system, the cost of production may come down. It is
already being used economically in many advanced
countries for domestic and commercial purposes such as
water heating, water distillation, refrigeration, dying, etc.
Key Words -Solarpanels, UPS, solar batteries, PCU.
1. INTRODUCTION
Energy is defined as the capacity to do work and the rate
of doing work is called power. The forms of energies are
Heat energy and Work energy. The demand for energy and
electricity increases steadily. Due to increased demand of
energy consumption at various sectors like
Domestic sector (houses and offices):
increased
population growth, urbanization changing life style and
civilization, more and more number of offices established
to meet the requirement of public causing usage of more
power
Transportation sector: increased road connectivity to
the rural areas, transportation facilities are increased and
fuel consumption increased. Now a day’s rural villages are
electrified and consuming power so usage from village
side also increased. Due to increased population, to meet
the requirement transportation also increased like more
number of train’s .due to increase demand drastically the
transportation sector is really consuming more power.
Agriculture sector: due to in sufficient rains for
cultivation, for crops water is required and it is to be lifted
from wells and bore wells so number of agriculture pumps
increased, consumption also increased
Industrial sector: to meet the demand of increased
population to supply essential commodities more
industries are established and in other way creating
employment to the public, energy consumption demand
increased.
The international energy agency (IEA) has predicted that
the energy and electricity demand in the world will
increased by 1.7% to 2.4% per every year respectively
from year 2000. In 2030 the IDA has forecasted that fossil
fuels will still account for the largest part of the energy
Page 1063
International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET)
e-ISSN: 2395 -0056
Volume: 02 Issue: 04 | July-2015
p-ISSN: 2395-0072
www.irjet.net
demand and most of the new power generating capacity
will be natural gas fired combined gas/steam cycle as
Natural gas is most environmentally friendly among the
fossil fuels. As per the known reserve of fossil fuels, coal
will decline after 250 years, oil and gas will decline after
50 years and 70 years. Due to greenhouse effect caused by
the emission of CO2 owing to burning of fossil fuels, the
earth’s temperature will increase if it increase by 40 C as a
result many low lying areas near the sea will be drowned
owing to melting of glaciers. So Efficient use of energy
could be achieved on the basis of genuine energy
strategies without releasing much CO2 and the future of
energy should be linked to the more efficiency less impact
on environment.
2.2. Significance of the study
As a result many government and private agencies have
initiated broad studies of projected energy consumption
and the possibility of conserving energy while enhancing
the quality of environment. But Educational Institutes are
facing problems.
Now there is a need of sustainable energy which ensures
constant supply of energy without or very less
environmental pollution. Solar energy having the
following merits because of
a) Plenty availability
b) No pollution
c) In exhaustible
d) Low gestation period
2.0 NEED FOR THE STUDY
By adding alternative sources of energy through solar it is
going to complement existing power sources and would
give full-fledged energy consumption
It is expected through this study that through
uninterrupted energy supply the efficiency of the
Institution may be reaching to the good heights.
At large through properly educated students through
proper instructional methodology there will be efficient
Engineer and Managers in the society who will be
contributing to the nation’s growth.
Due to insufficient rains, low level of water level in dams
and high consumption of energy due to the above reasons
the energy supply is not meeting the customers demand
and power cuts are increased drastically. Today it is
difficult to say whether the whole day power is available
or not .and we can’t say if power goes means when again
the power will come back. Educational Institutes will have
fixed schedules of class work, laboratories and
examinations. Especially for professional courses like
Engineering, Medical colleges Uninterrupted electrical
power supply is very essential to conduct laboratory
Experiments and work shop exercises .Even one hour
power cut also effects a lot in the academic curriculum. To
overcome these difficulty colleges need to go for
uninterrupted power supply to run the class work within a
short period of semester system. So solar energy is one of
the uninterrupted power sources of alternative energy
3.0 SOLAR ENERGY:
2.1. Objectives of the study
a) Solar photovoltaic system: solar photovoltaic
To study current energy consumption
To study Alternative source of energy
To identify the gap of Energy consumption or
source
To propose suitable energy management solution
To offer suggestion to improve energy
management to meet the demand.
India being a tropical country receives enough solar
energy which can be harnessed. As per estimate India
receives solar energy equivalent to 5000 trillion KWh per
year which is more than the total energy consumption.
The daily global radiation is around 5 KWh/m2 per day
and the bright aspect with India is that sun shine during
2,300 to 3,200 hours per year in its most parts. As a result
government of India has embarked upon to harness solar
energy at a rapid rate. There are three methods to harness
solar energy as given below;
a) Solar photovoltaic system
b) Solar thermal energy system
c) Space based solar power (new concept)
system is a highly developed commercialized one and now
it is so common that in remote villages also, the system
has been installed. Indian government is promoting solar
energy in the form of solar lanterns. Home lighting
systems, street lighting systems, solar water pumps and
power plants. The total SPV installed ill India is around
160 MW and as a result India ranks fourth in the world in
harnessing SPV system after Japan, USA and Germany. 100
KW and 200KW SPV systems have been installed in some
parts of country.
International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET)
e-ISSN: 2395 -0056
Volume: 02 Issue: 04 | July-2015
p-ISSN: 2395-0072
www.irjet.net
system, distributed system and solar pond. In India, now
use of solar energy for water heating, cooking, drying and
space heating through various schemes are in common use
.In order to promote the solar water heating system,
Bangalore has declared as a solar thermal city.
It is worth to note that a project of 140 MW is under
consideration under integrated solar combined cycle
(ISCC) in Jodhpur district in Rajasthan. 35 MW will be
generating by solar energy while rest 105 MW is to be
generated by fossil fuel (natural gas) .A 100 MW solar
power plants using solar concentrated system is under
development. Reliance ADAG is going to install 500 MW of
solar energy plants (PV and thermal systems) in India.
Fig.1: Solar panels
4.0 A CASE STUDY ON SOLAR POWER PLANT
i. solar panels
ii power conditioning unit
iii. Solar Batteries
4.1 Solar power panels
The solar panels are erected on the Top of the college
Building. The solar panels categorized as
a)Mono crystalline solar panel
b) Poly crystalline solar panels
c) Thin film technology panels:
as i)amorphous silicon ii)cadmium Telluride (CdTe )
these
panels are having photo voltaic cell(Solar
cells).photovoltaic cell is a device which converts solar
energy in to direct electric energy
Solar cell (silicon cell): Modern solar cells make use of
semiconductor based silicon. The general configuration of
solar cell is to make p-n junction. p-n junction is obtained
by diffusing n-type Si (0.2µm thick)with p-type Si of about
300µm thick. Metal electrode made of (Ti –Ag) alloy are
attached to the top and bottom of the cell. The bottom is
completely covered with metal electrodes while the top
side electrode is made in the form of fine grid of narrow
metal fingers which permits the sun light to go through an
anti-reflection coating of 0.1 µm thick is applied on the
top of the cell. The sun light strikes the upper surface of
the cell; some photons are absorbed near the junction of
two layers. This generates e.m.f and if the two electrodes
are connected through the external circuit a current flow.
Photo voltaic cell generates DC supply. However it can be
converted to AC of required voltage by power conditioning
unit (PCU). There are many companies are supplying
solar panels but the institute installed Mono crystalline
solar panels of “solar semi-Conductor Company “Solar
power panels”
Fig.2: Details of Solar panels
The approximate life of solar panel is 25 years.
The cost of solar panel is Rs. 11000 /Total No.of panels installed is: 112 Numbers
International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET)
e-ISSN: 2395 -0056
Volume: 02 Issue: 04 | July-2015
p-ISSN: 2395-0072
www.irjet.net
Name plate details of solar panel
Solar semi-conductors SSI-S6_230
Tested at STC (1000 W/m2 AM 1.5, 250 C)
Rated power: 230 Wp(Tolerance ± 3%)
Vmp ; 29.04 VImp: 7.94 A
Voc: 36.5 VIsc: 8.54 A
Series fuse ratio: 15 A Diode rating: 15 A
Details of power conditioning unit as follows
Product type
Model number
Output power
Output AC voltage
Battery voltage
Series number
: 3P-OD-25K-230-50-240-23KW
: GSC 25 KVA (900569-01)
: 25 KVA
: 415V, 3Ǿ, 50 HZ
: 240 V DC
: 1563
Fig.2.b: Details of Solar panels
Fig: 3: Power controlling unit
Fig.2.c: Details of Solar panels
The DC supply from solar panel through maximum power
point track (MPPT) to the AJB1, AJB2, AJB3, AJ4 Junction
boxes. These boxes are connected to the cable of supply
terminal and DC supply from solar panels comes in to the
power conditioning unit through the cable
4.2 Power conditioning unit:
Many companies are supplying power conditioning units
but erected “Optimal power synergy India” (OPSI)
Company power conditioning unit.
The cost of power conditioning unit is
(OPSI make)
Fig: 4: Power controlling unit details
Name plate details
Mfd. By optimal power synergy India Pvt.ltd
#197,12th Main,3rd phase, peenya Industrial Area
Bangalore-560058(India)
Other details of PCU
Battery Input
Solar Input
Isolator CB-11
Isolator CB-12
3-phase GSC (DSP) Power Terminal Assignment
AC Power terminal strip (ACPTS)
GSC= grid support conditioner
DSP=Digital signal processor
Page 1066
International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET)
e-ISSN: 2395 -0056
Volume: 02 Issue: 04 | July-2015
p-ISSN: 2395-0072
www.irjet.net
DC power terminal strip
[1] Terminal
[2] Description
No
[3] B+
[4] Battery positive
[5] B-
[6] Battery negative
[7] S+
[8] Solar positive
[9] S-
[10] Solar negative
[11] E
[12] Earth(PCU
terminal)
In general after every 4 years25 %of batteries are to be
replaced
i.e 25% of 80 batteries are 20
numbers(20x15000=RS.300000/-)
earth
Ps1= power source1 Ps2=power source2 INV = Inverter
The function of inverter is
1. Converting solar DC supply in to Ac supply which is
required for the usage
2. To stabilize or to provide uniform uninterrupted power
supply to the consumer without power fluctuations. It is
achieved by energy storing devices (batteries)
3. Its function is when there is a excess solar energy then it
allow the excess energy to store in the batteries and when
there is a need to supply uniform energy when solar
power is not availability then it draw the energy from
batteries
5.1 other details
Apart from the above costs panel board costs, cable costs,
erection costs and earth point costs are to be included.
There are many earth points at different locations
Inverter
–earth point
Solar structure
-earth point
Junction boxes
–earth point
ACDB(AC distribution board )-having connected earth
points
Switching control
-earth point
Lighting arrester
- earth point
Page 1067
International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET)
e-ISSN: 2395 -0056
Volume: 02 Issue: 04 | July-2015
p-ISSN: 2395-0072
Fig.6: Power cable from PCU to distribution board
www.irjet.net
Fig: 9: solar power connected to Distribution boards
Fig: 7: power Distribution board
Fig: 10: Solar and CPDCL power connections for
distribution
International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET)
e-ISSN: 2395 -0056
Volume: 02 Issue: 04 | July-2015
p-ISSN: 2395-0072
www.irjet.net
6.0 COST OF SOLAR POWER PLANT
On overall the cost of solar plant for 25 KVA is as under
a)Solar panels (112xRs 11000/-)
=12,32,000
b)Power conditioning unit
= 6,00,000
c) Batteries cost (80x15000/-)
=12, 00,000
d)And other costs
= 11,68,000
Total cost (a+b+c+d)
Rs.42,00,000
Institute got 31% of Government subsidy which is equal to
=Rs.13,00,000/-
Fig: 12: Solar and CPDCL power connections for
distribution
Installing cost of 25 KVA solar plant is (approx.say)
= Rs.29, 00,000/Due to usage of solar power the consumption of electricity
consumption come down from 9638 units to 6638 units
(KWh) so there is a saving of 3000 units’ power.
6.1 Saving of CPDCL power
Fig: 13: Solar and CPDCL power distribution
Consumption cost 3000 units xRs.5.4 = Rs.16,200/Demand cost
25KVAxRs.200
= Rs. 5000/Cost of power saved (16200+5000)
=Rs.21,200 per
month
a) Cost is saved by usage of solar power =Rs.21, 200 per
month
Due to usage of solar power generator and UPS are not at
all using for power cuts
So cost of generator running and UPS maintenance cost
coming under power saving cost indirectly.
b) Generator running cost per month is =Rs.14, 790/c) UPS maintenance cost per month is = Rs.10,834/Total cost saved by usage of solar power =21,200+14,790+
10,834= Rs.46824 /-per month
So consumption cost of CPDCL is reduced per Month as
follows
Before solar power usage cost
= Rs. 96670 /-
Power cost saved by use of solar power = Rs. 46824/Reduced cost of CPDCL power
= Rs.49846/-
6.2 Recovery of Investment cost
Power saving cost per year
=46824x12months=Rs.5,61,888/-
Fig: 14: CPDCL to Solar power exchanger
Power saving cost for 4years
=5, 61,888x4 years=Rs.22, 47,552
Initial Investment cost
International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET)
e-ISSN: 2395 -0056
Volume: 02 Issue: 04 | July-2015
p-ISSN: 2395-0072
www.irjet.net
Investment cost recovered at the of 4th years by usage of
solar power =Rs. 22,47,552/Investment amount to be recovered after 4th years
=29, 00,000- 22, 47,552=6, 52,448/Investment cost of Rs.6,52,448/- to be recovered after 4th
year by solar plant operation
But after 4th year every year 25% of batteries are to be
replaced.
That is in 5th year 25% of 80 batteries
to be replaced
Cost of 20 batteries (20x15000/-)
=20 batteries
=Rs. 3, 00,000/-
i) Due to wind blows dust accumulates over the panels
Again in 6th year 25% of 80 batteries
be replaced
=20 batteries to
=Rs 2,61,888/-
Again in 7th year 25% of 80 batteries
be replaced
So saving in 7th year is
(5,61,888-3, 00,000)
=20 batteries to
=Rs 2,61,888/-
At the end of 7th year(5th,6th,7th,years) total saving after
replacing batteries =2,61,888 x3 =Rs.7,85,664/Investment amount to be recovered after
=Rs.6, 52,448/-
Solar plant is at the end of 7th year it is on no gain and no
loss .so it is economical in long run with proper care and
maintenance to make profit.
Solar panels must be maintained to protect from
environmental damage. The main Reasons for the panels
to get ineffectiveness is
So saving in 5th year is
(5, 61,888-3, 00,000) = Rs 2, 61,888/Balance investment cost Rs. 6,52,448/yearly saving
Rs.2,61,888=2.5 years
So saving in 6th year is
(5,61,888-3, 00,000)
However solar panels are giving a life of 20 to 25 years,
and power controlling unit (PCU) maintenance also not so
costly it may be covered in the profit amount of
Rs1,33,216/-.so we can expect up to 7 years there is no
profit .
4th
year
At the end of 7th year profit is
(7,85,664-652,448) = 1,33,216/In 7th year the solar plant is reaching breakeven point and
the Total cost is getting recovered at the end of 7 th year
with 1,33,216/- profit.
ii) Problem of Birds sitting on the panels and spoiling its
effectiveness etc.,
7.0 PRECAUTIONARY MEASURES AND
SUGGESTIONS
Avoid the wastage of energy both at institution and
Industrial level by suitable conservations methods,
conducting energy audits to find out energy losses.
7.1 At Institutional level
1. Class rooms must be constructed with good ventilation
of sun light (according to the direction of sun) to save
power by avoiding usage of lights.
2. Avoid ideal running of fans and lights in the class rooms
3. Adopt latest technologies to save power. Use
incandescent bulbs filled with keypton. Replace
conventional GLS bulbs by CFL bulbs which save 80% of
energy for the same light output same time CO2 emissions
reduces 80%.
4. Remote controlling devices /sensors to be provided for
class Rooms for better control of power usage. When
students are entering in to the class fan should switch ON
.when students leaving the class fans should switch OFF
automatically.
8. LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY
Since the study is limited to Engineering colleges .It cannot
be generalized and implemented to the similar
Institutions.
Investing, Installing and Maintenance of Alternative
source of energy involves huge investment which may not
be feasible for the institutions of service nature.
Page 1070
International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET)
e-ISSN: 2395 -0056
Volume: 02 Issue: 04 | July-2015
p-ISSN: 2395-0072
www.irjet.net
This study is performed with researcher empirical views
which may not be standardized and the views expressed
by researcher s are personal and through various
interviews performed. Hence those views can also not to
be considered standard.
[5].Khan, B.H.; Non-conventional Energy Resources. Published by
Tata McGraw Hill, New Delhi.
[6].R.Yadav, Fundamentals of power plant Engineering
(conventional and Non-conventional) central publishing
House,sarojini Naidu Marg,Allahabad,ISBN:978-81-85444-43-7
9. CONCLUSIONS
At present the capital cost of solar PV system is more as
compared to coal based power plant. Solar power unit
production cost is much higher than the production cost
unit power by other sources. so it is not at all economical
at present stage but in near future cost of conventional
fuels will be raised due to non-availability of fuel because
of increasing cost of petrol year to year. this is due to
increasing the demand year to year and also due to faster
rate of depleting conventional fuel sources .so in near
future there is no way to get power other than renewable
sources.
Renewable sources may be considered as a major source
of power after depletion of the conventional (nonrenewable) energy sources. Meanwhile latest technologies
must be applied for further improvements by R&D to
bring down the cost of solar production for common use.
Now it is a challenge to our scientists to bring down the
manufacturing costs of solar panels and batteries to the
acceptable level .we may expect in near future this cost
may equal to hydroelectric cost and common man may
also use solar power because of increasing the cost of
conventional power and reducing the cost of nonconventional sources.
Solar energy is already being used economically in many
advanced countries for both domestic and commercial
purpose such as water heating, water, distillation
refrigeration, dying etc,
BIOGRAPHIES
thor’s
Photo
Author’s
Photo
Author’s
Photo
P.V.Ramana
M.Tech(Thermal)
External Research scholar-JNTU
Anantapur- working as Assoc.
Professor, Nalla Malla Reddy
Engineeringcollege–
Hyderabad(T.S)-India
B.SudheerPremKumar
Professor
in
Mechanical
Engineering Department.
Jawaharlal Nehru Technological
University –Hyderabad(T.S)-India
Divya Nalla
Princial
Nalla Malla Reddy Engineering
college –Hyderabad (T.S)-India
At present lot of improvements are going on by research
and development by adopting new technologies to bring
down the cost to a reasonable level for the usage of
common man.
REFERENCES
[1]. J.F. and Kreith F., “Solar Energy Hand Book,” McGraw Hill
Book Company, N.Y.
[2].Paul Kruger and CarelOtte, “Geothermal Energy”, Stanford
Universal Press, Stanford, California, 1973.
[3].Ram Kumar, R., et al, “Solar Energy Conversion and Storage
System for the Future”, IEE, Trans, Power Apparatus and Systems,
Vol.PAS-94, 1975.
[4].“United Nations”, World Energy Statistics, 1971.