3579±3699

[59S] K.J. Craig, D.J. de Kock, P. Gauche, Minimization of
heat sink mass using CFD and mathematical optimization, Journal of Electronic Packaging 121 (3)
(1999) 143.
[60S] J.L.M. Fernandes, J.M.C. Rodrigues, P.A.F. Martins,
Combined ®nite element-boundary element thermomechanical analysis of metal forming processes, Journal of Materials Processing Technology 87 (1±3)
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[61S] A. Hashemi, E. Dyson, J. Nigen, Aircraft skin-cooling
system for thermal management of onboard highpower electronics, Journal of Thermophysics and Heat
Transfer 13 (4) (1999) 529.
[62S] M.S. Liu, Q.W. Dong, D.B. Wang, X. Ling, Numerical simulation of thermal stress in tube-sheet of heat
transfer equipment, International Journal of Pressure
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[63S] W. Nakayama, Enhanced heat transfer in tight space ±
a frontier for thermal management of microelectronic
equipment, Journal of Enhanced Heat Transfer 6
(2±4) (1999) 121.
[64S] Z. Neder, K. Varadi, L. Man, K. Friedrich, Numerical
and ®nite element contact temperature analysis of
steel±bronze real surfaces in dry sliding contact,
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extrusion die ¯ow of electronic packaging materials,
AIChE Journal 45 (2) (1999) 424.
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analysis of functionally graded ceramic±metal cylinder, Journal of Engineering Mechanics ASCE 125 (11)
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[67S] W.J. Xie, S.C. Tam, H.R. Yang, J.H. Gu, G. Zhao,
Y.L. Lam, C.H. Kam, Optimum convective heat
transfer coecient for diode-pumped laser slabs,
Optics and Laser Technology 31 (5) (1999) 387.
[68S] R. Zanino, L. Savoldi, F. Tessarin, L. Bottura, E€ects
of bundle/hole coupling parameters in the two-¯uid
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[69S] L. Zhu, K. Vafai, L. Xu, Device temperature and heat
generation in power metal-oxide semiconductor ®eld
e€ect transistors, Journal of Thermophysics and Heat
Transfer 13 (2) (1999) 185.
Manufacturing
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loads under conditions of one-way heating, High
Temperature (USSR) 37 (1) (1999) 153.
[71S] F. Bloom, B. Hojjatie, A. Orlo€, Modelling, analysis
of the heat transfer problem in an impulse drying press
roll, Mathematical and Computer Modelling 29 (5)
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[72S] E.F. Carr, Convective ¯ow in the liquid crystal heat
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[74S]
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[76S]

[77S]

[78S]
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[81S]

[82S]

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[84S]

[85S]

[86S]
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cooling technology (c), Tribology Transactions 42 (2)
(1999) 401.
C.E. Chryssou, Theoretical analysis of tapering fused
silica optical ®bers using a carbon dioxide laser,
Optical Engineering 38 (10) (1999) 1645.
M. Gierzynska-Dolna, P. Lacki, The e€ect of hardening layers and technological lubricants on heat
exchange between workpiece and die, Computers and
Structures 72 (1±3) (1999) 165.
M.B. Goldschmit, R.J. Principe, M. Koslowski,
Applications of a k± model for the analysis of
continuous casting processes, International Journal
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1505.
M.P. Guerrero, C.R. Flores, A. Perez, R. Colas,
Modelling heat transfer in hot rolling work rolls,
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(1999) 52.
A.K. Gupta, D.G. Lilley, Energy recovery opportunities from wastes, Journal of Propulsion and Power
15 (2) (1999) 175.
L.N. Jiang, Y.L. Wang, M. Wong, Y. Zohar, Fabrication and characterization of a microsystem for a
micro-scale heat transfer study, Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering 9 (4) (1999) 422.
X.X. Liu, J. Abeysekera, H. Shahnavaz, Subjective
evaluation of three helmets in cold laboratory and
warm ®eld conditions, International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics 23 (3) (1999) 223.
P. Merati, N.A. Okita, R.L. Phillips, L.E. Jacobs,
Experimental and computational investigation of ¯ow
and thermal behavior of a mechanical seal, Tribology
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D. Mortensen, A mathematical model of the heat and
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W. Muller-Hirsch, A. Kraft, M.T. Hirsch, J. Parisi,
A. Kittel, Heat transfer in ultrahigh vacuum scanning
thermal microscopy, Journal of Vacuum Science
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(4 Part 1) (1999) 1205.
G.K. Nikas, E. Ioannides, R.S. Sayles, Thermal
modeling and e€ects from debris particles in sliding/
rolling EHD line contacts ± a possible local scung
mode, Journal of Tribology; Transactions of the
ASME 121 (2) (1999) 272.
V. Osta®ev, A. Kharkevich, K. Weinert, S. Osta®ev,
Tool heat transfer in orthogonal metal cutting, Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering; Transactions of the ASME 121 (4) (1999) 541.
V.E. Peletskii, Nonisothermality of sample under
conditions of electric pulse heating, High Temperature
(USSR) 37 (1) (1999) 123.
M.V. Ramesh, K.N. Seetharamu, N. Ganesan, G.
Kuppuswamy, Finite element modelling of heat
transfer analysis in machining of isotropic materials,
International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 42
(9) (1999) 1569.

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[88S] D.Y. Sheng, L. Jonsson, Investigation of transient
¯uid ¯ow and heat transfer in a continuous casting
tundish by numerical analysis veri®ed with nonisothermal water model experiments, Metallurgical and
Materials Transactions B ± Process Metallurgy and
Materials Processing Science 30 (5) (1999) 979.
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convection in a magnetic ¯uid in an annular Hele±
Shaw cell, International Journal of Heat and Mass
Transfer 42 (1) (1999) 61.
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transfer in anisotropic electromechanical converter,
International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 42
(19) (1999) 3631.
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Cader, Heat transfer enhancement in ferro¯uids subjected to steady magnetic ®elds, Journal of Magnetism
and Magnetic Materials 201 (1999) 252.
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transfer, Heat and Mass Transfer 35 (6) 433.
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Kokubo, Heat transfer and roll surface temperature in
the hot rolling of aluminum sheet, Journal of Tribology; Transactions of the ASME 121 (4) (1999) 753.
Chemical processing
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resistances in vacuum membrane distillation per drop,
AIChE Journal 45 (7) (1999) 1422.
[95S] A. Palau, E. Velo, L. Puigjaner, Use of neural
networks and expert systems to control a gas/solid
sorption chilling machine, International Journal of
Refrigeration Revue Internationale du Froid 22 (1)
(1999) 59.
[96S] K. Takatani, T. Inada, Y. Ujisawa, Three-dimensional
dynamic simulator for blast furnace, ISIJ International 39 (1) (1999) 15.
Chemical reactors
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rates for aerated non-Newtonian liquids in external
loop airlift reactors, Biotechnology and Bioengineering 62 (4) (1999) 494.
[98S] P. Andrigo, R. Bagatin, G. Pagani, Fixed bed reactors, Catalysis Today 52 (2±3) (1999) 197.
[99S] J.G. Boelhouwer, H.W. Piepers, A.A.H. Drinkenburg,
Enlargement of the pulsing ¯ow regime by periodic
operation of a trickle-bed reactor, Chemical Engineering Science 54 (20) (1999) 4661.
[100S] K. Bourouni, R. Martin, L. Tadrist, Analysis of heat
transfer and evaporation in geothermal desalination
units, Desalination 122 (2±3) (1999) 301.
[101S] K. Bourouni, R. Martin, L. Tadrist, M.T. Chaibi,
Heat transfer and evaporation in geothermal desalination units, Applied Energy 64 (1) (1999) 129.
[102S] R. Di Felice, G. Coppola, S. Rapagna, N. Jand,
Modeling of biomass devolatilization in a ¯uidized
bed reactor, Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering 77 (2) (1999) 325.

3693

[103S] T. Elperin, A. Fominykh, Cell model for gas absorption with ®rst-order irreversible chemical reaction and
heat release in gas±liquid bubbly media, Heat and
Mass Transfer 35 (5) (1999) 357.
[104S] S.R. Ismail, E.N. Pistikopoulos, K.P. Papalexandri,
Synthesis of reactive and combined reactor separation
systems utilizing a mass heat exchange transfer module, Chemical Engineering Science 54 (13±14) (1999)
2721.
[105S] L.M.M. Jorge, R.M.M. Jorge, F. Fujii, R. Giudici,
Evaluation of heat transfer in a catalytic ®xed bed
reactor at high temperatures, Brazilian Journal of
Chemical Engineering 16 (4) (1999) 407.
[106S] G.W. Koning, K.R. Westerterp, Modeling of heat
transfer in wall-cooled tubular reactors, Chemical
Engineering Science 54 (13±14) (1999) 2527.
[107S] M. Kostoglou, Theoretical analysis of the warm-up of
monolithic reactors under non-reacting conditions,
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[108S] P.M. Launaro, A. Paglianti, Performance of absorption columns equipped with low pressure drops
structured packings, Industrial and Engineering
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Chemical Engineering Science 54 (21) (1999) 4853.
[110S] D.A. Mitchell, A. Pandey, P. Sangsurasak, N. Krieger, Scale up strategies for packed-bed bioreactors
for solid-state fermentation, Process Biochemistry 35
(1±2) (1999) 167.
[111S] L. Mukadi, C. Guy, R. Legros, Modeling of an
Internally Circulating Fluidized Bed reactor for thermal treatment of industrial solid wastes, Canadian
Journal of Chemical Engineering 77 (2) (1999) 420.
Food engineering
[112S] G. Alvarez, D. Flick, Analysis of heterogeneous
cooling of agricultural products inside bins Part II:
thermal study, Journal of Food Engineering 39 (3)
(1999) 239.
[113S] O.D. Baik, S. Grabowski, M. Trigui, M. Marcotte, F.
Castaigne, Heat transfer coecients on cakes baked in
a tunnel type industrial oven, Journal of Food Science
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[114S] A.F. Bollen, B.T. Dela Rue, Hydrodynamic heat
transfer ± a technique for disinfestation, Postharvest
Biology and Technology 17 (2) (1999) 133.
[115S] V.J. Davidson, R.B. Brown, J.J. Landman, Fuzzy
control system for peanut roasting, Journal of Food
Engineering 41 (3±4) (1999) 141.
[116S] A. Jung, P.J. Fryer, Optimising the quality of safe
food: Computational modelling of a continuous
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54 (6) (1999) 717.
Solar energy
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Balaras, D. Asimakopoulos, M. Petrakis, P. Kassomenos, Comparison of methodologies for TMY

3694

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Solar Energy 66 (1) (1999) 33.
C. Chain, D. Dumortier, M. Fontoynont, A comprehensive model of luminance correlated colour temperature and spectral distribution of skylight:
comparison with experimental data, Solar Energy 65
(5) (1999) 285.
E. Dribssa, E. Cogliani, E. Lavagno, S. Petrarca, A
modi®cation of the Heliosat method to improve its
performance, Solar Energy 65 (6) (1999) 369.
A.Y. Dvorkin, E.H. Steinberger, Modeling the altitude e€ect on solar UV radiation, Solar Energy 65 (3)
(1999) 181.
J.A. Gonzalez, J. Calbo, In¯uence of the global
radiation variability on the hourly di€use fraction
correlations, Solar Energy 65 (2) (1999) 119.
H. Ohvril, O. Okulov, H. Teral, K. Teral, The
atmospheric integral transparency coecient and the
Forbes e€ect, Solar Energy 66 (4) (1999) 305.
V.V. Satyamurty, K.S. Babu, Frequency distributions
of daily ambient temperatures through generalized
parameters, Journal of Solar Energy Engineering;
Transactions of the ASME 121 (3) (1999) 176.
D.C. Tobin, F.A. Best, P.D. Brown, S.A. Clough,
R.G. Dedecker, R.G. Ellingson, R.K. Garcia, H.B.
Howell, R.O. Knuteson, E.J. Mlawer, H.E. Revercomb, J.F. Short, P.F.W. van Delst, V.P. Walden,
Downwelling spectral radiance observations at the
SHEBA ice station: water vapor continuum measurements from 17 to 26 mum, Journal of Geophysical
Research Atmospheres 104 (D2) (1999) 2081.
J. Tovar, F.J. Olmo, F.J. Batlles, L. Alados-Arboledas, One minute kb and kd probability density distributions conditioned to the optical air mass, Solar
Energy 65 (5) (1999) 297.
S. Yang, E.A. Smith, Four-dimensional structure of
monthly latent heating derived from SSM/I satellite
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1016.
Low-temperature applications ± ¯at-plate and lowconcentrating collectors
N. Akhtar, S.C. Mullick, Approximate method for
computation of glass cover temperature and top heatloss coecient of solar collectors with single glazing,
Solar Energy 66 (5) (1999) 349.
N. Akhtar, S.C. Mullick, Correlations for surface
temperatures of the glass cover for estimation of heattransfer coecients in upward heat-¯ow in solar
collectors with single glazing, Journal of Solar Energy
Engineering; Transactions of the ASME 121 (4) (1999)
201.
M.K. Alkam, M.A. Al-Nimr, Solar collectors with
tubes partially ®lled with porous substrates, Journal of
Solar Energy Engineering; Transactions of the ASME
121 (1) (1999) 20.
B. Aronov, Y. Zvirin, A novel algorithm to investigate
conjugate heat transfer in transparent insulation:

[15T]
[16T]

[17T]
[18T]

[19T]
[20T]

[21T]

[22T]

[23T]

[24T]
[25T]
[26T]
[27T]
[28T]

application to solar collectors, Numerical Heat Transfer, Part A ± Applications 35 (7) (1999) 757.
N. Benz, T. Beikircher, High eciency evacuated ¯atplate solar collector for process steam production,
Solar Energy 65 (2) (1999) 111.
S. Biryukov, D. Faiman, A. Goldfeld, An optical
system for the quantitative study of particulate contamination on solar collector surfaces, Solar Energy
66 (5) (1999) 371.
H.P. Garg, R.S. Adhikari, System performance studies on a photovoltaic/thermal (PV/T) air heating
collector, Renewable Energy 16 (1±4) (1999) 725.
A. Hachemi, Experimental study of heat transfer and
¯ow friction in solar air heaters with and without
selective absorbers, Renewable Energy 17 (2) (1999)
155.
A. Hachemi, Experimental study of thermal performance of o€set rectangular plate ®n absorberplates, Renewable Energy 17 (3) (1999) 371.
A. Hachemi, Theoretical and experimental study of
eciency factor, heat transfer and thermal heat loss
coecients in solar air collectors with selective
and nonselective absorbers, International Journal of
Energy Research 23 (8) (1999) 675.
A.A. Hegazy, Optimizing the thermohydraulic performance of ¯at-plate solar air heaters operating with
®xed/variable pumping power, Renewable Energy 18
(2) (1999) 283.
F. Hilmer, K. Vajen, A. Ratka, H. Ackermann, W.
Fuhs, O. Melsheimer, Numerical solution and validation of a dynamic model of solar collectors working
with varying ¯uid ¯ow rate, Solar Energy 65 (5) (1999)
305.
H.M.S. Hussein, M.A. Mohamad, A.S. El-Asfouri,
Optimization of a wickless heat pipe ¯at plate solar
collector, Energy Conversion and Management 40
(18) (1999) 1949.
R. Leutz, A. Suzuki, A. Akisawa, T. Kashiwagi,
Design of a nonimaging Fresnel lens for solar
concentrators, Solar Energy 65 (6) (1999) 379.
F. Mahdjuri, Solar collector with temperature limitation using shape memory metal, Renewable Energy 16
(1±4) (1999) 611.
E. Mathioulakis, K. Voropoulos, V. Belessiotis,
Assessment of uncertainty in solar collector modeling
and testing, Solar Energy 66 (5) (1999) 337.
M. Ronnelid, B. Karlsson, The use of corrugated
booster re¯ectors for solar collector ®elds, Solar
Energy 65 (6) (1999) 343.
H.M. Yeh, C.D. Ho, J.Z. Hou, The improvement of
collector eciency in solar air heaters by simultaneously air ¯ow over and under the absorbing plate,
Energy 24 (10) (1999) 857.

Low-temperature applications ± water heating
[29T] S. Dahl, J. Davidson, Applicability of uniform heat
¯ux Nusselt number correlations to thermosyphon
heat exchangers for solar water heaters, Journal of

R.J. Goldstein et al. / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 44 (2001) 3579±3699

[30T]
[31T]

[32T]
[33T]
[34T]

[35T]

[36T]
[37T]
[38T]
[39T]
[40T]

[41T]

[42T]
[43T]

[44T]

Solar Energy Engineering; Transactions of the ASME
121 (2) (1999) 85.
B.J. Huang, J.P. Chyng, Integral-type solar-assisted
heat pump water heater, Renewable Energy 16 (1±4)
(1999) 731.
S.A. Kalogirou, S. Panteliou, A. Dentsoras, Modeling
of solar domestic water heating systems using
Arti®cial Neural Networks, Solar Energy 65 (6)
(1999) 335.
S. Medved, J. Oman, P. Novak, Numerical model and
parametric analyses of an in¯atable solar heater, Solar
Energy 65 (4) (1999) 263.
J. Nagaraju, S.S. Garud, K.A. Kumar, M.R. Rao, 1
MWth industrial solar hot water system and its
performance, Solar Energy 66 (6) (1999) 491.
M. Smyth, P.C. Eames, B. Norton, A comparative
performance rating for an integrated solar collector/
storage vessel with inner sleeves to increase heat
retention, Solar Energy 66 (4) (1999) 291.
Low-temperature applications ± space heating and
cooling
W. Aziz, S.K. Chaturvedi, A. Kheireddine, Thermodynamic analysis of two-component, two-phase ¯ow
in solar collectors with application to a direct-expansion solar-assisted heat pump, Energy 24 (3) (1999)
247.
N.K. Bansal, Shail, Characteristic parameters of a
hypocaust construction, Building and Environment 34
(3) (1999) 305.
M. Bojic, G. Papadakis, S. Kyritsis, Energy from a
two-pipe, earth-to-air heat exchanger, Energy 24 (6)
(1999) 519.
G.M. Chen, E. Hihara, A new absorption refrigeration cycle using solar energy, Solar Energy 66 (6)
(1999) 479.
R.E. Critoph, Rapid cycling solar/biomass powered
adsorption refrigeration system, Renewable Energy 16
(1±4) (1999) 673.
D.Y. Goswami, F. Xu, Analysis of a new thermodynamic cycle for combined power and cooling using
low and mid temperature solar collectors, Journal of
Solar Energy Engineering; Transactions of the ASME
121 (2) (1999) 91.
J. Hirunlabh, W. Kongduang, P. Namprakai, J.
Khedari, Study of natural ventilation of houses by a
metallic solar wall under tropical climate, Renewable
Energy 18 (1) (1999) 109.
S. Ito, N. Miura, K. Wang, Performance of a heat
pump using direct expansion solar collectors, Solar
Energy 65 (3) (1999) 189.
K. Kaygusuz, Investigation of a combined solar-heat
pump system for residential heating. Part 2: simulation results, International Journal of Energy Research
23 (14) (1999) 1225.
Z. Tamainottelto, R.E. Critoph, Solar sorption refrigerator using a CPC collector, Renewable Energy 16
(1±4) (1999) 735.

3695

[45T] M. Tather, A. Erdem-Senatalar, The e€ects of thermal
gradients in a solar adsorption heat pump utilizing the
zeolite±water pair, Applied Thermal Engineering 19
(11) (1999) 1157.
[46T] N.E. Wijeysundera, Simpli®ed models for solar-powered absorption cooling systems, Renewable Energy
16 (1±4) (1999) 679.
Low-temperature applications ± storage
[47T] S. Alizadeh, An experimental and numerical study
of thermal strati®cation in a horizontal cylindrical
solar storage tank, Solar Energy 66 (6) (1999) 409.
[48T] C.A. Hall, E.K. Glakpe, J.N. Cannon, T.W. Kerslake,
Thermodynamic analysis of space solar dynamic heat
receivers with cyclic phase change, Journal of Solar
Energy Engineering; Transactions of the ASME 121
(3) (1999) 133.
[49T] Y.B. Kang, Y.P. Zhang, Y. Jiang, Y.X. Zhu, A
general model for analyzing the thermal characteristics
of a class of latent heat thermal energy storage system,
Journal of Solar Energy Engineering; Transactions of
the ASME 121 (4) (1999) 185.
[50T] R. Velraj, R.V. Seeniraj, B. Hafner, C. Faber,
K. Schwarzer, Heat transfer enhancement in a latent
heat storage system, Solar Energy 65 (3) (1999)
171.
[51T] H. Yoo, C.J. Kim, C.W. Kim, Approximate analytical
solutions for strati®ed thermal storage under variable
inlet temperature, Solar Energy 66 (1) (1999) 47.
Low-temperature applications ± desalination
[52T] R.S. Adhikari, A. Kumar, Cost optimization studies
on a multi-stage stacked tray solar still, Desalination
125 (1±3) (1999) 115.
[53T] Y.I. Aristov, M.M. Tokarev, L.G. Gordeeva, V.N.
Snytnikov, V.N. Parmon, New composite sorbents for
solar-driven technology of fresh water production
from the atmosphere, Solar Energy 66 (2) (1999)
165.
[54T] H. Ben Bacha, M. Bouzguenda, M.S. Abid, A.Y.
Maalej, Modeling and simulation of a water desalination station with solar multiple condensation evaporation cycle technique, Renewable Energy 18 (3)
(1999) 349.
[55T] B. Bouchekima, B. Gros, R. Ouahes, M. Diboun,
Theoretical study and practical application of the
capillary ®lm solar distiller, Renewable Energy 16 (1±
4) (1999) 795.
[56T] A. Jernqvist, M. Jernqvist, G. Aly, Simulation of
thermal desalination processes, Desalination 126 (1±3)
(1999) 147.
[57T] S. Kumar, G.N. Tiwari, Optimization of design
parameters for multi-e€ect active distillation systems
using the Runge±Kutta method, Desalination 121 (1)
(1999) 87.
[58T] S. Kumar, G.N. Tiwari, Triple basin active solar still,
International Journal of Energy Research 23 (6)
(1999) 529.

3696

R.J. Goldstein et al. / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 44 (2001) 3579±3699

[59T] S. Suneja, G.N. Tiwari, E€ect of water ¯ow on
internal heat transfer solar distillation, Energy Conversion and Management 40 (5) (1999) 509.
Low-temperature applications ± solar ponds
[60T] B.A. Jubran, K.S. Ajlouni, N.M. Haimour, Convective layers generated in solar ponds with fertilizer salts,
Solar Energy 65 (5) (1999) 323.
[61T] A. Kumar, V.V.N. Kishore, Construction and operational experience of a 6000 m2 solar pond at Kutch,
India, Solar Energy 65 (4) (1999) 237.
Low-temperature applications ± buildings
[62T] G. Athanassouli, P. Massouros, A model of the
thermal restoration transient state of an opaque wall
after the interruption of solar radiation, Solar Energy
66 (1) (1999) 21.
[63T] A. Beck, W. Korner, O. Gross, J. Fricke, Making
better use of natural light with a light-redirecting
double-glazing system, Solar Energy 66 (3) (1999)
215.
[64T] A. Dhar, T.A. Reddy, D.E. Claridge, A Fourier series
model to predict hourly heating and cooling energy
use in commercial buildings with outdoor temperature
as the only weather variable, Journal of Solar Energy
Engineering; Transactions of the ASME 121 (1) (1999)
47.
[65T] A. Dhar, T.A. Reddy, D.E. Claridge, Generalization
of the Fourier series approach to model hourly energy
use in commercial buildings, Journal of Solar Energy
Engineering; Transactions of the ASME 121 (1) (1999)
54.
[66T] G. Fusco, G. Macrelli, P. Polato, G. Rossi, Variable
angle photometric characterization of a laminated
glass embedding a lamellae system, Solar Energy 66
(6) (1999) 423.
[67T] Z. Kristl, A. Krainer, Light wells in residential
building as a complementary daylight source, Solar
Energy 65 (3) (1999) 197.
[68T] J.C. Lam, D.H.W. Li, An analysis of daylighting and
solar heat for cooling-dominated oce buildings,
Solar Energy 65 (4) (1999) 251.
[69T] U. Larsson, B. Moshfegh, M. Sandberg, Thermal
analysis of super insulated windows (numerical and
experimental) investigations, Energy and Buildings 29
(2) (1999) 121.
[70T] C. Lombard, E.H. Mathews, A two-port envelope
model for building heat transfer, Building and Environment 34 (1) (1999) 19.
[71T] M.A. Medina, Validation and simulations of a quasisteady state heat balance model of residential walls,
Mathematical and Computer Modelling 30 (7±8)
(1999) 93.
[72T] A. Tsangrassoulis, M. Santamouris, V. Geros, M.
Wilson, D. Asimakopoulos, A method to investigate
the potential of south-oriented vertical surfaces for
re¯ecting daylight onto oppositly facing vertical surfaces under sunny conditions, Solar Energy 66 (6)
(1999) 439.

High-temperature applications
[73T] M. Costea, S. Petrescu, C. Harman, The e€ect of
irreversibilities on solar Stirling engine cycle performance, Energy Conversion and Management 40
(15±16) (1999) 1723.
[74T] A. Ferriere, G. Faillat, S. Galasso, L. Barrallier, J.E.
Masse, Surface hardening of steel using highly concentrated solar energy process, Journal of Solar
Energy Engineering; Transactions of the ASME 121
(1) (1999) 36.
[75T] D. Feuerman, J.M. Gordon, H. Ries, High-¯ux solar
concentration with imaging designs, Solar Energy 65
(2) (1999) 83.
[76T] D. Feuermann, J.M. Gordon, Solar ®ber-optic minidishes: a new approach to the ecient collection of
sunlight, Solar Energy 65 (3) (1999) 159.
[77T] F.J. Garcia-Martin, M. Berenguel, A. Valverde, E.F.
Camacho, Heuristic knowledge-based heliostat ®eld
control for the optimization of the temperature
distribution in a volumetric receiver, Solar Energy 66
(5) (1999) 355.
[78T] T. Hahm, H. Schmidt-Traub, B. Lessmann, A cone
concentrator for high-temperature solar cavity-receivers, Solar Energy 65 (1 Part A Special Issue SI) (1999)
33.
[79T] P. Haueter, T. Seitz, A. Steinfeld, A new high-¯ux
solar furnace for high-temperature thermochemical
research, Journal of Solar Energy Engineering; Transactions of the ASME 121 (1) (1999) 77.
[80T] D. Hernandez, D. Antoine, G. Olalde, J.M. Gineste,
Optical ®ber re¯ectometer coupled with a solar
concentrator to determine solar re¯ectivity and absorptivity at high temperature, Journal of Solar
Energy Engineering; Transactions of the ASME 121
(1) (1999) 31.
[81T] B. Ho€schmidt, R. Pitz-Paal, M. Bohmer, P. Rietbrock,
C. Koeppen, D. Ulber, A new closed open volumetric
receiver concept for parabolic trough collectors (test
results), Journal de Physique IV 9 (3) (1999) 3.
[82T] J. Leon, M. Sanchez, J.E. Pacheco, Internal ®lm
receiver possibilities for the third generation of central
receiver technology, Journal de Physique IV 9 (3)
(1999) 3.
[83T] J.P. Lock, B.L. Peterson, A.W. Weimer, R.J. Pitts,
C.E. Bingham, A.A. Lewandowski, Aluminum
nitridation in a solar-heated vibrating ¯uidized bed
reactor, Journal of Solar Energy Engineering; Transactions of the ASME 121 (4) (1999) 224.
[84T] K. Lovegrove, H. Kreetz, A. Luzzi, The ®rst ammonia
based solar thermochemical energy storage demonstration, Journal de Physique IV 9 (3) (1999) 3.
[85T] K. Lovegrove, A. Luzzi, M. McCann, O. Freitag,
Energy analysis of ammonia-based solar thermochemical power systems, Solar Energy 66 (2) (1999) 103.
[86T] A. Luzzi, K. Lovegrove, E. Filippi, H. Fricker, M.
Schmitz-Goeb, I. Chandapillai, S. Kane€, Technoeconomic analysis of a 10 MWe solar thermal power
plant using ammonia-based thermochemical energy
storage, Solar Energy 66 (2) (1999) 91.

R.J. Goldstein et al. / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 44 (2001) 3579±3699
[87T] K.K. Makhkamov, D.B. Ingham, Analysis of the
working process and mechanical losses in a stirling
engine for a solar power unit, Journal of Solar Energy
Engineering; Transactions of the ASME 121 (2) (1999)
121.
[88T] K.K. Makhkamov, D.B. Ingham, Two-dimensional
model of the air ¯ow and temperature distribution in a
cavity-type heat receiver of a solar Stirling engine,
Journal of Solar Energy Engineering; Transactions of
the ASME 121 (4) 210.
[89T] A. Neumann, A. Schmitz, The SCATMES device for
measurement of concentrated solar radiation, Journal
of Solar Energy Engineering; Transactions of the
ASME 121 (2) (1999) 116.
[90T] A. Neumann, A. Witzke, The in¯uence of sunshape on
the DLR Solar Furnace beam, Solar Energy 66 (6)
(1999) 447.
[91T] H. Sammouda, C. Royere, A. Belghith, M. Maalej,
Heat transfer in a rotating furnace of a solar sandboiler at a 1000 kW thermal, Renewable Energy 17 (1)
(1999) 21.
[92T] A. Segal, M. Epstein, Comparative performances of
`tower-top' and `tower-re¯ector' central solar receivers, Solar Energy 65 (4) (1999) 207.
[93T] M. Shimizu, K. Itoh, H. Sato, T. Fujii, K. Okamoto,
S. Takaoka, K. Shiina, Y. Nakamura, Single crystal
MO solar thermal thruster for microsatellites, Acta
Astronautica 44 (7±12 Special Issue SI) (1999) 345.
[94T] A. Steinfeld, S. Sanders, R. Palumbo, Design aspects
of solar thermochemical engineering ± a case study:
two-step water-splitting cycle using the Fe3 O4 /FeO
redox system, Solar Energy 65 (1 Part A Special Issue
SI) (1999) 43.
[95T] W. Tong, Three-dimensional transient thermal analysis of a receiver±absorber±converter system in the
integrated solar upper stage unit, Numerical Heat
Transfer, Part A ± Applications 36 (8) (1999) 807.

[1U]

[2U]

[3U]

[4U]

[5U]

Plasma heat transfer and magnetohydrodynamics
Plasma characterization through modeling and diagnostics
S.M. Aithal, V.V. Subramaniam, V. Babu, Comparisons between numerical model and experiments for a
direct current plasma ¯ow, Plasma Chemistry and
Plasma Processing 19 (4) (1999) 487.
M. Baeva, A. Dogan, J. Ehlbeck, A. Pott, J.
Uhlenbusch, CARS diagnostic and modeling of a
dielectric barrier discharge, Plasma Chemistry and
Plasma Processing 19 (4) (1999) 445.
B. Bottin, D.V. Abeele, M. Carbonaro, G. Degrez,
G.S.R. Sarma, Thermodynamic and transport properties for inductive plasma modeling, Journal of
Thermophysics and Heat Transfer 13 (3) (1999) 343.
S. Gundermann, R. Winkler, A new method of the
microwave diagnostics for determining the electron
density, Plasma Chemistry and Plasma Processing 19
(1) (1999) 111.
S. Hadrich, B. Pfelzer, J. Uhlenbusch, Coherent antiStokes Raman scattering applied to hydrocarbons in a

[6U]

[7U]

[8U]

[9U]

[10U]

[11U]

[12U]

[13U]
[14U]
[15U]

3697

microwave excited process plasma, Plasma Chemistry
and Plasma Processing 19 (1) (1999) 91.
U.M. Kelkar, M.H. Gordon, L.A. Roe, Y. Li,
Diagnostics and modeling in a pure argon plasma:
energy balance study, Journal of Vacuum Science and
Technology A Vacuum Surfaces and Films 17 (1)
(1999) 125.
L.A. Kuznetsova, S.T. Surzhikov, Absorption cross
sections of diatomic molecules for problems of radiative heat transfer in low-temperature plasma, High
Temperature (USSR) 37 (3) (1999) 348.
H. Lange, F. Leipold, M. Otte, S. Pfau, D. Uhrlandt,
Spatially dependent kinetics of electrons and excited
atoms in the column plasma of a He±Xe dc discharge,
Plasma Chemistry and Plasma Processing 19 (2)
(1999) 255.
J. Menart, L. Lin, Numerical study of a free-burning
argon arc with copper contamination from the anode,
Plasma Chemistry and Plasma Processing 19 (2)
(1999) 153.
I. Peres, L.L. Alves, J. Margot, T. Sadi, C.M. Ferreira,
K.C. Tran, J. Hubert, Calculated plasma parameters
and excitation spectra of high-pressure helium discharges, Plasma Chemistry and Plasma Processing 19
(4) (1999) 467.
J. Ropcke, L. Mechold, M. Kaning, W.Y. Fan, P.B.
Davies, Tunable diode laser diagnostic studies of H2 ±
ArO2 microwave plasmas containing methane or
methanol, Plasma Chemistry and Plasma Processing
19 (3) (1999) 395.
S. Sakiyama, O. Fukumasa, Diagnosis of asymmetric
thermal plasma jet using computer tomography technique, Japanese Journal of Applied Physics Part 38
(7B) (1999) 4567.
M. Tanaka, M. Ushio, Plasma state in free-burning
argon arc and its e€ect on anode heat transfer, Journal
of Physics D: Applied Physics 32 (10) (1999) 1153.
K.N. Ul'yanov, The balance of energy of electrons in a
high-current vacuum arc, High Temperature (USSR)
37 (4) (1999) 510.
R. Ye, P. Proulx, M.I. Boulos, Turbulence phenomena
in the radio frequency induction plasma torch, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 42 (9)
(1999) 1585.

Plasma±wall and plasma±particle interaction
[16U] J.M. Bauchire, J.J. Gonzalez, P. Proulx, Modelling of
the plasma±particle interactions in a plasma jet,
Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics 32 (6) (1999)
675.
[17U] P. Buchner, H. Schubert, J. Uhlenbusch, K. Willee,
Modeling and spectroscopic investigations on the
evaporation of zirconia in a thermal RF plasma,
Plasma Chemistry and Plasma Processing 19 (3)
(1999) 341.
[18U] X. Chen, Thermophoretic force on a small particle
suspended in a plasma with a combined specular and
di€use re¯ection at the particle surface, Plasma
Chemistry and Plasma Processing 19 (1) (1999) 33.

3698

R.J. Goldstein et al. / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 44 (2001) 3579±3699

[19U] X. Chen, Heat and momentum transfer between a
thermal plasma and suspended particles for di€erent
Knudsen numbers, Thin Solid Films 345 (1) (1999)
140.
[20U] A. Lepone, H. Kelly, D. Lamas, A. Marquez, Surface
modi®cation produced by a nitrogen operated plasma
focus device: the role of the ion beam in the heating of
a substrate, Applied Surface Science 143 (1±4) (1999)
124.
[21U] S. Magnaval, D. Morvan, J. Amouroux, S.N. KuokShy, S. Dresvin, Treatment of metallurgical silicon
powder by thermal RF plasma, High Temperature
Material Processes 3 (4) (1999) 355.
[22U] A.N. Magunov, Heat-transfer instabilities in the
interaction of a nonequilibrium plasma with a solid
surface, Plasma Physics Reports 25 (8) (1999) 646.
[23U] R. Ramasamy, V. Selvarajan, Heat transfer to a
single particle injected into a thermal plasma, Computational Materials Science 15 (3) (1999) 265.

[24U]

[25U]
[26U]
[27U]

[28U]

[29U]

[30U]
[31U]

[32U]

[33U]
[34U]

Plasma characterization in speci®c applications
N. Abdenouri, G. Flamant, J.M. Badie, R. Berjoan,
R.A. Belghit, Separation of gold from sul®de using a
plasma arc fuming process, Plasma Chemistry and
Plasma Processing 19 (2) (1999) 171.
T. Addona, R.J. Munz, Silica decomposition using a
transferred arc process, Industrial and Engineering
Chemistry Research 38 (6) (1999) 2299.
I. Ahmed, T.L. Bergman, Thermal modeling of plasma
spray deposition of nanostructured ceramics, Journal
of Thermal Spray Technology 8 (2) (1999) 315.
M. Balat, J.M. Badie, F. Duqueroie, S. Sauvage, A
solar furnace coupled to a microwave induced plasma
for the simulation of the space vehicles entry (atomic
recombination), Journal de Physique IV 9 (3) (1999) 3.
T. Belmonte, S. Bockel, H. Michel, D. Ablitzer, Study
of transport phenomena by three-dimensional modeling of a microwave post-discharge nitriding reactor,
Surface and Coatings Technology 112 (1±3) (1999) 5.
A.V. Budin, A.A. Bogomaz, V.A. Kolikov, P.G.
Rutberg, A.F. Savvateev, Multipulse discharge in the
chamber of electric discharge launcher, IEEE Transactions on Magnetics 35 (1 Part 1) (1999) 189.
B. Davies, G. Soucy, Study of ammonia decomposition after injection into an induction plasma, High
Temperature Material Processes 3 (4) (1999) 335.
K. Draou, N. Bellakhal, B.G. Cheron, J.L. Brisset,
Heat transfer to metals in low pressure oxygen plasma:
application to oxidation of the 90Cu±10Zn alloy,
Materials Chemistry and Physics 58 (3) (1999) 212.
N. Fourligkas, C. Doumanidis, Temperature ®eld
regulation in thermal cutting for layered manufacturing, Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering; Transactions of the ASME 121 (3) (1999) 440.
J. Haidar, An analysis of heat transfer and fume
production in gas metal arc welding. III, Journal of
Applied Physics 85 (7) (1999) 3448.
P. Koulik, S. Begounov, S. Goloviatinskii, Atmospheric plasma sterilization and deodorization of

[35U]

[36U]

[37U]

[38U]

[39U]

[40U]

[41U]

[42U]

[43U]

[44U]

[45U]
[46U]

dielectric surfaces, Plasma Chemistry and Plasma
Processing 19 (2) (1999) 311.
M.A. Malik, X.Z. Jiang, The CO2 reforming of
natural gas in a pulsed corona discharge reactor,
Plasma Chemistry and Plasma Processing 19 (4)
(1999) 505.
P. Patino, N. Sanchez, H. Suhr, N. Hernandez,
Reactions of nonequilibrium oxygen plasmas with
liquid ole®ns, Plasma Chemistry and Plasma Processing 19 (2) (1999) 241.
H. Rachard, P. Chevrier, D. Henry, D. Jeandel,
Numerical study of coupled electromagnetic and
aerothermodynamic phenomena in a circuit breaker
electric arc, International Journal of Heat and Mass
Transfer 42 (9) (1999) 1723.
R. Ramasamy, V. Selvarajan, Characterization of a
spray torch and analysis of process parameters,
European Physical Journal Applied Physics 7 (1)
(1999) 87.
B. Ravary, L. Fulcheri, J.A. Bakken, G. Flamant, F.
Fabry, In¯uence of the electromagnetic forces on
momentum and heat transfer in a 3-phase ac plasma
reactor, Plasma Chemistry and Plasma Processing 19
(1) (1999) 69.
L.Z. Schlitz, S.V. Garimella, S.H. Chan, Gas dynamics and electromagnetic processes in high-current arc
plasmas. Part I. Model formulation and steady-state
solutions, Journal of Applied Physics 85 (5) (1999)
2540.
B.C. Stratton, R. Knight, D.R. Mikkelsen, A. Blutke,
J. Vavruska, Synthesis of ozone at atmospheric
pressure by a quenched induction-coupled plasma
torch, Plasma Chemistry and Plasma Processing 19 (2)
(1999) 191.
M.T. Swihart, S.L. Girshick, An analysis of ¯ow,
temperature, and chemical composition distortion in
gas sampling through an ori®ce during chemical vapor
deposition, Physics of Fluids 11 (4) (1999) 821.
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