Medical Aspects of Arctic Operations

 

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a, roa

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FT LIZAiLNWOATH

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8:

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KAN

1952

ACCESSION ku dGI)

e

No____

a

CGSC Form 51~ 160

Armny CGSC

13 Mar

CLSUP,

2 NT dALS

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P2 179 98 8 7

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9

edial Asects o

8VBiQ?,

n i . Oprations

To determine the problem n i s o p e r a t i o s will present to the tic a S r i c e , and formulate resmmadatiensfor the soluteo ofthose probles,

SUPn

SO~n,

Cor

etffet

th

cpacit,

n v

on the idvdual Goneraing phyuieal and metal ul protective measures, diet, and training In

byimne.Cover

pertaining persoal

to

?ffeso meIalunits evacuation te mtbods, hospitls, types of required, shelter and

special requiremns, Waespecific reooid aticns onen Presribe atidulrotctive measres, diet and trainsg 2 cops o o l units to b e epoyed edical equipwmt

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Coavvx 64~

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STUDY SUORfCfls

4aartermater Sapplies.#*quipwmt and Services TDuring operations

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013199

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Rattle b p r i a c e . s 0 EQ.22 Fob 45 AG? B0040Rpor X74, IEQ.18 M r 4 5 Intelligno. Review N o 25 &.54.a rctic scientific problems affecting military oeations and effect of A r t i c c o d i t i o ns on l*sk.Ox operations personnel Winter k eo i s . &ak.z IIDMIS 1 Feb 46 ovrrpr eport o pOnad.. bservers a e $ 18 Feb 46 4G

Reprt,

frnsin Development, Vol.1.I$, AG?'.g 46 German oldtraining and tactics WDE, 31 Jan 4 eran unai t ro p s DMZS, Do 44 Ineri Report on bercte asz 194 Alaskan m a n e e r , ? 148, cise wuon AG) ,98 Way 47 Report A4akanDwat entWner enters yCanadian Observers Mr 4494

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Fina Reort,- VI? Task force Frostbite Final R e o r tS F T a s k Fto ll T.*Prr alth Conditions A.ong ° S Aytroops in Alaska Helth of the r

  the Army in the Arctic'.w Armored

0

1f War Comes

to

theuArcic . l i

avalry Journal,

Review Jan 48

1942470

oarAril 47

the Arctic ow Al Reie Apr 4 8  Inantry in MuntanOperations' )il1 Reflow Mar 48   SupplyProblems i Polar Opraions . l R e i w O t 47 Water

in

 

w

LgL A 89 ~ -1l l a a r p ~ k a ASA At9

Co 4 o r t ta

SUJT. 1.

SP~ E

determine t h e problems atioOprations w i l l present to Sr vice so f o r a . l a t r o m m e n d i o s f o r the solution probl. To

the Mdica of

2.

& a c e l S t a f f College nrth, ansas

of ArtioOprations

pets

edal

10  

these

asets of kti cprations as well a t h e ad servies, have ben s ied series of cold wather operationsaidpreliminary c o rl u s i o n s havebeen aeae C o n l n iie e n s a m e i c a l a s p e c t s are listed hew and the problems a e discussed i the anes referred to

DICSION

The

eal

problems o f o t h e r a m s

a.

m

Personnel

aand

ast e caeull

bSpecial individual e q u i m n ist~ essential. annx 2, .:

t raining

presents

r

all personnel,

4,

Messing

e.

F i r s t aid present. new problems for allpersonnel, n .

f,

wvsuton

gMed-a l Fto

, i.

m

most be

of

rapid

hopitals

t structurre,

Ahigher

incidence

Anetic

Oertions

of

ary ailments,. and

training

5

annex

installations

and

nd

frost carbon

secialtraining

aannex6

problems.

specialt equipment developedty,.

83,)

poisoning is

3 ips s t i ngt ye o f medical units are Mequate, maetrained and equipped,

whe

or S e i .

upper respir..E

and S o w b l t d n e l s s

monoxide

its use us e

equipmetsad

mas be bass units of p e r a n

(nne

i

rations, water and

reuireas

and presents man

equipment must bealtered n tetrqremets ane

e m a jo r ity

pe

problems in

(annex 4

sanitation

othing4an

sataionrequire specal

P e r s o n a l h g i n e nd special

and

s e c i a l l y trained

-peculiar t properly

s

ge

bE), that lessons learned todat. be utilized inthe slection and training o f person sl in the conduct of training and operations, and In the development of supplies mn e q u i p e t That research, devlopmet, and testing W continued in order to provide ~F~p~YI~IJ 8 ~b i tlt~~5 .~l~~lLO;C~L better answers to the many robles which are only ~partially solved

~,ACTION flO

to

date.

~ ~

aq Maors

V.

GRD~058724 :

Cavalry

 

  berg

the o p in io n t h a t

f

Ee al s o

zero,

below

fighting

~9t

e

k

r

t

los e s two per

ma

states that 90

out Ccl

beer

is obvious

u

P~

v

under~

old then

efficiency for every degree

cent i

of a

per cent

soldier';

rctic

Other commanders leer

or

gr

mental and p y s i c a l health initi lly and must be f u l l y conditioned if un er the added rigors

in

the Arctic gust be of sound

i

fight

a gr e a te r

spent

is

time

conditions,

Zne s o b s e r v a t i o n s to

that men who are t

to o p e r t e efficietly

M

Cl. Paul V:l K a n e o m n d e r o f Task Force Frigid.

elements when operating under

the

and observers

but it

9

ependcbek t ai nob~ m o e apid riter in exreme

s

limatic icrnormal conditions, is

~nd

eec ~ted

Personnelmast becarefuli

o f such

cPaigning.

are

they

-Studies

date, although neither f n a l nr conlusive, indicate that

completed to

individuals selected

asigens

f or

under

conditions

o f extreme

cold

should

possess t he following caractristics. A iniu

I,

o f 12 m n t h s m i l i t a r y

2,.fligh degree o f physical 3

,An

4o

High

5

A

 

imu

normal'

scre

Zaschnical

8,

Previous

Training

of men

aptitude,

cd

experience w i t h

States

possess

t he nor t her n

t hi s eharacteristie,)

out f o r each other,

all

eelons,

in

both

buddy

in

t h . fild,

high u n d e r trying c o n d i t i o n s ,

be

system.

whereby

mst be developed to a high degree,

tr a ining and

enovercoat

-folloing basc principles must

of

(Men from m o t

.weather,

toh

incentive is worth

1

Test,

commnit

quality and m o r a l e mat be kept

followed

Cla s s if ic a tion

mst stresspysical conditioning and the

Leadership in

tat

Army General

t he

n

on psychological tests',

Origin from a small

7,

fitness.

and i n c e n t i v e ,

mtivation

United

pa ir s

of III

grade

service.

has proven true on

perfectly

man

must be of to p

The statement occasions,

Th The e

instilled during training an d

religiously in the field: goggles at all times

War

in th

open

during

daylight hours to avoid

sow-bl ndne,

2 , F a c i n g t he wind o r walking .into t h e wind mest be avoided whenever With a high degree

possible,

and without 3

the

Avoid

of

wn

hil

frostbite

an occur

n

on

m

ut

casualty knowing it exposing

uncovered extremities to the elements

for

long

periods.

Frostbite an occura a o 4'F after tw

t

miuels

wold~~ oEba

~i uncovered ha3Xn hand willl Afer one~

v.5?

of

sour

taed t b ~ a~jj

gbl~ av

t thids

eoure

tob

~ r

n wite

temptrature.

t

z&f :i

' It

 

r y socks

m bhxeageto de w h

t r

the

aopportuity

presents itself

5

wet clothing must be dried throughly.

6

Supplemeary dryhan gear and socks must be

st b e realised and awoided

  ? The dangers of carbon roxide poisoning

roper exercise will increase het prductin but exercise should

8 b

sufficient to

cause perspiration to

loosened or rewrved in order t

9. clothing

Clothing mut

clothing.

be

oth

rapidly

r

vaporizing substances on

or akin

touch

etal surf ces with

Bitter use liquor i

ny for,

ody to dilates

vessels of the

xposed

isu

sero

nather

bare skin

th

Acohl

c a s e s all t h e outer blood

and produces a dissipation o f body heat

  rapid drop in deep body t e n p e ra u re i

t t

m

not

prevent perspiring as the result of necessary

Avoid spilling gsoline or

10,lNver 11

carried by all pro nnl

even for

A

and

n under the influence of a l c o h l .

only

a short time

can rapidly freeze

todeath

Adequate nlisted

en

instruction

through the

snow.blindness,

in

tedium

of

aid et

ust

e given to every

Frostbite,

and dexmnstrations,

special clothsig end equipmentis

personal hygiene and sanitation msot b

~ ~

~JB ~5

s~i~~a~

I~4

~tb~~~~~kh~~S

Bi

and

officer

trench toot end earbon monoxide poisoning should

training in the use of

Training

first

e

especially

essetia

undertaken

~r~rd~kA ~r~rd ~kA 68

see

see Amez

OWE I~E~a

 

individual

peci0

l

n

I

t

 

clothing which has bey en

  he rtic

s

glass lined

ter ed

. loped

the

Clothing

re superior to

Fsteners taut bes

be trained

cushion

ererwrneto

the

at least every other d b r o t a t e d daily in

protectionGlea

st

aable of being loosened

b

order

socks

allow circulation ofair

rtydaness. be

a

oidd

tkoolendrawers and u d e r skin

Insulating

greatly reduces the

should be worn under ski sock

sle

drawersarni ndershirto s un

sely throughout.

ed that they can be adjuste

to loosen clothing

oisoclothing and mast

Wool s e e s

loo

effort

inorder toav o id perspiration, value o

fit

snd must

end clothing

and readjusted with minianm

as yet been

has

arments as againtt thicker gh

and

ser

designed and

wic

y pile

properly fitted

without renving hedgeer mst

prtos.Tenwrtbr

rvd toward fewer arend ais lyr

stb

the Qae ruser

oed b

proven to be adequate freoi

G.neriha

d

w

should be oh::eery

Skisocks, woolen

and c o t t o n

s

The

day

if

nd

socks

possible

nd

undershirtsshould

d rawrs - n d

m

thoroughly dry and provide

th

t th yw

nd

undoe ar

should

b

issue end supplied

automati

with the ra tio n kis and swshoes

considerable training

but

n heir present st te o f Is

required

before

develop mentareadequ

the average

  y degree of f mili rity or proficiency with either

in a r c t i c e a t i o n as

it s

should b

so ld ie r

Troops

trained in the use of both skis

requently e I pseible to wove on

to

c n

f ai

be utilised

snows hoes

and4

ttithout u t i l i z i n g

a

one or the

other, :l

and equipment

clothin

rntb

wie

ocvred with white

for

use

iarctic oeratons Although and

anirp

are being m de

canteen

t

be

there

ts in individ l clothing re

relatively

p r c t d s a methd

few

re l

ofheating td

and

euipmentcnb

deficiencies

itu

rations

the r mo s

in he

m st be developed

field

nd

i lsh lt r

individu l

an

-

w

be

t

devised

arr

 

 n n x

tr

erson

ord

e1,

for tr

Heated latrines i rst be, p ro v i e

Bodily

the field*

ps in

evacution is most difficult and on be d a g r u s insub*nserc t n p r e r s

and r equi r e its a p u t a t i o n o t e r

hour of exposure,

one

wet m n w i l l put off evacution until it b e e s e n

the i l l s

nenderedb

a b s o lu te

areast r v d wen d combat t e

vehicles

got into

for

necessity

action,

regularity in

oThese t a

Rvey

oil

and

vehicles,

comat

a tr~e of 'gasoline sand fuel

s oldie r

and

elimintion

from such

aoshed a

least one

crotch,

a nd

apits

a la.wt to the

faiit

fixed

should b

the skin

ile e lW a rines usesta h

w

muot be

provide

resed with

with the mean t

be bathed a tle a s t once a

a

omrplete bath the feet, least every other day with

a

x e t i o n . of socks and underwea

h

Clean cuehion sole socks antd

the skin should be changed

every other day daily

Ski s o c k s ,

ration,

f a i l i t i a for

m

acoMlte

The mrale f a s e

daily

if

periods

wr

otim

cotton underwear should Ti

socks and.

possible

underwear

and

opat

woolen undrshirts and drawers should b ~~~~3~g~~~~ ~~~1ab~ thoroughly dr and afford

in order that they

teti.on,.Priodicallys

Teeth should

long periods.

n~~ s~~~a~i~~w

worn next t

rotated

for

daily or

bautomaic issue and supplied with the

~

for

provided when troops

personal clot'hing can be worn for lon

cold

.W.trem

provide

wiped t

a oprloh

ies

The b d s h o u l d

daily,

is i s o s i b l e t

 week and vihen i

in

assembly

it

are to be

n.

Lgtine

be left i

may

Bested wanigans wilth waimp f a c i l i t i e s s h o l d b

be

andd necessity an

faulty e iminationwill inevitably follow.

behind both administrative a d

allow

such temperatures

t

o r shelters mounted on s e d s m y be constructed to b towed

imngans.

the

minutes eoe

hman hand whiteafter t

wilI turn an uncovered

wi

will b a th

have

to be sent toa.er

health

a daily waohu f a c tor

saves

= at not be

proes

chln.were

and c o m l t e c ange of clothn

provided

full

are avaiable

cleasocks overlooked,

and

Contrary

und-erwear is obvious but the health

tpopular be ie f, a heard is but alight to

 addition

feet result

being unsaitary1

Iac

of discipline avid

.ens

swety o;

lirty

in dirty* moist or greasy

In tie i n s u l i n g value of it

coth,

s

illness,.

mt

and an d

sbads

i

and a conse quet

ni

l

lowers moralear.

Slovenliness

t nt

It

b

r

ng

i

cot

the

s well

gainstthe cold in

protection

b tolerated

breods

the th e

ond

provided

e

 

~ssi esntsrobemsIn

inStal

ratonss

otns

wt

r

end

sanitation,   dquate nourishment is a pre

of

troops

the

.rctic

is to be

nmintained

in

y.

In fairly stable situations i

normal mess i tion t

an

t h i s problem but has t h e

doubly

it is

ixiortent In

possible to operate

be provided to

The J a

food,

fighting efficioey

limate and i

the field

sufftcenmt shelter

andonsusptio n of the o

essential ithe

allow for preparation

S h e l t e r provides t h e

disadvantage of

best

of

32 shelter end the equivalent

for the 6427 pound

Jameswayr is byatr the insulated

ends waled _

shelter

8t shelter,

z

4

1/2 ton,

2

long wheel base trucks

ofth

two .

TJexcwsa

is an

of half a tube with the s e m - c i r c a r in and fitted with doorsed Ordinary tentage is Unra in d, e.

heap

with

suitable for cookin

or

the

inessin 3 because of

on the side walls end ceilings,'i

excessive

frost a c u n l a t i o

melts when the tent is

frost

o uses water to drip into food and on personnel,*Then the xistr 5is Imrposible to strike the tent ~And awin~ ,~ ~is afytr sPrtabib The

6

loped at p r e s e n t the smaller

As

more satisfactory

solo.

r e q u i i g the. equivalent

1/2 ton, long wheel base t r c k to transport t h e 2 4 pound

n

a

'rstion-*

with

of pot able water required

ts

several

for its

P4Etir

anstab

.eooz

dro

prepa ra tio n .a d

isr and

freezes

e-j~.drit i i n m d m g the large tintt

ne,

the further

quadtiis its r p r tio

a beirJ ted in h e o p e a t i o ~ i n g aloe is e o isined ofwaer necessar to provide f o m s s sanitation when this ration is ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~5~t ~ ~ ~d~ ~ ~ ~ & tars~ f ~~B~ ~ ~i~pg lS s ~ss A$ j pos furher se~~ ~~~~be~~aaj~~ r~asazl~as se v ~~~~:1~ ntasotdoe ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~#~' ~e~ ogdsacsbt problems atbr s et b,0aorried ' inoheated ation end povr vehicles o l ontainters n~~~f~BOb die and BfThs~ d~~ nis k stored l~ g~~E P7*f~a~~~~~t~ A-p3:z boh E ~~ ~ep~ ~Od~gtl S ineated sh lt r   These requirements d4mndcareful planing andahigh 'Pt TP~ t~ ~

9X

degree

 o

o f tooordinstio e d fi u

ve r.

o 2 ble. and

tleast 400 calories

F~at+~

u and e

t

Crzl~s E~aB

t~~B~

a~~~~

ef n oiciv d ncy t er as wa l l as t ospecial b nr eq i m ont

every effort

as

&f~~~9Pj

comrpared

aut

to

t.

i n

be made to provide anraion usual

pl ration

of from350t

ve

f

LO0calories,

is noeidence that extra fats need b

Thwere

th e

added to

ra-tion for use in arctic operations, roblemsIncident t o t h e use of the Allration preoludeitsuse

The

misttie orcornbat stutia, presently constitut4d

ndwt h

aisaoya

Vration aitis

stuatioxns thea

F o r 'such

a few

i

minor improyemits

it

 

4Ab2

and

and this

serving

ndprso

euipmnt

in mess santti re

r

for

lsode

provide s u f f i c i e n t

That

n

fora

'Frtinii

to bundle

robles

eight can ration provides t h e 4500 c

.fn

operating onttoboduiunder 2Y

tan

vngreaterreuto

n

extreme cold, feeto

conditions o

lories

The ,10

eperiod siderb3

been suggested.

have

or similar b r a f a s t item b

opnn

fruit and bread

sep r ble into tv~o cans b

t a s t e s over a

s atisfy all

va r ie ty to

eg

2 . T h a t the

use

of

units each

provided,

be packed a one cotainer

can opener;,

th

.That the synthetic beverage powder be roplaced b

3,

;e~

nlrequired

follow igm rove m e ts

.

allows

and cigarette poacket now available to makea up this ration

acesrypcket,

he

feature

b

source

cofeeand that another of vitain C ett o ad 4 Thteach type o f unit be

additional

provided,

within the p a k g

cas

t

facilit ate issue,

5 That soupso light ctal ns

in sel

f ain..cns~

ra t i o n n e

Th6U  c

oar ~~w

s tis f acto r y

ethod

for

added to the ration, preferrably

broths b

A self heating ca

ehetda eati

central

r

o

tai.

uarb can of heated beverage and

fo

14 hours at a 4

x

I.

point a

yet

dt~~~

~~j3~Psser~

with

the woodn spoons from the er provides for treasporting

issue

been

recenti

~ri ~sJ~e~ ~l e ft dividuss in

delivered to individueas ±ininsulated containr tin

has

aso .4

will k

ofhe

p isc

eeandevie

andons u n e d f r o m its p cket

ca n s

l ass

n

tedr

ontents

4 I tionsndon2

at

edi bl e

-

opened

insu lated

tezo 'etuire

temperature o f

af

i

and can be eas i l y manhandled or carried

a16ounds

The c o n t a i n e r

seaure a

pproximely

on

iosearateeegency rat

housd i unit andit

heatedh o

this role i loater loater 5~~Y

f

z

t~ 1ts the

can

Th

units

w a t r syPLP~i~ trnp orm

added ______

aterpun

rd

rl

th

to the

t

ytbuttlhebroad

r t 4~~ okn

quart

fkallP~~

t

n l e n d t h e m s e l v e s W e ' l ll.. t o

oa~tion

19 439~~~~sP~~taO~~ *ff~~

bI x:

gea

units

ezocllent

rat i on

~

t a i l w at er pr smeno

tad

lpdas

bn col aself heating can o f days eaten van a i snaeke itp isj~tihroughout no pd the oetremeg 8; for~ me~ thanl one

and ~~~~~~ah srfeted ~ ~ b e made up s aily

soup

~

eend.e

inha

i

emergency ration ~adp

~6

t

citxwrdin

t.esa

stoag

e

t

z

are

 

ha

ma y b itom

to

exposed

A thermeos

anteen fo

it

If

hour

used

is

for a

useby the

snow

and ice

and winterisd water tank

in

trailers

order

purification and distribution problem these itoms are not entirely

tha d

carrying out

purification p l a t s

to further sim plify the water

Res ul t s p u b lis h e d

to

d

te

indicate

at e

s i s f c t o r y In their present

loen

Garbage

ca

e

ing it to dehydrate oil

a nooeoasary

individual is

inerized water

elters

19.cotaier

Egineer Board is

which has y e t not been provided The

experimets with

period th

longer

and

loality

burned

nd

This

When a unit

n o n to

o f the snow

disposed of by placing it on top of thesnow

is in a b

be inhabited by wild an

sorce

ac

of

s hor t dur at i on

lso

garbage can

o

low terrain not

allow-

or fuel

with gsolie

and in a

be lf

will evetually be disposed of by the animals

wamstesnay be deposited in a spot wter

then stated

es

n

ntop

Liquid

a d j e n t to a pos ible

 

end~t ereo

~~~rbm

o bulky rn by Thclothing the casualty,

m.n and the

for inwodiate

ocls~ ~ es the gloves

fo forr

trai

necessary toIfheal th e

if wounded men are to surive will require a better t h a n t a v r a e knowledge of f i r s t aid onth p a t o . of crbon mnoxid every o f f i c e r and enlisted rmn who is to engage It arctic oprations, id aid

m n will require

need

act i on

required to adinister firset aid without   umn m st

b

ssist nce from combat troops end comb t tr oops will

watol

each, other

constantly

of aii

benefit

for sij

n

f

ronmnxd

Poisoning or frosbie

Alcoolicbeveaes Tourniquets frequently

sin e

the

ties

rr

t not be used on any occasion,

mat be used with extreme care and mut

insected

weather cuts down end inmg irs

to

old

o

clothin;

ladin

scissors

ua .beal

  p~its

of. t h e casualty,

rid

t o t or

sp lin t

circulation

ti

ll

shoes or gloves

wii

unloved

hands,

SWill to any m e t a l obj ect a t t he t e m p r a t u r e s encountered a i t e xsick t onwounds to the elemets t o r extended periods, Alt

blood will frost

to Vse

mombrs, Ushe

to

avold

freezoeand

an

the

help control

healin

heat osreftlly

ed

bleeding the

exposed

tissues will

L become

pcoceae will be materially slowed do m

be

extremely

e v r rub tho fro tbttn orphi e normally n d

largblocd vesseols.,

gendtleintreatix.

area with.snow, t.the In ei on rclati

i n

the

ftrt

s

it t

sirt,:care

e s t r o n g i. t ze

area.

n e srttos can

tThe:aid

mstbeasrriedcle

be thawed by

o.

.4 ;,the

Shock* he .silnd,

te

n

mut

s, a n d P f c e w

o t r o t o d I n the normoal m

and the patient mst b

bur

0 ortwo o

.

bod;

deep

n

frozen

t tf

body

minutes,

zseran

b

ct

r

sroxuld

tempeorature L=at

be

piainedh

d promptly.

acat.

-

As

I -L

 

i

4

s  T

S

.{ J..

i

 

  ~ raid end press

Hvacatin mut b

Proits rapid and

Bvminormounds

necesity,

loss. of deep body

time,

very short

the

Ipossible chmica

The

e a u t o n o cs

can result

Vt

se

ate

in sock with

kept warm

. s u a l t y m s-

c

V

it-

bsolut

oowayn

nd woundedran can die of freezing In

temperature

The

while being

given hot liquids

c a s u a l t y should b

evacuated.o

zonm-alcobolics an

heating pads should beaplied before evacuation isuzetsken.

h,

dognto4

period of

one

oe

b

a

t acation, is well

asa

Ba .,Sleeping.

reeclx

tune

fefficient

manY1P~

nal

en

suited

for us.i

feauto

1aU

I

casualty placed in he.bacan be expsed for a.

hour without danerot feeing,

The SlanketflactricallyReated.. C a s u a l t y i s excellent when f ttb t

oper

vetf eor

on the voltage provided by the electrical plant o f the evacuating plans

The A d p o r

tite.skiwhh

or t h e Adaptor

Sstandard s k i s

the standard

litter

sandis

wastefulngemower

tim

S

gfoeCs

the

evuaio fs

llttle cas ual t y

LUtter

toboggan

whic er

if

any. protection

becomes

i

virtuly o

soroth

of

absence

Prvacuation by ski o tobogan is slow limited to open

litter

i t s farseni

to the standard tebogga±g may be used in the

better means of evacuation

s

permts fastening the st nd rd

laborius

ndherd snow coered

afforded the patient and in a red with snow

These

hs

shor

o

should be, used only i e t r e m e . e e r g e n i e s . s

tory

dogs

drivers c

be obtained ad

tr ineddog

sleds

.

m y be used with considerabl

driver

and

wih

move

per hour,

one

Oly

faster dogs It is

to B or 9

from

from the

ivesgb

silouttehe

con.travel

dog

operatea

from

that

a to 5 miles

teead he method ytkior toboggan

;.slinhed . ion

men an d

dogs are required for each sled

andkeeld b edveie, dogs imetlayng the is~ man~euerable fullatrack

excllent'

argo

Carriers

serice

from

stations

oaselsor

dn

or

weasel

to aid

front lines

be e

cuationc

The

a lower

Theteam

inevacuating~1 employed, ~this a~ Z~ ~fb anbepeticulsrl ~$~ ~ ~ ~ O effective si~~QS inetho4 ~f i~$~~~~~

ie

c.u

and

than e v a c

end speially =zt ute,9l trained l irabhBious a bhBious a.lr cb esil

Properly

ev

is required to

ma

efficient

a d more

litter,.fla ever

noise and present

loe

propelled vhice,

dby amr

pr n

success fr front line e a c u t on

h,

riven

9

tx

li

used

point further

which

cross. 4 country evacuation

for

creflladn.

g

proer

iven

ainteae

 

S

atti

d an

sl1

raw

Uttero. th e

T

tanwee,

The Weasel

can

eaca

suessful i

a i l i t y toe nation

sr

sffient

e

t

With o two t casalies r

r,

for lading the

Casualties ineleti lly

but

nd

liaiso

ewt

per

hour and

cases

In

addition

it an otfilent retbod of

4

caa

e

a landg

ater of

vstn

area

utes,

4 0F

been used suoesaf

laboriously

for

1yfor.evacutio

proered landing

and take of f

the Hlicopter,

r egar dng the Wesel a d H e l i c o t e ra n d t o t h e

for evaouationar

t

nvcuationtubeshaekp

blakes

plaes have

srips are reqirod then are nesar

suggested

a

eopter i

more o p e n t r r i n a d ar e F r t h e r detail

t

r

e a u t io t n tubes has prove to t beosfl Itsr a iit an i i

3 or

coaftrtable for periods of 2hours at Qlders

a~~ia

I

further t t y ro w .

inrestrictd areas

i

G

a

eie

dedsvrnsade rtw litter

vyThe Hlicoptr equippe eut

ver

z

state of dvelepiat i t 3 o w .c r y o n e

t s preset

and two waoki

rir

" °b R

at a n a p e e o f fi

sotry

ro

~~~

contained in

7 T

eidles

~~

~~~

~

~

~~

4.-

~df~

ztrr~

 

 

 

Mmeetr+ uHrei'nrnts°'

First

i d s i t s m s be designedso

c n be

that they

th

used

gloved

hands,

itel Private, should h

Kit ab.

should

designed

vialsistead'

6 pill

te be r e p l a c e d with m e r t h i a te

aP pouch should b

A

switbs

and iodine

of 3

so that.,when open, ech. item is exposed in an iniiual

A whte cover should be provided

ort

that they an 'be used with gloved

handsen

are potected from the Kit,

uflage

Nits

pocket,

should be so designed

so that when

open the contents

elemets

Madicatl Oicer

should embody theae

modifiationts

as

set out

above, :Kit

above adi

CO.should

N yl or

gloves

should

splints cannot b

reyon.tyon) Th h m s

the samemdficat ins

provided with

bandage

as

scissrs

setout or

se

fleer',

ab urnishedt

handled wthout

objct werturs t te en

embody

be

addition should .dca

.stru

and

eal

miuts *rm Splint

all meical personnel,

them

ecouterd.

as

flesh

vemwith

will stick to any mdal

tv

present gloves (nylon

s. hesafe limitof eposure a

should be

r edesigned

Scissors

for usewit

0?

bulky

a rc t i c

the fraction Strap for the leg splint should b made adjustable oo throughL th siPBjtand attaced rs ca b irte ofira~ le splint~ th te r or hargor to acomodate anetic ~~ra ~~ksrs g~~~ i~ k t~ ~ lr ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ tefil cWasntbeuedi Plasma Thelitter Ert g as9~~aa b Unit ariii aspresently ar~16~ to~ the clothinga and

fii~ fii~4>4ttpPH 4>4ttpPH

sonstitute

under

it will freeze at eperstureis below 32?

arctiec coditilons

to

difficult

The cellophane tape sealin' the umit is-art

open

~ , a r g e C o m l e t w i is

The Blanket

Clearing

casalie rm ndar

Casualty

rBaleigs Th fag e e i n ,

old and oem be

use in exteme

parka type hood

of e v e o s i n tthr e

iin

altwell sui

ga

attachedto

shouldab

fo forr

protection t

iv

s l i t should bemade across th e

right and l t t 4 h el , so:that in'te

su aly s

d

nalen

n

nalisaltin

nd a six inch zipleec

the casualty s head bto

uea

th e

replaced b

auain~

r s: t a t i o ,

asult

ulerly

i l g o t keep the

They should b

bggge

eces

a

ad is

the e equipmeut for th

R/

The13 b a n k e t s e t

is inadequate,

.latoon

.aar .

' '

pplcati

 

ested casualty, i

rletria~l fitted

so

to

as

erate

0o

~ t al l ai ors antd

attached

on

varying

the

evacuatioanr means

It

in t hi s blaket

h v e a pza~rka type-

alsosho

bead,

,t7i't

In the differen

oltaees enoterd

give protection the csutz y's

omtortable

eleW

hood

A a s u l t y may remain

an indefinite period a t extremely low

f or

temperatures. Hlot l i q u i d s

ctee

to b

nnct

carried

available

be mad

by individuals should be

container should be furnished to

naulated

shook,

f or t r e a t i n g

ll

developed

uits,

and

A

therms type

the

94

inatllatons,

an andd

evacuation v e i c l e s

The Chest, i d i o a l

too

large,

bulk and heavy for

pesoona

nd

1o

ads

capableo

equipment

f r eezi ng

bfilled n

Coplete

,

forward

and any glass containers

more then

three

quarters fu ll,

The

are inadequate for use in

c o n te n ts w e ll

flexible containers

are both

aid station,

eig carried b p e r s o n n e l

and with the

a c e s s i bl e ,

easily

subject to

mobility In a

and

The chests should be redesigned t

fieold dispensary, sized

s N u m b e r sI

both, as presently oonstitute4

contents o

pack

ertent

be in

broken

a d d i t i o n to

protected from

should

used

dcva to

the

eleena

be provided for liquids

for

such liquids

should

A lightweight, waterprof, Insulated

teoted for

use of

be

of housing

capable

two

Sct i oni

patients for

fluid

for

shal

Sheter, 16

The .Ysmesw laic2ield

but

o

tis p

c an

shelter

the door

all

its under extreme cold conditions ire

tube with the

insulated

insulated andis fill an

ends

semicircular

ec

walled

boxes

he

up,

n

in

a

nd

which

over

ro

and two windows in each end provide adequate ventilation,

and

id s t a t i o n

en

the th e

echelons from

it f o r a half

td,

is packed for transportation form the floor

shelter will adequately hose an

rgency

m

provides a superior shelter for use b

battalion aid station to the f edhospi t al *

the

ot

be developed to

possibly

32

x

by

which weighs 46 1 a2pound

tent,

ith aluminum p o l e p i n s and carrying brags

oltea

soud.

situations .I

treatment and of bingraorted

he Light Weight tyramttdal

IdiT,

too

Uttealion Aid

the

floored shelter shouldbeper-t

gt

bed

ne

quarters

tdona asilbe t can pfrepared site in~ one hourX y sig meandE disasrs mle and l o a e d i n p p o x

et Tofoe1 ts

equialt

..S

~

as~~~~~~c~~~~~~~~~a,~~:

j

eb ruc

ogeheelat oacedn

ier~~2ar~~ns~ A.i~

-t

Ot~~~~ f ~~ aT a

I~l~ a~i~fa~~ ce~tsb~S ~

~

~

~

~be~ ~t~

cas

b~~it

z~h~s~~;;X;

a~;~sa

0

~

~lb

~~~ ttD

an

e~~h

 

t

wt

tey

sx

te

.

These operations

eperformed In eubo

om

particular zero tstatutes without difficulty The 84 7 pounds aL4 x h8' Jamewey Shelter is unsatisfactory because

s

7f

i houro

erectl and n over n l

2e

1/2fo hours to ome7h disessenible t t and s has I

sma11

ich are easily lost

parts

The Stove,

'Pent

M1941

soting f ie ld installations,

one half ton per week,,

has proton

to.b

Then coal is-

e n fitted

a

satisfactory

method o

fuel the Stove

usdaa

with a Gasoline

burner

wilalso but diesel oil, the fuel ooneunrption rate is

gallon s

constrution easy to transport i The stove is eim sa fe and 2 siurle a o w yinS operation, e t r 4' Tw w of tthese i stove w ill

us

s

hich

adapter,

h ors and

ea urs y

in a2

a as axIblt,

hade t quately a b s o heat

sheeting be placed

under a l

other extra precautions The m s t effective l i n e evacuation

i

the

stoves t

p r v nt

burning

the floor but no

are necessay U

military vehicle

arrier, Cargo*

T9

developed

or Weasel,

to

date for front

It is a lo low w

silhouette,

t a k l a y i n g vehicle,

pibous, fl

477 pounds

weighing

It

end has a ground pressure o only 1,9 pounds per square inch.,

(loaded),

. end when. driven carefully is maeuverable

proper, maintenanice can

nd given

Cnadia per have~~~ five fkar miles anwhereasand ls undth average the t~ bbsi traw IThebpractically

crW os s nG ountry hyour Jdeal O

I. its~f pr ent design durivginter daeag to ceter~ of g r vmonths i t i without kept low,~jo~n~. s uprio ~ the vehicle,. to8~igi runr trac~B orfes s fo can carry one litter case and two walking wa od or two Utter P~~~P ~~~P~~PbS.*   e~~s iI LV~~h a g ~ ~ l n ~ ~i xi ~~ ir iii the driver .i should fitted closed b and oases in addition t b it a ~~~~~~~rn ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~1II~JkB~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~Q ~ ~ ~ ~~sg~s :d9~~~~Ie ,dg~~m ra~~d~np ssr~~xg i~e~as ~a ~d p~.a~sn~i~~i~~ L hters should' be ~TPB sald Wae

the

Pt~;

~B a~~rgjgg o ~r~ ~~kpg ~ qno mbile

The Canadian Penguin toeieseli The

in three inot

reco

n

;a e tht

hites be

4 ton payloads

t o n pa yl oa ds

lasaesj

%Ee~~ 8 ~ i ~1

oP

He vauation,

tx

conveyances

dspen

not

suld

e

69

e: t t e e ,

s

and 10 ton payload

overlooked,it

has

ashin

acco2 d t t o sn agalley for cooking

but

it

The posibilities fo forr t facliie

ta

and

and developed

designed

kown h o w f r t h i s development has progressed,

ln

~

~~ta~E Qs

has apprently proven t be superior

and its posblities:should be e x l o e d

some re spe ts

Casnadians have

$Q~8X~1

in such

been smggested that

s leping

could

fa c i l i t i e s anrd a t oi l e t

 

trailrs

hy

solid rubbr

reomenad

so

freeze Solid at low tqwirtra Aotherconveyance which i g h t prove to be

evauation is the

frout l i n e

by

1

of

U.Acker

if

with equal e a s e a t

It

is

believed

th

t

mtors,.

this

driven vehic les nnst The

best engine

i

Pspee

o f from

five

four to

be

algis wthan

.iperate

quiko

p e r e g e r closed

nd sells cow ercially for aproximately hil

Bs Bstt reiementof

imioa

envey.

successfully in Ontario and Quebec a

ances which a re s kon to o p e ra e

ttor

for

24 years o f experimnt

the machine to

encountered,

opera g r o u n d i

haf only ZOO0 pounds

mdel g s

teel

that eaba

Front supports are broad

twenty ytles per hour,

r pl oeO by

drive

snow

.ea

The So.Cat has opencblated trapks r

flatn

soft virgin

over ice or

ires

to the

prior

,

-Vat, developed der

California.

erod pontoon skis, a

tnzct

tiret~a'inThd~

be

provided with

me

heater develo ad to date i

ns

f or pro heabing

the

the Reter,*tngine,

/

burner

ignited gas ol i ne

of

ard

  tcw rt~ ,

for ist eCrank, r

ttg

uitde s igne d

flame

type

emousting csltis,

 

tintes

anid

burner which depends upon fuel air

evc

tions

are

to

have p r o v e n

Their maneuver abi i t y

e particularly

make the a

1i

0nd YR

and

suce~.s

every

abit

 

to

s .1s por

land

n n devacuatio e net od of efficient te

rapid

It

h rouh .aflexiblemret :

t ° I t i s s i aq e an der s ci l y.r ttsh

a n d v en ti a t i n g a i r f o r op e r a i on ,

area

stisfaatc7

ter

for use on s a l l gasoline

.eat is transmite

an.d ilt embodies an open

Tkehelicopteras15

part

desired

620P~* T e

ownao

odel 796-IAeis r e a s n a l

er .quipment,

enri es andat duct

tseatrsd

sainga

pre k

to any

y be directe

a

hen operated overnight as a t n - b y he.ater it

Ean

a slf~cotaaed

s m a l l ..p p o t -t y rp e . e l e c t ri ric caly

bhet

tic

with

o r vehicle,.

tie motor

has al lo

It is

Supr ex. iodel16O,

tion

Pert

end comfortabl

forb

the

I i

in r e s t r i c t e d snow

Covered34a

casualties.

so that for niglht night instruments be equippedbuWith CegLicoptes nil equir for~ a n flying din la~F ~ldboratri should or~Bispensriesrq ~their6 prearai on

hour schedule nf hould be f i t t e d for a o a ~~°a~~% ~ rare~~~ a r J i ~ i - ~ S~~~~giP~UL ~nrei~3ss~, radius will at~ their ffine supply ~~~~~6 s o t8 ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ not L~~~B ~ be ~i Bmi t ed~ to th ~e

evacuation can proceed ~na~

larger fuel

~gt

i~~t

r

present 150 miles, I theirg~C~ presentC~~~r~~S~~aal iif flLEF~~ ~I~ state o

require iEi~;~flO t~fi~fl~~

developm e t h e l i c o p e r

 

ensi er.b3

tr

in

patient i a s n and tran

required it

most

ee

z

Packe

runways

ith whesels orsk i s.

prepan o

to be encouated b yEai er or type planes my be usead tor

~

re

i a s t a l l a t o n s further to rear where

pared

s

r

aeua

evm ati in nfo

lending strips eon. be pro-

strips are required wether planes

re

fitted

1 tk~i~

T.,4

 

the

ctof

a

i

t al

ermsnent or

ebase units of

Only in i s t a l l a i o n s . housedinperanent

or

scmiopermeneivt

cnadequate treatment b e efficiently provided under arctic

prbeso

ate

msig

ousing

hosi t al s

Clearing

Holding hospitals s t a t i ons

meavettte.utpplaon anbe housed in Jne

zz

tohe~

ri

nd

necessarily x i n t i l i e d w h n medic l  ied hospital

 

beatig

y

h

strctes

conditions

sanitation wihapp3ly t r

surgic l

tr e a te n

1vcuation bosptalsr

Collecting stations er

However

and

as posible

Th e

r p

is required. urgoa

Battalion

id

stations

the f problems x a a s listed kttoma.s above

and that every. effort be made to move casualties well to

permanent or smio p

aem

t he

rear

e a e t General a nd Convalescent hospitals as

Consequently mos

hospitals will have to be base units o

seiawpermenent structure with

permmaet or

chain of casualties coming to themnb

th eir

air

i

~tP~

::i~~zen8~~J~t.~~~E

~

Ifi~it~~~Ui

t~C~n~BFC s9[1FffbSI~

 

ailMen

andc a r b o n

vnoxide poiconk

The higher icidence of frostbite

of

the

It

can only beredued byproper

o n d itio n s

exercising At

proper

under which men zasnz

is

d s n o b f ln d n e e s is

t

ad

trainingad

orkduri

eranxs

Arote operations.

y

qimetad

result

a natural

j1l

personnel

precautions.atl41times 4

operations

respirator;yailents

to date sing the

hate

resultei n an alarming

personnelegae3

be a t i b u t e d to the tact that the men

poorly ventiated shelters,

Aute

the f ct

by

that new

Pert

while in bas

housed in overheated agjra ate

to Artic

el r

groups

of

aps

iiicroseein t.his i m re

e eon

inwere ften

increase was

The of observers

upper

rrived

proba-bly at th e

~i~s~e~i~ ~

so ne

of

at

operations

infect:ions

primarily

the upper

of

sigri 1lcant

fture operations will

such ailmentsunless prey n i e

increase in

The Canadians report personnel

suffered

involved a 4100

fnom

it

their vehicles

that in

end na

ovem n

in

i evident that

danger from catbon monoxide poisoning ir motor st e p

treat it

when it does

sust

mid sun

nd

lips

re

gret

ll

ed

zlo

provided to

facilities

and

t .e Iack of

The oc1that

te

:efe

nd

t

Inincidenoe of miner

fexposure t o winds cold

resul t

mouth.

hygiene w s aontribluting f a c t e r

must

is

occur

The Canadians also report a significant i lesions oftheskin 

constantly with

a lmo st

idoles

be taken to guard against It

possible

oper4tion

aio operation there

an

a

measures. are t o e n

, liethis

men were

the

result in

Axk~f soe e 7 ; o f t h

their Operation

c r o n monoxide p o i s o n i i

tr

mi

Insjpite of those

respiratory variety

factors it is believdt h a t

contributin,

and brought with them further

frequent intervals

Qfor

iliti

streathe fect

normal

personal

such f a c i l i t i e s

th t

eprovided

tren s

e

other diseases inoide

~ assF~E~ ~.~ in the~hsb~a~s~ Artticoperat

On the whols

accide.nt

t; ieloperaticons

Ion

were

it t- b e l i e v d t h a t under

~~B~SQ tu41ed.

considerablyer

.ctual

bulky eloting

nd

I

under the

c o t b t conditions

climb consideraly b e c a u s e a t c terrain

shoer n o s i g n i f a n t a~9~6 n ~ QB~B ?h1 e i s no special dentalproblem

unami

relatively

aired

the acoidoi

rate will

iar equipments

dexterity

dv~ti

xecany.bu

averge

difficult

peculiar to

rtic

operauions

.i%

ii

:?

'h

:i

i

i

:::; 2-~  i

 

:: ii

;

._g~:r:: I ;:

1IICrlllClu

 

trd

nd

Ther

of x:t'

uied isa

no L d e itha

&StiQS

fadcondit

ion

berefally4elcts..for end

ciould be

o;rncto

o~ea @ A ' 4e e re a bltr

ntst

t.r;.,eicl

orsonelshould

ch.nest:.Tb1e

etraal

thoron

l

physic.and

ndel

.

grctis

a.utal charaeter.

ly t..r atned

or th e

wr. which they' w i l l be required to do,

Additienal

motor

,4aintee

per sonmel ahouldbeprovi d

l

extra ettort#-.

metal