IRJET-PERFORMANCE OF A CONICAL SHAPED SOLAR WATER HEATER WITH THAT OF A CONVENTIONAL SOLAR WATER HEATER
Various solar technologies are been developed to harness the available environmentally friendly and sustainable solar radiation. New ways of utilizing free power for different energy consuming process continued to be created .In this report a conical shaped solar energy absorber has been developed and its feasibility when compared to conventional flat plate solar collector decreases. Solar water heater has been designed in a conical shape in order to utilize maximum amount of solar energy available and convert it into heat energy for the purpose of heating the water. Low cost materials have been used in the construction of the solar water heater and the heating has been achieved without the usage of the solar panels or solar cells and mirrors which decreases the cost of the equipment, thereby making it economically feasible. The flow system for water heater has been placed in a spiral manner due to its configuration. Heating efficiency of water has been increased by placing sand in a conical basin which is in contact with the surface of the tubes. A glass covering has been provided over the surface of the tubes thereby decreasing the reflectivity of the sunlight and enhancing maximum absorption. Based on the above design considerations the solar water heater has been fabricated and tested.
Content
International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET)
e-ISSN: 2395 -0056
Volume: 02 Issue: 04 | June-2015
p-ISSN: 2395-0072
www.irjet.net
PERFORMANCE OF A CONICAL SHAPED SOLAR WATER HEATER WITH
THAT OF A CONVENTIONAL SOLAR WATER HEATER
Suhas V1, Sukeerth Calastawad2, Sawan Kumar S3, Purujeeth R4, Shyam sharma5
Student, Mechanical Engineering Department, Maharaja Institute of Technology, Karnataka, India
---------------------------------------------------------------------***--------------------------------------------------------------------12345
Abstract - Various solar technologies are been
developed to harness the available environmentally
friendly and sustainable solar radiation. New ways of
utilizing free power for different energy consuming
process continued to be created .In this report a conical
shaped solar energy absorber has been developed and
its feasibility when compared to conventional flat plate
solar collector decreases. Solar water heater has been
designed in a conical shape in order to utilize maximum
amount of solar energy available and convert it into
heat energy for the purpose of heating the water. Low
cost materials have been used in the construction of the
solar water heater and the heating has been achieved
without the usage of the solar panels or solar cells and
mirrors which decreases the cost of the equipment,
thereby making it economically feasible. The flow
system for water heater has been placed in a spiral
manner due to its configuration. Heating efficiency of
water has been increased by placing sand in a conical
basin which is in contact with the surface of the tubes. A
glass covering has been provided over the surface of the
tubes thereby decreasing the reflectivity of the sunlight
and enhancing maximum absorption. Based on the
above design considerations the solar water heater has
been fabricated and tested.
Key Words: Solar heater, Spiral tubing , conical shape
collector, Low cost, Thermo siphoning (natural
cooling)
1. INTRODUCTION
In 2011, the International Energy Agency said that "the
development of affordable, inexhaustible and clean solar
energy technologies will have huge longer-term benefits. It
will increase countries’ energy security through reliance
on an indigenous, inexhaustible and mostly importindependent resource, enhance sustainability, reduce
pollution, lower the costs of mitigating climate change, and
keep fossil fuel prices lower than otherwise. These
advantages are global. Hence the additional costs of the
incentives for early deployment should be considered
learning investments; they must be wisely spent and need
to be widely shared [1]. As we know Earth receives 174
petawatts (PW) of incoming solar radiation (insolation) at
the upper atmosphere. [3] Approximately 30% is reflected
back to space while the rest is absorbed by clouds, oceans
© 2015, IRJET.NET- All Rights Reserved
and land masses. The spectrum of solar light at the Earth's
surface is mostly spread across the visible and nearinfrared ranges with a small part in the near-ultraviolet
[4].
Earth's land surface, oceans and atmosphere absorb solar
radiation, and this raises their temperature. Warm air
containing evaporated water from the oceans rises,
causing atmospheric circulation or convection. When the
air reaches a high altitude, where the temperature is low,
water vapor condenses into clouds, which rain onto the
Earth's surface, completing the water cycle. The latent
heat of water condensation amplifies convection,
producing atmospheric phenomena such as wind, cyclones
and anti- cyclones [5]. Sunlight absorbed by the oceans
and land masses keeps the surface at an average
temperature of 14 °C [6]. By photosynthesis green plants
convert solar energy into chemical energy, which
produces food, wood and the biomass from which fossil
fuels are derived [7].
The total solar energy absorbed by Earth's atmosphere,
oceans and land masses is approximately 3,850,000 Exa
joules (EJ) per year. In 2002, this was more energy in one
hour than the world used in one year. Photosynthesis
captures approximately 3,000 EJ per year in biomass. The
technical potential available from biomass is from 100–
300 EJ/year. The amount of solar energy reaching the
surface of the planet is so vast that in one year it is about
twice as much as will ever be obtained from all of the
Earth's non-renewable resources of coal, oil, natural gas,
and mined uranium combined, Solar energy can be
harnessed at different levels around the world, mostly
depending on distance from the equator.
Solar energy, radiant light and heat from the sun, is
harnessed using a range of ever-evolving technologies
such as solar heating, solar photovoltaic, solar thermal
electricity, solar architecture and artificial photosynthesis
[1] [2].
Solar technologies are broadly characterized as either
passive solar or active solar depending on the way they
capture, convert and distribute solar energy. Active solar
techniques include the use of photovoltaic panels and
solar thermal collectors to harness the energy. Passive
solar techniques include orienting a building to the Sun,
selecting materials with favorable thermal mass or light
dispersing properties, and designing spaces that naturally
circulate air.
Page 800
International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET)
e-ISSN: 2395 -0056
Volume: 02 Issue: 04 | June-2015
p-ISSN: 2395-0072
www.irjet.net
1.1 Analysis of conical frame
Inclining solar collectors positioned at up to 60 degrees
from the horizontal achieve by increasing the effective
aperture area of the collector in the cooler months – by
more effective positioning towards the sun. A thermo
siphoning (close coupled) system has the secondary
benefit of increasing efficiency by reducing the resistance
that the water heated in the collector encounters when
wanting to rise freely into the storage tank.
A tertiary benefit is that in the middle of summer when too
much solar heating can be an issue, the 60 degree collector
angle reduces the effective aperture area during this time
– when compared to collectors at 10-30 degrees that
significantly better year-round performance than standard
angles of between 10 and 30 degrees virtually face the
midday sun in summer. Plenty of 100 per cent solar
heated water is still expected. To achieve the required 60
degree angle the inner circle diameter is made half of that
of the outer circle diameter (i.e 3 ft and 1.5 ft) to get the
required aperture area. The conical structure of solar
water heater has been fabricated using mild steel. It is
built robust by use of mild steel, it has been bent into two
concentric circles of the required dimension and they are
joined using mild steel bars to obtain the required
structure.
Fig 2: 3-D Representation of Conical frame with spiral
tubing
2. FEATURES OF THE CONICAL SHAPED SOLAR
WATER HEATER
457,2
914,4
reaches the outlet. The conventional flat plate and
parabolic solar collectors make use of photovoltaic cells
for the absorption of solar energy, whereas in our conical
shaped absorber no use of photovoltaic cells have been
made, instead of which sand has been used as a medium
for better absorption of heat. By adopting the above
conical design we may get more heat absorbing efficiency.
457,2
1
3
60°
4
OUTERCIRCLEDIAMETER- 914.4mm(3 ft)
2
5
INNERCIRCLEDIAMETER- 457.2mm(1.5 ft)
HEIGHT- 457.2mm(1.5 ft)
SL.NO
Fig 1: Dimensions of the Conical frame
1.2 Conical shaped absorber
Solar collectors are the devices which are used to trap the
sunlight and store them for future use , they have been in
use for over a long period. They have been classified into
two types namely, Flat plate solar collectors and parabolic
solar collectors. By taking the principles of the parabolic
solar collector, it has been modified into a conical shape
for better heat entrapment. The conical shape proves
advantageous for the better absorption of sunlight due to
its shape. Due to its configuration the tubes for water flow
have been arranged in a spiral manner which gives water
enough time to get heated by absorbing maximum amount
of heat during its travel through tubes, thereby giving the
water its highest possible temperature by the time it
© 2015, IRJET.NET- All Rights Reserved
EQUIPMENT LIST
1.
COLDWATERSTORAGETANK
2.
STAND
3.
INLET PIPE
4.
CONICAL FRAME
5.
HOT WATERSTORAGETANK
Fig 3: Line diagram of solar water heater
Page 801
International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET)
e-ISSN: 2395 -0056
Volume: 02 Issue: 04 | June-2015
p-ISSN: 2395-0072
www.irjet.net
making the heat to be available even in the minimal
sunlight.
3. COMPARISION BETWEEN CONICAL SHAPED
SOLAR WATER HEATER AND CONVENTIONAL
SOLAR WATER HEATER
1. On September 15th Mysore, Karnataka India
Table 1: Temperature comparisons and efficiencies of
flat plate solar heater and conical solar heater
Fig 4: Actual experimental setup of solar water
heater
The above figure shows the experimental setup of the
Conical shaped solar water heater, it mainly consists of a
main conical solar frame, two water storage tanks and
spirally placed tubes. The main conical frame has been
fabricated using mild steel. The water tubes have been
spirally placed over the frame with the help of aluminum
binding wires which holds the tightly to the frame. The
tubes have been painted with a light absorptive color
(black paint), which collects the heat and transfers the
heat to the flowing water. The storage units can be divided
into two systems such as:
1) Single unit storage system: In case of single unit storage
system, a single storage tank acts as a single unit wherein
the cold water and hot water remains in the same storage
tank.
2) Double unit storage system: A double unit storage
system, consists of two storage tanks one being for cold
water and other for the hot water storage.
The cold water inlet for the tubes is provided from water
storage tank placed at a height of about 4ft which gives a
suitable head for the water to flow easily. Flow control
valves have been connected to the cold water storage tank
which controls the flow rate of water through the tubes,
the tubes have been tightly fixed to valve using the rings.
Sl.no
Timings
Rise in
temperature
of water in
flat plate
solar heater
(Tf) 0C
Rise in
temperature
of water in
conical
shaped
water
heater(Tc)
0C
Efficiency
© 2015, IRJET.NET- All Rights Reserved
(%)
1.
9.00 am
27
29
7.40
2.
11.00
am
34
40
17.60
3.
13.00
pm
37
44
18.90
4.
15.00
pm
40
50
25.00
5.
17.00
pm
34
36
5.88
60
50
40
30
Flat plate
20
The main conical frame along with the tubes is most
important part of the solar water heater; it is because of
this shape the water gets heated to a maximum
temperature by the time it is received at the outlet. Thus
the highest possible temperature of the water is achieved
by placing the sand between the conical sheet metal and
the conical frame. During daytime the sand as well as the
black surface collects the heat from sun and store the heat
for the future use, the sand retains the heat there by
(TC-Tf)/Tf
Conical heater
10
0
9.00 11.00 13.00 15.00 17.00
A.M A.M P.M P.M P.M
Chart 1: Temperature comparison chart
Page 802
International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET)
e-ISSN: 2395 -0056
Volume: 02 Issue: 04 | June-2015
p-ISSN: 2395-0072
www.irjet.net
(NOTE: X- axis represents timings and Y-axis represents
temperature in 0C)
Inference:The above bar graph shows a plot of the temperature
versus timings for flat plate solar water heater and conical
solar water heater. The Blue bar represents the
temperature recorded for different timings for a flat plate
solar water heater, similarly the green bars for conical
shaped solar water heater. It can be inferred from the
graph that the latter shows a maximum temperature at
15.00 hrs when compared to conventional flat plate solar
water heater.
5. CONCLUSIONS
An attempt as been made to design and fabricate a conical
type solar heater and it was successful by comparing the
performance and efficiency of conical solar water heater to
that of flat plate solar heater. Test was conducted on
September 15th Mysore, Karnataka, India. It was found that
maximum heat was absorbed between 2 to 3pm and it
shows steep raise in temperature. This design can be
applied by commercially for domestic purposes due to its
feasible price.
REFERENCES
1. "Solar Energy Perspectives: Executive
4. COST ESTIMATES
2.
Cost analysis is the total expenditure that has been made
to fabricate the collector. There are two elements mainly
involved in cost analysis. It is cost of the raw materials and
additional materials that are used for the manufacture of a
product. There are two types of material cost, i.e. direct
material cost and indirect material cost. Direct material
cost is basic cost of the raw material which is available in
the market and in direct material cost is one that is useful
for the processing of the material. E.g.: nuts &bolts, hollow
square pipe, etc.
Table 2: Cost incurred for fabrication
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Sl.No
MATERIALS USED
COST (in Rs.)
1.
Fabrication of the conical
frame
1900
2.
½ inch braided fiber pipe
1600
3.
Aluminum binding wires
20
4.
Pipe connectors
30
5.
Water storage tanks
6.
Aluminum foil
40
7.
Ball valves
200
8.
Conical sheet metal
2000
9.
Fasteners
Total
© 2015, IRJET.NET- All Rights Reserved
8.
Summary"(PDF). International Energy Agency,
2011.
“Solar Fuels and Artificial Photosynthesis”, Royal
Society of Chemistry, 2012
Philibert, Cédric (2005). "The Present and Future
use of Solar Thermal Energy as a Primary Source
of Energy". IEA.
"Natural Forcing of the Climate System".
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.
Somerville, Richard. "Historical Overview of
Climate Change Science" (PDF).
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.
Vermass, Wim. "An Introduction to
Photosynthesis and Its Applications". Arizona
State University.
"Renewables for Heating and Cooling"(PDF).
International Energy Agency
S P Sukhatme and J K Nayak. “Principles of
thermal collection and storage”.
1100
50
6940
Page 803
e-ISSN: 2395 -0056
Volume: 02 Issue: 04 | June-2015
p-ISSN: 2395-0072
www.irjet.net
PERFORMANCE OF A CONICAL SHAPED SOLAR WATER HEATER WITH
THAT OF A CONVENTIONAL SOLAR WATER HEATER
Suhas V1, Sukeerth Calastawad2, Sawan Kumar S3, Purujeeth R4, Shyam sharma5
Student, Mechanical Engineering Department, Maharaja Institute of Technology, Karnataka, India
---------------------------------------------------------------------***--------------------------------------------------------------------12345
Abstract - Various solar technologies are been
developed to harness the available environmentally
friendly and sustainable solar radiation. New ways of
utilizing free power for different energy consuming
process continued to be created .In this report a conical
shaped solar energy absorber has been developed and
its feasibility when compared to conventional flat plate
solar collector decreases. Solar water heater has been
designed in a conical shape in order to utilize maximum
amount of solar energy available and convert it into
heat energy for the purpose of heating the water. Low
cost materials have been used in the construction of the
solar water heater and the heating has been achieved
without the usage of the solar panels or solar cells and
mirrors which decreases the cost of the equipment,
thereby making it economically feasible. The flow
system for water heater has been placed in a spiral
manner due to its configuration. Heating efficiency of
water has been increased by placing sand in a conical
basin which is in contact with the surface of the tubes. A
glass covering has been provided over the surface of the
tubes thereby decreasing the reflectivity of the sunlight
and enhancing maximum absorption. Based on the
above design considerations the solar water heater has
been fabricated and tested.
Key Words: Solar heater, Spiral tubing , conical shape
collector, Low cost, Thermo siphoning (natural
cooling)
1. INTRODUCTION
In 2011, the International Energy Agency said that "the
development of affordable, inexhaustible and clean solar
energy technologies will have huge longer-term benefits. It
will increase countries’ energy security through reliance
on an indigenous, inexhaustible and mostly importindependent resource, enhance sustainability, reduce
pollution, lower the costs of mitigating climate change, and
keep fossil fuel prices lower than otherwise. These
advantages are global. Hence the additional costs of the
incentives for early deployment should be considered
learning investments; they must be wisely spent and need
to be widely shared [1]. As we know Earth receives 174
petawatts (PW) of incoming solar radiation (insolation) at
the upper atmosphere. [3] Approximately 30% is reflected
back to space while the rest is absorbed by clouds, oceans
© 2015, IRJET.NET- All Rights Reserved
and land masses. The spectrum of solar light at the Earth's
surface is mostly spread across the visible and nearinfrared ranges with a small part in the near-ultraviolet
[4].
Earth's land surface, oceans and atmosphere absorb solar
radiation, and this raises their temperature. Warm air
containing evaporated water from the oceans rises,
causing atmospheric circulation or convection. When the
air reaches a high altitude, where the temperature is low,
water vapor condenses into clouds, which rain onto the
Earth's surface, completing the water cycle. The latent
heat of water condensation amplifies convection,
producing atmospheric phenomena such as wind, cyclones
and anti- cyclones [5]. Sunlight absorbed by the oceans
and land masses keeps the surface at an average
temperature of 14 °C [6]. By photosynthesis green plants
convert solar energy into chemical energy, which
produces food, wood and the biomass from which fossil
fuels are derived [7].
The total solar energy absorbed by Earth's atmosphere,
oceans and land masses is approximately 3,850,000 Exa
joules (EJ) per year. In 2002, this was more energy in one
hour than the world used in one year. Photosynthesis
captures approximately 3,000 EJ per year in biomass. The
technical potential available from biomass is from 100–
300 EJ/year. The amount of solar energy reaching the
surface of the planet is so vast that in one year it is about
twice as much as will ever be obtained from all of the
Earth's non-renewable resources of coal, oil, natural gas,
and mined uranium combined, Solar energy can be
harnessed at different levels around the world, mostly
depending on distance from the equator.
Solar energy, radiant light and heat from the sun, is
harnessed using a range of ever-evolving technologies
such as solar heating, solar photovoltaic, solar thermal
electricity, solar architecture and artificial photosynthesis
[1] [2].
Solar technologies are broadly characterized as either
passive solar or active solar depending on the way they
capture, convert and distribute solar energy. Active solar
techniques include the use of photovoltaic panels and
solar thermal collectors to harness the energy. Passive
solar techniques include orienting a building to the Sun,
selecting materials with favorable thermal mass or light
dispersing properties, and designing spaces that naturally
circulate air.
Page 800
International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET)
e-ISSN: 2395 -0056
Volume: 02 Issue: 04 | June-2015
p-ISSN: 2395-0072
www.irjet.net
1.1 Analysis of conical frame
Inclining solar collectors positioned at up to 60 degrees
from the horizontal achieve by increasing the effective
aperture area of the collector in the cooler months – by
more effective positioning towards the sun. A thermo
siphoning (close coupled) system has the secondary
benefit of increasing efficiency by reducing the resistance
that the water heated in the collector encounters when
wanting to rise freely into the storage tank.
A tertiary benefit is that in the middle of summer when too
much solar heating can be an issue, the 60 degree collector
angle reduces the effective aperture area during this time
– when compared to collectors at 10-30 degrees that
significantly better year-round performance than standard
angles of between 10 and 30 degrees virtually face the
midday sun in summer. Plenty of 100 per cent solar
heated water is still expected. To achieve the required 60
degree angle the inner circle diameter is made half of that
of the outer circle diameter (i.e 3 ft and 1.5 ft) to get the
required aperture area. The conical structure of solar
water heater has been fabricated using mild steel. It is
built robust by use of mild steel, it has been bent into two
concentric circles of the required dimension and they are
joined using mild steel bars to obtain the required
structure.
Fig 2: 3-D Representation of Conical frame with spiral
tubing
2. FEATURES OF THE CONICAL SHAPED SOLAR
WATER HEATER
457,2
914,4
reaches the outlet. The conventional flat plate and
parabolic solar collectors make use of photovoltaic cells
for the absorption of solar energy, whereas in our conical
shaped absorber no use of photovoltaic cells have been
made, instead of which sand has been used as a medium
for better absorption of heat. By adopting the above
conical design we may get more heat absorbing efficiency.
457,2
1
3
60°
4
OUTERCIRCLEDIAMETER- 914.4mm(3 ft)
2
5
INNERCIRCLEDIAMETER- 457.2mm(1.5 ft)
HEIGHT- 457.2mm(1.5 ft)
SL.NO
Fig 1: Dimensions of the Conical frame
1.2 Conical shaped absorber
Solar collectors are the devices which are used to trap the
sunlight and store them for future use , they have been in
use for over a long period. They have been classified into
two types namely, Flat plate solar collectors and parabolic
solar collectors. By taking the principles of the parabolic
solar collector, it has been modified into a conical shape
for better heat entrapment. The conical shape proves
advantageous for the better absorption of sunlight due to
its shape. Due to its configuration the tubes for water flow
have been arranged in a spiral manner which gives water
enough time to get heated by absorbing maximum amount
of heat during its travel through tubes, thereby giving the
water its highest possible temperature by the time it
© 2015, IRJET.NET- All Rights Reserved
EQUIPMENT LIST
1.
COLDWATERSTORAGETANK
2.
STAND
3.
INLET PIPE
4.
CONICAL FRAME
5.
HOT WATERSTORAGETANK
Fig 3: Line diagram of solar water heater
Page 801
International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET)
e-ISSN: 2395 -0056
Volume: 02 Issue: 04 | June-2015
p-ISSN: 2395-0072
www.irjet.net
making the heat to be available even in the minimal
sunlight.
3. COMPARISION BETWEEN CONICAL SHAPED
SOLAR WATER HEATER AND CONVENTIONAL
SOLAR WATER HEATER
1. On September 15th Mysore, Karnataka India
Table 1: Temperature comparisons and efficiencies of
flat plate solar heater and conical solar heater
Fig 4: Actual experimental setup of solar water
heater
The above figure shows the experimental setup of the
Conical shaped solar water heater, it mainly consists of a
main conical solar frame, two water storage tanks and
spirally placed tubes. The main conical frame has been
fabricated using mild steel. The water tubes have been
spirally placed over the frame with the help of aluminum
binding wires which holds the tightly to the frame. The
tubes have been painted with a light absorptive color
(black paint), which collects the heat and transfers the
heat to the flowing water. The storage units can be divided
into two systems such as:
1) Single unit storage system: In case of single unit storage
system, a single storage tank acts as a single unit wherein
the cold water and hot water remains in the same storage
tank.
2) Double unit storage system: A double unit storage
system, consists of two storage tanks one being for cold
water and other for the hot water storage.
The cold water inlet for the tubes is provided from water
storage tank placed at a height of about 4ft which gives a
suitable head for the water to flow easily. Flow control
valves have been connected to the cold water storage tank
which controls the flow rate of water through the tubes,
the tubes have been tightly fixed to valve using the rings.
Sl.no
Timings
Rise in
temperature
of water in
flat plate
solar heater
(Tf) 0C
Rise in
temperature
of water in
conical
shaped
water
heater(Tc)
0C
Efficiency
© 2015, IRJET.NET- All Rights Reserved
(%)
1.
9.00 am
27
29
7.40
2.
11.00
am
34
40
17.60
3.
13.00
pm
37
44
18.90
4.
15.00
pm
40
50
25.00
5.
17.00
pm
34
36
5.88
60
50
40
30
Flat plate
20
The main conical frame along with the tubes is most
important part of the solar water heater; it is because of
this shape the water gets heated to a maximum
temperature by the time it is received at the outlet. Thus
the highest possible temperature of the water is achieved
by placing the sand between the conical sheet metal and
the conical frame. During daytime the sand as well as the
black surface collects the heat from sun and store the heat
for the future use, the sand retains the heat there by
(TC-Tf)/Tf
Conical heater
10
0
9.00 11.00 13.00 15.00 17.00
A.M A.M P.M P.M P.M
Chart 1: Temperature comparison chart
Page 802
International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET)
e-ISSN: 2395 -0056
Volume: 02 Issue: 04 | June-2015
p-ISSN: 2395-0072
www.irjet.net
(NOTE: X- axis represents timings and Y-axis represents
temperature in 0C)
Inference:The above bar graph shows a plot of the temperature
versus timings for flat plate solar water heater and conical
solar water heater. The Blue bar represents the
temperature recorded for different timings for a flat plate
solar water heater, similarly the green bars for conical
shaped solar water heater. It can be inferred from the
graph that the latter shows a maximum temperature at
15.00 hrs when compared to conventional flat plate solar
water heater.
5. CONCLUSIONS
An attempt as been made to design and fabricate a conical
type solar heater and it was successful by comparing the
performance and efficiency of conical solar water heater to
that of flat plate solar heater. Test was conducted on
September 15th Mysore, Karnataka, India. It was found that
maximum heat was absorbed between 2 to 3pm and it
shows steep raise in temperature. This design can be
applied by commercially for domestic purposes due to its
feasible price.
REFERENCES
1. "Solar Energy Perspectives: Executive
4. COST ESTIMATES
2.
Cost analysis is the total expenditure that has been made
to fabricate the collector. There are two elements mainly
involved in cost analysis. It is cost of the raw materials and
additional materials that are used for the manufacture of a
product. There are two types of material cost, i.e. direct
material cost and indirect material cost. Direct material
cost is basic cost of the raw material which is available in
the market and in direct material cost is one that is useful
for the processing of the material. E.g.: nuts &bolts, hollow
square pipe, etc.
Table 2: Cost incurred for fabrication
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Sl.No
MATERIALS USED
COST (in Rs.)
1.
Fabrication of the conical
frame
1900
2.
½ inch braided fiber pipe
1600
3.
Aluminum binding wires
20
4.
Pipe connectors
30
5.
Water storage tanks
6.
Aluminum foil
40
7.
Ball valves
200
8.
Conical sheet metal
2000
9.
Fasteners
Total
© 2015, IRJET.NET- All Rights Reserved
8.
Summary"(PDF). International Energy Agency,
2011.
“Solar Fuels and Artificial Photosynthesis”, Royal
Society of Chemistry, 2012
Philibert, Cédric (2005). "The Present and Future
use of Solar Thermal Energy as a Primary Source
of Energy". IEA.
"Natural Forcing of the Climate System".
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.
Somerville, Richard. "Historical Overview of
Climate Change Science" (PDF).
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.
Vermass, Wim. "An Introduction to
Photosynthesis and Its Applications". Arizona
State University.
"Renewables for Heating and Cooling"(PDF).
International Energy Agency
S P Sukhatme and J K Nayak. “Principles of
thermal collection and storage”.
1100
50
6940
Page 803
