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The corporate-wide PBX/PABX service can also be implemented without
any equipment investments in the company, that is, without physical
PABX equipment. Network operators provide a service called Centrex and for
that the public exchange is programmed to behave as a PBX/PABX. One of
the subscriber lines is set to operate as a switchboard line and the others make
up a user group with abbreviated dialing and other PBX/PABX services.
For data communication via an analog network or digital network with
analog subscriber interfaces, a modem is required. The term modem comes
from modulator/demodulator and it transmits data through a speech channel
in voice frequency tones. If a subscriber has ISDN service, which is fully digital,
no modem is needed and an end-to-end bidirectional 64- or 128-Kbps
digital circuit is available with the help of a network terminal that takes care
of the digital bidirectional transmission over the subscriber loop. For active
Internet users who require continuous connection or higher data rates,
circuit-switched services are expensive because the cost is based on the duration
of the call and they do not provide high enough performance. An attractive
access method for these types of users is ADSL, which provides data rates
up to a few megabits per second with a fixed monthly fee.

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