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Compiled by
S.Rengasamy
Madurai Institute of Social
Sciences

S.Rengasamy-History of Social Welfare / Social Work
2Contents
History of Social Welfare/ Social Work
.......................................................................................................................... 3The
need to understand history of social work
............................................................................................................. 3Framework
to understand History of Social Welfare / Social Work
.............................................................................. 4
Understanding History through Historical Phases
....................................................................................................... 5Photos of Walter
Friedlander & Simon Patten 9who used the term social work first time)
.................................... 9The Settlement House
.....................................................................................................................................
....... 10
Understanding the History of Social Welfare from various Welfare Traditions
....................................................... 11Social Work in historical perspective
...................................................................................................................... 11
2. Understanding the History of Social Welfare from various welfare
Traditions
.................................................... 11
Three Social Welfare / Social Security Tradition
........................................................................................................ 11
The Poor Law tradition
.....................................................................................................................................
.......... 11Poor Law Tradition
.....................................................................................................................................
............. 12
The Poor Law Tradition
.....................................................................................................................................
.......... 12Work House Conditions
.....................................................................................................................................
14Work Houses
.....................................................................................................................................
................. 14
Social Insurance Tradition
.....................................................................................................................................
. 14
Welfare Tradition
.....................................................................................................................................
.............. 17

The Welfare State

.....................................................................................................................................
........... 17
The Welfare State Why did it all start?
................................................................................................................. 17
Three Social Security Strategies
.................................................................................................................................
18The
Social Assistance strategy
originating in the Poor law tradition ..........................................................................
18
Social Insurance Strategy
.....................................................................................................................................
....... 18
Social Allowance Strategy
.....................................................................................................................................
...... 18
Founders of the Welfare State-Photo Album
............................................................................................................ 19History of
Social Welfare in USA
..................................................................................................................................
201
.....................................................................................................................................
......................................... 203
.....................................................................................................................................
......................................... 234
.....................................................................................................................................
......................................... 24
Celebrating Social Welfare / Work Pioneers
.............................................................................................................. 25Elizabeth
Gurney Fry
.....................................................................................................................................
.......... 25Octavia Hill
.....................................................................................................................................
......................... 26Arnold Toynbee
.....................................................................................................................................
................. 27Jane Addams
.....................................................................................................................................
...................... 28Mary Richmond

.....................................................................................................................................
.................. 29George Orwell, John Howard Griffin, Pat Moore, Tolly Toynbee,
Günther Wallraff, Barbara Ehrenreich ............ 30Sir William Beveridge
.....................................................................................................................................
......... 32Jane Jacobs (1916-2006)
.....................................................................................................................................
.... 33Joel Fischer
.....................................................................................................................................
......................... 35
Understanding Social Work history by understanding the history of fields of
social work
..................................... 36
Indian History Timeline
.....................................................................................................................................
.......... 37Evolution of Social Welfare Ministry in
India...............................................................................................................
38Table: Establishing an Independent Ministry of Social Welfare

Timeline ................................................................. 39Subjects allocated to the
Ministry of Social Justice & Empowerment -India
.............................................................. 41Ministry of Women and Child
Development -India
..................................................................................................... 42Subjects
allocated Ministry of Women and Child Development -India
....................................................................... 43

S.Rengasamy-History of Social Welfare / Social Work
3
History of Social Welfare/ Social Work
The need to understand history of social work

.
The need to understand history of social work
The diversity of social work represents a great challenge for social work research,
education and practice inthe rapidly internationalizing and globalizing world. This
challenge can be met successfully only with a deepphilosophical and historical
understanding of the characteristics of a particular country - and welfare regime

including the specific traditions of welfare systems and the position and role of
social work within them.Research into the philosophy and history of social work
strengthens this understanding through analyzing theconceptual and genealogical
fundamentals of the traditions of social work. This kind of research contributes
tothe theoretical self-conception of social work which is necessary for the
development of social work asa modern professional system, a scientific discipline
and a research-based activity. The development of socialwork as a modern social
system depends on its intellectual capacity based on this kind of theoretical selfconception.Issues within the philosophy of science, political philosophy and the
general theory of social action play animportant role in the philosophy of social
work. Philosophical analyses are closely connected with the history of concepts of
social work, but also contribute to the history of social work as a professional
social system andsocial work practices in individual countries. There are several
specific areas in practical social philosophydealing significantly with the
theoretical self-conception of social work, for example the philosophy of
family,educational philosophy, the philosophy of law, and the theory of human
rights. In addition to this, issues of philosophy of science are of great importance
for the development of the science of social
work.http://eris.osu.eu/index.php?kategorie=35174&id=5176
…to r
each an understanding of what Social Welfare / Social Work is?.. the issues it
should address..how it should be carried out?

social workers travelled a long
path…and it is worth knowing
IN AN ERA OF CHANGE

S.Rengasamy-History of Social Welfare / Social Work
4
Framework to understand History of Social Welfare / Social Work
Framework to understandHistory / evolution of Social Welfare / SocialWork
can be understood inseveral ways
Understanding history through historical phases /C h r o n o l o i c a l h i s t o r
Understanding history by understanding differentWelfare traditions
Understanding the Social Welfare / Social Work history in UK & USA that
shaped the global historyUnderstanding history by
understandingcontributions of pioneers of Social Work Understanding
William Beveridge Contribution thatshaped global welfare policies
Understanding the historical development of various fields of social work

Medical & Psychiatric Social Work, School/CorrectionalSocial Work
etcUnderstanding the evolution of Social Welfare inIndia, largest democratic
& welfare state in theworld

S.Rengasamy-History of Social Welfare / Social Work
5
Understanding History through Historical Phases
Prior to1600
Tofler‟s Agricultural Society: special values about
caring for individuals evolve. Emergence of unconditional charity toward
individuals in times of hardship
1084 Almshouses for the poor and handicapped are established in England.
1300s
Bubonic plague kills nearly 1/3 of European population. Labor shortages force the
State tointervene. Laws passed to compel all able-bodied men to accept
employment. Alms to able-bodiedbeggars were forbidden.1313
Christianity legalized by Roman Emperor, Constantine. Church sanctioned to use
donated funds toaid the poor. Charitable attitudes and behaviors expected of the
rich; redistribution of wealth notpart of charitable principles1348

The Statute of Laborers is issued in England, requiring people to remain on their
home manorsand work for whatever lords want to pay. Begging and Almsgiving is
outlawed except for the agedand those unable to work. For the first time, a
distinction is made between the "worthy poor" (theaged, handicapped, widows, and
dependant children), and the "unworthy poor" (able-bodied butunemployed adults).
1500
Henry VIII in England broke from the Roman church. State confiscates Church
wealth, leaving itwithout means to carry out charity expectations. Spain introduces
first State organized registrationof the poor.
History of Social Work

UK & USA
Social Work during primitive stage (before 1200 AD)
Social Work during 1200 -1500 A.D
Social Work during 1500

1600 A.D.
Social Work during 1500

1600 A.D.
Social Work during 1600 -1800 A.D.
Social Work during 1800 -1900 A.D.
Social Work during 1900 onwards
Social Work during 1600 -1800 A.D.1600 - 1800
1600s Poor Law principles introduced to New World by Plymouth colonists. Poor
and unfortunate
divided into two groups: "deserving" sick, disabled, widows, orphans and
thrifty old;and "undeserving" offenders, unmarried mothers, vagrants,
unemployed and the oldwithout savings.
1601 The Elizabethan Poor Law is established. Built on the experiments of the
earlier HenricianPoor Law (1536) and the Parish Poor Rate (1572), this legislation
becomes the major codificationof dealing with the poor and disadvantaged for over
200 years. It also becomes the basis fordealing with the poor relief at the colonial
level, taxes people in each parish pay for their ownpoor, establishes apprentice
programs for poor children, develops workhouses for dependantpeople, and deals
harshly and punitively with able bodied poor people.1650 The influence of Luther,
Calvin, and others has become established and manifested as theProtestant ethic, a
philosophy that becomes influential in England, parts of Europe, and
Americancolonies. It emphasizes self-discipline, frugality, and hard work and leads
many of its adherents tofrown on those who are dependant or unemployed.1662

The Law of Settlement and Removal is established in England as one of the
world‟s first
"residency requirements" in determining eligibility to receive help. Municipal
authorities to helponly poor local citizens and to expel from their jurisdictions
anyone else who might becomedependant for assistance. This law causes
authorities to evaluate people as to the likelihood of their becoming poor. Thus,
though the law is basically harsh and punitive, some efforts too look atthe causes
of poverty are codified.
1600-1800Priorto1600Phases
Understanding History through Historical Phases

S.Rengasamy-History of Social Welfare / Social Work
6
1697 The workhouse system is developed in Bristol and soon spreads throughout
England and partsof Europe. It is designed to keep down poor taxes by denying aid
to anyone who refuses to entera workhouse. These institutions are usually managed
by private entrepreneurs who contract withthe legal authorities to care for the
residence in exchange for the residence in exchange for usingtheir work. Residence
- including very young children, the handicapped and very old people

areoften given minimal care and are worked long hours as virtual slaves.1700
Humanitarian groups in Quebec establish centers for the relief of the poor; Nova
Scotiansadopt English Poor Laws.1782 The Gilbert Act is passed in England,
enabling humanitarians, appalled by the exploitation of workhouse residence, to
institute reforms in many English jurisdictions. Many workhouses areclosed,
assistance to the poor in their own home is established, and children under 6 are
placedwith families. Many private entrepreneurs are replaced by municipal
employees as managers of the remaining workhouses.1795 Speemhamland system
establishes earliest "poverty line" based on the price of bread andnumber of
dependents in a workers family; subsidization provided when wages dipped below
thepoverty line.Social Work during 1800 -1900 A.D.
1800-1900
1800s Reforms to Elizabethan Poor Laws. Denigrating principles of "less
eligibility" and "perception of
need" imbedded in society‟s attitudes toward the poor and less able bodied.
Reform activists work
for the abolition of illiteracy, preventable diseases, sweated labor, slums and
overcrowding,unemployment and poverty.
Charity Organization Societies (COS) form in England with an emphasis on
detailedinvestigations. Volunteers recruited to befriend applicants, make individual
assessments and correct theirproblems.
Thomas Malthus, British East India Company economist, documents population
numbers
multiplying faster than production of goods to meet their needs. Coincides with
Darwin‟s theory of evolution based on natural selection. Applied to human
condition by Herbert Spencer‟s declaration
that poverty was part of natural selection; helping the poor would only perpetuate
unfit lazinessand non industriousness.

Protestant Ethic emphasizes self-discipline, frugality and hard work; encouraged
disapproval of dependence on others.
Feminists in America convene to declare the goal of equal rights for women;
suffrage, equalopportunities in education and jobs, and legal rights.1819
Scottish preacher and mathematician Thomas Chalmers assumes responsibility for
Glasgow‟s
poor. He develops private philanthropies to help meet the economic needs of the
poor andorganizes a system of volunteers to meet individually and regularly with
disadvantaged people togive them encouragement and training.1833 Antoine
Ozanam established in the Saint Vincent de Paul Society in Paris, using lay
volunteersto provide emergency economic and spiritual assistance to the poor.1834
The new Poor Law is established in England to reform the Elizabethan Poor Law
(1601). Theunderlying emphasis of the new law is on self-reliance. Public
assistance is not considered a right,and government is not seen as responsible for
the unemployed. The principle of "less eligibility" (arecipient of aid can never
receive as much as does the lowest-paid worked) is enforced.1844 1844: The first
YMCA is established in London, England.1867 1867: The British North America
Act created a political union between New Brunswick, Nova Scotia,Canada East,
and Canada West -- the Dominion of Canada. Responsibility for social welfare
given tothe provinces. Welfare was not seen as a major function of governments.
1800-19001600-1800
History of Social Work
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