Patterson v. Colorado Ex Rel. Attorney General of Colo., 205 U.S. 454 (1907)

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Filed: 1907-04-15Precedential Status: PrecedentialCitations: 205 U.S. 454Docket: 223

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205 U.S. 454
27 S.Ct. 556
51 L.Ed. 879

THOMAS M. PATTERSON, Plff. in Err.,
v.
PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF COLORADO EX REL.
ATTORNEY GENERAL OF THE STATE OF
COLORADO.
No. 223.
Argued March 5, 6, 1907.
Decided April 15, 1907.

Messrs. Thomas M. Patterson in propria persona, Harry M. Teller,
Charles S. Thomas, Sterling B. Toney, James H. Blood, Harvey Riddell,
S. W. Belford, John A. Rush, and Richardson & Hawkins for plaintiff in
error.
[Argument of Counsel from page 455 intentionally omitted]
Messrs. I. B. Melville, Horace G. Phelps, William H. Dickson,
[Argument of Counsel from page 456 intentionally omitted] Samuel
Huston Thompson, Jr., and N. C. Miller for defendant in error.
Mr. Justice Holmes delivered the opinion of the court:

1

This is a writ of error to review a judgment upon an information for contempt.
84 Pac. 912. The contempt alleged was the publication of certain articles and a
cartoon, which, it was charged, reflected upon the motives and conduct of the
supreme court of Colorado in cases still pending, and were intended to
embarrass the court in the impartial administration of justice. There was a
motion to quash on grounds of local law and the state Constitution and also of
the 14th Amendment to the Constitution of the United States. This was
overruled and thereupon an answer was filed, admitting the publication,
denying the contempt, also denying that the cases referred to were still
pending, except that the time for motions for rehearing had not elapsed, and
averring that the motions for rehearing subsequently were overruled, except
that in certain cases the orders were amended so that the Democratic
officeholders concerned could be sooner turned out of their offices. The answer
went on to narrate the transactions commented on, at length, intimating that the
conduct of the court was unconstitutional and usurping, and alleging that it was
in aid of a scheme, fully explained, to seat various Republican candidates,
including the governor of the state, in place of Democrats who had been
elected, and that two of the judges of the court got their seats as a part of the
scheme. Finally the answer alleged that the respondent published the articles in
pursuance of what he regarded as a public duty, repeated the previous
objections to the information, averred the truth of the articles, and set up and
claimed the right to prove the truth under the Constitution of the United States.
Upon this answer the court, on motion, ordered judgment fining the plaintiff in
error for contempt.

2

The foregoing proceedings are set forth in a bill of exceptions, and several
errors are alleged. The difficulties with those most pressed is that they raise
questions of local law, which are not open to re-examination here. The
requirement in the 14th Amendment of due process of law does not take up the
special provisions of the state Constitution and laws into the 14th Amendment
for the purposes of the case, and in that way subject a state decision that they
have been complied with to revision by this court. French v. Taylor, 199 U. S.
274, 278, 50 L. ed. 189, 192, 26 Sup. Ct. Rep. 76; Rawlins v. Georgia, 201 U.
S. 638, 639, 50 L. ed. 899, 900, 26 Sup. Ct. Rep. 560; Burt v. Smith, 203 U. S.
129, 135, 51 L. ed. 121, 27 Sup. Ct. Rep. 37. For this reason, if for no other, the
objection that the information was not supported by an affidavit until after it
was filed cannot be considered. See, further, Ex parte Wall, 107 U. S. 265, 27
L. ed. 552, 2 Sup. Ct. Rep. 569. The same is true of the contention that the suits
referred to in the article complained of were not pending. Whether a case shall
be regarded as pending while it is possible that a petition for rehearing may be
filed, or, if in an appellate court, until the remittitur is issued, are questions
which the local law can settle as it pleases without interference from the
Constitution of the United States. It is admitted that this may be true in some
other sense, but it is not true, it is said, for the purpose of fixing the limits of
possible contempts. But here again the plaintiff in error confounds the
argument as to the common law, or as to what it might be wise and humane to
hold, with that concerning the state's constitutional power. If a state should see
fit to provide in its Constitution that conduct otherwise amounting to a
contempt should be punishable as such if occurring at any time while the court
affected retained authority to modify its judgment, the 14th Amendment would
not forbid. The only question for this court is the power of the state. Virginia v.
Rives (Ex parte Virginia) 100 U. S. 313, 318, 25 L. ed. 667, 669; Missouri v.
Dockery, 191 U. S. 165, 171, 48 L. ed. 133, 24 Sup. Ct. Rep. 53.

3

It is argued that the decisions criticized, and in some degree that in the present
case, were contrary to well-settled previous adjudications of the same court,
and this allegation is regarded as giving some sort of constitutional right to the
plaintiff in error. But while it is true that the United States courts do not always
hold themselves bound by state decisions in cases arising before them, that
principle has but a limited application to cases brought from the state courts
here on writs of error. Except in exceptional cases the grounds on which the
circuit courts are held authorized to follow an earlier state decision rather than a
later one, or to apply the rules of commercial law as understood by this court
rather than those laid down by the local tribunals, are not grounds of
constitutional right, but considerations of justice or expediency. There is no
constitutional right to have all general propositions of law once adopted remain
unchanged. Even if it be true, as the plaintiff in error says, that the supreme
court of Colorado departed from earlier and well-established precedents to meet
the exigencies of this case, whatever might be thought of the justice or wisdom
of such a step, the Constitution of the United States is not infringed. It is
unnecessary to lay down an absolute rule beyond the possibility of exception.
Exceptions have been held to exist. But, in general, the decision of a court upon
a question of law, however wrong and however contrary to previous decisions,
is not an infraction of the 14th Amendment merely because it is wrong or
because earlier decisions are reversed.

4

It is argued that the articles did not constitute a contempt. In view of the
answer, which sets out more plainly and in fuller detail what the articles
insinuate and suggest, and in view of the position of the plaintiff in error that he
was performing a public duty, the argument for a favorable interpretation of the
printed words loses some of its force. However, it is enough for us to say that
they are far from showing that innocent conduct has been laid hold of as an
arbitrary pretense for an arbitrary punishment. Supposing that such a case
would give the plaintiff in error a standing here, anything short of that is for the
state court to decide. What constitutes contempt, as well as the time during
which it may be committed, is a matter of local law.

5

The defense upon which the plaintiff in error most relies is raised by the
allegation that the articles complained of are true, and the claim of the right to
prove the truth. He claimed this right under the Constitutions both of the state
and of the United States, but the latter ground alone comes into consideration
here, for reasons already stated. Re Kemmler, 136 U. S. 436, 34 L. ed. 519, 10
Sup. Ct. Rep. 930. We do not pause to consider whether the claim was
sufficient in point of form, although it is easier to refer to the Constitution
generally for the supposed right than to point to the clause from which it
springs. We leave undecided the question whether there is to be found in the
14th Amendment a prohibition similar to that in the 1st. But even if we were to
assume that freedom of speech and freedom of the press were protected from
abridgments on the part not only of the United States but also of the states, still
we should be far from the conclusion that the plaintiff in error would have us
reach. In the first place, the main purpose of such constitutional provisions is
'to prevent all such previous restraints upon publications as had been practised
by other governments,' and they do not prevent the subsequent punishment of
such as may be deemed contrary to the public welfare. Com. v. Blanding, 3
Pick. 304, 313, 314, 15 Am. Dec. 214; Respublica v. Oswald, 1 Dall. 319, 325,
1 L. ed. 155, 158, 1 Am. Dec. 246. The preliminary freedom extends as well to
the false as to the true; the subsequent punishment may extend as well to the
true as to the false. This was the law of criminal libel apart from statute in most
cases, if not in all. Com. v. Blanding, ubi supra; 4 B1. Com. 150.

6

In the next place, the rule applied to criminal libels applies yet more clearly to
contempts. A publication likely to reach the eyes of a jury, declaring a witness
in a pending cause a perjurer, would be none the less a contempt that it was
true. It would tend to obstruct the administration of justice, because even a
correct conclusion is not to be reached or helped in that way, if our system of
trials is to be maintained. The theory of our system is that the conclusions to be
reached in a case will be induced only by evidence and argument in open court,
and not by any outside influence, whether of private talk or public print.

7

What is true with reference to a jury is true also with reference to a court. Cases
like the present are more likely to arise, no doubt, when there is a jury, and the
publication may affect their judgment. Judges generally perhaps are less
apprehensive that publications impugning their own reasoning or motives will
interfere with their administration of the law. But if a court regards, as it may, a
publication concerning a matter of law pending before it, as tending toward
such an interference, it may punish it as in the instance put. When a case is
finished courts are subject to the same criticism as other people; but the
propriety and necessity of preventing interference with the course of justice by
premature statement, argument, or intimidation hardly can be denied. Ex parte
Terry, 128 U. S. 289, 32 L. ed. 405, 9 Sup. Ct. Rep. 77; Telegram Newspaper
Co. v. Com. 172 Mass. 294, 44 L.R.A. 159, 70 Am. St. Rep. 280, 52 N. E. 445;
State v. Hart, 24 W. Va. 416, 49 Am. Rep. 257; Myers v. State, 46 Ohio St.
473, 491, 15 Am. St. Rep. 638, 22 N. E. 43; Hunt v. Clarke, 58 L. J. Q. B. N. S.
490, 492; King v. Parke [1903] 2 K. B. 432. It is objected that the judges were
sitting in their own case. But the grounds upon which contempts are punished
are impersonal. United States v. Shipp, 203 U. S. 563, 574, 51 L. ed. 319, 27
Sup. Ct. Rep. 165. No doubt judges naturally would be slower to punish when
the contempt carried with it a personal dishonoring charge, but a man cannot
expect to secure immunity from punishment by the proper tribunal, by adding
to illegal conduct a personal attack. It only remains to add that the plaintiff in
error had his day in court and opportunity to be heard. We have scrutinized the
case, but cannot say that it shows an infraction of rights under the Constitution
of the United States, or discloses more than the formal appeal to that instrument
in the answer to found the jurisdiction of this court.

8

Writ of error dismissed.
Mr. Justice Harlan, dissenting:

9

I cannot agree that this writ of error should be dismissed.

10

By the 1st Amendment of the Constitution of the United States, it is provided
that 'Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or
abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press, or of the right of the people
peaceably to assemble and to petition the government for redress.' In the civil
Rights Cases, 109 U. S. 1, 20, 27 L. ed. 835, 843, 3 Sup. Ct. Rep. 18, it was
adjudged that the 13th Amendment, although in form prohibitory, had a reflex
character, in that it established and decreed universal civil and political freedom
throughout the United States. In United States v. Cruikshank, 92 U. S. 542,
552, 23 L. ed. 588, 591, we held that the right of the people peaceably to
assemble and to petition the government for a redress of grievances—one of the
rights recognized in and protected by the 1st Amendment against hostile
legislation by Congress—was an attribute of 'national citizenship.' So the 1st
Amendment, although in form prohibitory, is to be regarded as having a reflex
character, and as affirmatively recognizing freedom of speech and freedom of
the press as rights belonging to citizens of the United States; that is, those rights
are to be deemed attributes of national citizenship or citizenship of the United
States. No one, I take it, will hesitate to say that a judgment of a Federal court,
prior to the adoption of the 14th Amendment, impairing or abridging freedom
of speech or of the press, would have been in violation of the rights of 'citizens
of the United States' as guaranteed by the 1st Amendment; this, for the reason
that the rights of free speech and a free press were, as already said, attributes of
national citizenship before the 14th Amendment was made a part of the
Constitution.

11

Now, the 14th Amendment declares, in express words, that 'no state shall make
or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens
of the United States.' As the 1st Amendment guaranteed the rights of free
speech and of a free press against hostile action by the United States, it would
seem clear that, when the 14th Amendment prohibited the states from
impairing or abridging the privileges of citizens of the United States, it
necessarily prohibited the states from impairing or abridging the constitutional
rights of such citizens to free speech and a free press. But the court announces
that it leaves undecided the specific question whether there is to be found in the
14th Amendment a prohibition as to the rights of free speech and a free press
similar to that in the 1st. It yet proceeds to say that the main purpose of such
constitutional provisions was to prevent all such 'previous restraints' upon
publications as had been practised by other governments, but not to prevent the
subsequent punishment of such as may be deemed contrary to the public
welfare. I cannot assent to that view, if it be meant that the legislature may
impair or abridge the rights of a free press and of free speech whenever it thinks
that the public welfare requires that to be done. The public welfare cannot
override constitutional privileges, and if the rights of free speech and of a free
press are, in their essence, attributes of national citizenship, as I think they are,
then neither Congress nor any state, since the adoption of the 14th Amendment,
can, by legislative enactments or by judicial action, impair or abridge them. In
my judgment the action of the court below was in violation of the rights of free
speech and a free press as guaranteed by the Constitution.

12

I go further and hold that the privileges of free speech and of a free press,
belonging to every citizen of the United States, constitute essential parts of
every man's liberty, and are protected against violation by that clause of the
14th Amendment forbidding a state to deprive any person of his liberty without
due process of law. It is, I think, impossible to conceive of liberty, as secured
by the Constitution against hostile action, whether by the nation or by the
states, which does not embrace the right to enjoy free speech and the right to
have a free press.
Mr. Justice Brewer, dissenting:

13

While not concurring in the views expressed by Mr. Justice Harlan, I also
dissent from the opinion and judgment of the court. The plaintiff in error made
a distinct claim that he was denied that which he asserted to be a right
guaranteed by the Federal Constitution. His claim cannot be regarded as a
frivolous one, nor can the proceedings for contempt be entirely disassociated
from the general proceedings of the case in which the contempt is charged to
have been committed. I think, therefore, that this court has jurisdiction and
ought to inquire and determine the alleged rights of the plaintiff in error. As,
however, the court decides that it does not have jurisdiction, and has dismissed
the writ of error, it would not be fit for me to express any opinion on the merits
of the case.

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