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International Journal of Applied Science and Technology
Vol. 2 No. 7; August 2012
Development of Low Heat Treatment Furnace
1,2*
Ukoba, O. Kingsley; 1Anamu, U. Silas; 1Idowu, A. Samson; 1Oyegunwa, A. Oluwafemi;
3,4
Adgidzi, D (PhD), 5Ricketts, Raymond; 1Olunsule, S.O.O (PhD)
1
Engineering Materials Development Institute, Akure Nigeria
2
Federal University of Technology, Akure Nigeria
3
Agricultural Engineering dept., Federal University of Technology, Minna, Nigeria
4
UNIDO National Expert/Asst. Tech. Director
5
Federal University of Technology, Minna Nigeria
Abstract
This work centres on the development of a low heat treatment furnace in accordance to the International Electric
Equipment (IEE) regulations. The design closely revealed the parameters and the features needed such as: the
casing design, the insulating system, the heating system, the electrotechnicals and the safety/ control system.
Invoking the IEE regulations enabled a pragmatic method of design, materials selection and calculations for the
construction of the furnace that matches the international standard. The final result gave a maximum temperature
reading of 8800C in the furnace heating zone and 210C temperature reading at the surface of the external casing
after a period of 90minutes. The result obtained makes it possible to heat treat both ferrous, non-ferrous metals
and their alloys in other to alter their microstructure and to enhance their properties for needed application in
service with maximum safety and precaution in place.
Keyword: heat, furnace, low, ferrous, non-ferrous, IEE
1.0 Introduction
The heat treatment furnace is a heating chamber that is a refractory or lagged enclosure, which contains the charge
and retains heat that should be measurable as well as controllable (Rajan et.al., 1988)
According to the literature given by International Electric Equipment (IEE) regulations, basic standard parameter
for the construction and design of a furnace comprises the following: the casing design, the insulating system, the
electrotechnicals, and the safety/ controls system.
1.1 Aim: The aim of the work is to develop a low heat furnace capable of heat treating ferrous, non –ferrous and
their alloys.
1.2 Motivation: The main motivation for the work is to make available low heat furnace that can be used to heat
treat ferrous, non-ferrous and their alloy with ease with high degree of safety and affordable cost and with
little or no skilled-personnel maintenance.
1.3 Previous works: Alot of work have been done in the area of heat treatment furnace. Recent among them is
Ojiegbe, K. k. (2005) where he looked at the Design and Construction of a Diesel- Fired Heat Treatment
Furnace. Also, Anamu, 2007 also looked at the refurbishment of a muffle furnace for tertiary institution
laboratory use. Andrew Gascoign, 2011 wrote extensively on how to build a home heat treatment furnace.
He enumerated the various step of doing-it-yourself for heat treatment furnace from home. His work is
mainly for a furnace that can be used at home. In the light of this, we set out to develop a low heat treatment
furnace that can be use for heat treating ferrous, non-ferrous and their alloys.
2.0 Methodology and Materials Selection
2.1 Design Considerations and Calculations
Owing to the fact that the normal temperature of the human body ranges from 350C to 430C (Okeke et al., 1989),
any temperature value obtained at the outer casing above such range will be harmful to man.
188
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www.ijastnet.com
Hence, to curb the possible effect of burnt as a result of temperature value above the said range of temperature; a
design calculation is carried out taking some assumptions and constants into consideration to achieve a
temperature of less than 350C at the outer casing. This will equally enable the safety of charging and unloading of
the specimen with ease. This implies that the consideration starts from what is needed to how it can be achieved.
It is assumed that the maximum temperature attainable in an ideal case is 12000C, but due to heat losses incurred,
assumption is made such that 9500C is reached in 1hour.
2.1.1
Quantity of Heat From Source
The heat source is generated from the industrial heating element which is assumed to take a period of 1hour to
attain its maximum loading capacity. This is supported by the Joule- Lenz’s law.
=
Where;
E=electrical energy
I=current flowing in the circuit
R=resistance to flow in the circuit
t= time- taken for maximum heating
But from Ohm’s law;
=
V=voltage across the circuit
Hence,
(Okeke et al., 1989)
=
Given that;
V=240volts
R=1.85Ω
t=3600secs
×
=
.
= 112,320,287.6J
But, rate of heat flow; =
Then;
,,.
=
= 31,200.0799J/s
2.2 Design Assumptions and Constants
Convective coefficient of air (hair) = 500W/m2k
Door efficiency (£) = 1(assumed)
Heating time (t) = 1hour
Resistance in the circuit (R) = 1.85Ω
Thermal conductivity of the brick (Kb) = 1.28W/mk
Voltage across the circuit (V) = 240volts
(Rajput, 1999)
(Mark’s Handbook)
2.2.1 TEMPERATURE OF BRICK WALL (Tb) Heat transfer from the furnace air to the brick wall is by
convection. Hence, utilizing the Newton’s law of cooling;
= ℎ !
" − "$
Where:
A=total surface area of the brick
= 0.17864m2
31,200.0799 = 500x0.17864 (950-"$ )
"$ = 600.220C
2.2.2 TEMPERATURE OF INTERNAL WALL CASING (Ti) The heat transfer from the brick wall to the internal
wall casing is by conduction, and it utilizes the Fourier’s law:
*+
That is; = )$ ! *,
)$ !
"$ − " /./
Where;
189
International Journal of Applied Science and Technology
Vol. 2 No. 7; August 2012
A= total surface area of the casing, having a cube configuration, with side, L= 308mm
! = 60
! = 6 ×
308 = 0.569184m2
dx= thickness of the brick
= 100mm or 0.01m
31,200.0799= 1.28 X 0.569184(600.22-Ti)/0.01
" = 171.970C
2.2.3 TEMPERATURE OF AIR SPACE (Ts); BETWEEN THE INTERNAL AND THE EXTERNAL CASING the
heat transfer in the air space environment from the internal wall casing is due to convection. Newton’s law is still
invoked.
= ℎ !
" − "3
Where;
A= Difference in the area between the external and the internal wall casing.
The external wall casing can be computed thus;
Aext(area of the external casing) = (420x500) + 2(450x500) + 2(420x450) + (420x500x£)
= 1,248,000mm2
= 1.248m2
For the internal casing;
Aint(area of the internal casing) = 0.569184m2
Hence,
! = !4, − ! 5
= 1.248 – 0.569184
= 0.678816m2
31,200.0799= 500 X 0.678816(171.97 - Ts)
Ts= 800C
2.2.4 TEMPERATURE OF EXTERNAL CASING (TE) The heat transfer from the air space to the external wall
casing of the furnace is basically by convection, and can be expressed by invoking the Newton’s law of cooling.
= ℎ !
"3 − "
Where;
A= total surface area of the external casing which takes a rectangular configuration.
= 1.2480m2
31200.0799= 500 X 1.2480(80 - TE)
TE= 300C
2.2.5 THE VOLUME OF EXTERNAL CASING The external volume houses the entire furnace system and
conforms to a rectangular box. It is calculated following the expected temperature at its surface (TE= 300C)
6789: = 0 × ; × <
=420x450x500
=94,500,000mm3=0.0945m3
2.3 Design Considerations and Materials
The considerations contained in this work are based on the logical necessity of furnace parameters as
recommended by the IEE regulations. It is aimed at meeting the desired standard as expected for an electrical
heated furnace.
2.3.1
The Furnace Casing Design
The Internal and External Casing
Description: It comprises both the internal and external casing. The internal casing serves as support for the
refractory box. It must be rigidly constructed to accommodate the weight of the bricks. Whereas the external
casing (as one of the construction consideration incorporated in this design), houses the entire furnace system,
with the charging door and electrotechnicals attached to it.
190
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www.ijastnet.com
With the introduction of the external casing in the new design, the temperature around the walls of the casing falls
so that one can freely touch the furnace without being exposed to danger of high temperature or burnt.
Materials: Flat sheet of mild steel 1.5mm thickness was selected for it appreciable ductility, strength and
toughness that supports its formability.
Tools and equipment used: Marking out tools (scribers, dividers, pencils), measuring tools (steel rule, tri-square),
punch, sledge hammer, hand file, emery paper, anvil, bending machine, carbon electrodes and welding machine.
Procedure: for the construction of the external casing (figure), measuring tools were used to measure two of
500mm x 450mm plates for the sides of the furnace.
Another two of 450mm x420mm was also cut using the power hacksaw for top and base parts of the casing. Also,
a 500mm x 420mm sheet was cut and used for the back covering of the casing. The edges of the sheets were bent
using the bending machine. Flat hole was made on the top of the cover through the internal casing to the furnaceheating environment (breather hole) for the exit of gases from the furnace using punch and sledge hammer.
2.3.2
The Charging Door
Description: The construction of the charging door was designed to open in the upward and closed in the
downward direction. The essence of this design is to reduce the charging and unloading time so that heat loss
during it operation is reduced.
Materials: Flat sheet of mild steel 1.5mm thickness.
Tools and equipment used: Marking out tools, power hacksaw, measuring tools, welding machine, carbon
electrodes, bending machine, sledge hammer, hand file, emery paper, anvil and chisel.
Procedure: Measuring tools were used to mark out 500mm x 420mm on the full sheet sample (figure), power
hacksaw was used to cut the sheet to dimension. The edges were bent at an angle, from top to base using a
bending machine (50, measured from base).
More so, 420mm x 200mm sheet was marked and cut using measuring tools and hacksaw respectively. Hole was
made on the sheet using chisel (flat face chisel) to position the temperature controller and two other round holes
were made to position both the light indicator and the main switch.
2.3.3 The Electrotechnicals
2.3.3.1 Temperature Controller
Description: Hence, after considerable research and for economic reason, a temperature controller that could read
a maximum of 12000C was provided since it is closed to the expected maximum temperature of 8100C. It is
positioned on the 420mm x 200mm metal sheet below the charging door where it safety is ensured.
2.3.3.1 Main Switch and Light Indicator
Description: The main switch and light indicator are also part of the electrotechnicals. The main switch and light
indicator are also part of the electrotechnicals. The main switch controls the power source input as it allows
electric power to flow into the circuit when switched-on and prevents the inflow when switched-off. The light
indicator signals the furnace operator if electrical energy flows uninterruptedly into the heating element. When the
light is on, it signals continuity in the circuit but if the light is off, it signals discontinuity. They are positioned on
the 420mm x 200mm metal sheet just below the charging door where the temperature is very minimal and fusing
or damage is prevented during operation.
Materials: The electrical- carrying light/current are made of thermosetting materials so that they do not fuse or
damage easily, and are placed on the outer casing.
2.4 Method of Assembly /Fabrication
After the successful completion of the construction processes, such as the furnace casing, which comprise the
outer casing and the charging door, introduction of the electrotechnicals namely; temperature controller, the main
switch and the light indicator, and taking into consideration the required suitable engineering materials, all parts
are assembled together as shown in figure 2.
191
International Journal of Applied Science and Technology
Vol. 2 No. 7; August 2012
The assembly is made possible with the use of arc welding, boring and screwing with the use of appropriate tools.
Electrical parts are also joined and insulated with tape to prevent shocks or discontinuity in the circuit.
Fig 1: the modelled furnace
Fig 2: The completed furnace
S/N
1
PART
External casing
2
Base support (Angle
iron)
3
Cylindrical rod
4
Charging door and base
PROPERTIES DESIRED
MECHANICAL
OTHERS
(a) High tensile
(a) Availability
strength
(b) Ease of
(b) Toughness
fabrication
(c) Cheap
(a) High tensile
(a) Availability
strength
(b) Good
(b) High hardness weldability
(c) Heat resistant
(c) Cost
(a) High
(a Good
thermal strength weldability
(b) High tensile
(b) Cheap and
strength
availability
(a) High tensile
(a) Ease of
fabrication
strength
(b) Good
(b) Cheap and
toughness
availability
(c) high thermal
strength
MATERIALS
USED
Mild steel
SPECIFICATION
1.5mm(thickness)
Mild steel
2mm(thickness)
Mild steel
Mild steel
1.5mm(Thickness)
Table 2: Summary of Materials Selection and Specification
2.5 Performance Evaluation
2.5.1 Maximum Attainable Temperature With the aid of optical pyrometer, the initial maximum temperature
attained was 9050C, but with subsequent operations, average maximum attainable temperature is given as 8800C.
2.5.2 Temperature Fluctuations The overall temperature of the furnace heating environment varied between
8500C and 8800C, whereas the temperature at the casing varies between 230C and 270C. Measurements were
repeated five times as a standard with scientific practical equipment testing (Aluko, 2004).
192
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2.5.3 Time to Attain Maximum Temperature Although, theoretical expectation for achieving the temperature
of 8800C was supposed to be 60minutes, it actually takes about 83minutes to attain the temperature of 8800C.
2.5.4 Possible Heat Treatment Applications Since the maximum attainable temperature is 8800C. Comparing
this with some certain heat treatment operations and their relative process temperature, it will be possible to carry
out the following heat treatment processes: Annealing, normalizing, tempering, quenching, certain hardening
processes`.
2.6
Operation Procedure The operation procedures of the furnace involve placing the material to be heated in
the furnace after which the door of the furnace should be close. Thereafter, switch on the furnace from the mains.
Then, turn the knob of the temperature controller to the desired heat treatment temperature. After attaining the
temperature and holding for a reasonable time, switch off the furnace before removing the sample from the
furnace
Fig.3: Circuit diagram for ON-OFF Automatic Temperature Controller.
L
N
P
T/C
L/I
Fig 4: circuit diagram for the electrical connection
Where:
N = Negative
L= Life
P = Main switch
L/I = Light indicator
T/C = Temperature controller
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International Journal of Applied Science and Technology
Vol. 2 No. 7; August 2012
3. Conclusion
The Furnace was specifically designed for controlled heating of element/material of temperature range of 1500
but it can equally be adapted for use in other heating operations of same temperature range. The result obtained
makes it possible to heat treat both ferrous, non-ferrous metals and their alloys in other to alter their
microstructure and to enhance their properties for needed application in service with maximum safety and
precaution in place.
4.0 Acknowledgement
Authors wish to acknowledge works that were used and subsequently cited. Also, we appreciate the effort of
everyone that contributed to this work too numerous to mention.
5.0
References
Adikwamduaba, R. (2003): Lecture Note on Foundry Technology and Practice, Federal Polytechnic Nekede,
Owerri, Nigeria. Unpublished.
Aluko, F.O. (2004): “The Effect of Heat Treatment on the Corrosion Properties of Grey Cast Iron on Paper
Making Industries” NJEM, vol. 5, No 1. Pp 31 – 33.
Andrew, G. (2011). A home built heat treatment furnace. [Online] Available: http://www. bbuk.net (2011)
Chesti, A. R. (1986): Refractories Manufacture, Properties and Application Prentice – Hall of India, New-Delhi.
Pp 1-4, 55-67, 99-102.
Gallenkamp International (1990): Handbill on Scientific and Laboratory Equipment. Gerbhat, B. (1961): Heat
Transmission, McGraw – Hill Book Company Inc. New York, USA. Pp 1-8, 123-166.
Hurschust (1962): Introduction Metallurgy, John Wiley and Sons Publishers. New York, USA. Pp 50-70
International Electric Equipment (IEE) Regulation (1994): European Economic Area, Oporto.
Krivandin, V.A. and Markov B.L. (1980): Metallurgical Furnaces. Mir Publisher, Moscow. Pp 213-215, 442-446.
Mark’s Mechanical Engineering Handbook (1961): McGraw-Hill Book Company Incorporation. New York,
USA. Pp 7-82.
Ojiegbe, K. k. (2005): The Design and Construction of a Diesel- Fired Heat Treatment Furnace. A Final Year
Project, Federal University of Technology, Akure. Pp 40-52, 55-63.
Okeke, P.N. and Anyakoha, M. W. (1989): Senior Secondary Physics. MacMillan Education Limited, Lagos. Pp
42-47.
Parker, M. N. (1997): Heat Transmission McGraw-Hill Book Company Incorporation. New York, USA. Pp 1-8,
129-166.
Rajan, T. V., Sharma, C. P. and Ashok Sharma (1988): Heat Treatment Principles and Techniques, Pergamon
Press. Pp 201-220.
194
Vol. 2 No. 7; August 2012
Development of Low Heat Treatment Furnace
1,2*
Ukoba, O. Kingsley; 1Anamu, U. Silas; 1Idowu, A. Samson; 1Oyegunwa, A. Oluwafemi;
3,4
Adgidzi, D (PhD), 5Ricketts, Raymond; 1Olunsule, S.O.O (PhD)
1
Engineering Materials Development Institute, Akure Nigeria
2
Federal University of Technology, Akure Nigeria
3
Agricultural Engineering dept., Federal University of Technology, Minna, Nigeria
4
UNIDO National Expert/Asst. Tech. Director
5
Federal University of Technology, Minna Nigeria
Abstract
This work centres on the development of a low heat treatment furnace in accordance to the International Electric
Equipment (IEE) regulations. The design closely revealed the parameters and the features needed such as: the
casing design, the insulating system, the heating system, the electrotechnicals and the safety/ control system.
Invoking the IEE regulations enabled a pragmatic method of design, materials selection and calculations for the
construction of the furnace that matches the international standard. The final result gave a maximum temperature
reading of 8800C in the furnace heating zone and 210C temperature reading at the surface of the external casing
after a period of 90minutes. The result obtained makes it possible to heat treat both ferrous, non-ferrous metals
and their alloys in other to alter their microstructure and to enhance their properties for needed application in
service with maximum safety and precaution in place.
Keyword: heat, furnace, low, ferrous, non-ferrous, IEE
1.0 Introduction
The heat treatment furnace is a heating chamber that is a refractory or lagged enclosure, which contains the charge
and retains heat that should be measurable as well as controllable (Rajan et.al., 1988)
According to the literature given by International Electric Equipment (IEE) regulations, basic standard parameter
for the construction and design of a furnace comprises the following: the casing design, the insulating system, the
electrotechnicals, and the safety/ controls system.
1.1 Aim: The aim of the work is to develop a low heat furnace capable of heat treating ferrous, non –ferrous and
their alloys.
1.2 Motivation: The main motivation for the work is to make available low heat furnace that can be used to heat
treat ferrous, non-ferrous and their alloy with ease with high degree of safety and affordable cost and with
little or no skilled-personnel maintenance.
1.3 Previous works: Alot of work have been done in the area of heat treatment furnace. Recent among them is
Ojiegbe, K. k. (2005) where he looked at the Design and Construction of a Diesel- Fired Heat Treatment
Furnace. Also, Anamu, 2007 also looked at the refurbishment of a muffle furnace for tertiary institution
laboratory use. Andrew Gascoign, 2011 wrote extensively on how to build a home heat treatment furnace.
He enumerated the various step of doing-it-yourself for heat treatment furnace from home. His work is
mainly for a furnace that can be used at home. In the light of this, we set out to develop a low heat treatment
furnace that can be use for heat treating ferrous, non-ferrous and their alloys.
2.0 Methodology and Materials Selection
2.1 Design Considerations and Calculations
Owing to the fact that the normal temperature of the human body ranges from 350C to 430C (Okeke et al., 1989),
any temperature value obtained at the outer casing above such range will be harmful to man.
188
© Centre for Promoting Ideas, USA
www.ijastnet.com
Hence, to curb the possible effect of burnt as a result of temperature value above the said range of temperature; a
design calculation is carried out taking some assumptions and constants into consideration to achieve a
temperature of less than 350C at the outer casing. This will equally enable the safety of charging and unloading of
the specimen with ease. This implies that the consideration starts from what is needed to how it can be achieved.
It is assumed that the maximum temperature attainable in an ideal case is 12000C, but due to heat losses incurred,
assumption is made such that 9500C is reached in 1hour.
2.1.1
Quantity of Heat From Source
The heat source is generated from the industrial heating element which is assumed to take a period of 1hour to
attain its maximum loading capacity. This is supported by the Joule- Lenz’s law.
=
Where;
E=electrical energy
I=current flowing in the circuit
R=resistance to flow in the circuit
t= time- taken for maximum heating
But from Ohm’s law;
=
V=voltage across the circuit
Hence,
(Okeke et al., 1989)
=
Given that;
V=240volts
R=1.85Ω
t=3600secs
×
=
.
= 112,320,287.6J
But, rate of heat flow; =
Then;
,,.
=
= 31,200.0799J/s
2.2 Design Assumptions and Constants
Convective coefficient of air (hair) = 500W/m2k
Door efficiency (£) = 1(assumed)
Heating time (t) = 1hour
Resistance in the circuit (R) = 1.85Ω
Thermal conductivity of the brick (Kb) = 1.28W/mk
Voltage across the circuit (V) = 240volts
(Rajput, 1999)
(Mark’s Handbook)
2.2.1 TEMPERATURE OF BRICK WALL (Tb) Heat transfer from the furnace air to the brick wall is by
convection. Hence, utilizing the Newton’s law of cooling;
= ℎ !
" − "$
Where:
A=total surface area of the brick
= 0.17864m2
31,200.0799 = 500x0.17864 (950-"$ )
"$ = 600.220C
2.2.2 TEMPERATURE OF INTERNAL WALL CASING (Ti) The heat transfer from the brick wall to the internal
wall casing is by conduction, and it utilizes the Fourier’s law:
*+
That is; = )$ ! *,
)$ !
"$ − " /./
Where;
189
International Journal of Applied Science and Technology
Vol. 2 No. 7; August 2012
A= total surface area of the casing, having a cube configuration, with side, L= 308mm
! = 60
! = 6 ×
308 = 0.569184m2
dx= thickness of the brick
= 100mm or 0.01m
31,200.0799= 1.28 X 0.569184(600.22-Ti)/0.01
" = 171.970C
2.2.3 TEMPERATURE OF AIR SPACE (Ts); BETWEEN THE INTERNAL AND THE EXTERNAL CASING the
heat transfer in the air space environment from the internal wall casing is due to convection. Newton’s law is still
invoked.
= ℎ !
" − "3
Where;
A= Difference in the area between the external and the internal wall casing.
The external wall casing can be computed thus;
Aext(area of the external casing) = (420x500) + 2(450x500) + 2(420x450) + (420x500x£)
= 1,248,000mm2
= 1.248m2
For the internal casing;
Aint(area of the internal casing) = 0.569184m2
Hence,
! = !4, − ! 5
= 1.248 – 0.569184
= 0.678816m2
31,200.0799= 500 X 0.678816(171.97 - Ts)
Ts= 800C
2.2.4 TEMPERATURE OF EXTERNAL CASING (TE) The heat transfer from the air space to the external wall
casing of the furnace is basically by convection, and can be expressed by invoking the Newton’s law of cooling.
= ℎ !
"3 − "
Where;
A= total surface area of the external casing which takes a rectangular configuration.
= 1.2480m2
31200.0799= 500 X 1.2480(80 - TE)
TE= 300C
2.2.5 THE VOLUME OF EXTERNAL CASING The external volume houses the entire furnace system and
conforms to a rectangular box. It is calculated following the expected temperature at its surface (TE= 300C)
6789: = 0 × ; × <
=420x450x500
=94,500,000mm3=0.0945m3
2.3 Design Considerations and Materials
The considerations contained in this work are based on the logical necessity of furnace parameters as
recommended by the IEE regulations. It is aimed at meeting the desired standard as expected for an electrical
heated furnace.
2.3.1
The Furnace Casing Design
The Internal and External Casing
Description: It comprises both the internal and external casing. The internal casing serves as support for the
refractory box. It must be rigidly constructed to accommodate the weight of the bricks. Whereas the external
casing (as one of the construction consideration incorporated in this design), houses the entire furnace system,
with the charging door and electrotechnicals attached to it.
190
© Centre for Promoting Ideas, USA
www.ijastnet.com
With the introduction of the external casing in the new design, the temperature around the walls of the casing falls
so that one can freely touch the furnace without being exposed to danger of high temperature or burnt.
Materials: Flat sheet of mild steel 1.5mm thickness was selected for it appreciable ductility, strength and
toughness that supports its formability.
Tools and equipment used: Marking out tools (scribers, dividers, pencils), measuring tools (steel rule, tri-square),
punch, sledge hammer, hand file, emery paper, anvil, bending machine, carbon electrodes and welding machine.
Procedure: for the construction of the external casing (figure), measuring tools were used to measure two of
500mm x 450mm plates for the sides of the furnace.
Another two of 450mm x420mm was also cut using the power hacksaw for top and base parts of the casing. Also,
a 500mm x 420mm sheet was cut and used for the back covering of the casing. The edges of the sheets were bent
using the bending machine. Flat hole was made on the top of the cover through the internal casing to the furnaceheating environment (breather hole) for the exit of gases from the furnace using punch and sledge hammer.
2.3.2
The Charging Door
Description: The construction of the charging door was designed to open in the upward and closed in the
downward direction. The essence of this design is to reduce the charging and unloading time so that heat loss
during it operation is reduced.
Materials: Flat sheet of mild steel 1.5mm thickness.
Tools and equipment used: Marking out tools, power hacksaw, measuring tools, welding machine, carbon
electrodes, bending machine, sledge hammer, hand file, emery paper, anvil and chisel.
Procedure: Measuring tools were used to mark out 500mm x 420mm on the full sheet sample (figure), power
hacksaw was used to cut the sheet to dimension. The edges were bent at an angle, from top to base using a
bending machine (50, measured from base).
More so, 420mm x 200mm sheet was marked and cut using measuring tools and hacksaw respectively. Hole was
made on the sheet using chisel (flat face chisel) to position the temperature controller and two other round holes
were made to position both the light indicator and the main switch.
2.3.3 The Electrotechnicals
2.3.3.1 Temperature Controller
Description: Hence, after considerable research and for economic reason, a temperature controller that could read
a maximum of 12000C was provided since it is closed to the expected maximum temperature of 8100C. It is
positioned on the 420mm x 200mm metal sheet below the charging door where it safety is ensured.
2.3.3.1 Main Switch and Light Indicator
Description: The main switch and light indicator are also part of the electrotechnicals. The main switch and light
indicator are also part of the electrotechnicals. The main switch controls the power source input as it allows
electric power to flow into the circuit when switched-on and prevents the inflow when switched-off. The light
indicator signals the furnace operator if electrical energy flows uninterruptedly into the heating element. When the
light is on, it signals continuity in the circuit but if the light is off, it signals discontinuity. They are positioned on
the 420mm x 200mm metal sheet just below the charging door where the temperature is very minimal and fusing
or damage is prevented during operation.
Materials: The electrical- carrying light/current are made of thermosetting materials so that they do not fuse or
damage easily, and are placed on the outer casing.
2.4 Method of Assembly /Fabrication
After the successful completion of the construction processes, such as the furnace casing, which comprise the
outer casing and the charging door, introduction of the electrotechnicals namely; temperature controller, the main
switch and the light indicator, and taking into consideration the required suitable engineering materials, all parts
are assembled together as shown in figure 2.
191
International Journal of Applied Science and Technology
Vol. 2 No. 7; August 2012
The assembly is made possible with the use of arc welding, boring and screwing with the use of appropriate tools.
Electrical parts are also joined and insulated with tape to prevent shocks or discontinuity in the circuit.
Fig 1: the modelled furnace
Fig 2: The completed furnace
S/N
1
PART
External casing
2
Base support (Angle
iron)
3
Cylindrical rod
4
Charging door and base
PROPERTIES DESIRED
MECHANICAL
OTHERS
(a) High tensile
(a) Availability
strength
(b) Ease of
(b) Toughness
fabrication
(c) Cheap
(a) High tensile
(a) Availability
strength
(b) Good
(b) High hardness weldability
(c) Heat resistant
(c) Cost
(a) High
(a Good
thermal strength weldability
(b) High tensile
(b) Cheap and
strength
availability
(a) High tensile
(a) Ease of
fabrication
strength
(b) Good
(b) Cheap and
toughness
availability
(c) high thermal
strength
MATERIALS
USED
Mild steel
SPECIFICATION
1.5mm(thickness)
Mild steel
2mm(thickness)
Mild steel
Mild steel
1.5mm(Thickness)
Table 2: Summary of Materials Selection and Specification
2.5 Performance Evaluation
2.5.1 Maximum Attainable Temperature With the aid of optical pyrometer, the initial maximum temperature
attained was 9050C, but with subsequent operations, average maximum attainable temperature is given as 8800C.
2.5.2 Temperature Fluctuations The overall temperature of the furnace heating environment varied between
8500C and 8800C, whereas the temperature at the casing varies between 230C and 270C. Measurements were
repeated five times as a standard with scientific practical equipment testing (Aluko, 2004).
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2.5.3 Time to Attain Maximum Temperature Although, theoretical expectation for achieving the temperature
of 8800C was supposed to be 60minutes, it actually takes about 83minutes to attain the temperature of 8800C.
2.5.4 Possible Heat Treatment Applications Since the maximum attainable temperature is 8800C. Comparing
this with some certain heat treatment operations and their relative process temperature, it will be possible to carry
out the following heat treatment processes: Annealing, normalizing, tempering, quenching, certain hardening
processes`.
2.6
Operation Procedure The operation procedures of the furnace involve placing the material to be heated in
the furnace after which the door of the furnace should be close. Thereafter, switch on the furnace from the mains.
Then, turn the knob of the temperature controller to the desired heat treatment temperature. After attaining the
temperature and holding for a reasonable time, switch off the furnace before removing the sample from the
furnace
Fig.3: Circuit diagram for ON-OFF Automatic Temperature Controller.
L
N
P
T/C
L/I
Fig 4: circuit diagram for the electrical connection
Where:
N = Negative
L= Life
P = Main switch
L/I = Light indicator
T/C = Temperature controller
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International Journal of Applied Science and Technology
Vol. 2 No. 7; August 2012
3. Conclusion
The Furnace was specifically designed for controlled heating of element/material of temperature range of 1500
but it can equally be adapted for use in other heating operations of same temperature range. The result obtained
makes it possible to heat treat both ferrous, non-ferrous metals and their alloys in other to alter their
microstructure and to enhance their properties for needed application in service with maximum safety and
precaution in place.
4.0 Acknowledgement
Authors wish to acknowledge works that were used and subsequently cited. Also, we appreciate the effort of
everyone that contributed to this work too numerous to mention.
5.0
References
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Owerri, Nigeria. Unpublished.
Aluko, F.O. (2004): “The Effect of Heat Treatment on the Corrosion Properties of Grey Cast Iron on Paper
Making Industries” NJEM, vol. 5, No 1. Pp 31 – 33.
Andrew, G. (2011). A home built heat treatment furnace. [Online] Available: http://www. bbuk.net (2011)
Chesti, A. R. (1986): Refractories Manufacture, Properties and Application Prentice – Hall of India, New-Delhi.
Pp 1-4, 55-67, 99-102.
Gallenkamp International (1990): Handbill on Scientific and Laboratory Equipment. Gerbhat, B. (1961): Heat
Transmission, McGraw – Hill Book Company Inc. New York, USA. Pp 1-8, 123-166.
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Mark’s Mechanical Engineering Handbook (1961): McGraw-Hill Book Company Incorporation. New York,
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Ojiegbe, K. k. (2005): The Design and Construction of a Diesel- Fired Heat Treatment Furnace. A Final Year
Project, Federal University of Technology, Akure. Pp 40-52, 55-63.
Okeke, P.N. and Anyakoha, M. W. (1989): Senior Secondary Physics. MacMillan Education Limited, Lagos. Pp
42-47.
Parker, M. N. (1997): Heat Transmission McGraw-Hill Book Company Incorporation. New York, USA. Pp 1-8,
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