IRJET-An efficient lightweight Cryptographic Algorithm for Secure Control of Vehicle using Smart Phone
Vehicles are controlled and accessed through smart phones together with embedded systems. Communication between smart phone and Electronic Control Unit [ECU] in the vehicles is made over Bluetooth connection. This connection is secured by a security session layer which uses encryption algorithms. In this article we provide an encryption technique which is efficient, fast, and lightweight in terms of processing and provides sender device authentication on the receiving side. It is becoming widely popular to control and access vehicles through smart phones together with embedded systems. There exist vulnerabilities like improper validation, exposure and randomness. Especially in case of vehicles controlled by smart phones over Bluetooth there are possibilities for Man-In-The-Middle (MITM) attack and other attacks of falsification of information Recently, several researchers highlighted this aspect and successfully demonstrated attacks against different vehicles [1], [2]. Each of these works showed that it was possible to take control of certain functionalities of the vehicle, and interfere with safety-critical or sensitive components. These vulnerabilities hamper novel solutions (e.g., smart phones to unlock the vehicle door or to start the engine), because of the risk of successful attacks. Adding security mechanisms to vehicles is a challenging task, as the related embedded architectures are commonly designed with safety requirements rather than security ones in mind. We explicitly take the capabilities of the target architecture into account (i.e., no input capabilities on the vehicle side, limited output capabilities, and lack of a trusted execution environment on the mobile device). Latest research solution allows a smart phone to establish a secure session layer over an insecure radio connection, which provides additional security guarantees regardless of the security mechanisms already implemented in the physical layer (if any).As a result, the entire application layer is transparently secured.
Content
International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET)
e-ISSN: 2395 -0056
Volume: 02 Issue: 01 | Apr-2015
p-ISSN: 2395-0072
www.irjet.net
An efficient lightweight Cryptographic Algorithm for Secure Control of
Vehicle using Smart Phone
N. Mamtha1, N. Leo Bright Tennisson2, G. Rekha3
Student, Department of Computer Applications, Valliammai Engineering College, Tamil Nadu, India
Assistant Professor, Department of Computer Applications, Valliammai Engineering College, Tamil Nadu, India
3 Assistant Professor, Department of Computer Applications, Valliammai Engineering College, Tamil Nadu, India
1
2
---------------------------------------------------------------------***--------------------------------------------------------------------Key Words: Encryption, Bluetooth, Electronic Control
Abstract - Vehicles are controlled and accessed
through smart phones together with embedded
systems. Communication between smart phone and
Electronic Control Unit [ECU] in the vehicles is made
over Bluetooth connection. This connection is secured
by a security session layer which uses encryption
algorithms. In this article we provide an encryption
technique which is efficient, fast, and lightweight in
terms of processing and provides sender device
authentication on the receiving side. It is becoming
widely popular to control and access vehicles through
smart phones together with embedded systems. There
exist vulnerabilities like improper validation, exposure
and randomness. Especially in case of vehicles
controlled by smart phones over Bluetooth there are
possibilities for Man-In-The-Middle (MITM) attack and
other attacks of falsification of information Recently,
several researchers highlighted this aspect and
successfully demonstrated attacks against different
vehicles [1], [2]. Each of these works showed that it was
possible to take control of certain functionalities of the
vehicle, and interfere with safety-critical or sensitive
components. These vulnerabilities hamper novel
solutions (e.g., smart phones to unlock the vehicle door
or to start the engine), because of the risk of successful
attacks. Adding security mechanisms to vehicles is a
challenging task, as the related embedded
architectures are commonly designed with safety
requirements rather than security ones in mind. We
explicitly take the capabilities of the target architecture
into account (i.e., no input capabilities on the vehicle
side, limited output capabilities, and lack of a trusted
execution environment on the mobile device). Latest
research solution allows a smart phone to establish a
secure session layer over an insecure radio connection,
which provides additional security guarantees
regardless of the security mechanisms already
implemented in the physical layer (if any).As a result,
the entire application layer is transparently secured.
© 2015, IRJET.NET- All Rights Reserved
Unit, Man-In-The-Middle, Embedded Systems, and
Smart Phone etc…
1. RECENT WORK
Researchers had established a secure session layer over an
insecure radio connection [3]. This security layer use
encryption algorithms like AES and SHA-1. This method
encrypts the message before it is transmitted from the
smart phone and it is decrypted by the Electronic Control
Unit [ECU] that is available in the vehicle. But no
authentication is made about the sender’s mobile device
on the receiving side. There is a possibility of some other
mobile device to pair with ECU in the vehicle. The
encryption algorithms have a draw back in terms of
processing burden and time constraints. Also these
methods provide no authentication for sender’s mobile
device. In this article we present an enhanced security
layer which is efficient, less complexity when compared to
other encryption and provides authentication for sender
mobile device on the receiving side.
2. SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE
Paragraph comes content here. Paragraph comes content
here. Paragraph comes content here. Paragraph comes
content here. Paragraph comes content here. Paragraph
comes content here. Paragraph comes content here.
Paragraph comes content here. Paragraph comes content
here. Paragraph comes content here. Paragraph comes
content here. Paragraph comes content here.
Page 281
International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET)
e-ISSN: 2395 -0056
Volume: 02 Issue: 01 | Apr-2015
p-ISSN: 2395-0072
www.irjet.net
3. SECURITY ISSUES
The Bluetooth layer protocol has a two -phase session
setup: after the pairing process, which allows the peers to
get to know each other and set up the network properties,
the actual communication is enabled. Depending on the
protocol version, different security features are available.
However, the early Bluetooth standard and its successors,
with the introduction of the secure simple pairing (SSP)
protocol [8], suffer from various security vulnerabilities
due to weak cryptographic primitives, as discussed in [9],
[10]. The security of most Bluetooth applications (e.g., in
embedded scenarios) relies on a static PIN only, with no
way to change it.
Fig -1: Architecture of Smartphone Vehicle Control System
We successfully implemented the aforementioned
system architecture. Specifically, we implemented an
intelligent range extender for lightweight electric vehicles,
with the goal of optimizing the energy consumption by
actively modifying the vehicle dynamic behavior, as
detailed in [4]. This task is accomplished with a two-layer
structure. A high-level controller keeps track of a
reference profile, , for the battery state of charge (SoC),
. The profile is generated by taking into account the route
length and its elevation profile, as detailed in [6]. The mobile device implements the SoC controller within an ad-hoc
app that we developed, which also includes navigation
features that leverage on Internet-based services (e.g.,
Google Maps API). Furthermore, the low-level control
loops enforce speed and acceleration constraints ( and
in, which allow meeting the desired energy consumption
profile. The low-level controllers act on the gas handle
opening to guarantee that the dynamical behavior of the
vehicle (i.e., speed and acceleration ) is kept within
the prescribed limits. The Gateway ECU implements and
executes the low -level control loops on a 16-bits dsPIC
micro-controller with a CPU speed of 20 Mips [7], and
communicates with sensors and actuators via CAN bus.
The Gateway ECU and the mobile device communicate via
a Bluetooth layer. They exchange both initialization and
real time control data. Initialization data is packed into a
48 bytes frame and the communication is unidirectional
from the mobile device to the gateway ECU. On the
contrary, the real time communication is bidirectional:
The Gateway ECU sends a 64-bytes payload every 0.2 s (5
Hz), whereas the mobile device communicates 6 bytes
control-data packet every time the vehicle travels 50 m.
Simulation results and experimental data collected on a
prototype light 4-wheeled
Toy vehicle prove the effectiveness and the robustness of
the proposed approach. The vehicle equipped with the SoC
con-troller saves approximately 20% of the energy
supplied by the battery, with respect to a nominal driving
behavior.
© 2015, IRJET.NET- All Rights Reserved
3.1 A Security Layer for Automotive Services
Given the application scenario and the aforementioned
security issues, it is necessary to devise an applicationlevel security mechanism that mitigates the vulnerabilities
that lie in the wireless link. Such security layer must be
independent from the underlying wireless layer and must
allow secure communication between the mobile device
and the vehicle. In our attack model the adversary knows
the radio protocol in use, and is able to transmit and
receive arbitrary data packets on the radio interface. The
objective of the attacker is to obtain access to the
information exchanged between the vehicle and the
mobile de-vice, and ultimately manipulate the ECU
execution flow. We concentrate on the application layer.
Therefore, attacks against the physical layer (e.g.,
jamming) or attacks that require physical, even
temporary, access to the vehicle (e.g., forceful shut-down)
fall outside the scope of our security layer.
3.2 Security Analysis
When a vehicle is being accessed and controlled by
mobile there is a possibility of another mobile device to
pair with the ECU mounted on the vehicle either
accidentally or intentionally. So apart from encrypting the
communication message alone there must be security
mechanism that authenticates the sender’s device on the
receiving side. This prevents any intruder mobile device
which is paired to the ECU from accessing the vehicle.
3.3 Secure Session Layer
Above breech in the security system is tackled by our
proposed special encryption method. Our proposed
encryption algorithm uses hash function. This hash
function computes hash value over the concatenation of
message M and IMEI/SV International Mobile Station
Equipment Identity number which is commonly shared
by the mobile device and the ECU mounted on the vehicle.
Sender computes the hash value over the concatenation of
M and IMEI number and appends the resulting hash value
to M. Because the ECU on the vehicle possesses IMEI
Page 282
International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET)
e-ISSN: 2395 -0056
Volume: 02 Issue: 01 | Apr-2015
p-ISSN: 2395-0072
www.irjet.net
number, it can recompute the hash value to verify.
Because the IMEI number itself sent in encrypted form, an
intruder cannot modify an intercepted message and
cannot generate a false message
digit at the end. For the IMEI format prior to 2003, the
GSMA guideline was to have this Check Digit always
transmitted to the network as zero. This guideline seems
to have disappeared for the format valid from 2003 and
onwards.
As of 2004, the format of the IMEI is AA-BBBBBB-CCCCCCD, although it may not always be displayed this way. The
IMEISV drops the Luhn check digit in favour of an
additional two digits for the Software Version Number
(SVN), making the format AA-BBBBBB-CCCCCC-EE
4. Security Evaluation
Fig-2 Encryption and Decryption with IMEI
authentication
3.4 Algorithm
3.4.1Encryption
e=M||H(M||IMEI number)
e is the encrypted message
-Only Mobile Device and ECU share IMEI number
3.4.2 Decryption
H= H(M||IMEI number)
Compute the hash code of received message plus IMEI
number
3.5 IMEI Number
The International Mobile Station Equipment Identity or
IMEI is a number, usually unique, to identify 3GPP (i.e.,
GSM, UMTS and LTE) and iDEN mobile phones, as well as
some satellite phones. It is usually found printed inside the
battery compartment of the phone, but can also be
displayed on-screen on most phones by entering *#06#
on the dial pad, or alongside other system information in
the settings menu on smart phone operating systems.
The IMEI number is used by a GSM network to identify
valid devices and therefore can be used for stopping a
stolen phone from accessing that network. For example, if
a mobile phone is stolen, the owner can call his or her
network provider and instruct them to "blacklist" the
phone using its IMEI number. This renders the phone
useless on that network and sometimes other networks
too, whether or not the phone's SIM is changed.
3.5.1 Structure of the IMEI and IMEISV (IMEI
Software Version)
The IMEI (15 decimal digits: 14 digits plus a check digit) or
IMEISV (16 digits) includes information on the origin,
model, and serial number of the device. The structure of
the IMEI/SV is specified in 3GPP TS 23.003. The model and
origin comprise the initial 8-digit portion of the IMEI/SV,
known as the Type Allocation Code (TAC). The remainder
of the IMEI is manufacturer-defined, with a Luhn check
© 2015, IRJET.NET- All Rights Reserved
The proposed encryption using hash function is simple
and fast when compared to other encryption techniques
like AES. Also they do not provide authentication for the
sender’s mobile device on the receiving side.
A hash value h is generated by a function H of the
form h = H (M || IMEI number). M is a variable length
message and IMEI number is 14 or 16 bits. The hash
value is appended to the message at the source at a time
when the message is assumed or known to be correct.
H can be applied to a block of data of any size
H produces a fixed length output
H(x) is relatively easy to compute for any given x,
making both hardware and software implementations
practical
For any given value h, it is computationally infeasible
to find x such that H(x) = h.
For any given block x, it is computationally infeasible
to find y ≠ x with H(y) = H(x).
It is computationally infeasible to find any pair(x, y)
such that H(x) = H(y).
Experiment results showed that the proposed encryption
or decryption techniques require an execution of 2.25
microseconds which is faster than the other encryption
techniques. Apart from this execution other time limit like
pairing of mobile devices, etc… are same as with the
previous researches.
5. Conclusion
The proposed encryption technique proved to be efficient
and lightweight in terms of processing time and speed.
Also the article provides an holistic security which
protects the message as well as allows the receiving side
to ensure that the message is from authenticated sender
device.
REFERENCES
[1] I. Rouf, R. Miller, H. Mustafa, T. Taylor, S. Oh, W. Xu, M.
Gruteser, W. Trappe, and I. Seskar, “Security and privacy
vulnerabilities of incar wireless networks: A tire pressure
monitoring system case study,” in Proc. 19th USENIX Conf.
Security, Berkeley, CA, USA, 2010, pp. 21–21.
[2] S. Checkoway, D. McCoy, B. Kantor, D. Anderson, H.
Shacham, S. Savage, K. Koscher, A. Czeskis, F. Roesner, and
Page 283
International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET)
e-ISSN: 2395 -0056
Volume: 02 Issue: 01 | Apr-2015
p-ISSN: 2395-0072
www.irjet.net
T. Kohno, “Compre-hensive experimental analyses of
automotive attack surfaces,” in Proc. 20th USENIX Conf.
Security, Berkeley, CA, USA, 2011, pp. 6–6.
[3] A. Dardanelli, F. Maggi, M. Tanelli, S. Zanero, S. M.
Savaresi, R. Kochanek, and T. Holz, A Security Layer for
Smartphone-to-Vehicle Communication Over Bluetooth,
IEEE EMBEDDED SYSTEMS LETTERS, VOL. 5, NO. 3,
SEPTEMBER 2013
[4] A. Dardanelli, M. Tanelli, B. Picasso, S. Savaresi, O. di
Tanna, and M. Santucci, “A smartphone-in-the-loop active
state-of-charge manager for electric vehicles,” IEEE ASME
Trans. Mechatron., vol. 17, no. 3, pp. 454–463, 2012.
[5] C. Spelta, V. Manzoni, A. Corti, A. Goggi, and S. M.
Savaresi,
“Smart-phone-based
vehicle-todriver/environment interaction system for mo-torcycles,”
IEEE Embed. Systems Lett., vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 39–42, Jun.
2010.
[6] A. Dardanelli, M. Tanelli, and S. M. Savaresi, “Active
energy manage-ment of electric vehicles with cartographic
data,” presented at the 2012 IEEE Int. Electr. Veh. Conf.,
2012.
[7] Microchip Technology Inc., 16-bit dsPIC® Digital
Signal Controllers.
[8] NIST Special Publication 800-121 Revision 1, Guide to
Bluetooth Se-curity: Recommendations of the National
Institue of Standards and Technology 2012.
[9] C. Hager and S. Midkiff, “Demonstrating vulnerabilities
in bluetooth security,” in Proc. IEEE Global Telecommun.
Conf. (GLOBECOM’03), 2003, vol. 3, pp. 1420–1424.
[10] K. Haataja and P. Toivanen, “Two practical manin-the-middle attacks on bluetooth secure simple pairing
and countermeasures,” IEEE Trans. Wireless Commun. vol.
9, no. 1, pp. 384–392, Jan. 2010 [Online]. Available:
http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TWC.2010.01.090935
© 2015, IRJET.NET- All Rights Reserved
BIOGRAPHIES
Ms. N. Mamtha is a Student
Pursuing MCA course in
Valliammai
Engineering
College. She is a talented,
dedicated and hard working
student.
Mr. N. Leo Bright Tennisson is
an Assistant Professor, in
Department of Computer
Applications,
Valliammai
Engineering College. He has
about 9 years of teaching
experience in Engineering
College and published various
research
papers
in
Conferences and International
Journal
Ms. G. Rekha is an Assistant
Professor, in Department of
Computer
Applications,
Valliammai
Engineering
College. She has 7 years of
teaching
experience
in
Engineering College.
Page 284
e-ISSN: 2395 -0056
Volume: 02 Issue: 01 | Apr-2015
p-ISSN: 2395-0072
www.irjet.net
An efficient lightweight Cryptographic Algorithm for Secure Control of
Vehicle using Smart Phone
N. Mamtha1, N. Leo Bright Tennisson2, G. Rekha3
Student, Department of Computer Applications, Valliammai Engineering College, Tamil Nadu, India
Assistant Professor, Department of Computer Applications, Valliammai Engineering College, Tamil Nadu, India
3 Assistant Professor, Department of Computer Applications, Valliammai Engineering College, Tamil Nadu, India
1
2
---------------------------------------------------------------------***--------------------------------------------------------------------Key Words: Encryption, Bluetooth, Electronic Control
Abstract - Vehicles are controlled and accessed
through smart phones together with embedded
systems. Communication between smart phone and
Electronic Control Unit [ECU] in the vehicles is made
over Bluetooth connection. This connection is secured
by a security session layer which uses encryption
algorithms. In this article we provide an encryption
technique which is efficient, fast, and lightweight in
terms of processing and provides sender device
authentication on the receiving side. It is becoming
widely popular to control and access vehicles through
smart phones together with embedded systems. There
exist vulnerabilities like improper validation, exposure
and randomness. Especially in case of vehicles
controlled by smart phones over Bluetooth there are
possibilities for Man-In-The-Middle (MITM) attack and
other attacks of falsification of information Recently,
several researchers highlighted this aspect and
successfully demonstrated attacks against different
vehicles [1], [2]. Each of these works showed that it was
possible to take control of certain functionalities of the
vehicle, and interfere with safety-critical or sensitive
components. These vulnerabilities hamper novel
solutions (e.g., smart phones to unlock the vehicle door
or to start the engine), because of the risk of successful
attacks. Adding security mechanisms to vehicles is a
challenging task, as the related embedded
architectures are commonly designed with safety
requirements rather than security ones in mind. We
explicitly take the capabilities of the target architecture
into account (i.e., no input capabilities on the vehicle
side, limited output capabilities, and lack of a trusted
execution environment on the mobile device). Latest
research solution allows a smart phone to establish a
secure session layer over an insecure radio connection,
which provides additional security guarantees
regardless of the security mechanisms already
implemented in the physical layer (if any).As a result,
the entire application layer is transparently secured.
© 2015, IRJET.NET- All Rights Reserved
Unit, Man-In-The-Middle, Embedded Systems, and
Smart Phone etc…
1. RECENT WORK
Researchers had established a secure session layer over an
insecure radio connection [3]. This security layer use
encryption algorithms like AES and SHA-1. This method
encrypts the message before it is transmitted from the
smart phone and it is decrypted by the Electronic Control
Unit [ECU] that is available in the vehicle. But no
authentication is made about the sender’s mobile device
on the receiving side. There is a possibility of some other
mobile device to pair with ECU in the vehicle. The
encryption algorithms have a draw back in terms of
processing burden and time constraints. Also these
methods provide no authentication for sender’s mobile
device. In this article we present an enhanced security
layer which is efficient, less complexity when compared to
other encryption and provides authentication for sender
mobile device on the receiving side.
2. SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE
Paragraph comes content here. Paragraph comes content
here. Paragraph comes content here. Paragraph comes
content here. Paragraph comes content here. Paragraph
comes content here. Paragraph comes content here.
Paragraph comes content here. Paragraph comes content
here. Paragraph comes content here. Paragraph comes
content here. Paragraph comes content here.
Page 281
International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET)
e-ISSN: 2395 -0056
Volume: 02 Issue: 01 | Apr-2015
p-ISSN: 2395-0072
www.irjet.net
3. SECURITY ISSUES
The Bluetooth layer protocol has a two -phase session
setup: after the pairing process, which allows the peers to
get to know each other and set up the network properties,
the actual communication is enabled. Depending on the
protocol version, different security features are available.
However, the early Bluetooth standard and its successors,
with the introduction of the secure simple pairing (SSP)
protocol [8], suffer from various security vulnerabilities
due to weak cryptographic primitives, as discussed in [9],
[10]. The security of most Bluetooth applications (e.g., in
embedded scenarios) relies on a static PIN only, with no
way to change it.
Fig -1: Architecture of Smartphone Vehicle Control System
We successfully implemented the aforementioned
system architecture. Specifically, we implemented an
intelligent range extender for lightweight electric vehicles,
with the goal of optimizing the energy consumption by
actively modifying the vehicle dynamic behavior, as
detailed in [4]. This task is accomplished with a two-layer
structure. A high-level controller keeps track of a
reference profile, , for the battery state of charge (SoC),
. The profile is generated by taking into account the route
length and its elevation profile, as detailed in [6]. The mobile device implements the SoC controller within an ad-hoc
app that we developed, which also includes navigation
features that leverage on Internet-based services (e.g.,
Google Maps API). Furthermore, the low-level control
loops enforce speed and acceleration constraints ( and
in, which allow meeting the desired energy consumption
profile. The low-level controllers act on the gas handle
opening to guarantee that the dynamical behavior of the
vehicle (i.e., speed and acceleration ) is kept within
the prescribed limits. The Gateway ECU implements and
executes the low -level control loops on a 16-bits dsPIC
micro-controller with a CPU speed of 20 Mips [7], and
communicates with sensors and actuators via CAN bus.
The Gateway ECU and the mobile device communicate via
a Bluetooth layer. They exchange both initialization and
real time control data. Initialization data is packed into a
48 bytes frame and the communication is unidirectional
from the mobile device to the gateway ECU. On the
contrary, the real time communication is bidirectional:
The Gateway ECU sends a 64-bytes payload every 0.2 s (5
Hz), whereas the mobile device communicates 6 bytes
control-data packet every time the vehicle travels 50 m.
Simulation results and experimental data collected on a
prototype light 4-wheeled
Toy vehicle prove the effectiveness and the robustness of
the proposed approach. The vehicle equipped with the SoC
con-troller saves approximately 20% of the energy
supplied by the battery, with respect to a nominal driving
behavior.
© 2015, IRJET.NET- All Rights Reserved
3.1 A Security Layer for Automotive Services
Given the application scenario and the aforementioned
security issues, it is necessary to devise an applicationlevel security mechanism that mitigates the vulnerabilities
that lie in the wireless link. Such security layer must be
independent from the underlying wireless layer and must
allow secure communication between the mobile device
and the vehicle. In our attack model the adversary knows
the radio protocol in use, and is able to transmit and
receive arbitrary data packets on the radio interface. The
objective of the attacker is to obtain access to the
information exchanged between the vehicle and the
mobile de-vice, and ultimately manipulate the ECU
execution flow. We concentrate on the application layer.
Therefore, attacks against the physical layer (e.g.,
jamming) or attacks that require physical, even
temporary, access to the vehicle (e.g., forceful shut-down)
fall outside the scope of our security layer.
3.2 Security Analysis
When a vehicle is being accessed and controlled by
mobile there is a possibility of another mobile device to
pair with the ECU mounted on the vehicle either
accidentally or intentionally. So apart from encrypting the
communication message alone there must be security
mechanism that authenticates the sender’s device on the
receiving side. This prevents any intruder mobile device
which is paired to the ECU from accessing the vehicle.
3.3 Secure Session Layer
Above breech in the security system is tackled by our
proposed special encryption method. Our proposed
encryption algorithm uses hash function. This hash
function computes hash value over the concatenation of
message M and IMEI/SV International Mobile Station
Equipment Identity number which is commonly shared
by the mobile device and the ECU mounted on the vehicle.
Sender computes the hash value over the concatenation of
M and IMEI number and appends the resulting hash value
to M. Because the ECU on the vehicle possesses IMEI
Page 282
International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET)
e-ISSN: 2395 -0056
Volume: 02 Issue: 01 | Apr-2015
p-ISSN: 2395-0072
www.irjet.net
number, it can recompute the hash value to verify.
Because the IMEI number itself sent in encrypted form, an
intruder cannot modify an intercepted message and
cannot generate a false message
digit at the end. For the IMEI format prior to 2003, the
GSMA guideline was to have this Check Digit always
transmitted to the network as zero. This guideline seems
to have disappeared for the format valid from 2003 and
onwards.
As of 2004, the format of the IMEI is AA-BBBBBB-CCCCCCD, although it may not always be displayed this way. The
IMEISV drops the Luhn check digit in favour of an
additional two digits for the Software Version Number
(SVN), making the format AA-BBBBBB-CCCCCC-EE
4. Security Evaluation
Fig-2 Encryption and Decryption with IMEI
authentication
3.4 Algorithm
3.4.1Encryption
e=M||H(M||IMEI number)
e is the encrypted message
-Only Mobile Device and ECU share IMEI number
3.4.2 Decryption
H= H(M||IMEI number)
Compute the hash code of received message plus IMEI
number
3.5 IMEI Number
The International Mobile Station Equipment Identity or
IMEI is a number, usually unique, to identify 3GPP (i.e.,
GSM, UMTS and LTE) and iDEN mobile phones, as well as
some satellite phones. It is usually found printed inside the
battery compartment of the phone, but can also be
displayed on-screen on most phones by entering *#06#
on the dial pad, or alongside other system information in
the settings menu on smart phone operating systems.
The IMEI number is used by a GSM network to identify
valid devices and therefore can be used for stopping a
stolen phone from accessing that network. For example, if
a mobile phone is stolen, the owner can call his or her
network provider and instruct them to "blacklist" the
phone using its IMEI number. This renders the phone
useless on that network and sometimes other networks
too, whether or not the phone's SIM is changed.
3.5.1 Structure of the IMEI and IMEISV (IMEI
Software Version)
The IMEI (15 decimal digits: 14 digits plus a check digit) or
IMEISV (16 digits) includes information on the origin,
model, and serial number of the device. The structure of
the IMEI/SV is specified in 3GPP TS 23.003. The model and
origin comprise the initial 8-digit portion of the IMEI/SV,
known as the Type Allocation Code (TAC). The remainder
of the IMEI is manufacturer-defined, with a Luhn check
© 2015, IRJET.NET- All Rights Reserved
The proposed encryption using hash function is simple
and fast when compared to other encryption techniques
like AES. Also they do not provide authentication for the
sender’s mobile device on the receiving side.
A hash value h is generated by a function H of the
form h = H (M || IMEI number). M is a variable length
message and IMEI number is 14 or 16 bits. The hash
value is appended to the message at the source at a time
when the message is assumed or known to be correct.
H can be applied to a block of data of any size
H produces a fixed length output
H(x) is relatively easy to compute for any given x,
making both hardware and software implementations
practical
For any given value h, it is computationally infeasible
to find x such that H(x) = h.
For any given block x, it is computationally infeasible
to find y ≠ x with H(y) = H(x).
It is computationally infeasible to find any pair(x, y)
such that H(x) = H(y).
Experiment results showed that the proposed encryption
or decryption techniques require an execution of 2.25
microseconds which is faster than the other encryption
techniques. Apart from this execution other time limit like
pairing of mobile devices, etc… are same as with the
previous researches.
5. Conclusion
The proposed encryption technique proved to be efficient
and lightweight in terms of processing time and speed.
Also the article provides an holistic security which
protects the message as well as allows the receiving side
to ensure that the message is from authenticated sender
device.
REFERENCES
[1] I. Rouf, R. Miller, H. Mustafa, T. Taylor, S. Oh, W. Xu, M.
Gruteser, W. Trappe, and I. Seskar, “Security and privacy
vulnerabilities of incar wireless networks: A tire pressure
monitoring system case study,” in Proc. 19th USENIX Conf.
Security, Berkeley, CA, USA, 2010, pp. 21–21.
[2] S. Checkoway, D. McCoy, B. Kantor, D. Anderson, H.
Shacham, S. Savage, K. Koscher, A. Czeskis, F. Roesner, and
Page 283
International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET)
e-ISSN: 2395 -0056
Volume: 02 Issue: 01 | Apr-2015
p-ISSN: 2395-0072
www.irjet.net
T. Kohno, “Compre-hensive experimental analyses of
automotive attack surfaces,” in Proc. 20th USENIX Conf.
Security, Berkeley, CA, USA, 2011, pp. 6–6.
[3] A. Dardanelli, F. Maggi, M. Tanelli, S. Zanero, S. M.
Savaresi, R. Kochanek, and T. Holz, A Security Layer for
Smartphone-to-Vehicle Communication Over Bluetooth,
IEEE EMBEDDED SYSTEMS LETTERS, VOL. 5, NO. 3,
SEPTEMBER 2013
[4] A. Dardanelli, M. Tanelli, B. Picasso, S. Savaresi, O. di
Tanna, and M. Santucci, “A smartphone-in-the-loop active
state-of-charge manager for electric vehicles,” IEEE ASME
Trans. Mechatron., vol. 17, no. 3, pp. 454–463, 2012.
[5] C. Spelta, V. Manzoni, A. Corti, A. Goggi, and S. M.
Savaresi,
“Smart-phone-based
vehicle-todriver/environment interaction system for mo-torcycles,”
IEEE Embed. Systems Lett., vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 39–42, Jun.
2010.
[6] A. Dardanelli, M. Tanelli, and S. M. Savaresi, “Active
energy manage-ment of electric vehicles with cartographic
data,” presented at the 2012 IEEE Int. Electr. Veh. Conf.,
2012.
[7] Microchip Technology Inc., 16-bit dsPIC® Digital
Signal Controllers.
[8] NIST Special Publication 800-121 Revision 1, Guide to
Bluetooth Se-curity: Recommendations of the National
Institue of Standards and Technology 2012.
[9] C. Hager and S. Midkiff, “Demonstrating vulnerabilities
in bluetooth security,” in Proc. IEEE Global Telecommun.
Conf. (GLOBECOM’03), 2003, vol. 3, pp. 1420–1424.
[10] K. Haataja and P. Toivanen, “Two practical manin-the-middle attacks on bluetooth secure simple pairing
and countermeasures,” IEEE Trans. Wireless Commun. vol.
9, no. 1, pp. 384–392, Jan. 2010 [Online]. Available:
http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TWC.2010.01.090935
© 2015, IRJET.NET- All Rights Reserved
BIOGRAPHIES
Ms. N. Mamtha is a Student
Pursuing MCA course in
Valliammai
Engineering
College. She is a talented,
dedicated and hard working
student.
Mr. N. Leo Bright Tennisson is
an Assistant Professor, in
Department of Computer
Applications,
Valliammai
Engineering College. He has
about 9 years of teaching
experience in Engineering
College and published various
research
papers
in
Conferences and International
Journal
Ms. G. Rekha is an Assistant
Professor, in Department of
Computer
Applications,
Valliammai
Engineering
College. She has 7 years of
teaching
experience
in
Engineering College.
Page 284
