Interior Design

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Interior design

The lobby of Hotel Bristol

Historical example: Balliol College Dining Hall, Oxford
Interior design is "the art or process of designing the interior, often including the exterior, of a
room or building."[this quote needs a citation] An interior designer is someone who coordinates and
manages such projects. Interior design is a multifaceted profession that includes conceptual
development, communicating with the stakeholders of a project and the management and
execution of the design.
Interior design is the process of shaping the experience of interior space, through the
manipulation of special volume as well as surface treatment.

Contents


1 History and current terms
o 1.1 Commercial interior design and management
o

1.2 Transition to professional interior design

o


2 Interior decorators and interior designers
o







1.3 Expansion

2.1 Interior designer

3 Specialties
o

3.1 Residential

o

3.2 Commercial

o

3.3 Other

4 Profession
o

4.1 Education

o

4.2 Working conditions

5 Styles
o

5.1 Art Deco

o

5.2 Arab Materials



6 Media popularization



7 Interior design examples



8 Notable interior decorators



9 See also



10 References and sources



11 External links

History and current terms

Typical interior of one of the houses in the Folk Architecture Reservation in Vlkolínec
(Slovakia).
In the past, interiors were put together instinctively as a part of the process of building. [1] The
profession of interior design has been a consequence of the development of society and the
complex architecture that has resulted from the development of industrial processes. The pursuit
of effective use of space, user well-being and functional design has contributed to the
development of the contemporary interior design profession.[2] The profession of interior design
is separate and distinct from the role of Interior Decorator, a term commonly used in the US. The
term is less common in the UK where the profession of interior design is still unregulated and
therefore, strictly speaking, not yet officially a profession.
In ancient India, architects used to work as interior designers. This can be seen from the
references of Vishwakarma the architect - one of the gods in Indian mythology. Additionally, the
sculptures depicting ancient texts and events are seen in palaces built in 17th century India.
In ancient Egypt, "soul houses" or models of houses were placed in tombs as receptacles for food
offerings. From these, it is possible to discern details about the interior design of different
residences throughout the different Egyptian dynasties, such as changes in ventilation, porticoes,
columns, loggias, windows, and doors.[3]
Throughout the 17th and 18th century, and into the early 19th Century, interior decoration was
the concern of the homemaker or, an employed upholsterer or craftsman who would advise on
the artistic style for an interior space. Architects would also employ craftsmen or artisans to
complete interior design for their buildings.

Commercial interior design and management
In the mid- to late-19th century, interior design services expanded greatly, as the middle class in
industrial countries grew in size and prosperity and began to desire the domestic trappings of
wealth to cement their new status. Large furniture firms began to branch out into general interior
design and management, offering full house furnishings in a variety of styles. This business
model flourished from the mid-century to 1914, when this role was increasingly usurped by
independent, often amateur, designers. This paved the way for the emergence of the professional
interior design in the mid-20th century.[4]

Illustrated catalog of the James Shoolbred Company, published in 1876.
In the 1850s and 1860s, upholsterers began to expand their business remits. They framed their
business more broadly and in artistic terms and began to advertise their furnishings to the public.

To meet the growing demand for contract interior work on projects such as offices, hotels, and
public buildings, these businesses became much larger and more complex, employing builders,
joiners, plasterers, textile designers, artists, and furniture designers, as well as engineers and
technicians to fulfil the job. Firms began to publish and circulate catalogs with prints for
different lavish styles to attract the attention of expanding middle classes.[4]
As department stores increased in number and size, retail spaces within shops were furnished in
different styles as examples for customers. One particularly effective advertising tool was to set
up model rooms at national and international exhibitions in showrooms for the public to see.
Some of the pioneering firms in this regard were Waring & Gillow, James Shoolbred, Mintons
and Holland & Sons. These traditional high-quality furniture making firms began to play an
important role as advisers to unsure middle class customers on taste and style, and began taking
out contracts to design and furnish the interiors of many important buildings in Britain.[5]
This type of firm emerged in America after the Civil War. The Herter Brothers, founded by two
German emigre brothers, began as an upholstery warehouse and became one of the first firms of
furniture makers and interior decorators. With their own design office and cabinet-making and
upholstery workshops, Herter Brothers were prepared to accomplish every aspect of interior
furnishing including decorative paneling and mantels, wall and ceiling decoration, patterned
floors and carpets and draperies.[6]

Illustration from The Grammar of Ornament (1856), by interior designer Owen Jones.
A pivotal figure in popularizing theories of interior design to the middle class was the architect
Owen Jones, one of the most influential design theorists of the nineteenth century.[7] Jones first
project was his most important - in 1851 he was responsible for not only the decoration of Joseph
Paxton’s gigantic Crystal Palace for the Great Exhibition, but also for the arrangement of the
exhibits within. He chose a controversial palette of red, yellow and blue for the interior ironwork
and, despite initial negative publicity in the newspapers, was eventually unveiled by Queen
Victoria to much critical acclaim. His most significant work was The Grammar of Ornament
(1856),[8] in which Jones formulated 37 key principles of interior design and decoration.
Jones was employed by some of the leading interior design firms of the day; in the 1860s he
worked in collaboration with the London firm Jackson & Graham to produce furniture and other
fittings for high-profile clients including art collector Alfred Morrison and the Khedive of Egypt,
Ismail Pasha.

In 1882 the London Directory of the Post Office listed 80 interior decorators. Some of the most
distinguished companies of the period were Crace, Waring & Gillow and Holland & Sons;
famous decorators employed by these firms, included Thomas Edward Collcutt, Edward William
Godwin, Charles Barry, Gottfried Semper and George Edmund Street.[9]

Transition to professional interior design

This interior was designed by John Dibblee Crace, President of the Institute of British
Decorators, established in 1899.
By the turn of the 20th century, amateur advisors and publications were increasingly challenging
the monopoly that the large retail companies had on interior design. English feminist author
Mary Haweis wrote a series of widely read essays in the 1880s in which she derided the
eagerness with which aspiring middle-class people furnished their houses according to the rigid
models offered to them by the retailers.[10] She advocated the individual adoption of a particular
style, tailor made to the individual needs and preferences of the customer:
"One of my strongest convictions, and one of the first canons of good taste, is that our
houses, like the fish’s shell and the bird’s nest, ought to represent our individual taste and
habits."
The move towards decoration as a separate artistic profession unrelated to the manufacturers and
retailers, received an impetus with the 1899 formation of the Institute of British Decorators; with
John Dibblee Crace as its president it represented almost 200 decorators around the country.[11]
By 1915, the London Directory listed 127 individuals trading as interior decorators, of which 10
were women. Rhoda and Agnes Garrett were the first women to train professionally as home
decorators in 1874. The importance of their work on design was regarded at the time as on a par
with that of William Morris. In 1876, their work - Suggestions for House Decoration in Painting,
Woodwork and Furniture - spread their ideas on artistic interior design to a wide middle-class
audience.[12]
By 1900, the situation was described by The Illustrated Carpenter and Builder:

"Until recently when a man wanted to furnish he would visit all the dealers and select
piece by piece of furniture ....Today he sends for a dealer in art furnishings and fittings
who surveys all the rooms in the house and he brings his artistic mind to bear on the
subject."[13]
In America, Candace Wheeler was one of the first woman interior designers and helped
encourage a new style of American design. She was instrumental in the development of art
courses for women in a number of major American cities and was considered a national authority
on homedesign. An important influence on the new profession was The Decoration of Houses, a
manual of interior design written by Edith Wharton with architect Ogden Codman in 1897 in
America. In the book, the authors denounced Victorian-style interior decoration and interior
design, especially those rooms that were decorated with heavy window curtains, Victorian bric-abrac and overstuffed furniture. They argued that such rooms emphasized upholstery at the
expense of proper space planning and architectural design and were, therefore, uncomfortable
and rarely used. The book is considered a seminal work and its success led to the emergence of
professional decorators working in the manner advocated by its authors, most notably Elsie de
Wolfe.[14]

Elsie de Wolfe, taken from The House in Good Taste, 1913.
Elsie De Wolfe was one of the first female interior designers. Rejecting the Victorian style she
grew up with, she chose a more vibrant scheme, along with more comfortable furniture in the
home. Her designs were light, with fresh colors and delicate Chinoiserie furnishings, as opposed
to the Victorian preference of heavy, red drapes and upholstery, dark wood and intensely
patterned wallpapers. Her designs were also more practical; [15] she eliminated the clutter that
occupied the Victorian home, enabling people to entertain more guests comfortably. In 1905, de
Wolfe was commissioned for the interior design of the Colony Club on Madison Avenue; its
interiors garnered her recognition almost over night.[16][17] She compiled her ideas into her widely
read 1913 book, The House in Good Taste.[18]
In England, Syrie Maugham became a legendary interior designer credited with designing the
first all-white room. Starting her career in the early 1910s, her international reputation soon
grew; she later expanded her business to New York and Chicago.[19] Born during the Victorian

Era, a time characterized by dark colors and small spaces, she instead designed rooms filled with
light and furnished in multiple shades of white and mirrored screens. In addition to mirrored
screens, her trademark pieces included: books covered in white vellum, cutlery with white
porcelain handles, console tables with plaster palm-frond, shell, or dolphin bases, upholstered
and fringed sleigh beds, fur carpets, dining chairs covered in white leather, and lamps of
graduated glass balls, and wreaths.[20]

Expansion
The interior design profession became more established after World War II. From the 1950s
onwards spending on the home increased. Interior design courses were established, requiring the
publication of textbooks and reference sources. Historical accounts of interior designers and
firms distinct from the decorative arts specialists were made available. Organisations to regulate
education, qualifications, standards and practices, etc. were established for the profession.[18]
Interior design was previously seen as playing a secondary role to architecture. It also has many
connections to other design disciplines, involving the work of architects, industrial designers,
engineers, builders, craftsmen, etc. For these reasons the government of interior design standards
and qualifications was often incorporated into other professional organisations that involved
design.[18] Organisations such as the Chartered Society of Designers, established in the UK in
1986, and the American Designers Institute, founded in 1938, were established as organisations
that governed various areas of design.
It was not until later that specific representation for the interior design profession was developed.
The US National Society of Interior Designers was established in 1957, while in the UK the
Interior Decorators and Designers Association was established in 1966. Across Europe, other
organisations such as The Finnish Association of Interior Architects (1949) were being
established and in 1994 the International Interior Design Association was founded.[18]
Ellen Mazur Thomson, author of Origins of Graphic Design in America (1997), determined that
professional status is achieved through education, self-imposed standards and professional gatekeeping organizations.[18] Having achieved this, interior design became an accepted profession.

Interior decorators and interior designers

Interior design in a restaurant
Interior design is the art and science of understanding people's behavior to create functional
spaces within a building. Decoration is the furnishing or adorning of a space with fashionable or
beautiful things. In short, interior designers may decorate, but decorators do not design.

Interior designer
Interior designer implies that there is more of an emphasis on planning, functional design and the
effective use of space, as compared to interior decorating. An interior designer can undertake
projects that include arranging the basic layout of spaces within a building as well as projects
that require an understanding of technical issues such as window and door positioning, acoustics,
and lighting.[1] Although an interior designer may create the layout of a space, they may not alter
load-bearing walls without having their designs stamped for approval by an architect. Interior
designers often work directly with architectural firms.
Interior designers must be highly skilled in order to create interior environments that are
functional, safe, and adhere to building codes, regulations, and ADA requirements. They go
beyond the selection of color palettes and furnishings and apply their knowledge to the
development of construction documents, occupancy loads, healthcare regulations, and
sustainable design principles, as well as the management and coordination of professional
services including mechanical, electrical, plumbing, and life safety – all to ensure that people can
work, live, and learn in an innocuous environment that is also aesthetically pleasing.
An interior designer may wish to specialize in a particular type of interior design in order to
develop technical knowledge specific to that area. Types of interior design include residential
design, commercial design, hospitality design, healthcare design, universal design, exhibition
design and spatial branding. The profession of interior design is relatively new, constantly
evolving, and often confusing to the public. It is a creative profession that is consistently
changing and evolving. It is not an artistic pursuit and relies on research from many fields to
provide a well-trained understanding of how people are influenced by their environments.

Specialties

The interior of a private residence.

An electric wire reel reused as a center table in a Rio de Janeiro decoration fair.

Residential
Residential design is the design of the interior of private residences. As this type design is very
specific for individual situations, the needs and wants of the individual are paramount in this area
of interior design. The interior designer may work on the project from the initial planning stage
or may work on the remodelling of an existing structure. It is often a very involved process that
takes months to fine-tune and create a space with the vision of the client. [21] Fine examples of
contemporary designers include Kelly Hoppen and David Collins who in keeping with current
trends have both a strong media presence and successful independent business.

Commercial
Commercial design encompasses a wide range of sub specialties.



Retail: includes malls and shopping centers, department stores, specialty stores, visual
merchandising and showrooms.
Visual and Spatial Branding: The use of space as a medium to express a corporate brand.



Corporate: office design for any kind of business such as banks.



Healthcare: the design of hospitals, assisted living facilities, medical offices, dentist
offices, psychiatric facilities, laboratories, medical specialist facilities.



Hospitality and Recreation: includes hotels, motels, resorts, cruise ships, cafes, bars,
casinos, nightclubs, theaters, music and concert halls, opera houses, sports venues,
restaurants, gyms, health clubs and spas, etc.



Institutional: government offices, financial institutions (banks and credit unions), schools
and universities, religious facilities, etc.



Industrial facilities: manufacturing and training facilities as well as import and export
facilities.[21]



Teaching in a private institute that offer classes of Interior Design



Self-employment





Employment in private sector firms

Other
Other areas of specialization include amusement and theme park design, museum and exhibition
design, event design (including ceremonies, weddings, baby and bridal showers, parties,
conventions and concerts), interior and prop styling, tablescape design, theatre and performance
design, stage and set design, and production design for film and television. Beyond those,
interior designers, particularly those with graduate education, can specialize in healthcare design,
gerontological design, educational facility design, and other areas that require specialized
knowledge. Some university programs offer graduate studies in theses and other areas. For
example, both Cornell University and the University of Florida offer interior design graduate
programs in environment and behavior studies. Within this program at the University of Florida,
students may choose a specific focus such as retirement community design (under Dr. Nichole
Campbell) co-housing (Dr. Maruja Torres) or theft prevention by design (Prof. Candy CarmelGilfilen) (Campbell, 2012, Personal Communication).

Profession
Education
Main article: Interior design education
There are various paths that one can take to become a professional interior designer. All of these
paths involve some form of training. Working with a successful professional designer is an
informal method of training and has previously been the most common method of education. In
many states, however, this path alone cannot lead to licensing as a professional interior designer.
Training through an institution such as a college, art or design school or university is a more
formal route to professional practice.
In the UK, several university degree courses are now available, including those on interior
architecture, taking three or four years to complete.
A formal education program, particularly one accredited by or developed with a professional
organization of interior designers, can provide training that meets a minimum standard of
excellence and therefore gives a student an education of a high standard. There are also
university graduate and Ph.d. programs available for those seeking further training in a specific
design specialization (i.e. gerontological or healthcare design) or those wishing to teach interior
design at the university level.
In China, seldom does university offer Interior Design as a major, instead of offering one or two
elective classes. As a result of losing official government supports education in Interior Design,
requires people to take some tutoring classes from some private institutions, if they are interested
in this area and want to study. However, the educational quality is poor. On the other side, the
certification test of interior design in China is different from US, because China only requires
basic skills and knowledge.

Working conditions
There are a wide range of working conditions and employment opportunities within interior
design. Large and tiny corporations often hire interior designers as employees on regular
working hours. Designers for smaller firms usually work on a contract or per-job basis. Selfemployed designers, which make up 26% of interior designers,[22] usually work the most hours.
Interior designers often work under stress to meet deadlines, stay on budget, and meet clients'
needs.
In some cases, licensed professionals review the work and sign it before submitting the design
for approval by clients or construction permisioning. The need for licensed review and signature
varies by locality, relevant legislation, and scope of work. Their work can involve significant
travel to visit different locations, however with technology development, the process of
contacting clients and communicating design alternatives has become easier and requires less
travel.[23] They also renovate a space to satisfy the specific taste for a client.

Styles
Art Deco

Terracotta Art Deco sunburst design above front doors of the Eastern Columbia Building in Los
Angeles; built 1930.
The Art Deco style began in Europe in the early years of the 20th century, with the waning of Art
Nouveau. The term "Art Deco" was taken from the Exposition Internationale des Arts Decoratifs
et Industriels Modernes, a world’s fair held in Paris in 1925. [24] Art Deco rejected many
traditional classical influences in favour of more streamlined geometric forms and metallic color.
The Art Deco style influenced all areas of design, especially interior design, because it was the
first style of interior decoration to spotlight new technologies and materials.[25]
Art Deco style is mainly based on geometric shapes, streamlining and clean lines. [26][27] The style
offered a sharp, cool look of mechanized living utterly at odds with anything that came before.[28]

Art Deco rejected traditional materials of decoration and interior design, opting instead to use
more unusual materials such as chrome, glass, stainless steel, shiny fabrics, mirrors, aluminium,
lacquer, inlaid wood, sharkskin, and zebra skin.[25] The use of harder, metallic materials was
chosen to celebrate the machine age. These materials reflected the dawning modern age that was
ushered in after the end of the First World War. The innovative combinations of these materials
created contrasts that were very popular at the time - for example the mixing together of highly
polished wood and black lacquer with satin and furs. [29] The barber shop in the Austin Reed store
in London was designed by P. J. Westwood. It was soon regarded as the trendiest barber shop in
Britain due to its use of metallic materials.[28]
The color themes of Art Deco consisted of metallic color, neutral color, bright color and, black
and white. In interior design, cool metallic colors including silver, gold, metallic blue, charcoal
grey and platinum tended to predominate.[26][30] Serge Chermayeff, a Russian-born British
designer made extensive use of cool metallic colors and luxurious surfaces in his room schemes.
His 1930 showroom design for a British dressmaking firm had a silver-grey background and
black mirrored-glass wall panels.[28][31]
Black and white was also a very popular color scheme during the 1920s and 1930s. Black and
white checkerboard tiles, floors and wallpapers were very trendy at the time. [32] As the style
developed, bright vibrant colors became popular as well.[33]
Art Deco furnishings and lighting fixtures had a glossy, luxurious appearance with the use of
inlaid wood and reflective finishes. The furniture pieces often had curved edges, geometric
shapes and clean lines.[24][28] Art Deco lighting fixtures tended to make use of stacked geometric
patterns.[34]

Arab Materials
“Majlis painting”, also called nagash painting, is the decoration of the majlis or front parlor of
traditional Arabic homes in the Asir province of Saudi Arabia and adjoining parts of Yemen
These wall paintings, an arabesque form of mural or fresco, show various geometric designs in
bright colors: “Called 'nagash' in Arabic, the wall paintings were a mark of pride for a woman in
her house.” [35]
The geometric designs and heavy lines seem to be adapted from the area’s textile and weaving
patterns. “In contrast with the sobriety of architecture and decoration in the rest of Arabia,
exuberant color and ornamentation characterize those of 'Asir. The painting extends into the
house over the walls and doors, up the staircases, and onto the furniture itself. When a house is
being painted, women from the community help each other finish the job. The building then
displays their shared taste and knowledge. Mothers pass these on to their daughters. This artwork
is based on a geometry of straight lines and suggests the patterns common to textile weaving,
with solid bands of different colors. Certain motifs reappear, such as the triangular mihrab or
'niche' and the palmette. In the past, paint was produced from mineral and vegetable pigments.
Cloves and alfalfa yielded green. Blue came from the indigo plant. Red came from pomegranates
and a certain mud. Paintbrushes were created from the tough hair found in a goat's tail. Today,

however, women use modern manufactured paint to create new looks, which have become an
indicator of social and economic change.”[36]
Women in the Asir province often complete the decoration and painting of the house interior.
“You could tell a family’s wealth by the paintings,” Um Abdullah says: “If they didn’t have
much money, the wife could only paint the motholath,” the basic straight, simple lines, in
patterns of three to six repetitions in red, green, yellow and brown.” When women did not want
to paint the walls themselves, they could barter with other women who would do the work.
Several Saudi women have become famous as majlis painters, such as Fatima Abou Gahas.[35]
The interior walls of the home are brightly painted by the women, who work in defined patterns
with lines, triangles, squares, diagonals and tree-like patterns. “Some of the large triangles
represent mountains. Zigzag lines stand for water and also for lightning. Small triangles,
especially when the widest area is at the top, are found in pre-Islamic representations of female
figures. That the small triangles found in the wall paintings in ‘Asir are called banat may be a
cultural remnant of a long-forgotten past.” [35]
"Courtyards and upper pillared porticoes are principal features of the best Nadjdi architecture, in
addition to the fine incised plaster wood (jiss) and painted window shutters, which decorate the
reception rooms. Good examples of plasterwork can often be seen in the gaping ruins of torndown buildings- the effect is light, delicate and airy. It is usually around the majlis, around the
coffee hearth and along the walls above where guests sat on rugs, against cushions. Doughty
wondered if this "parquetting of jis", this "gypsum fretwork... all adorning and unenclosed"
originated from India. However, the Najd fretwork seems very different from that seen in the
Eastern Province and Oman, which are linked to Indian traditions, and rather resembles the
motifs and patterns found in ancient Mesopotamia. The rosette, the star, the triangle and the
stepped pinnacle pattern of dadoes are all ancient patterns, and can be found all over the Middle
East of antiquity. Al-Qassim Province seems to be the home of this art, and there it is normally
worked in hard white plaster (though what you see is usually begrimed by the smoke of the
coffee hearth). In Riyadh, examples can be seen in unadorned clay.[37]

Media popularization
Main article: Interior design magazine
Interior design has become the subject of television shows. In the United Kingdom (UK),
popular interior design and decorating programs include 60 Minute Makeover (ITV), Changing
Rooms (BBC) and Selling Houses (Channel 4). Famous interior designers whose work is featured
in these programs include Linda Barker and Laurence Llewelyn-Bowen. In the United States, the
TLC Network aired a popular program called Trading Spaces, a show based on the UK program
Changing Rooms. In addition, both Home & Garden Television (HGTV) and the Discovery
Home networks also televise many programs about interior design and decorating, featuring the
works of a variety of interior designers, decorators and home improvement experts in a myriad of
projects.

Fictional interior decorators include the Sugarbaker sisters on Designing Women and Grace Adler
on Will & Grace. There is also another show called Home MADE. There are two teams and two
houses and whoever has the designed and made the worst room, according to the judges, is
eliminated. Another show on the Style Network, hosted by Niecy Nash, is Clean House where
they re-do messy homes into themed rooms that the clients would like. Other shows include
Design on a Dime, Designed to Sell and The Decorating Adventures of Ambrose Price. The show
called Design Star has become more popular through the 5 seasons that have already aired. The
winners of this show end up getting their own TV shows, of which are Color Splash hosted by
David Bromstad, Myles of Style hosted by Kim Myles, Paint-Over! hosted by Jennifer Bertrand,
The Antonio Treatment hosted by Antonio Ballatore, and finally Secrets from a Stylist hosted by
Emily Henderson. Bravo (US TV channel) also has a variety of shows that explore the lives of
interior designers. These include Flipping Out, which explores the life of Jeff Lewis and his team
of designers; Million Dollar Decorators explores the lives of interior designers Nathan Turner,
Jeffrey Alan Marks, Mary McDonald, Kathryn Ireland, and Martyn Lawrence Bullard.
Interior design has also become the subject of radio shows. In the U.S., popular interior design &
lifestyle shows include "Martha Stewart Living" and "Living Large" featuring Karen Mills.
Famous interior designers whose work is featured on these programs include Bunny Williams,
Barbara Barry, and Kathy Ireland, among others.
Many interior design magazines exist to offer advice regarding color palette, furniture, art, and
other elements that fall under the umbrella of interior design. These magazine often focus on
related subjects to draw a more specific audience. For instance, architecture as a primary aspect
of Dwell, while Veranda is well known as a luxury living magazine. Lonny Magazine and the
newly relaunched, Domino Magazine, cater to a young, hip, metropolitan audience, and
emphasize accessibility and a do-it-yourself (DIY) approach to interior design.

Interior design examples



Hotel San Domenico in Taormina



Villa del Balbianello



Apothecary room



Lenno Villa



A salong



Bar in Rotterdam



Balboa Bay Club



Springer- Hochhaus

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