Health Care
Content
HEALTH CARE THRU PROPER HYGIENE AND SANITATION IN ISLAMIC PERSPECTIVE
k lic C to ed M it a s er st u it bt le l ty s e
3 /1 5 /1 3
Nazneen Bint Abubakar, R.N. November 12, 2011 11
Objectives: To enhance participants’ knowledge on Islam’s guidelines on Health, Hygiene and Sanitation.
1.
2. To help the participants formulate community driven approaches lessen/eliminate water borne and sanitation related diseases.
3 /1 5 /1 3
to
22
Workshop I Answer the following: What is Health? What is Health in Islam? Give ways on how to maintain 3 Health? /1 5
1.
1.
1.
1 3/
33
What is Health?
“Health is a state of complete physical, mental, social and spiritual well being and not merely an absence of any disease or infirmity”
3 /1 5 /1 3
44
O you who have believed, fear Allah . And let every soul look to what it has put forth for tomorrow - and fear Allah . Indeed, Allah is Acquainted with what you do.
3 /1 5 /1 3
Surah 59.Al- Hashr:18 55
And be not as those who forgot Allah (that is become disobedient to Allah), and He caused them to forget their ownselves,(let them to forget to do righteous deeds). Those are the Fasiqun (rebellious, disobedient to ALLAH).” 3
1 5/ 1 3/
66
A Muslim’s quest for good health is in conformity with his salvation in the life hereafter, as much as for the enjoyment of life in this world.
3 /1 5 /1 3
Our body is a given by ALLAH as a Trust
77
Take advantage of five matters before HADIT five other matters: H: 1. your youth, before you become old 2. your health, before you fall sick 3. your WEALTH, before you become poor 4. your free time, before you become busy 5. your life, before your death
3 /1 5 /1 3
88
Health is a blessing, sickness is an examination/expiation. It is necessary to praise Allah for the blessings, and to show endurance during examinations.
3 /1 5 /1 3
99
Spiritual care of the Body: 1. Faith (iman) - belief 2. Prayer (salat) – with supplication (including ablution/wudu) 3. Fasting (sawm) 4. Charity with poor-due (zakat) 5. Pilgrimage (hajj)
3 /1 5 /1 3
10 10
Physical Care of the Body:
1. Nutrition
a. Eating what is
3 /1 5 /1 3
11 11
"Eat of the things which Allah has provided for you, lawful and good, but fear Allah in Whom you believe."
( Surah 5. Al- Ma’idah:88)
3 /1 5 /1 3
12 12
b. Moderation of the lawful
O children of Adam, take your adornment at every masjid, and eat and drink, but be not excessive. Indeed, He likes not those who commit excess.
(Surah 7. Al- A’raf:3 1)
3 /1 5 /1 3
13 13
“Eat of the good things we have provided for your sustenance, but commit no excess therein, lest my wrath should justly descend on you, and those whom descends my wrath do perish indeed"
(Surah 20. Ta- Ha :81)
3 /1 5 /1 3
14 14
“No human ever filled a vessel worse than the stomach. Sufficient for any son of Adam are some morsels to keep his back straight. But if it must be, then one third for his food, one third for his drink and one third for his breath.”
[Ahmad, At-Tirmidhi, An-Nasaa'I, Ibn Majah]
3 /1 5 /1 3
15 15
2. Exercise Although we do not find much in the Qur’an about specific exercises, the Prophet's s.a.w life provides ample recommendations. He advised Muslims to teach their children swimming, archery and horse backriding. He, himself used to walk at a fast pace and on two occasions at least, even raced with his wife, Aisha r.a.
3 /1 5 /1 3
16 16
3. Cleanliness
Do not stand [for prayer] within it ever. A mosque founded on righteousness from the first day is more worthy for you to stand in. Within it are men who love to purify themselves; and 3 Allah loves those who purify /1 5 1 3/ themselves.
17 17
HADITH: “Cleanliness is half of faith”
- Muslim
“The key to Paradise is prayer and the key to prayer is purification
- Tirmidhi
3 /1 5 /1 3
18 18
Since being pure is connected with Paradise Important to know… What things makes us impure How to properly clean ourselves When to properly clean ourselves Medical Benefits of remaining pure
19 19
•
•
•
•
3 /1 5 /1 3
IMPURITIES:
Blood Feces (Human/ Animals) Urine Flatus Vomitus Pigs/ Dogs Dead Animals Wine/ Alcohol and other intoxicants Madhy – prostatic fluid
3 Wadhy – thick fluid coming out after /1 5 /1 urination 3
20 20
Our bodies are teaming with germs: 90 trillion inside and outside our bodies 100,000 species of bacteria and fungi call us their home planet Our teeth contain 500 cell thick layer of bacteria
•
•
•
3 /1 5 /1 3
21 21
Hygiene
-
proper caring of your body by keeping it clean and healthy while allowing you to look and feel your best. entails bathing regularly, keeping your hair clean, trimming fingernails and toenails, brushing your teeth and using deodorant. And can enhance 3 /1 your self-confidence and improve 22 5 /1
22
-
3
Miswak – Twig of a special tree used to clean teeth. It is the practice of the Prophet s.a.w. and recommended its usage:
ü ü ü ü ü ü
Upon waking up Before sleeping Before and after eating Upon entering home Before reading Qur’an Before wudhu
3 /1 5 /1 3
23 23
HADITH: Abu Hurayrah (RA), who reported that the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) said: “Were it not for the fact that I did not want to make things too hard for my ummah, I would have commanded them to use the siwaak at every time of prayer.”
Al-Bukhari and Muslim
3 /1 5 /1 3
24 24
SIGNIFICANCE OF MISWAK
§
Miswak is more effective than tooth brushing for reducing plaque and gingivitis…’
§
Anti-Addiction effect on smokers Positive effect on Immunity The World Health Organization recommended the use of miswak in 1986 $1 Miswak Industry Vs. $20 Billion Dental
§
§
§
§
3 /1 5 /1 3
Miswak is environment friendly
25 25
HANDS AND ARMS
Hand washing is the single most important means of preventing the spread of infection.
3 /1 5 /1 3
26 26
Islam commanded washing of hands 1400 years ago! Hand Washing in Islam Arm Washing in Islam
- After waking from sleep -15 x / day washing each arm - After toilet use up to the elbow Before and after @ meal - no spot should remain dry 15x/ day during ablution
3 /1 5 /1 3
27 27
Armpit (axilla) and pubic (private
parts regions):
moisture buildup Bacteria infested Infection prone Body odour
Solution:
Shave pubic and armpit hairs Wash & clean these areas frequently
3 /1 5 /1 3
and properly
28 28
Wash in and around and nail beds 5
times a day during ablution for prayer. Long nail are discouraged Finger and toe nails should be cut often after 7 days but not exceeding 40 days.
3 /1 5 /1 3
29 29
Wudhu vs. Scrubbing before surgery
Body Part Hands Arms Face Mouth Nose Hair Ears Neck Feet
Wudhu 15 times /day 15 times/day 15 times/day 15 times/day 15 times/day 5 times 5 times 5 times 15 times
Scrubbing by Surgeons 3 minutes 2 minute Zero Zero Zero Zero Zero Zero zero
3 /1 5 /1 3
30 30
The concept of man’s Khilafah (vicegerency/caliphate) provides the operational framework for the Islamic scheme of life. This vicegerency is declared before the creation of the first human being:
3 /1 5 /1 3
31 31
“And (remember) when your Lord said to the angels: “Verily, I am going to place (mankind) generations after generations on earth.” They said: “Will You place therein those who will make mischief therein and shed blood, while we glorify You with praises and thanks and sanctify You.” He (Allah) said: “I know that which you do not know.”
Surah 2. Al- Baqarah:30
3 /1 5 /1 3
32 32
“It is He Who has made you (His) vicegerents, inheritors of the earth: He has raised you in ranks, some above others: that He may try you in the gifts He has given you: for your Lord is quick in punishment: yet He is indeed Oftforgiving, Most Merciful.”
3 /1 5 /1 3
Surah 6. Al- An’am:165
33 33
“We have honored the sons of Adam; provided them with transport on land and sea; given them for sustenance things good and pure; and conferred on them special favors above a great part of Our Creation.”
Surah 17. Al-Isra :70
3 /1 5 /1 3
34 34
SANITATION
Basic sanitation is described as having access to facilities for the safe disposal of human waste (feces and urine), as well as having the ability to maintain hygienic conditions, through services such as garbage collection, industrial/hazardous waste management, and wastewater treatment and disposal.
3 /1 5 /1 3
35 35
The health hazards of improper excreta disposal are:
1.
Soil Pollution Water Pollution Contamination of foods Propagation of diseases due to flies/mosquito etc.
2.
3.
4.
3 /1 5 /1 3
36 36
Diseases resulting from contamination are : Typhoid and paratyphoid fever. Diarrheas and Dysenteries. Cholera. Hook worm and other intestinal parasitic diseases. Viral hepatitis Poliomyelitis and other viral infections
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
3 /1 5 /1 3
37 37
Sanitation and hygiene are critical to health, survival, and development. A significant amount of disease could be prevented through better access to adequate sanitation facilities and better hygiene practices. Improved sanitation facilities (for example, toilets and latrines) allow people to dispose of their waste appropriately, which helps break the infection cycle of many diseases.
3 /1 5 /1 3
38 38
Methods of Excreta Disposal
1.
Cat-hole Latrine Straddle Trench Latrine Sanitary Pit privy Bored-hole Latrine Water-sealed Latrine Pail System
2.
3.
4.
5. 6.
3 /1 5 /1 3
39 39
Cat-hole Latrine
•
Simplest method A small hole is excavated using any suitable implement Not used as regular excreta disposal facility
•
•
3 /1 5 /1 3
40 40
STRADDLE TRENCH LATRINE
•
A trench is dug to a depth of about 2 feet. An improvised shovel is used to cover the excrement after each defecation. When the trench is filled to within 6 inches from the top, the content is sprayed with oil 3 /1 and covered with 5 /1 3 soil and
•
•
41 41
Sanitary Pit privy
•
A pit is dug to a depth of 4 – 6 feet. A floor cover at the top of the pit is provided together with a riser, seat and selfclosing lid all made in as fly tight as 3 possible. /1 A vent is
•
5 /1 • 3
42 42
Bored-hole Latrine
•
Deep holes bored into the earth with mechanical or manual earthboring equipment. The hole is provided at the top with a cover.
•
Foot rest are sometimes 3 1 provided to 5/ /1 3 facilitate
•
43 43
WATER SEALED LATRINE
A pit privy modified to include a bowl made of durable material, with a P or S shaped trap which forms a water seal when water is added. Water is used for cleaning and about 2-3 liters of water is used for flushing the content.
3 /1 5 /1 3
44 44
Pail System
•
Also known as Box and Can Privy or Bucket Latrine Regular removal and disposal of waste in a sanitary manner.
•
Burial of contents at least 12 inches from the ground, to prevent access 3 /1 to flies or 5 /1 3 escape of adult
•
45 45
Solid waste management
is a well-bred terminology that refers to garbage or trash management.
3 /1 5 /1 3
46 46
Solid Wastes include
•Garbage •Rubbish
(food wastes)
throw
( paper, plastics, wood, metal, away containers, glass).
•
Demolition products (bricks, masonry, pipes). Sewage treatment residue (sludge and solids from the coarse screening of domestic sewage). manure, other
47 47
•
5 /1 3
Dead animals, discarded materials 13 /
•
Home Refuse Disposal Methods
•
Composting - Method of combined disposal of refuse and night soil. It is a process of nature where organic matter breaks down under bacterial action resulting in formation of relatively stable humus (organic
substance that provides nutrients for plants and increases the ability of soil to retain water).
Burning - Involves open burning in the ground or drum. Prohibited because 3 1 burning household waste release 5/ /1 3 toxic substance known as dioxins
•
48 48
Collection of community solid wastes
STORAGE GARBAGES FOR COLLECTION:
1.
BIODEGRADABLE NONBIODEGRADABLE RECYCLABLE
1.
1.
3 /1 5 /1 3
49 49
Incineration - is a waste treatment process that involves the combustion of organic substances contained in waste materials Advantages:
-
Refuse is disposed off hygienically Preferred method for hospital refuse
-
Disadvantages:
-
5 /1 3 Expensive
3 Produces toxic gases /1
50 50
Community Water Systems and Water Safety Plans Human health and well-being are strongly affected by the environment in which we live — the air we breathe, the water we drink, and the food and nutrients we eat. Community water systems and water safety plans are important ways to ensure the health of the community
3 /1 5 /1 3
51 51
The objectives of a water safety plan are to ensure safe drinking water through good water supply practices, which include: Preventing contamination of source waters; Treating the water to reduce or remove contamination that could be present to the extent necessary to meet the water quality targets; and Preventing re-contamination during storage, distribution, and handling of 3 drinking water.
1.
2.
3.
1 5/ 1 3/
52 52
Workshop II Steps in planning to formulate community driven approaches to lessen/eliminate water borne and sanitation related diseases Step 1 – Community Entry Step 2 – Problem Identification - Health problems in our community Step 3 – Problem Analysis - Mapping water and sanitation in our community - Good and bad hygiene behaviors
3 /1 5 /1 3
Investigating community practices
53 53
Step 4 – Identification of Solutions - Blocking the spread of disease - Selecting the barriers - Choosing water improvements - Choosing sanitation improvements - Choosing improved hygiene behaviors Step 5 – Planning For Implementation and Change - Tasks of men and women in the community - Selecting beneficiaries - Developing a community action plan
3 /1 Identifying 5 /1 3
what might go wrong
54 54
I wish you all good health, truth, happiness, and peace in religion, in this world and the Hereafter. May Allah bless everybody for giving her time in seeking knowledge and insha ALLAH will make use of it on her family, household and community.
3 /1 5 /1 3
JAZAK ALLAH KHAYRAN KATHEERAN
55 55
k lic C to ed M it a s er st u it bt le l ty s e
3 /1 5 /1 3
Nazneen Bint Abubakar, R.N. November 12, 2011 11
Objectives: To enhance participants’ knowledge on Islam’s guidelines on Health, Hygiene and Sanitation.
1.
2. To help the participants formulate community driven approaches lessen/eliminate water borne and sanitation related diseases.
3 /1 5 /1 3
to
22
Workshop I Answer the following: What is Health? What is Health in Islam? Give ways on how to maintain 3 Health? /1 5
1.
1.
1.
1 3/
33
What is Health?
“Health is a state of complete physical, mental, social and spiritual well being and not merely an absence of any disease or infirmity”
3 /1 5 /1 3
44
O you who have believed, fear Allah . And let every soul look to what it has put forth for tomorrow - and fear Allah . Indeed, Allah is Acquainted with what you do.
3 /1 5 /1 3
Surah 59.Al- Hashr:18 55
And be not as those who forgot Allah (that is become disobedient to Allah), and He caused them to forget their ownselves,(let them to forget to do righteous deeds). Those are the Fasiqun (rebellious, disobedient to ALLAH).” 3
1 5/ 1 3/
66
A Muslim’s quest for good health is in conformity with his salvation in the life hereafter, as much as for the enjoyment of life in this world.
3 /1 5 /1 3
Our body is a given by ALLAH as a Trust
77
Take advantage of five matters before HADIT five other matters: H: 1. your youth, before you become old 2. your health, before you fall sick 3. your WEALTH, before you become poor 4. your free time, before you become busy 5. your life, before your death
3 /1 5 /1 3
88
Health is a blessing, sickness is an examination/expiation. It is necessary to praise Allah for the blessings, and to show endurance during examinations.
3 /1 5 /1 3
99
Spiritual care of the Body: 1. Faith (iman) - belief 2. Prayer (salat) – with supplication (including ablution/wudu) 3. Fasting (sawm) 4. Charity with poor-due (zakat) 5. Pilgrimage (hajj)
3 /1 5 /1 3
10 10
Physical Care of the Body:
1. Nutrition
a. Eating what is
3 /1 5 /1 3
11 11
"Eat of the things which Allah has provided for you, lawful and good, but fear Allah in Whom you believe."
( Surah 5. Al- Ma’idah:88)
3 /1 5 /1 3
12 12
b. Moderation of the lawful
O children of Adam, take your adornment at every masjid, and eat and drink, but be not excessive. Indeed, He likes not those who commit excess.
(Surah 7. Al- A’raf:3 1)
3 /1 5 /1 3
13 13
“Eat of the good things we have provided for your sustenance, but commit no excess therein, lest my wrath should justly descend on you, and those whom descends my wrath do perish indeed"
(Surah 20. Ta- Ha :81)
3 /1 5 /1 3
14 14
“No human ever filled a vessel worse than the stomach. Sufficient for any son of Adam are some morsels to keep his back straight. But if it must be, then one third for his food, one third for his drink and one third for his breath.”
[Ahmad, At-Tirmidhi, An-Nasaa'I, Ibn Majah]
3 /1 5 /1 3
15 15
2. Exercise Although we do not find much in the Qur’an about specific exercises, the Prophet's s.a.w life provides ample recommendations. He advised Muslims to teach their children swimming, archery and horse backriding. He, himself used to walk at a fast pace and on two occasions at least, even raced with his wife, Aisha r.a.
3 /1 5 /1 3
16 16
3. Cleanliness
Do not stand [for prayer] within it ever. A mosque founded on righteousness from the first day is more worthy for you to stand in. Within it are men who love to purify themselves; and 3 Allah loves those who purify /1 5 1 3/ themselves.
17 17
HADITH: “Cleanliness is half of faith”
- Muslim
“The key to Paradise is prayer and the key to prayer is purification
- Tirmidhi
3 /1 5 /1 3
18 18
Since being pure is connected with Paradise Important to know… What things makes us impure How to properly clean ourselves When to properly clean ourselves Medical Benefits of remaining pure
19 19
•
•
•
•
3 /1 5 /1 3
IMPURITIES:
Blood Feces (Human/ Animals) Urine Flatus Vomitus Pigs/ Dogs Dead Animals Wine/ Alcohol and other intoxicants Madhy – prostatic fluid
3 Wadhy – thick fluid coming out after /1 5 /1 urination 3
20 20
Our bodies are teaming with germs: 90 trillion inside and outside our bodies 100,000 species of bacteria and fungi call us their home planet Our teeth contain 500 cell thick layer of bacteria
•
•
•
3 /1 5 /1 3
21 21
Hygiene
-
proper caring of your body by keeping it clean and healthy while allowing you to look and feel your best. entails bathing regularly, keeping your hair clean, trimming fingernails and toenails, brushing your teeth and using deodorant. And can enhance 3 /1 your self-confidence and improve 22 5 /1
22
-
3
Miswak – Twig of a special tree used to clean teeth. It is the practice of the Prophet s.a.w. and recommended its usage:
ü ü ü ü ü ü
Upon waking up Before sleeping Before and after eating Upon entering home Before reading Qur’an Before wudhu
3 /1 5 /1 3
23 23
HADITH: Abu Hurayrah (RA), who reported that the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) said: “Were it not for the fact that I did not want to make things too hard for my ummah, I would have commanded them to use the siwaak at every time of prayer.”
Al-Bukhari and Muslim
3 /1 5 /1 3
24 24
SIGNIFICANCE OF MISWAK
§
Miswak is more effective than tooth brushing for reducing plaque and gingivitis…’
§
Anti-Addiction effect on smokers Positive effect on Immunity The World Health Organization recommended the use of miswak in 1986 $1 Miswak Industry Vs. $20 Billion Dental
§
§
§
§
3 /1 5 /1 3
Miswak is environment friendly
25 25
HANDS AND ARMS
Hand washing is the single most important means of preventing the spread of infection.
3 /1 5 /1 3
26 26
Islam commanded washing of hands 1400 years ago! Hand Washing in Islam Arm Washing in Islam
- After waking from sleep -15 x / day washing each arm - After toilet use up to the elbow Before and after @ meal - no spot should remain dry 15x/ day during ablution
3 /1 5 /1 3
27 27
Armpit (axilla) and pubic (private
parts regions):
moisture buildup Bacteria infested Infection prone Body odour
Solution:
Shave pubic and armpit hairs Wash & clean these areas frequently
3 /1 5 /1 3
and properly
28 28
Wash in and around and nail beds 5
times a day during ablution for prayer. Long nail are discouraged Finger and toe nails should be cut often after 7 days but not exceeding 40 days.
3 /1 5 /1 3
29 29
Wudhu vs. Scrubbing before surgery
Body Part Hands Arms Face Mouth Nose Hair Ears Neck Feet
Wudhu 15 times /day 15 times/day 15 times/day 15 times/day 15 times/day 5 times 5 times 5 times 15 times
Scrubbing by Surgeons 3 minutes 2 minute Zero Zero Zero Zero Zero Zero zero
3 /1 5 /1 3
30 30
The concept of man’s Khilafah (vicegerency/caliphate) provides the operational framework for the Islamic scheme of life. This vicegerency is declared before the creation of the first human being:
3 /1 5 /1 3
31 31
“And (remember) when your Lord said to the angels: “Verily, I am going to place (mankind) generations after generations on earth.” They said: “Will You place therein those who will make mischief therein and shed blood, while we glorify You with praises and thanks and sanctify You.” He (Allah) said: “I know that which you do not know.”
Surah 2. Al- Baqarah:30
3 /1 5 /1 3
32 32
“It is He Who has made you (His) vicegerents, inheritors of the earth: He has raised you in ranks, some above others: that He may try you in the gifts He has given you: for your Lord is quick in punishment: yet He is indeed Oftforgiving, Most Merciful.”
3 /1 5 /1 3
Surah 6. Al- An’am:165
33 33
“We have honored the sons of Adam; provided them with transport on land and sea; given them for sustenance things good and pure; and conferred on them special favors above a great part of Our Creation.”
Surah 17. Al-Isra :70
3 /1 5 /1 3
34 34
SANITATION
Basic sanitation is described as having access to facilities for the safe disposal of human waste (feces and urine), as well as having the ability to maintain hygienic conditions, through services such as garbage collection, industrial/hazardous waste management, and wastewater treatment and disposal.
3 /1 5 /1 3
35 35
The health hazards of improper excreta disposal are:
1.
Soil Pollution Water Pollution Contamination of foods Propagation of diseases due to flies/mosquito etc.
2.
3.
4.
3 /1 5 /1 3
36 36
Diseases resulting from contamination are : Typhoid and paratyphoid fever. Diarrheas and Dysenteries. Cholera. Hook worm and other intestinal parasitic diseases. Viral hepatitis Poliomyelitis and other viral infections
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
3 /1 5 /1 3
37 37
Sanitation and hygiene are critical to health, survival, and development. A significant amount of disease could be prevented through better access to adequate sanitation facilities and better hygiene practices. Improved sanitation facilities (for example, toilets and latrines) allow people to dispose of their waste appropriately, which helps break the infection cycle of many diseases.
3 /1 5 /1 3
38 38
Methods of Excreta Disposal
1.
Cat-hole Latrine Straddle Trench Latrine Sanitary Pit privy Bored-hole Latrine Water-sealed Latrine Pail System
2.
3.
4.
5. 6.
3 /1 5 /1 3
39 39
Cat-hole Latrine
•
Simplest method A small hole is excavated using any suitable implement Not used as regular excreta disposal facility
•
•
3 /1 5 /1 3
40 40
STRADDLE TRENCH LATRINE
•
A trench is dug to a depth of about 2 feet. An improvised shovel is used to cover the excrement after each defecation. When the trench is filled to within 6 inches from the top, the content is sprayed with oil 3 /1 and covered with 5 /1 3 soil and
•
•
41 41
Sanitary Pit privy
•
A pit is dug to a depth of 4 – 6 feet. A floor cover at the top of the pit is provided together with a riser, seat and selfclosing lid all made in as fly tight as 3 possible. /1 A vent is
•
5 /1 • 3
42 42
Bored-hole Latrine
•
Deep holes bored into the earth with mechanical or manual earthboring equipment. The hole is provided at the top with a cover.
•
Foot rest are sometimes 3 1 provided to 5/ /1 3 facilitate
•
43 43
WATER SEALED LATRINE
A pit privy modified to include a bowl made of durable material, with a P or S shaped trap which forms a water seal when water is added. Water is used for cleaning and about 2-3 liters of water is used for flushing the content.
3 /1 5 /1 3
44 44
Pail System
•
Also known as Box and Can Privy or Bucket Latrine Regular removal and disposal of waste in a sanitary manner.
•
Burial of contents at least 12 inches from the ground, to prevent access 3 /1 to flies or 5 /1 3 escape of adult
•
45 45
Solid waste management
is a well-bred terminology that refers to garbage or trash management.
3 /1 5 /1 3
46 46
Solid Wastes include
•Garbage •Rubbish
(food wastes)
throw
( paper, plastics, wood, metal, away containers, glass).
•
Demolition products (bricks, masonry, pipes). Sewage treatment residue (sludge and solids from the coarse screening of domestic sewage). manure, other
47 47
•
5 /1 3
Dead animals, discarded materials 13 /
•
Home Refuse Disposal Methods
•
Composting - Method of combined disposal of refuse and night soil. It is a process of nature where organic matter breaks down under bacterial action resulting in formation of relatively stable humus (organic
substance that provides nutrients for plants and increases the ability of soil to retain water).
Burning - Involves open burning in the ground or drum. Prohibited because 3 1 burning household waste release 5/ /1 3 toxic substance known as dioxins
•
48 48
Collection of community solid wastes
STORAGE GARBAGES FOR COLLECTION:
1.
BIODEGRADABLE NONBIODEGRADABLE RECYCLABLE
1.
1.
3 /1 5 /1 3
49 49
Incineration - is a waste treatment process that involves the combustion of organic substances contained in waste materials Advantages:
-
Refuse is disposed off hygienically Preferred method for hospital refuse
-
Disadvantages:
-
5 /1 3 Expensive
3 Produces toxic gases /1
50 50
Community Water Systems and Water Safety Plans Human health and well-being are strongly affected by the environment in which we live — the air we breathe, the water we drink, and the food and nutrients we eat. Community water systems and water safety plans are important ways to ensure the health of the community
3 /1 5 /1 3
51 51
The objectives of a water safety plan are to ensure safe drinking water through good water supply practices, which include: Preventing contamination of source waters; Treating the water to reduce or remove contamination that could be present to the extent necessary to meet the water quality targets; and Preventing re-contamination during storage, distribution, and handling of 3 drinking water.
1.
2.
3.
1 5/ 1 3/
52 52
Workshop II Steps in planning to formulate community driven approaches to lessen/eliminate water borne and sanitation related diseases Step 1 – Community Entry Step 2 – Problem Identification - Health problems in our community Step 3 – Problem Analysis - Mapping water and sanitation in our community - Good and bad hygiene behaviors
3 /1 5 /1 3
Investigating community practices
53 53
Step 4 – Identification of Solutions - Blocking the spread of disease - Selecting the barriers - Choosing water improvements - Choosing sanitation improvements - Choosing improved hygiene behaviors Step 5 – Planning For Implementation and Change - Tasks of men and women in the community - Selecting beneficiaries - Developing a community action plan
3 /1 Identifying 5 /1 3
what might go wrong
54 54
I wish you all good health, truth, happiness, and peace in religion, in this world and the Hereafter. May Allah bless everybody for giving her time in seeking knowledge and insha ALLAH will make use of it on her family, household and community.
3 /1 5 /1 3
JAZAK ALLAH KHAYRAN KATHEERAN
55 55
