Pg. Diploma

POST GRADUATE DIPLOMA IN
CHILD HEALTH
I. PREAMBLE
A PG student after undergoing the required training
should be able to deal effectively with a need of the
community and should be competent to handle all the
problems related to his specialty.
II. PROGRAMME OBJECTIVES
The goal of Diploma Course in Pediatrics is to
produce a competent Pediatrician who:
1. Recognizes the health needs of infants, children and
adolescents and carries out professional obligations in
keeping with principles of National Health Policy and
professional ethics.
2. Has acquired the competencies pertaining to
pediatrics that are required to be practiced in the
community.
3. Has acquired skills in effectively communicating with
the child, family and the community.
III. COURSE CONTENTS
COURSE–I : BASIC SCIENCES
Chromosomal disorders, single gene disorders,
multifactorial disorders / polygenic, genetic diagnosis, and
prenatal diagnosis. Embryogenesis of different organ
systems
especially
heart,
genitourinary
system,
gastrointestinal tract, applied anatomy of different organs,
functions of kidney, liver, lungs, heart and endocrinal
glands. Physiology of micturition and defecation, placental
physiology, fetal and neonatal circulation, regulation of
temperature (esp. newborn), blood pressure, acid base
balance, fluid electrolyte balance, calcium metabolism,
vitamins and their functions, hematopoiesis, bilirubin
metabolism, growth and development at different ages,
puberty and its regulation, nutrition, normal requirements
of various nutrients, basic immunology, bio-statistics,
clinical epidemiology, ethical and medico-legal issues,
teaching
methodology
and
managerial
skills.

2
Pharmocokinetics of community used drugs, microbial
agents and their epidemiology.
COURSE–II : GENERAL PEDIATRICS INCLUDING
COMMUNITY PEDIATRICS
(i) Nutrition
Protein energy malnutrition (underweight, wasting,
stunting) vitamin and mineral deficiencies, trace elements
and micro nutrient deficiencies obesity. Adolescent
nutrition, nutritional management in diarrhea, nutritional
management of systemic illnesses (celiac disease,
hepatobiliary disorders, nephrotic syndrome), parenteral
and enteral nutrition in neonates and children.
(ii) Growth and development
Principles of growth and development, normal growth
and development in childhood and adolescence, deviations
in growth and development, sexual maturation and its
disturbances. Short stature, obesity, precocious and
delayed puberty, developmental delay, impaired learning.
(iii) Infections
Bacterial, viral, fungal, parasitic, rickettssial,
mycoplasma, Pneumocystis carnii infections, Chlamydia,
protozoal and parasitic, tuberculosis, HIV, nosocomial
infections. Control of epidemics and infection prevention.
(iv) Immunization and Infections diseases
Bacterial, viral, fungal, parasitic, rickettssial,
mycoplasma, Pneumocystis carnii infections, Chlamydia,
protozoal and parasitic, tuberculosis, HIV, nosocomial
infections. Control of epidemics and infection prevention.
(v) Community Paediatrics
National health programs related to child health,
nutrition screening of community, prevention of blindness,
school
health
programs,
prevention
of
sexually
transmitted diseases, contraception, health legislation,
child labor, adoption, disability and rehabilitation, rights
of the child, national policy of child health and population,
juvenile delinquency, government and non government

3
support services for children, investigation of adverse
events of following immunization in a community, general
principles of prevention and control of infections including
food borne, water soil borne and vector borne disease and
investigation of an epidemic in a community.
COURSE–III : GENERAL PEDIATRICS
(i) Behavioural and Psychological Disorders
Rumination, pica, enuresis, encopresis, sleep
disorders, habit disorders, breath holding spells, anxiety
disorders, mood disorders, temper tantrums, attention
deficit hyperactivity disorder, infantile autism.
(ii) Skin Diseases
Exanthematous illnesses vascular lesions, pigment
disorders, vesicobullous disorders, infections: Pyogenic
and fungal and parasitic, Steven Johnson Syndrome,
eczema, seborrheic dermatitis, drug rash, urticaria,
alopecia, icthyosis.
(iii) Eye Problems
Refraction and accommodation, Partial/total loss of
vision,
cataract,
night
blindness,
chorioretinitis,
strabismus, conjunctival and corneal disorders, ROP.
Retinoblastoma, optic atrophy, papilloedema.
(iv) ENT
Acute and chronic otitis media, conductive /
sensorineural hearing loss, diphtheria - tonsillar, nasal,
post-diphtheritic palatal palsy, acute / chronic tonsillitis /
adenoids, allergic rhinitis / sinusitis.
(v) Emergency and Critical Care
Emergency care of shock, cardiorespiratory arrest,
respiratory failure, therapy, cardiac failure, acute renal
failure,
status
epilepticus,
fluid
and
electrolyte
disturbances and its therapy, acid-base disturbances,
poisoning, accidents, scorpion and snake bites.
(vi) Accidents and Common Poisoning

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(vii) Neurology
Limping child, convulsions, abnormality of gait,
intracranial
space
occupying
lesion,
paraplegia,
quadriplegia, large head, small head, floppy infant, acute
paralysis cerebral palsy and other neuromotor disability,
headache.
(viii) Hematology and Oncology
Deficiency anemia, hemolytic anemia, aplastic
anemia / pancytopenia, disorders of homeostasis,
thrombocytopenia, blood component therapy, transfusion
related infections, bone marrow transplant / stem cell
transplant, acute and chronic leukemia, myelodysplastic
syndrome, Hodgkin disease, non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma,
neuroblastoma, Wilms tumor, hypercoagulable states.
(ix) GIT and Liver
Acute, persistent and chronic diarrhea. Abdominal
pain and distension, ascitis, vomiting, constipation,
gastrointestinal bleeding, jaundice, hepato-splenomegaly
and chronic liver disease, hepatic failure and
encephalopathy.
(x) Endocrinology
Hypopituitarism
/
hyperpituitarism,
Diabetes
insipidus, pubertal disorders, hypo-and hyperthyroidism,
hypo-and hyperparathyroidism, adrenal insufficiency,
Cushing’s syndrome, adrenogenital syndromes, diabetes
mellitus, short stature, failure to thrive, gonadal
dysfunction and intersexuality, Pubertal changes and
gynecological disorders.
(xi) Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases
Diseases of mouth, oral cavity and tongue, Disorders
of deglutition and esophagus, peptic ulcer disease.
H.pylori infection, foreign body, congenital pyloric
stenosis, intestinal obstruction, malabsorption syndrome,
acute and chronic diarrhea, Irritable bowel syndrome,
ulcerative colitis, Hirschsprung disease, anorectal
malformations. Liver disorders hepatitis, hepatic failure,

5
chronic failure, chronic liver disease. Wilson’s disease,
Budd Chiari syndrome, metabolic disease of liver,
cirrhosis, and portal hypertension.
(xii) Cardio-vascular
Murmur, cyanosis, congestive heart failure, systemic
hypertension, arrhythmia, shock.
(xiii) Respiratory
Cough/chronic cough, noisy breathing, wheezy child,
respiratory distress, haemoptysis.
(xiv) Miscellaneous
Habit disorders, hyperactivity and attention deficit
syndrome, arthralgia, arthritis, multiple congenital
anomalies.
IV. SCHEME OF TRAINING
1. Paediatrics
2. Neonatology
3. Intensive Care/Emergency
Optional Specialties
Internal Periphery
4. Paediatric Surgery
5. ENT
6. Ophthalmology
7. PMR
8. Dermatology
9. Community / Rural
10. External Periphery
11. Newborn
12. Nephrology
13. Neurology
V. SCHEME OF EXAMINATION

-

16 Months
4 Months
1 Months
3 Months
2 Months

-

1 Month

Theory
Course–I : Basic Sciences
Course–II : General Paediatrics including
Advances in Paediatrics
Course–III : General Paediatrics

- 300 Marks
- 100 Marks
- 100 Marks
- 100 Marks

6
150 Marks
Clinical Examination No. of Days - 1
Long Case : (Forenoon Section)
- 80 Marks
Short Case : (Forenoon Section)
- 70 Marks
Viva : (Afternoon Section)
- 50 Marks
500 Marks
Total
VI. RECOMMENDED BOOKS & JOURNALS
Textbooks
1. Nelson’s Textbook of Pediatrics, Harcourt Asia
Saunders
2. Cloherty’s Manual of Neonatal Care
3. Meharban Singh’s Care of the Newborn
4. O.P.Ghai’s Textbook of Pediatrics
5. Forfar and Arneil’s Textbook of Pediatrics,ELBS
6. Avery’s Disease of the Newborn
7. Roberton’s Textbook of Neonatology
8. IAP Textbook of Pediatrics
Journals
1. Indian Pediatrics
2. Indian Journal of Pediatrics
3. Pediatric Clinics of North America
4. New England Journal of Medicine
5. Lancet
6. British Medical Journal
7. Journal of Pediatrics



7

POST GRADUATE DIPLOMA IN ANAESTHESIOLOGY
I. PREAMBLE
A postgraduate specialist having undergone the
required training should be able to recognize the health
needs of the community should be competent to handle
effectively medical problems and should be aware of the
recent advances pertaining to his speciality. The
postgraduate should acquire the basic skills in teaching of
medical / paramedical students. He / She is also expected
to know the principles of research methodology and modes
of consulting library.
II. PROGRAMME OBJECTIVES
At the end of postgraduate training the student
should be able to:
1. Practice his speciality ethically
2. Demonstrate sufficient understanding of basic
sciences related to his speciality.
3. Diagnose and manage majority of conditions in his
speciality (clinically and with the help of relevant
investigations)
4. Plan and advise measures for the prevention and
rehabilitation of patients belonging to his speciality
5. Play the assigned role in the implementation of
National health programmes
6. Demonstrate competences in basic concepts of
research methodology.
7. Develop good teaching skills.
III. COURSE CONTENTS
COURSE–I : APPLIED BASIC SCIENCES IN RELATION TO
ANAESTHESIOLOGY & ELEMENTARY STATICS
Anatomy
Respiratory systems – Larynx, trachea and bronchi,
broncho-pulmonary segments, cardiovascular system,
heart conducting system, blood supply of heart and brain,
central nervous system – cranial nerves, spinal cord,
vertebral column, canal and contents, peripheral nerves,

8
plexuses and innervations, autonomic nervous system.
Anatomy of spinal and epidural space, lumbar epidural
space, caudal epidural space, circulation of CSF.
Physiology
Respiratory physiology – control of breathing –
mechanism and mechanism of breathing, compliance and
resistance, pulmonary function testing, gas exchange, O2
carriage and CO2 elimination, cardiovascular physiology –
maintenance of circulation and cardiac output, blood
pressure, fluid, electrolytes and acid base balance,
physiology of neuro muscular transmission, central nervous
system formation of CSF, maintenance of intracranial
pressure, perception of pain and pain modulation, neuro
transmitters hepatic and renal physiology.
Pharmacology
Pharmacokintics and pharmacodynamics of drugs
related to anaesthetic practice and their mode of actioninhaled anaesthetics, intravenous, anaesthetics, narcotics,
muscle relaxants, local anaesthetics premedicant drugs,
drugs acting on CNS, RS, CVS, autonomic nervous
system, kidney and endocrines.
Microbiology
Disinfection and sterilization related to anaesthetic
practices.
Physical Measurements and Applied Physics
Measurement of blood gases-oxygen, corbondioxide,
PH measurement of physiological pressures – arterial and
venous blood pressures - measurement of flows and
volumes and pressures – flow of gases, flow of liquids, gas
laws, density and viscosity, pressure gauges – oxygen,
carbon di oxide, nitrogen – nitrous oxide, inhaled
anaesthetics – vapours – vaporization, humidity –
humidification, measurement of temperature.
Equipment
Anesthesia machine and safety factors incorporated
in anaesthesia delivery system – breathing systems – CO2

9
absorbers – endrotrachlal tubes, endobronchial double
lumen tubes – non-rebreathing valves – vaporizers –
explosion hazards – sterilization of equipments.
COURSE–II : CLINICAL ANAESTHESIOLOGY
1. History of anaesthesia
2. Pre-anaesthetic evaluation and preparation
3. Anaesthesia for patients with co-existing systemic
diseases – cardiovascular, respiratory, endocrine,
hepatic, renal and gastro-intestinal.
4. Anaesthesia in Obstetrics and Gynaecological
procedures.
5. Regional anaesthesia and pain relief.
6. Anaesthesia for ENT / Ophthalmology procedures
7. Anaesthesia for Orthopaedic procedures
8. Anaesthesia for Radiological investigations
9. Anaesthesia for thoracic abdominal surgery
10. Anaesthesia for Cardiac surgery
11. Paediatric anaesthesia
12. Neuro anaesthesia
COURSE–III : ANAESTHESIOLOGY INCLUDING
RESUSCITATION, CRITICAL CARE AND RECENT
ADVANCES
1. Complications of anaesthesia (General and regional)
and their management
2. Cardio pulmonary resuscitation and prolonged life
support.
3. Neonatal resuscitation
4. Oxygen therapy
5. Management of pain – post operative and chronic pain
6. airway management
7. Recent advances in the field of anaesthesia including
mechanical ventilation of lungs – theories of
anaesthesia
and
analgesia
–
intravenous
–
inhalational and regional anaesthetics.

10
8. Management
of
common
poisoning,
medical
conditions requiring intensive care management.
9. Current concepts regarding organization of – pain
clinics – out patient anaesthesia services – mass
casualties.
IV. SCHEME OF TRAINING
First Year Objectives
The first year resident should be taught expertise in
the management of ASA I and II cases, to start with they
will observe and slowly become independent in giving
general anaesthesia and spinal anaesthesia to ASA I & II
cases for minor and major surgery, under graded
supervision. They should be posted to the following
specialities during the first year: Gynaecology, General
Surgery, Orthopaedic, ENT, Recovery Room and Urology.
Second Year Objectives
The student should be taught to give general
anaesthesia and regional anaesthesia to ASA I, II, III & IV
under supervision. They should be able to give extradural
block (EDB) spinal block, and peripheral Nerve Blocks
under supervision, should learn peadiatric and trauma life
supports and maintain skills for basic and advanced
cardiac life support. It is suggested that they may be
posted in the following specialities: Obstetrics, Dental
surgery, Eye, ICU, pain clinic and peripheral theatres.
The student should be able to plan and administer to
all patients under graded prevision including patients for
cardiac, neurosurgery, peadiatric surgery and for all major
surgeries. The aim at the end is to be competent and
independent soon after the third year of junior residency
in providing anaesthesia to elective and emergency cases.
The junior resident should be able to manage critically ill
patient and treat intractable pain they should also know
how to organize resources in case of mass casualty. The
curriculum should be able to provide 1 month of elective
postings.

11
V. SCHEME OF EXAMINATION
Title

Max. Marks

Course–I

Theory

Applied Basic Sciences in relation to
anaesthesiology elementary statics

100

Course–II

Clinical Anaesthesiology

100

Course–III

Anaesthesiology including resuscitation,
critical care and recent advances

100

Total

300

Practical

150 Marks

Long Case – One x 80 = 80
Short Case – Two x 35 = 70
150
Viva-Voce
Specimen, equipments, instruments, X-ray, ECG

50

VI. RECOMMENDED BOOKS AND JOURNALS
Text Books
1. A synopsis of Anaesthesia – Tee & Atkinson
2. Wylie – Davidsons practice of Anaesthesia
3. Anaesthesia – R.d. Miller
4. Anaesthesia & Coexisdting Disease - Stoelting
5. Understanding Anaesthesia Equiments – Dorsch &
Dorseh
6. Physics for Anaesthetists – W.W.Mustan
7. Carsiac Anaesthesia – JA Kaplan, 3rd Ed.
8. Critial Care – Shoemanker
9. Pain Management – J.J. Bonica
10. Recent Advances in Anaesthesia and Analgesia, 21
atkinson, RS
11. Anatomy for Anaesthetists – Ellis, 5th ed.
12. Text Books of Anaesthesia – Aitken hand & Smith
13. Anaesthesia review – 16
14. Medicin for Anaesthesiologist – Vicker
15. Problem solving in anaesthesiology 1 Rao – atressio
16. Paediatric Anaesthesia – Gregory

12
17. Drugs for Anaesthetists – Wood and wood
18. Intravenous Anaesthesia – Dounde J.W.
19. Principles of anesthesiology – Vincent Collins
20. General Anaesthesia – Nunn, Uting & Brown. Vol. I&II
21. Anaesthesia for neurosurgical procedure – 1 attani
22. Anaesthesia – Morgan.
Journals
1. Indian Journal of Anaesthesia
2. British Journal of Anaesthesia
3. Anaesthesia and Analgisia
4. Journal of Pain.



13

POST GRADUATE DIPLOMA IN
OBSTETRICS & GYNAECOLOGY
I. PREAMBLE
The Postgraduate training course would be to train
MBBS doctors who will be a competent obstetrician and
gynaecologist.
II. PROGRAMME OBJECTIVES
1. To practice efficiently, effectively backed by scientific
knowledge and skill base.
2. To maintain high ethical standards.
3. To evince keen interest in continuing education in
speciality and allied subjects.
4. To acquire skills in educating medical and
paramedical professionals.
5. To follow the principles of national health policy and
to practice in the community at all levels of health
system.
6. To effectively communicate with patients and their
relatives and to educate them.
7. Provide quality care to the community in the
diagnosis and management of Antenatal, Intra-natal
and Post natal period of normal and abnormal
pregnancy.
8. Provide effective and adequate care to the Obstetrical
and neonatal diseases.
9. Manage common Gynaecological problems and
Emergencies.
10. Provide counseling and delivery of fertility regulation
methods and perform medical termination of
pregnancy.
11. Organize and implement the ‘National Health
Progrmames pertaining to women’s health.
12. Develop adequate surgical skills to manage common
Obstetrical and Gynaecological problems.
13. Have knowledge of the basic principles of
Anaesthesiology and resuscitative measures.

14
14. Properly maintain medical records and know the
Medico-legal aspects and acts in respect of Obstetrical
and Gynaecological practice.
15. Keep abreast with advances in the field of Obstetrics
and Gynaecology.
16. Involve in educational progrmame in Obstetrics and
Gynaecology (with seniors) for medical and
paramedical staff and also for the society.
17. Be familiar with modern methods of teaching.
18. Develop communication skills and demonstrate
compassionate attitude towards the patients.
III. COURSE CONTENTS
It is stressed that the topics listed can only be
regarded
as
guidelines
because
Obstetrics
and
Gynaecology are not static subjects and as developments
occur in other clinical and preclinical areas.
The syllabus includes Obstetrics and Gynaecology
and those aspects of medicine, surgery and paediatrics
relevant to the practice of both. It is only intended as a
guide to the topics on which candidates may be examined
and it is not intended to be comprehensive. As new
developments occur and become part of accepted practice
they will become eligible for inclusion. For this candidates
are advised to familiarize themselves with the current
contents of the scientific journals and up-to-date reviews
of major topics. Candidates are expected to be able to
make a critical appraisal of scientific articles and
demonstrate that they can interpret the data they contain.
COURSE–I : APPLIED BASIC SCIENCES RELATED TO
OBSTETRICS & GYNAECOLOGY
A. Embryology
Development of fetus and placenta various congenital
anomalies
B. Anatomy
Anatomy of hypothalamus and pituitary and
relationship with menstrual or ovarian cycles – Pelvic
innervations – Anatomy of abdominal wall. – Bony pelvis

15
and pelvic floor – Development and anatomy female genital
organs –Development and anatomy of urinary tract and
variations – Lymphatic drainage – general and pelvic
lymph nodes with special reference to cancer of the female
genital tract – Anatomy of lower alimentary tract – Breast
anatomy, blood supply, innervations and lymphatic
drainage.
C. Physiology
Fluid balance – Body water and external internal fluid
exchange – Renal Function – Causes of Oedema fluid –
Blood – Haematology. Erythropoiesis, Iron Metabolism, Rh
factor, blood groups and coagulation of blood – Heart –
Cardiac output blood pressure, reaction of body to
hemorrhage – Fetal circulation and respiration – Liver
function, Hepatic failure – Physiology of pregnancy,
pregnancy diagnosis tests – Mammary glands & Lactation –
Uterus: Growth & Contractility of Uterus – Endocrinology:
Hypothalamic Hormones - Pituitary, Adrenal, Thyroid,
Ovary, Pancreas and placenta – Nutrition – Normal diet,
nutritional requirements of special groups
D. Biochemistry
Haemoglobin – Metabolism of Iron, Anaemia,
Abnormal Haemoglobin – Bile Pigments – Circulation of bile
pigments & laboratory investigations for jaundice –
Carbohydrate metabolism – Maternal and fetal, Diabetes,
G.T.T, Glycogan storage diseases. – Fat metabolism –
Disorders of fat metabolism & obesity. – Protein metabolism
– Maternal and fetal – value of plasma proteins & amino
acids. – Normal and disorders of hormone metabolism,
ovarian tumours, steroid hormones, insulin, thyroxine,
paratharmone and posterior pituitary hormones, placental
hormones. – Fluid and Electrolyte balance.
E. Pathology
Menstruation – Normal histology of ovary and
endometrium, endometrial pathology – Pathology of
abortions – Genetic factors hormonal factors & placental
pathology – Amniocentesis – Significance of alfa-feto

16
proteins Chorion villous sampling – Placenta – Placental
adhesions in PPH. Diseases of placenta, abnormalities of
implantation and new growths – Trophoblast – Vasicular
mole, chorio-adenoma destruens, and chorio carcinoma –
Cervix – Histology, Benign, pre cancerous and malignant
lesions of cervix, effects of radiotherapy – Vaginal cytology
– In Obstetrics and Gynaecology – Hormonal pattern &
cancer screening – Endometrium – Hyper-plasia &
carcinoma – Vagina – Inflammations, benign & malignant
lesions. – Vulva – Inflammations, benign & malignant
lesions. – Pelvic endometriosis – Pelvic inflammatory
disease. – Ovary – Benign & Malignant tumours – Genetic
& Sex anamolies – in abortions, primary amenorrhoea &
congenital anomalies.
F. Microbiology
Disinfection and sterilization – Immunology –
Antigen-antibody reaction immunity and hyper sensitivity,
Antibiotic sensitivity, - Bacteria : Classification,
Microscopic examination, culture – Infections in
Obstetrics and Gynaecology – Gram Negative infections,
STD, Genital Tuberculosis – Vaginal Infections –
Trichomonas vaginalis, moniliasis. Uterus : Specific to
Hepatitis, AIDS & HIV infection, Torch infection
G. Pharmacology
Cardiac glycosides and vaso dilators and vaso
constrictors – Haematinics – Adjuvants to Iron therapy,
Role of cyanocobalamins – Diuretics – Hormones : Ovarian
& Placental Hormones, Male and female sex hormones –
Antihypertensives – Antibiotics – Oral Pills – Other
Hormones – Thyroid, Iodine, Parathyroid calcium, Insulin
and oral anti-diabetic drugs, Adrenal cortical hormones –
Oxytocics – Ergot and oxytocin – Prostoglandins Use in
induction of abortion and labour – Emetics, Antacids,
Digestives, Vitamins and Laxatives – Cytotoxic drugs. –
Heparin and oral Anticoagulants – Teratogenic drugs,–
Drugs acting on automomic nervous system and muscle
relaxants

17
COURSE–II : OBSTETRICS AND GYNAECOLOGY
INCLUDING NEONATOLOGY
Physiology of Labour
1. Spontaneous Labour and Delivery: Parturition : Bio
molecular and physiologic processes, Mechanism of
Normal labour, in occiput presentation, Intrapartum
care, Maternal and fetal monitoring, puerperium
2. Management of Normal Pregnancy: Prental care –
Technics to evaluate high risk mother and neonatal –
Conduct of normal labour and delivery – Analgesia
and Anaesthesia
3. Abnormalities of Labour and Delivery: Dystocia due
to abnormalities of the expulsive forces – Precipitate
labour – Dystocia due to abnormalities in
presentation position and development of fetus. –
Dystocia due to pelvic contraction – Dystocia due to
soft tissue abnormalities of the reproductive tract.Techniques for breech delivery – injuries to the birth
canal. – Abnormalities of the third stage of labour.
4. Operative Obstetrics: Forceps delivery and related
techniques – Caesarean section and caesarean
hysterectomy.
5. Abnormalities of the Puerperium: Puerperal
infection – Other disorders of the puerperium.
6. Complications of Pregnancy: Abortion – Ectopic
pregnancy – Diseases and abnormalities of the
placenta and fetal membranes – Multiple pregnancy –
Hypertensive disorders in pregnancy – Obstetric
Haemmorhage – Abnormalities of the Reproductive
tract – Preterm and Post-term pregnancy – Intra
uterine growth retardation – Isoimmunization due to
Rh and other Blood group incompatibilities 0
Obstetric Shock – Mal-presentations.
7. Medical Genetics in Obstetrics: Pattern of
inheritance of genetic disorders – Genetic factors in
recurrent abortions – Genetic counseling and
preconceptional
counseling
–
Congenital
malformations and inherited disorders – Prenatal
diagnosis of genetic defects – Sex determination and
sex selection – ethical issues – Puberty testing –

18

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

Pregnancy in a woman with genetic disorders –
investigation & management – Teratoganesis
Endocrinology in Obstetrics: Pregestational and
gestational diabetes mellitus – Thyrotoxicosis and
hypothyroidism in pregnancy – Placental hormones –
Endocrinilogy of parturition – Endocrine emergencies
in obstetric practices – Hormonal abuse in early
pregnancy.
Neonatology: Diseases of fetus and new born –
Infections of the fetus and new born – Injuries of the
fetus and new born – Congenital abnormalies
Medical Obstetrics: Safe motherhood – Community
maternal health care MCH problems – Domicilliary
care – Prepregnancy and post pregnancy counseling –
Reproductive and child health (RCH) – National
Health Programme
Perinatology: Term new born infant – Asphyxia
neonatorum – Respiratory disease of new born –
concussion in new born – Injuries in new born –
Diarrhoea in new born – vomiting in new born –
congenital Mal-formation in new born.
Mortality and Morbidity: Epidemiology, Magnitude
of the problem, cases – Prevention and management
of maternal mortality and morbidity – Perinatal
mortality.

COURSE–III : GYNAECOLOGY AND FAMILY WELFARE
1. Breast
Diseases
Prevention:
Lactation
–
Galactornhoa – Ovulation and menstruation in
relation to lactation – Abnormalities in breast
development and function.
2. Genital Tract: Malformations and Mal-development
of genital tract – Intersex.
3. Abortions: Clinical types – Missed abortion – Septic
abortion – Medical Termination of pregnancy
4. Ectopic
Pregnancy:
Types
–
conservative
management of tubal pregnancy
5. Trophoblastic
Tumors:
vesicular
mole
–
Chorioadenoma destruens – Choriocarcinoma –
Chemotherapy

19
6. Injuries to Genital Tract: Foreign bodies in genital
tract – Direct trauma – Burns – Complete perineal
tear – Lacerations of cervix – Rupture and
performation of uterus – Haematomas : Vulva,
Vagina, Broad ligament – General tract fistulas –
Acquired atreias and stenosis of genital tract.
7. Uterine Displacements: Utero vaginal prolapse –
Other displacements – Retroverted gravid uterus –
Chronic inversion
8. Torsion of Pelvic Organs: Uterus – Myoma –
Hydrosalpinx – Torsion ovarian cyst.
9. Infections of Genital Tract: Individual organs –
Pelvic inflammatory disease – Sexually transmitted
diseases – genital tuberculosis
10. Epithelial Abnormalities of Genital Tract: Vulva
dystrophies – Vagine – Basal cell hyperplasia and
Neoplasia Cervix – Erosion – Basal Cell hyperplasia –
Squemous metaplasia – Dysplasias – Cervical
Neoplasia – Uterine Corpus – Endometerial
Hyperplasias – Squamous cell mataplasia
11. Endometriosis ad Adnomyosis :
12. Vulva: Developmental abnormalities – Injury –
Vascular changes – Infections – Retention cysts –
Innocent Neoplasm – Malignant Neoplasts –
Enlargement of Bartholin’s Gland
13. Vagina: Infections – Vaginal cysts – Benign and
Malignant Neoplasmas
14. Cervix: Infections – Innocent Neoplasms – Carcinoma
cervix.
15. Body of Uterus: Dysmennorhoea – Innocent ; Fibroid
uterus and others ; Malignant Neoplasms –
Carcinoma of Endometrium – Sarcoma etc.
16. Fallopian Tube: Innocent neoplasms and malignant
Neoplasms
17. Ovary: Cysts – Benign ovarian tumors – Malignant
ovarian tumors
18. Clinical Endocrinology: Ovary from conception to
senescence – Menopause – Amnnorhoea – An
ovulation – Hirsutism – Dysfunctioanl uterine

20
bleeding – Prostaglandins – abnormal puberty and
growth problems – Obesity – Steriod contraception.
19. Infertility: Sperm and egg transport fertilization and
implantation – Investigation of the infertile couple –
Endometriosis and Infertility – Induction of ovulation
– Assisted reproductive technology.
20. Medical
Genetics
in
Gynaecology:
Sex
determination, sexuality and intersex
21. Contraception: Temporary methods – Permanent
methods – Latest trends in contraception –
Reconstructive surgeries – tuboplasty, vaso vasostomy
22. Hormone Therapy
23. Current concepts in Obstetrics and Gynaecology
IV. SCHEME OF TRAINING
1. Schedule of Training
First Year
Labour Ward

–

3 Months

Antenatal Ward / OPD

–

3 Months

Gynaecology Ward / OPD

–

3 Months

Neonatology Ward

–

15 Days

Infertility

–

15 Days

Family Welfare

–

1½ Months

Community Obstetrics

–
Total

15 Days
12 Months

Final Year
Labour Ward

–

3 Months

Antenatal Ward / OPD

–

3 Months

Gynaecology Ward / OPD

–

3 Months

Anaesthesia

–

15 Days

Department of Oncology

–

15 Days

Postnatal Ward

–

1 Month

Sonar

–

15 Days

Gynac endoscopy

–

15 Days

Total

V. SCHEME OF EXAMINATION

12 Months

21
Theory

Duration Max.
in Hrs
Marks

Title

Course–I

Applied Basic Science related
Obstetrics and Gynaecology

Course–II

Obstetrics including Neonatology

to

Course–III Gynaecology including Family Welfare

3

100

3

100

3

100

Total

300

Clinical Examination
Long Case – One x 80 = 80 marks
Short Case – Two x 35 = 70 marks
Total

Viva / Practicals
A. Spotting

150

10 Marks

Slides/

Specimen /

Chart /

X-ray, Scan /

Instrument

3

2

1

1

1

B. Viva

40 Marks
50 Marks

Total
VI. RECOMMENDED BOOKS AND JOURNALS
A. Books
1. Fernando Arias – High risk pregnancy and delivery
2. Ian Donald – Practical obstetric problems, Williame
Obstetrics
3. Dawhurst – Text Book of obstetrics and Gynaecology
4. Munro Kerr’s – Operative obstetrics, year book in
Obstetrics and Gynaecology
5. Pro. Dr. Ratnam, Dr. Bhasker Rao, and Dr. Arul
Kumaran – Obstetrics and Gynaecology for
postgraduates
6. Kistners –Gynaecology – Principles and Gynaecology
7. Bonnar – Recent Advances in Obstetrics and
Gynaecology
8. Studd – Progress in Obstetrics and Gynaecology
9. Ruby.E.Subbagha – Diagonostic Ultra sound applied
to Obstetrics and Gynaecology
10. Jeffoates – Principels of Gynaecology

22
11. Novok – Text Book of Gynaecology
12. Shaw – Operative Gynaecology
13. Bonney Telinde’ and C.S.Dawn’s – Obstetrics and
Neonatolog Gynaecology and Contraception
14. Sper Off – Clinical Gyaecologic endocrinology and
infertility
15. Meharbanu singh – Care of Nee Born
16. Harrison’s – Text Book of Medicine.
Journals (Periodicals)
1. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology
2. British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology
3. Obstetrics and Gynaecology (Green Journal)
4. Fertility and Sterile
5. International Journal of Gynaecology
6. Gynaecology oncology
7. Obstetrics and Gynaecology survey
8. The Australian and New Zealand Journal of
Obstetrics and Gynaecology
9. The Lancet
10. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology India (FOGSI)
11. Obstetrics and Gynaecology today – India
12. Acta Obstetrics and Gynaecology – Scandinovia
13. Obstetrics and Gynaecology clinics of North America
14. Journal of clinical ultrasound
15. Journal of Clinical Obstetrics and Gynaecology.



23

POST GRADUATE DIPLOMA IN ORTHOPAEDICS
I. PREAMBLE
 To test the knowledge, skill and competence in
Orthopaedic surgery.
 To equip the Student to attend to an injured
person.
 To develop basic teaching ability
 To learn the principle in Orthopaedic surgical
techniques – Basics and advanced.
II. PROGRAMME OBJECTIVES
A candidate upon successfully qualifying in the
Diploma in Orthopaedics examinations should be
1. Identify the diseases and injuries of musculo-skeletal
system and obtain proper history and perform
thorough clinical examination.
2. Plan and interpret investigations and institute the
management in diseases and injuries of musculoskeletal system.
3. Acquire skills to manage orthopaedic services.
4. Organise rehabilitative services to the Physically
handicapped persons
III. COURSE CONTENTS
COURSE–I : THE BASIC SCIENCES
Anatomy: Anatomy of brachial plexus – Peripheral
Nerves of Upper limb, Course, Branches muscles supplied
– variations. – Peripheral Nerves of Lower Limb, Course,
Branches Muscles supplied. – Anatomy of lumbar plexus,
Lumbosacral Plexus. – joints – Types, Long bones of upper
limb and lower limb applied Anatomy – Anatomy of
vertebral column, Spinal cord, Blood supply. – Prime
muscles of every movement of limb, joints and accessory
muscles that help them.
Physiology: Clotting factors, Mechanism and defects
– Calcium, Phosphate metabolism Thyroid, Parathyroid,
Adrenals, growth hormones, Sex hormones etc.,
Orthopaedic related Physiology. – Tracts of spinal cord. –

24
Electro Physiology – Action Potential, Nerve Conduction
Chronaxy, Rheobases, Electro Myography, SD curve.
Pathology: Bone Tumours – Orthopaedic related
genetic disorders – Blood dyscrasias – Embolism – Fat
embolism, Thrombo embolism.
Microbiology: Gas
gangrene,
Tetanus
–
Tuberculosis, Leprosy – Fungal osteomyelitis – HIV,
Hepatitis B.
Pharmacology:
NSAIDs
–
Antibiotics
–
Chemotherapy of Tuberculosis, Leprosy – Chemotherapy
of Bone Tumours – Uricosuric drugs, Treatment.
COURSE–II : TRAUMATOLOGY
Fractures and dislocations, this shall include the
Mechanism of violence causing injury, Pathology of
fracture, healing signs and symptoms, of displacement of
fragments – reduction, maintenance of reduction of
fractures and dislocations by various methods including
internal fixation methods and current concepts of metals
in relation to human body, study of complication or
osteoarticular injuries and their treatment and
rehabilitation of all bones.
They shall work in the Orthopaedic outpatient
department and 24 hours fracture service and obtain
proficiency in first aid emergency management of fractures
and dislocation – resuscitation and management of
multiple injuries. They also be made conversant with
various splints and their uses.
Contusions and other soft tissue injuries: Sprains
of ligaments of various joints mechanism of production,
their pathology, symptomatology and management.
Peripheral nerve injures and spinal cord injuries:
Mechanism
of
production
symptomatology
–
Pathophysiology investigation including electrodiagnosis –
Physiotherapeutic management – Surgical treatment –
Splinting and bracing – Rehabilitation.

25
COURSE–III : GENERAL – ORTHOPAEDICS AND
PHYSICAL MEDICINE REHABILITATION
The study of general Orthopaedics shall include all
the diseases that affect the locomotor system including:
1. Deformities
–
Congenital
and
acquired
–
Pathomechanics – Clinical features – manipulative
treatment surgical correction by braces and splints –
Rehabilitation.
2. Osteoarticular tuberculosis – incidence Bacteriology
Pathology Symptomatology – Investigations and
management both conservative and surgical.
3. Infections : Bacteriology – Pathology – clinical features
and management in acute, subacute and chronic
infections of bones.
4. Arthritis : Includes the study of various types of
arthritis including infective, rheumatoid, metabolic
and degenerative Patho-physiology investigations and
management.
5. Tumorus : Include the study of benign and malignant
osseous and soft tissue tumors – Pathogenesis –
Investigation histopathology – management.
6. Neuromuscular disorders : Include the study of
anterior poliomyelitis, Cerebral palsy, Obstetrical
palsies,
muscular
dystrophies
–
incidence
Bacteriology – Patho-Physiology – cerebral palsy
incidence etiology – Patho-physiology – various
clinical types – Physiotherapy splinting and bracing
surgical management – rehabilitation – Obstetrical
paralysis incidence – Pathomechanics – Clinical
electro
diagnosis
–
splinting
and
bracing
Physiotherapy and management.
7. Metabolic Disorders : Involving the skeletal system.
The course requires the candidates to attend the
Orthopaedic wards and outpatient department and
shall have performed the common Orthopaedic
Operations independently and assisted all major
Operations during the period of study and learn the
principles of all traction procedures.

26
Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation
1. Principles of physical therapy including exercise
therapy and electrotherapy, examination and
prescription for splints and braces.
2. Principles of Occupational therapy and
3. Principles of electro–diagnosis
IV. SCHEME OF TRAINING
First year
First Semester 6 Months
4. Introductory programme - 15 days
5. Orientation in Orthopaedics with regard to outpatient,
inpatient, OT
- 1 month
6. Casualty postings :
On admission days, the students will attend
emergency
Orthopaedic
postgraduates

patients

along

with

senior

7. Attend after noon lecture classes on basics in
Orthopaedic Surgery taken by faculty between 02.00
p.m. to 04.00 p.m every Tuesday and Thursday.
8. Basic knowledge on asepsis, theatre equipment.
Second Semester 6 Months
1. Initiation of treatment
2. Document – both outpatient and inpatient
3. Learn the various traction methods
4. Preoperative planning
5. Seminars on topics covering reginal anatomy, surgical
approaches, Orthopaedic implants, diagnostic aids in
Orthopaedic – 02.00 p.m. to 04.00 p.m. in the
department of Orthopaedics participated by students
with faculty as moderate.
6. Bed side clinics – Orthopaedic
elucidation of signs and symptoms.

examination,

27
Second Year
First semester
1. Attend emergency casualty duty on admission days.
2. Preoperative preparation of inpatients.
3. See patients in OPD, application of corrective POP
casts, do closed reductions of fractures and
disclocations
4. Assist for major surgeries
5. Postoperative care.
Second Semester
1. Casualty, OPD and inpatient care as before
2. Start doing minor surgical procedures individually
3. Present papers in conferences
4. Discuss articles in Journal club – 03.00 p.m. to 04.00
p.m. once in a fortnight.
5. Attend combined classes – 03.00 p.m. to 04.00 p.m.
once in a fortnight.
6. 2½ months training of postgraduate in allied
specialities
V. SCHEME OF EXAMINATION
The D.Ortho postgraduate examination shall be in
two parts
Theory

Title

Max. Marks

Course–I

Applied Basic Science

100

Course–II

Traumatology

100

Course–III

General Orthopaedics & PMR

100
300

Practical
a. Long Case – One - 80
b. Short Case – Two x 35 – 70
c. Viva-Voce
(Operative surgery and instruments,
Osteology, Orthopaedic, Pathology,
Radiology)

Max. Marks
150
50

28
VI. RECOMMENDED BOOKS AND JOURNALS
Text Books
1. System of Orthopaedics and Fracture – G. Apley
2. Outline of Orthopaedics – C.Adms
3. Text Book of Orthopaedics and Traumtology –
M. Natarajan
4. Fractures and Joint Injuries – Watson Jones – Wilson
5. Merces Orthopaedic Surgery – Duthie Bentley
6. Orthopaedics – S. Turek Vol. I & II
7. Operative Orthopaedics – Campbell Vol. I to IV
8. Orthopaedic Diseases – Aegerter and Kirkpartrick
9. Kusculo Skeletal Tumors – Vol. I & II by Enneking
10. Spine – James Cyciax
11. Fracture in Children and Adults Vol. I to III by
Rockwood & Green
12. Skeletal Tuberculosis – SM. Tuli
13. Clinical Examination – McRae
14. Orthopaedic Appliances – Stewart
15. Sports Injuries – Fu & Stone
16. Paediatric Orthopaedics – Tachdjian
17. Clinical Orthopaedics – Kulkarni Vol. I to VI
18. A manual of Internal Fixation, latest edition Springer
– Verlogg Author: Mullter – Rudie - Allgower
Journals
1. Indian Journal of Orthopaedics
2. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery – American &
British Edition
3. Orthopaedic Clinics of North America
4. ACTA Orthopaedics Scandinavia
5. Trauma
6. Clinical Orthopaedics & Related Research



29

POSTGRADUATE DIOLOMA IN OPHTHALMOLOGY
I. PREAMBLE
The post graduate diploma Course in Ophthalmology
is a 2-year integrated course, after satisfactory completion
of which the candidate shall be able to practice
ophthalmology competently and safely in the community
that he/she serves.
II. PROGRAMME OBJECTIVES
With the knowledge and skills developed at the
completion of the course, the candidate shall be able to:
1. Offer to the community, the current quality of
‘standard of care’ in ophthalmic diagnosis as well as
therapeutics, medical or surgical, for common as well
as referred conditions.
2. Periodically self assess his or her performance and
keep abreast with ongoing advances in the field and
apply the same in his/her practice.
3. Be aware of his or her own limitations to the
application of the specialty in situations which
warrant referral to major centers or individuals more
qualified to treat.
4. Apply research and epidemiological methods during
his/her practice. The candidate shall be able to
present or publish work done by him/her.
5. Contribute as an individual/or in a group or
institution towards the fulfillment of national
objectives with regard to prevention of blindness.
6. Effectively communicate with patients or relatives so
as to educate them sufficiently and give4 them the full
benefit of informed consent to treatment and ensure
compliance.
7. Effectively communicate with colleagues and learners.
III. COURSE CONTENTS
These are only broad guidelines and are illustrative,
there may be overlap between sections.

30
COURSE–I : THE BASIC SCIENCES (APPLIED)
1. Orbital and Ocular anatomy
a. Gross anatomy
b. Histology
2. Ocular Physiology
3. Pathology
a. General Pathology
b. Ocular pathology: Gross pathology, Histopathology
4. Biochemistry: General biochemistry,
applicable to ocular function
5. Microbiology
a. 7General Microbiology

Biochemistry

b. Specific microbiology applicable to the eye
c. Immunology with particular reference to ocular
immunology
COURSE–II : OPTICS AND REFRACTION
1.

a) Geometric and ophthalmic optics
b) Basic physical optics
c) Ophthalmic optics
d) Applied optics including optical devices.

2. Disorders of Refraction
a) Retinoscopy
b) Streak retinoscopy
c) Use of trial set
d) Use of Jackson cross cylinder
e) Subjective and objective refraction
f) Various errors of refraction
COURSE–III : OPHTHALMIC MEDICINE AND SURGERY
Candidate should be trained in such a way that he or
she is able to manage
1. Various Anaesthesia during cataract surgeries like
a) Retrobulbar anaesthesia
b) Peribulbar anaesthesia

31
c) Parabulbar anaesthesia and
d) Facial blocks
e) Frontal blocks
f) Intra orbital blocks
g) Blocks for sac surgery
2. Magnification
a) Operating microscope Familiarity with use is
Essential
b) Operating loupe
3. Lid surgery
a) Tarsorrhaphy
b) Ectropion and entropion procedures
c) Prosis surgery
d) Lid repair following trauma and surgical excision
of lid for tumours etc.
e) Epilation, electrolysis, cryotherapy etc.
4. Destructive procedures
a) Evisceration with or without implant
b) Enucleation with or without implant
c) Modified enucleation procedures for intraocular
Tumours.
5. Sac surgery
a) Dacrocystectomy
b) Dacryocystorhinostomy
c) Probing for congenital obstruction of nasolacrimal
duct
6. Extraocular muscle surgery
a) Recession and resection procedures on the
horizontal recti.
7. Cataract surgery
a) Standard ECCE with or without IOl implantation.
b) Small incision ECCE with or without IOL
implantation.
c) Membranectomy.
d) Intra capsular cataract extraction.

32
8. Retinal surgery
a) Needs to know how to assist in external
procedures such as buckling
b) Prophylactic cryotherapy
9. Vitrectomy Procedures
a) Intra vitreal and intra cameral (anterior chamber)
injection techniques and dosages, particularly for
endophthalmitis management.
b) Needs to know the basics of open sky vitrectomy
(anterior segment) as management of cataract
surgery complication.
c) Assist vitrectomy surgeon if facility exists.
10. Keratoplasty
a) Assisting or doing penetrating keratoplasty
(therapeutic, optical)
11. Glaucoma surgery:
a) Trabeculectomy
b) Pharmacological modifications of trabeculectomy
c) Cyclocryotherapy and other cyclodestructive
procedures.
12. Surface Ocular procedures:
a) Pterygium excision with modifications
b) Conjunctival grafting
c) Biopsy of cornea and conjunctiva
13. Pterygium excision
14. Tarsorrhaphy
15. Retrobulbar, parabulbar anaesthesia.
Outpatient
Manual diagnostic procedures such as syringing,
corneal
scraping,
conjunctival
swab
collection,
conjunctival scraping etc.
Conjunctival and corneal foreign body removal on the
slit lamp
1. Chalazion incision and curettage

33
2. Biopsy of small lid tumours
3. Suture removal skin, conjunctival,
corneoscleral
4. Subconjunctival injection
5. Posterior Sub-Tenon’s injections
6. Artificial eye fitting
The candidate is trained to perform

corneal

1. Tonometry
i.
Applanation
ii. Indentation (commonly Schiotz)
2. Assessment of epiphora
i.
Jone’s dye test
ii. Syringing-performance & interpretation
3. Dry eye evaluation
i.
Schirmer test
ii. Rose Bengal staining
iii. Tear film breakup time
iv. Tear meniscus evaluation
4. Corneal ulceration
i.
Taking a corneal scraping
ii. Inoculation into media
iii. Evaluation of Gram’s stain
iv. Evaluation of KOH preparation
v. Corneal wedge biopsy
5. Direct ophthalmology
i.
Distant direct
ii. Media assessment
iii. Use of filters provided
6. Indirect ophthalmoscopy
i.
Scleral depression
ii. Fundus drawing capability
iii. Use of filter provided
7. Slit Lamp Examiantion
i.
Diffuse examination

and

34
ii. Focal examination
iii. Retroillumination – direct and indirect
iv. Sclerotic scatter
v. Specular reflection
vi. Staining modalities and interpretation
8. Slit Lamp Accessories:
i.
Applanation Tonometry
 Goldman’s applanation
ii. Gonioscopy
 Single mirror gonioscope
 Gonioprism
 Grading of the angle
 Testing for occludability
 Indentation gonioscopy
iii. 3-mirror examination of the fundus
iv. 78-D/90-D/60-D examination
v. Hruby lens examination
vi. Optical pachymetry
vii. Slit lamp photography
9. Colour vision evaluation
i.
Ishihara pseudoisochromatic plates
10. Use of Amsler’s charting
i.
Instructing in the use of and interpreting the chart.
11. Keratometry
i.
Performance and interpretation of keratometry
ii. Diagnosis of situations such as keratoconus
iii. Keratoscope
12. Refraction
i.
Retinoscopy
ii. Streak Retinoscopy
iii. Use of trial set
iv. Use of Jackson’s cross-cylinder
v. Subjective and objective refraction.

35
13. Diagnosis and assessment of Squint
i.
Ocular position and motility examination
ii. Versions, ductions and vergeneces
iii. Convergence facility estimation
iv. Cover/Uncover/Alternate cover test
v. Use of prism bars or free prisms in assessment of
squint
vi. Use of synaptophore/major amblyoscope
vii. Use
of
Bagolini’s
striated
glasses/red
filters/Maddox rod
viii. Use of Worth’s four dot test
ix. Use of minor amblyoscope
x. Use and interpretation of the Hess chart/Lees’
screen
xi. Performance and interpretation of diplopia charting
xii. Diagnosis of amblyopia.
14. Exophthalmometry
i.
Use of Hertel’s exopthalmometer
ii. Use of Luedd’s exopthalmometer
iii. Use of other exopthalmometers
iv. Measurement of proptosis or exophthalmos
15. Use and evaluation of ophthalmic ultrasound’
i.
A-Scan ultrasound with biometry
ii. B-Scan
ultrasound:
Performance
and
interpretation
16. Interpretation of perimetry
i.
Tangent screening
ii. Static computerized perimetry
 Interpretation of commonly managed problems
17. Radiology
i.
Interpretation of plain skull films
 PA-20 (Caldwell’s view)
 PNS (Water’s vioew)
 Lateral
 Submentovertical

36
 Optic canal views
 Localisation of intra ocular and intra orbital FBs

ii.

Interpretations of contrast studies
 Performance & interpretation of dacryocystograms
 Performance
and interpretations of orbital

venograms
 Interpretation of carotid angiograms
iii. Interpretation of CT-Scans & MRI Scans
 Orbital CT interpretation and orbital
evaluation
 Brain CT interpretation
The candidate is trained to acquire

MRI

1. Basic Statistical knowledge
i.
Ability to undertake clinical and basic research
ii. Descriptive and Inferential statistics
iii. Ability to publish results of one’s work.
2. Ability to constructively criticize publications in the
field. This could be achieved during the course by
attending workshops on Research Methodology, basic
statistics classes and regularly having Journal Clubs
etc, where selected articles could be taken and
evaluated for content quality and presentation.
The candidate is also trained to fit
1. Contact lenses
i.
Assessment
ii. RGP fitting
iii. Soft lens fitting
iv. Trouble shooting
2. Subjective correction of refraction
i.
Techniques of subjective correction
ii. Knowledge of basic optical devices available and
relative advantages and disadvantages of each.
3. Low vision aids
i.
The basics of fitting with knowledge of availability
and cost.

37
4. Community ophthalmology
i.
Ability to organize institutional screening
ii. Ability to organize peripheral eye screening camps
iii. Knowledge and ability to execute guidelines of
National Program for Prevention of Blidness.
5. Presentation
i.
Ability to present one’s work effectively at various
scientific forum particularly free papers in
scientific conferences within allotted framework of
time.
6. Organisation
i.
Ability to organize meetings, seminars and
symposia
ii. Ability to get along with colleagues and work as a
team with the other members of the department
iii. Ability to interact with and work as a team with
other disciplines that may exist in the same
hospital.
7. Communication skills
i.
With patients
ii. With colleagues
8. Record keeping
i.
The ability to maintain records as scientifically as
possible
ii. Knowledge of computer software is helpful
9. Teaching
i.
The ability to pass on skills acquired to one’s
juniors, theoretical, procedural and surgical
IV. SCHEME OF TRAINING
First Year
Outpatient and Casualty

3 months

Inpatients & Operation Theatre

6 months

Refraction

3 months
12 months

38
Second Year
Cataract & IOL

2 months

Glaucoma Clinic

2 months

Cornea and Eye Bank

2 months

Neuro Ophthalmology

1 month

Community Ophthalmology

2 months

Refraction room

3 months

V. SCHEME OF EXAMINATION
Theory (Written)
There shall be three question papers, each of three
hours duration, carrying 100 marks. Each Course shall
consist of two long essay questions each carrying
20 marks and six short essays type of questions each
carrying 10 marks.
Distribution of Marks
a) Theory 3 Courses (3 x 100)
1.
2.
3.

Course–I
Course–II
Course–III

b) Clinical
Long case- one
Short case- Two
Retinoscopy- One
Fundus – Two

300 Marks

The Basic Sciences (Applied)
Optics and Refraction
Ophthalmic Medicine and Surgery
…

…
Duration
45 min
40 min
15 min
30 min

c) Viva Voce
…
…
Slides, specimen, X-ray, FA, CT Scan
Oral
TOTAL

VI. RECOMMENDED BOOKS AND JOURNALS

150 Marks
Marks
80
40
15
15
50 Marks
10
40
500 Marks

39
Books
1. Arnold sorsby – Modern Ophthalmology
2. Principles and practice of Ophthalmology by Peyman
3. Parsons diseases of the eye
4. Clinical Ophthalmology – Kanski
5. Becker – Shaeffer’s diagnosis of therapy of the
glaucoma
6. Clinical methods of neuro-ophthalmologic exam A.
Kestenbaum
7. Diseases of the eye May and worth’s
8. Cataract surgery & its complications by Jaffee
9. Stallard’s eye surgery
10. Practical orthopedics in the treatment of squint-Kieth
lyle.
Journals
1. British Journal of Ophthalmology
2. American Journal of Ophthalmology
3. Archives of Ophthalmology
4. Cornea
5. Glaucoma
6. Indian Journal of Ophthalmology
7. Highlights of Ophthalmology.



40
POSTGRADUATE DIPLOMA IN
OTOLARYNGOLOGY (D.L.O.)
I. PREAMBLE
A postgraduate specialist having undergone the
required training should be able to recognize the health
needs of the community should be competent to handle
effectively medical problems and should be aware of the
recent advances pertaining to his speciality. The PG
student should acquire the basic skills in teaching of
medical / para-medical students. He/she is also expected
to know the principle of research methodology and modes
of consulting library.
II. PROGRAMME OBJECTIVES
At the end of postgraduate training the student
should be able to:
 Practice his speciality ethically
 Demonstrate sufficient understanding of basic

sciences related to his speciality
 Diagnose and manage majority of conditions in his
speciality (clinically and with the help of relevant
investigations)
 Plan and advise measures for the prevention and
rehabilitation of patients belonging to his
speciality
 Play the assigned role in the implementation of
National Health Programs
 Demonstrate competence in basic concepts or
research methodology
 Develop good teaching skills
Specific Learning Objectives
i.
Theoretical knowledge: A student should have fair
knowledge of basic sciences (Anatomy, Physiology,
Biochemistry,
Microbiology,
Pathology
and
Pharmacology) as applied to his speciality. He/she
should acquire in depth knowledge of his subject
including recent advances. He should be fully
conversant with the bedside procedures (diagnostic
and therapeutic) and having knowledge of latest
diagnostic and therapeutic available.

41
ii.

Clinical / Practical skills: A student should be
expert
in
good
history
taking,
physical
examination, providing basic life support and
advanced cardiac life support, common procedures
like FNAC, Biopsy, aspiration from serous cavities,
lumber puncture etc. He/she should able to
choose the required investigations.
iii. Research: He/she should know the basic concepts
of research methodology, plan a research project
and should know how to consult library. Basic
knowledge of statistics is also required.
iv. Teaching: Should learn the basic methodology of
teaching and develop competence in teaching
medical / paramedical students.
III. COURSE CONTENTS
COURSE–I : BASIC SCIENCES RELATED TO
OTOLARYNGOLOGY
Physiology Mechanism of perception of smell and
taste, mechanism of breathing and voice production,
lacrimation, deglutition and salivation. Functional tests of
the nose and para nasal sinuses, Mechanism of cough and
sneezing. Physics of sound, theories of hearing,
mechanism of perception of sound and speech production,
physiology of equilibrium & cerebral function. Physiology
of brain in connection with hearing, speech, smell and
phonation. Audio logic tests like audiometric, impedance,
evoked potentials, OAE, Speech audiometric. Physiology of
larynx, tracheobronchial tree & esophagus – Histology of
mucous membranes, internal ear and other associated
organs and structures, nose, PNS NPx, Larynx, TracheoBronchial tree, Lymph epithetical system. Mechanism of
immune system/ immunology and genetics.
Anatomy-Embryogenesis of ear, nose and throat
including palate and the larynx, Oesophagus, trachea and
lungs, tongue, salivary gland Head & Neck & skull base
etc.
Para pharyngeal spaces in the neck including
connective tissue barriers of larynx.

42
Applied anatomy of the skull bones, accessory
sinuses, external, middle and inner ears, nose, PNS,
nasopharynx, meninges, brain, pharynx, larynx, trachea
and bronchi, lungs, pleurao oesophagus and the
mediastinum. Anatomy of all cranial nerves with their
function.
COURSE–II : PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE OF
OTOLARYNGOLOGY
1. Clinical Methodology as applied to ORL diseases in
adult & children and the accessory sinuses, diagnosis
and surgical treatment of diseases of nose, throat and
car in adult and children. Prevention and treatment,
infectious diseases of Otolaryngology and Head Neck
region. Circulatory and nervous disturbances of the
nose, throat and car and their effects on other organs
of the body. Deformities, injuries sinus infections.
Polyps and the tumors of the nose, and paranasal
sinuses.
2. Examination of the ear, deafness and allied diseases,
complications of diseases of the ear. Injuries, tumors,
nervous and circulatory neurological disturbances of
the ear. Diagnosis and treatment of tinnitus and
vertigo. Diagnosis and rehabilitation of the Hearing
handicapped including, dispensing of hearing aid
other vibrotatile aids
3. Surgical pathology of Otolaryngology and Head Neck
region.
4. Basic knowledge of anaesthesia as related to ENT
5. Examination of diseases of children (paediatric ORL)
in connection with throat and larynx.
6. Neurological and vascular disturbances. Congenital
and neonatal stridor
7. Pathology of various diseases of the larynx and throat,
tracheo bronchial tree and their causative organisms.
8. Indications and various techniques of direct
laryngoscopy nasal endoscopy. Bronchoscopy and
oesophagoscopy,
including
microlaryngoscopic
procedures

43
9. Reading
of
radiograms,
scans,
audiograms,
nystagmograms and tympanograms in connection
with ENT diseases/disorders.
10. Special apparatus for the diagnosis and treatment of
the diseases of ear, nose and throat including
audiometer, BERA, ENG, speech analyzer etc.
COURSE–III : RECENT ADVANCES IN OTOLARYNGOLOGY
AND HEAD AND NECK SURGERY
1. The
recent
developments
in
the
diagnosis
pathogenesis treatments of the END diseases.
2. The knowledge of the frontiers of the oto.-.laryngology
and lateral skull base surgery.
3. Rhinoplasty, endoscopic sinus surgery, and anterior
cranial fossa surgery.
4. Knowledge of LASERS and fibre optics.
5. Other methods of managing Hearing loss
6. Implantable hearing aids cochlear implants.
7. Phonosurgery
Etiology and Managements of sleep apncea / snoring,
Hypophysectomy and optic nerve decompressions.
Immunotherapy and modalities of the gene therapy Newer
techniques for Radiotherapy including, use of gamma
knife for treatment of Intracranial tumors and other
malignancy. Chemotherapy of cancer
IV. SCHEME OF TRAINING
Didactic lectures are of least importance, seminars,
journal clubs, symposia, reviews and guest lectures
should get priority for theoretical knowledge. Bedside
teaching, grand rounds, interactive group discussions and
clinical demonstrations should be the hallmark of
clinical/practical learning. Student should have hand-on
training
in
performing
various
procedures
(medical/surgical concerning his subject) and ability to
interpret various tests/investigations. Exposure to never
specialized diagnostic/therapeutic procedures concerning
his subject should be given.

44
Clinical Postings
First Year
Spends 5 months in orientation programme
including exposure to Speech and Audiology Section and
Vestibular Laboratory.
Learn bedside history taking in ward, CT exposures,
casualty, ICU requirement and their visit to related Care of
indoor (Medical; preoperative and postoperative) patients
for a minimum period of 6 months.
Attends operation theatre and emergency operations
for acclimatization, Assists ward rounds and visit other
wards with senior colleagues to attend call consultations
from other department. Participate in the teaching
sessions in ward for bedside clinical aspect in the weekly
afternoon Seminar/Journal Club.
Radiology and radiotherapy

1 Month

Audiology and Neuro-otology - Speciality Postings 1 Month
Paediatric ENT - In rotation for 4 Months
Anaesthesia

2 Months
1 Month

ENT

7 Months
Total

12 Months

Second Year
ENT including upper gastrointestinal and upper
respiratory tract and common ENT emergencies such as
epistaxis, F.B infections of mucosal origin etc. their
posting will be mostly in OPD, ward and in the emergency
situation. Less posting in the Main OT as the thrust may
not be on training them in the entire operative procedures.
Cadaveric training may be given to them similarly and as
per their requirement.
 Discusses

problematic
cases
with
the
consultant(s) in OPD/ward
 Attends Operation Room/theatre
 Attends morning rounds
 Looks after minor OT by relation in the OPD and
the minor procedures

45
 Care of the indoor patients on beds allotted to

him/her

 Attend the weekly Journal Club and seminar and

presents the same by rotation
Vertigo Clinic, Rhinology Clinic and
Tumour Clinic and presents cases, participates in
discussions including therapy planning etc.
During the 1 year and 7 months the resident must
attend the combined Teaching Programme of the
Department of Surgery, Neurosurgery and
Medicine i.e. Clinical meetings, CPCs of students
and staff of the whole hospital
Surgicopathological conference in Pathology
Department, with surgeons
All kinds of specially prepared lectures by dept.
Faculty of from R.T./Plastic or Neurosurgery dept.
Visits by rotation, the Rural Clinic for community
exposures/work experience
Does 12 hours emergency duty twice a week as
per Roster of the dept.
Attends lectures by visiting faculty to the
dept/college from India/abroad
Attends participates/presents papers in State
/Zonal/ National conferences
Actively participate/help in organisation of
Department Workshop, Cources
In
specialized
areas
like
FESS/Otology,
Rhinoplasty, Neurotology and Head & Neck
Oncology from time to time
Research Methodology /Reporting on research:
Learns the basics in research methodology.
Problem oriented record keeping including use of
computer (Wherever feasible/available)
Use of Medical literature search including through
Internet use, in the Library.
Attends biostatistics classes by arrangement
Research Report-writing including preparation of
protocol for Research.
Writing an abstract/short paper/ presentation
style (Slide-making & audiovisual aids)

 Attend



















46
 Preparation of a report on a project
 Humanity/Ethics:
 Lectures on humanity including

personality
development, team spirit and ethical issues in
patients care and human relationship including,
public relations, by Psychologist and public
relation officers are to be arranged by the
dept./college.
Teaching Methods
The following learning methods are to be used for the
teaching of the postgraduate students:
1. Journal club
2. Paper presentation/discussion
3. Seminar: Lecture/discussion: Lecture on newer topics
by faculty in place of seminar/ as per need.
4. Case presentation in the ward
5. Afternoon special clinics (such as vertigo/otology
Tumour clinics)
6. Surgicopathological conference: Special emphasis is
made on the surgical pathology and the radiological
aspect of the case in the pathology dept. Such
exercises
help
the
ENT/Pathology/Radiology
Residents.
7. Combined Round/Grand Round; These exercises are
to be done for the hospital once/wk or twice/month
involving presentation of unusual of difficult patients.
Presentations of cases in clinical combined Round
and a clinical series/research data on clinical
materials for benefit of all clinicians/ Pathologists/
other related disciplines once in a week or fortnightly
in the grand round.
8. Community camps: For rural exposure and also for
experience in preventive aspect in rural situation/
Hospital/School, Patient care camps are to be
arranged 2-3 / year, involving Residents/junior
faculty.
9. Emergency situation: casualty duty to be arranged by
rotation among the PGs with a faculty cover daily by
rotation.

47
10. AFTERNOON Clinics;
i.
Vertigo Clinic (Friday): all the patients of vertigo
attending ENT OPD/ referred cases are worked up
in details by the junior residents and are discussed
with one/two faculty and treatment decided upon.
ii. Tumour clinic/Head & neck cancer clinic
(Tuesday): in collaboration with the Radiotherapy
Department the patient with head and keep in the
file of ENT and Head and Neck are worked up by
the junior resident and discussed about the then
management by the ENT as well as Radiotherapy
Consultants and treatment decision made.
iii. Rhinology clinic: for patients with sinus diseases
and nasal deformity for rhinoplasty-presented and
are discussed. Decision for FESS/ Rhinoplasty are
made.
iv. Otology clinic: the ear cases are thoroughly
investigated and are discussed by the junior
residents
with
the
faculty
for
their
management/discussions are made after each case
is presented. Audiologist also participates in this
clinic.
11. Bedside clinical training for patient care management and for
bedside manners:
Daily for half to one hour's duration during ward
round with faculty and 1-2 hours in the evening by senior
resident/Faculty on emergency duty, bedside patient care
discussions are to be made.
Teaching Rounds by Rotation
1. Death cases: the records of such cases are presented
by the senior residents. The junior Residents are
encouraged to participate actively in the discussion in
the presence of Faculty of ENT and hospital
administration. This programme helps to take
corrective measures as well as to maintain account
ability in patient management.
2. Clinical Teaching: In OPD, Ward rounds. Emergency,
ICU and the Operation Theatres: Residents/Senior
Residents and Faculty on duty in Respective placesmake discussion on clinical diagnosis/surgical

48
procedures/treatment modalities, including post
operative care and preparation discharge slip.
3. Clinical
interaction
with
audiologists/speech
therapist: Clinical interaction with audiologist/
speech therapist pertaining to management of the
patients with audiological/ speech problems is to be
made/discussion arranged. Audiologic methods and
therapy strategies are to be made known to Resident
doctors.
V. SCHEME OF EXAMINATION
Theory Exams:
(3 Courses × 100) 300 Marks
Practical Exams:

Clinical, Oral, Instruments / X-rays

1. Theory: There shall be 3 Courses: Each being of three
hours duration carrying 100 Marks.
Each Course may have 8–10 short questions from the
curriculum.
Course–I
Course–II
Course–III

Basic Sciences related Otolaryngology
Principles and Practice of Otolaryngology
Recent Advances in Otolaryngology and
Head and Neck Surgery
a) Clinical Patient presentation / discussion
b)

Identification of Surgical Pathology, excised
specimens & discussion, Reading X-rays & CT
Scan / MRI.

Identification
of
instruments
&
discussion,
interpretation as audio vestibular investigations such as
audiogram, ABR, ENG etc. Simulated surgical situation /
steps of operative procedures, required instruments /
discussion.
2. Viva Examination
50 Marks
i.
One long case: The long case will be structured,
comprising history taking, clinical examination,
investigations,
decision
making,
proposed
treatment modalities, ethical justification and
personal attributes.
80 Marks
ii. Two short cases: The short cases will also be
structured in which only one particular system

49
may be considered and therapy decision /
discussion, made.
70 Marks
Note: Modifications may be made in the method of
practical examination to bring about objectivity in
the exam and an attempt may be made to eliminate
individual bias in the conduction of the exam.
VI. RECOMMENDED BOOKS & JOURNALS
Books
1. Scott Brown Otolaryngology-VoI-1 to Vol-6 :6th
edition
2. Ballenger's diseases of the nose,throat,ear,head,neck
3. Glamassock and Shambaugh-surgery of the ear
4. Rob smith-operative surgery
5. Radiology of head and neck-Vaivossor
6. Mawson's diseases of the ear
7. Micro surgery of skull base by Ugo fish
8. Textbook of operative surgery by Lee
9. Essentials of medical pharmacology-Tripathi
10. Gray's Anatomy-38~ edition
11. Gyton textbook of medical Physiology-Xth edition
Journals
1. Indian Journal of otolaryngology
2. British journal of otolaryngology
3. Laryngoscope
4. North American clinics of otolaryngology
5. ACTA oto laryngoligica
6. Archives of otolaryngology, head and neck surgery



50
POSTGRADUATE DIPLOMA IN
MEDICAL RADIO – DIAGNOSIS (D.M.R.D.)
I. PREAMBLE
The aim of this course is to make the students
seeking the Diploma in Medical Radio – Diagnosis to
acquire knowledge about the various investigative
modalities that are available at present and their utilities
in various medical Diagnostic problems. They should be
able to arrive at a possible clinical, Radiological and
Pathological diagnosis based on their basic knowledge
they possess in the Undergraduate course.
This postgraduate training course would be to train an
undergraduate medical degree holder, who would be able:
1. To do independent practice in Radiology and Imaging,
with support of his knowledge and practical skill.
2. To show a humanitarian approach to any sick or
suffering person approaching for some medical
problem.
3. To show his interest in updating his knowledge now
and then by attending the various Continuous
Medical Education programmes.
4. To show his interest in sharing his knowledge with his
colleagues, as a senior person or as a teacher or as a
consultant.
II. PROGRAMME OBJECTIVES
The main aim of training a candidate is based on the
following objectives. These objectives are to be gained
during the course of their training and before they
complete the courses. The objectives are:
1. Theoretical knowledge.
2. Practical skill.
3. To follow the medical ethics and to be aware of
consumer problems.
Theoretical Knowledge
 To describe the aetiology, patho-physiology,
principles of diagnosis and management of
common problems including emergencies both in
adults and children.

51
 To know the indications and methods for fluid and

electrolyte replacement therapy including blood
transfusion.
 To describe about the common malignancies in
the country and their management including
prevention.
 To demonstrate understanding of basic sciences
relevant to this speciality.
 To identify social, economic, environmental and
emotional determinants in a given case, and to
take them into account for planning therapeutic
measures.
 To recognize conditions that may be outside the
area of his speciality/competence and to refer
them to the proper specialist.
 To discuss about possibility of the operative or
non-operative management in a particular case
and to be of help in carrying out the management
effectively and efficiently.
 To update one’s knowledge by self study,
attending courses, conferences and interdisciplinary discussions, seminars and to take
part in such events.
 As a senior person, to teach and to discuss, guide
the younger colleagues and the students of other
specialities.
 To perform audit works, using the statistics and
information technology tools and to carry out the
research works with the aim of publishing them
and presenting the scientific journals and in the
meets.
Technical Skills
 To take detailed clinical history, examine the
patient, and to perform essential diagnostic
procedures and to order relevant tests and to
interpret so as to arrive at a reasonable diagnosis.
 To provide basic and advanced life saving support
services (BLS & ALS) in emergency situations.
 To
undertake complete patient monitoring
including the care of the patient.

52
Medical Ethics and Consumer Problems
 To adopt ethical principles in all aspects of one’s
practice. Professional honesty and integrity are to
be fostered. Care is to be delivered irrespective of
the social status, caste, creed or religion of the
patient.
 To develop communication skills, in particular the
skill to explain various options available in
management and to obtain a true informed
consent from the patient.
 To develop leadership and to get the best out of
his aim in a congenial working atmosphere.
 To apply high moral and ethical standards during
the work on human or animal research.
 To be humble and accept the limitations in his
knowledge and the skill and to ask for help from
colleagues when needed.
 To respect others feelings, rights and privileges
including patients’ right to ask for the information
and to seek for second opinion.
III. COURSE CONTENTS
Part I
COURSE–I : MEDICAL RADIATION PHYSICS AS APPLIED
TO RADIO – DIAGNOSIS
1. Ionising Radiation
 Structure of atom
 Radioactivity and radionuclides: basic definition of
alphs, beta and gamma radiation, principles of
exponential decay, specific activity and units of
activity, simple calculations using exponential
decay
 Electromagnetic spectrum
 General properties of x- and gamma rays:
wavelength , energy , inverse square law
2. Production of X- rays
 Basic priciples of a rotating anode x-ray tube
 Basic factors that influence x-ray output from
different types of x-ray machinery: anode material,
kV, mA , focal spot size, tube rating, filtration

53
3. Physical Interaction of Ionising Radiation with Matter
 Interation of x- and gamma rays with matter:
coherent, Compton and photoelectric interactions,
concepts of attenuation, absorption and scatter
and their practical consequences
4. Clinical effects of Ionising Radiation on Living Tissue and
Radiation Protection
 Statutory responsibilities : an appreciation of
relevant legislation and codes of practice
 The contents as specified by the International
Council of Radiation Protection regulations
 Genetic and somatic effects of ionising radiation
 Relative risks of ionising radiation
 Principles of dose limitation, including the various
practical means of dose reduction to staff and
patient with special consideration of females and
children
 Staff
and patient doses: magnitude and
measurement
5. The Radiological Image
 Geometric factors and magnification, effect of focal
spot size, geometric movement and unsharpness.
 Conventional
filem/screen
systems:
basic
structure, characteristic curve, latitude, density,
speed, contrast and how to influence or
manipulate it.
 Basic principles and effects of film processing
 Basic principles of image intensification. Operatorcontrolled variables
 Basic principles of digital imaging, picture
archiving and communications systems (PACS)
6. Computed Tomography
 Principles of tomography
 Basic principles and components of the system,
helical scanning , detector types

54
 Operator-controlled variables, eg. Slice thichness,

pitch, partial volume effect, field size and effect on
resolution, data storage and display, pixel/voxel,
window width and level and grey scale.
 Principle of contrast agents
 Recognition and explanation of common artefacts
7. Principles of diagnostic ultrasound
 Basic components of ultrasound system
 Types of transducer and the production of
ultrasound with emphasis on operator controlled
variables
 Frequencies used in medical ultrasound
 Interaction of ultrasound with tissue, including
biological effects.
 Basic principles of A,B,M, real-time and duplex
scanning
 Basic principles of pulsed, continuous wave and
colour Doppler ultrasound
 Principle of contrast agents
 Recognition and explanation of common artefacts
8. Magnetic Resonance Imaging
 Basic principles and components of the system,
origin of the signal, room construction
 Concept of T1 , T2, proton density and effect of
motion
on
signal,
magnetic
resonance
angiography
 Basic principles of common sequences in clinical
use
 Principles of contrast agents
 Magnetic field and radiofrequency hazards to
patients, staff and passers-by
 Recognition and explanation of common artefacts
9. Radionuclide Imaging
 Function of a gamma camera and basic
components of the system
 Properties of radiopharmaceuticals
 Static and dynamic imaging
 Handling of radionuclides

55
 Single photon emission computed tomography

(SPECT) and positron emission tomography(PET)

 Recognition and explanation of common artefacts

Part II
COURSE–I : RADIO – DIAGNOSIS INCLUDING NUCLEAR
MEDICINE
General Radiology, contrast investigations, including
Radiological Anatomy, Physiology and pathology of
different systems of the body in normal and diseased
conditions and Radiographic Techniques applied to the
appropriate situations. Nuclear Medicine as applicable to
Radio – Diagnosis.
COURSE–II : RADIO – DIAGNOSIS, IMAGING INCLUDING
INSTRUMENTATION
General Radiology, Computed Tomography, Magnetic
Resonance Imaging, Ultrasound Imaging, Doppler
applications,
Instrumentations
and
Interventional
procedures, and Recent advances – system wise – in
normal and disease conditions.
System Wise Details
a) Respiratory System
Includes the following methods of investigations and
interpretation of chest x-rays, chest wall, Diaphragm,
pleural disease and air way disease, pulmonary infections,
pulmonary neoplasms, diffuse lung disease, Mediastinal
disease, Chest trauma, post operative lung and intensive
care.
b) Alimentary and Hepatobiliary System
Congenital anomalies of GI tract, disease and
disorders of mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small
intestine, large intestine, disease of omentum and
mesentery,
acute
abdomen,
abdominal
trauma,
application of newer imaging modalities and Isotope study.
CT, MRI, in hepato biliary system, diseases and disorders,
Isotope study applicable to hepato biliary system, spleen
and portal system.

56
c) Head and Neck and Spinal Column
Includes Radiological armamentarium of diagnostic
modalities and their application in various neurological
and neuro-surgical disorders.
Investigative procedures of congenital lesions,
vascular lesions, infective lesions, metabolic lesions,
traumatic lesions and neoplasia of the central nervous
system and interventional procedures under the guidance
of various diagnostic instruments.
Diseases and disorders of spinal column and spinal
cord, including the interventional and diagnostic
procedures applicable to it.
d) Cardiovascular System
Role of Radiological imaging by different techniques
including DSA and interventional procedures.
Disease and disorders of Cardiovascular system
including Congenital conditions and the role of imaging by
conventional x-ray investigations, Ultrasound, Doppler,
CT, MRI, Angio including Digital Subtraction angiography
in peripheral vascular study and Radio Isotope studies.
e) Endocrine System
Imaging of disorders, disease and congenital
conditions of endocrinal glands, pituitary, thyroid, para
thyroids, adrenals, pancreas, ovarian and testes.
Newer methods of imaging techniques including
interventional procedures applicable to each organ.
f) Genito Urinary System
Uses of conventional radiographic procedures,
Ultrasound, Radio isotope techniques, CT, MRI, in various
disease and disorders of Genito urinary system, including
the interventional procedures.
g) Musculo Skeletal System
Role of conventional, Ultrasound, Radio nuclide
studies, CT, MRI investigations of disease and congenital
conditions that involve the muscles, soft tissues, bones
and joints.

57
h) Soft Tissue Radiology
Various disease status of soft tissues like breast,
extremities and the role of radiological and imaging
techniques.
i) Interventional Radiology
Includes all procedures like interventional diagnostic
and therapeutic procedures to arrive at a positive
diagnosis or to alleviate the patients’ agony.
j) Recent Trends and Advances
That includes information and imaging information
that are published in National and International Journals,
News Bulletins, PACS, Digital radiography, CT, MRI, and
Nuclear medicine.
IV. SCHEME OF TRAINING
Teaching / Learning Activities
A candidate undergoing this course should work in
the institution as a full time student. No candidate shall
be permitted to attend any clinic/laboratory/nursing
home while undergoing the course. Each year will be
taken as a unit for the purposes of calculating the
attendance. Every student should attend all teaching and
learning activities during each as prescribed by the
department and not to absent himself / herself from work
without valid reasons.
A list of teaching and learning activities shall be
designed to facilitate students to acquire essential
knowledge and skills outlined is as follows:
1. Lectures: Lectures are to be kept to a minimum.
They may, however, be employed for teaching certain
topics. Lectures may be didactic or integrated.
a)

b)

Didactic Lectures: shall be on the selected common
topics preferably of interest for the post graduate
students of all specialities.
Integrated Lectures: These lectures shall be by multidisciplinary participations, by the post graduate
students on selected topics of common interest.

58
2. Journal club: Planned to have once in a week. All
the PG students are expected to attend and to actively
participate in discussion and in presentation. Such
activities should be entered in the LOG book with relevant
details. Every student will be expected to present an
article from the latest journals and to discuss about it,
atleast 3 times in a year. This would be evaluated and
suitable weightage will be given for satisfactory completion
of the course.
3. Student symposium: Recommended for optional
multi disciplinary programme. The evaluation may be
similar to that described for other activities.
4. Seminars: Recommended to be held once a week.
All the PG students are expected to attend and actively
participate in discussion and enter in the Log Book with
relevant details. Further every candidate must present on
selected topics at least three times a year. Such activities
will carry a weightage for the satisfactory completion of the
course.
5. Clinico–pathological conference: Recommended
once a month for all post graduate students. Presentation
is by rotation. Active participation in the discussion is
expected. If there are no cases available, published
CPCs may be taken for discussion.
6. Clinical case presentation: Candidates should
periodically present cases, which also will be assessed.
7.
Inter
departmental
meetings:
Strongly
recommended particularly with departments of Medicine,
Surgery, Orthopaedics, Paediatrics etc. Such meetings
should be attended by all post graduate students of
concerned specialities. Proper entries should be made in
the Log Book.
8. Ward rounds: Post graduate students should
make ward rounds during their posting in clinical
departments and should attend to the patients care,
should take care about working out the newly admitted
patients, should discuss about the case with the teachers,

59
seniors and other colleagues. So also should attend all
clinics by their Professors, and other teaching faculties.
9. Continuing Medical Education Programmes
(CME): Recommended to attend at least 2 or 3 state level
CME programme in the duration of 3 years.
10. Conferences: All postgraduate students are
encouraged to attend state level and National level
conferences in this speciality at least once, during the
course of 2 years.
The post graduate students are expected to maintain
Diary (Log Book) with relevant entries of day to day work
done, in addition to the entries made as mentioned above.
Rotation Postings: (during Second Year)
1.

Apollo Speciality Hospitals, Chennai
(for MRI, Nuclear Medicine, and Intervention)

3 months

2.

Medicine

1 month

3.

Surgery

1 month

4.

Obstetrics

15 days

5.

Paediatric department

15 days

Monitoring Progress of Studies
It is considered as essential to monitor the progress
of each post graduate students in the learning,
participation in all academic activities around the
department and the institution. This helps teaches to
evaluate students, but also students to evaluate
themselves. The monitoring be done by the staff of the
department based on participation of students in various
teaching / learning activities.
The assessment includes i) Personal attitudes, ii) Acquisition capacity of
knowledge, and iii) Clinical approach and technical skills.

1. Personal attitudes: the essential items are:
 Caring attitudes
 Initiative
 Organisational ability
 Potential to cope with stressful situations and
undertake responsibility

60
 Trust worthiness and reliability
 To understand and communicate intelligibly with

patients and others
behave in a manner which establishes
professional relationships with patients and
colleagues
 Ability to work in team
 A critical enquiring approach to the acquisition of
knowledge
The methods used mainly consist of observation it is
appreciated that the items require a degree of subjective
assessment by the guide, supervisors and peers. His
sincerity, punctuality and dependability are also will be
considered.
 To

2. Acquisition of knowledge: The methods used to
assess is through the ‘Log Book’ – considered as tell tale
evidence of the student’s participation in the discussion
and his interest in learning. The number of activities
attended and the number in which presentations are
made, should be recorded, periodically inspected by the
supervising authorities and suitably attested.
3. Clinical skills: The technical skills a candidate is
expected to acquire by his active participation in
performing all diagnostic and therapeutic interventional
procedures. Further, his ability to analyse the problems
and to arrive at a solution and communicating the same to
others also are to be assessed.
Candidate’s periodic participation in clinical
discussion, seminars and other academic activities are
considered.
4. Periodic tests: The department may conduct two
tests one in each year, both in theory and in practical.
5. Records: As mentioned earlier the postgraduate
student should maintain diary/Log book with proper
entries about the activities described earlier.

61
Such records/diary/Log Book maintained by each
postgraduate student and supervised and attested by
teaching faculties in the department.
The duration of the Training Programme is two years.
The Contents of the Course shall be covered as follows:
First Year
Medical Radiation Physics.
General Radiology, Ultrasound and
Tomography shall be taught concurrently.

Computed

Second Year
General Medicine, General Surgery, Obstetrics and
Gynaecology, Paediatrics and Orthopaedics as Rotation
Postings.
Postings to Apollo Hospital for learning Magnetic
Resonance Imaging, Interventional aspects of Radiology
and Radio – active isotope imaging.
General Radiology, Applied Radiological Anatomy,
Physiology and Pathology, Ultrasound imaging, Doppler
and Computed Tomographic imaging.
V. SCHEME OF EXAMINATION
a) Theory: There shall be Three question papers,
altogether, are to be answered in the examination.
These papers shall be considered under Part I and Part II.
Part–I
a) Theory: One Course shall be at the end of First
Year. The subject for this Course shall consist of Medical
Radiation Physics as applied to Radio – Diagnosis.
There will be 2 sections to be answered.
Section A: shall consist of 20 MCQ model
questions, each question carrying – 01 - mark.
The time given for answering this paper is 20
minutes. (Total marks – 20)
Section B: shall consist of 2 long questions, each
carrying 20 marks. And there will be 4 short
questions, each carrying 10 marks. The time given

62
for answering this section is 2 hours and 40 minutes.
(Total marks - 80)
The maximum marks for the whole Course
(section A & B) is 100.
The total time for the above Course is 3 hours.
b) Practical: 50 marks
Shall consist of practical examination concerned with
Medical Radiation Physics as applicable to Radio –
Diagnosis.
c) Viva Voce: 50 marks
All examiners will conduct the viva voce conjointly,
on the various aspects of Medical Radiation Physics as
applicable
to
Radio-diagnosis,
concerned
with
conventional x-rays, computed tomography, ultrasound,
Doppler and Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Radionuclide imaging.
Part–I:
a) Theory: The examination for Part II shall be at the
end of second year. There will be Two Course, each with
the maximum marks of 100 each and with a time duration
of three hours.
COURSE–I : RADIO – DIAGNOSIS INCLUDING
NUCLEAR MEDICINE
Consists of questions from General
contrast investigations and Nuclear Medicine.

Radiology,

There will be 2 long questions of essay type, each
carrying 25 marks, and 5 short essay questions, each
carrying 10 marks.
Total marks is 100.
Time: 3 hours.
COURSE–II : RADIO – DIAGNOSIS, IMAGING INCLUDING
INSTRUMENTATION.
Consists of questions from General Radiology and
Imaging, (C.T., M.R.I. & Ultrasound), Instrumentation and
Interventional Radiology and Recent advances.

63
There will be 2 long questions of essay type, each
carrying 25 marks, and 5 short essay questions, each
carrying 10 marks.
Total Marks is 100.
Time: 3 hours.
b) Clinical: 150 marks
a) Long Case - 1 80 marks
b) Short cases - 2

70 marks

c) Viva Voce: (includes spotters) 50 marks
All examiners will conduct viva – voce conjointly on
candidates’
comprehension,
analytical
approach,
expression and interpretation of the problems. It includes
all components of course contents spotters of conventional
& newer imaging techniques and instruments. In addition
candidates may be also be given case reports, charts,
gross specimens, etc., for interpretation.
Maximum
marks for

Theory
Part I

D.M.R.D.

Practical Viva

Section A

20

Section B

80

Grand
Total

100

50

50

200

200

150

50

400

Course–I : 100
Part II

Course–II : 100

Minimum of 50% marks required in each separately
for a pass in the examination.
VI. RECOMMENDED BOOKS
1. Text Book of Radiology and Imaging
2. Text book of Diagnostic Radiology
3. Diagnostic Ultrasound
4. Basic Nuclear Medicine
5. Diagnostic Radiology and Imaging
6. Computed Tomography

- Sutton
- Grainger
- Rumack
- Sheldin Baur
-Dr.SubbaRao
- Osborn

64
7. Fundamentals in Radiology Physics - Meredith &
Massey
8. Christensen’s Physics of Diagnostic Radiology Thomas S. Curry
9. Radiographic Anatomy - Isodore Meschan
10. Clerk’s Positioning in Radiography
Reference Books
1. Diagnostic Radiology, CT and MRI whole body - John
Haaga
2. Paediatric X-ray Diagnosis - John Caffey
3. Roentgen Signs in Diagnostic Imaging - Isodore
Meschan
4. Felson Chest Roentgenology
5. Alimentary tract Radiology and Imaging - Margulis
6. Aids to differential Diagnosis - Chapman
Journals
1. Indian Journal of Radiology and Imaging
2. American Journal of Radiology
3. Clinical Radiology
4. Radiologic Clinics of North America
5. Journal of Diagnostic Medical Sonography
6. Journal of Computed Assisted Tomography
7. Clinical Nuclear Medicine.

65

POSTGRADUATE DIPLOMA IN DERMATOLOGY,
VENEREOLOGY AND LEPROSY (D.D.V.L.)
I. PREAMBLE
A postgraduate specialist having undergone the
required training should be able to recognize the health
needs of the community, should be competent to handle
effectively medical problems and should be aware of the
recent advances pertaining to his speciality. The PG
student should acquire the basic skills in teaching of
medical / para-medical students. He /she is also expected
to know the principles of research methodology and modes
of consulting library.
II. PROGRAMME OBJECTIVES
At the end of postgraduate training the student
should be able to: 1. Practice his speciality ethically
2. Demonstrate sufficient understanding of basic
sciences related to his speciality.
3. Diagnose and manage majority of conditions in his
speciality (clinically and with the help of relevant
investigations)
4. Plan and advise measures for the prevention and
rehabilitation of patients belonging to his speciality
5. Play the assigned role in the implementation of
National Health Programmes
6. Demonstrate competence in basic concepts or
research methodology
7. Develop good teaching skills
Specific Learning Objectives
a) Theoretical knowledge: A student should have fair
knowledge of basic sciences (Anatomy, Physiology,
Biochemistry, Microbiology, Pathology and Pharmacology)
as applied to his speciality. He/she should acquire indepth knowledge of his subject including recent advances.
He should be fully conversant with the bedside procedures
(diagnostic and therapeutic) and having knowledge of
latest diagnostics and therapeutics available.

66
b) Clinical / Practical skills:
A student should be
an expert in good history taking, physical examination,
providing basic life support and advanced cardiac life
support, common procedures like FNAC, Biopsy,
aspiration from serous cavities, lumber puncture etc.
He/she should be able to choose the required
investigations.
c) Research:
He/she should know the basic
concepts of research methodology, and should know how
to consult library. Basic knowledge of statistics is also
required.
d) Teaching: He/she should learn the basic
methodology of teaching and develop competence in
teaching medical / paramedical students.
III. COURSE CONTENTS
COURSE–I : APPLIED BASIC SCIENCES RELATION TO
DERMATOLOGY, VENEREOLOGY AND LEPROSY
 The













structure, functions and development of
human skin
Ultra structural aspects of epidermis, epidermal
appendages, dermo-epidermal junction, dermis,
and sub-cutis
Immunology, molecular biology and genetics in
relation to the skin.
Epidermal cell kinetics and keratinization.
Lipids of epidermis and sebaceous glands.
Percutaneous absorption.
Skin
as
an
organ
of
protection
and
thermoregulation.
Biology of eccrine and apocrine sweat glands
Biology of melanocytes and melanin formation.
Biology of hair follicles, sebaceous glands and
nails
Epidermal proteins
Dermal connective tissue : collagen, elastin,
reticulin, basement membrane and ground
substance.

67
 Metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, fats and

steroids by the skin.

 Cutaneous vasculature and vascular reactions.
 Mechanism of cutaneous wound healing.
 Cellular and molecular biology of cutaneous














inflammation and arachidonic acid metabolism
Immunologic aspects of epidermis
HLA system
Immunoglobulins
Cytokines and chemokines
Lymphocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils
and mast cells
Complement system.
Hypersentivity and allergy.
Cutaneous carcinogenesis (chemical, viral &
radiation)
Basics of cutaneous bacteriology, mycology,
virology, parasitology and host resistance.
Common laboratory procedures, stains and
culture media etc. related to the cutaneous
diagnosis.
Basic pathologic patterns and reactions of skin.
Common laboratory stains and procedures used
in the hisopathologic diagnosis of skin diseases
and
special
techniques
such
as
immunofluorescence,
immunoperoxidase
and
other related techniques.

COURSE–II : PRINCIPLES OF DERMATOLOGIC DIAGNOSIS
AND THERAPEUTICS
Clinical Dermatology
 Epidemiology of cutaneous disease
 Psychologic aspects of skin disease and psychocutaneous disorders.
 Pathophysiology and clinical aspects of pruritus.
Papulosquamous Diseases
 Psoriasis, Pityriasis rubra pilaris, pityriasis rosea.
 Parapsoriasis, Lichen Planus, Lichen niditus.
 Palmo-plantar keratodermas, Darier’s disease,
Porokeratosis.

68
 Ichthyoses and ichthyosiform dermatoses.
Vesiculo – Bullous Disorders
 Kyrle’s disease and other perforating disorders.
 Erythema
multiforme,
Stevens-Johnson
syndrome, Toxic epidermal necrolysis
 Bullous pemphigoid, Pemphigus
 Chronic bullous disease of childhood.
 Herpes gestationis (pemphigoid gestationis)
 Hereditary epidermolysis bullosa
 Epidermolysis bullosa acquisita
 Dermatitis herpetiformis
 Familial benign pemphigus
 Subcorneal pustular dermatoses
 Pustular eruptions of palms and soles
Disorders of Epidermal Appendages and Related Disorders
 Disorders of hair and nails
 Disorders of sebaceous glands
 Rosacea, Perioral dermatitis, Acne
 Disorders of eccrine and apocrine sweat glands
 Follicular syndromes with inflammation and
atrophy
Epidermal and Appendageal Tumours
 Precancerous lesions, squamous cellcarcinoma
and Basal cell carcinoma
 Keratoacanthoma, Benign epithelial tumours,
Appendageal tumours
 Merkel cell carcinoma, Paget’s disease
Disorders of Melanocytes
 Disorders of pigmentation, Albinism, Benign
neoplasia and hyperplasias of melanocytes,
Dysplastic melanocytic nevi, cutaneous malignant
melanoma.
Inflammatory and Neoplastic Disorders of the Dermis
 Acute Febrile Neutrophilic dermatosis(Sweet’s
syndrome)
 Erythema Elevatum Diutinum
 Cutaneous Eosinophilic Diseases
 Granuloma Faciale

69
 Pyoderma Grangrenosum
 Erythema Annulare Centrifugum

and other
Figurate Erythemas
 Granuloma Annulare
 Malignant Atrophic Papulosis (Dego’s Disease)
 Neoplasms, Pseudo neoplasms and Hyperplasias
of the Dermis.
 Vascular Anomalies
 Kaposi’s Sarcoma
 Anetoderma and other Atrophic Disorders of the
skin
 Ainhum and pseudoainhum
 Neoplasias and hyperplasias of Neural and
Muscular origin
 Elastosis Perforans Serpiginosa and Reactive
Perforating Collagenosis
Lmphomas, Pseudolymphomas and Related Conditions
Disorders of Subcutaneous Tissue
 Panniculitis
 Lipodystrophy
 Neoplasms of the subcutanceous Fat
Disorders of the Mucocutaneous Integument
 Biology and Disorders of the oral Mucosa
 Disorders of the Anogenitalia of Males

Females

and

Cutaneous Changes in Disorders of Altered Reactivity
 Genetic Immunodeficiency Disease
 Urticaria and Angioedema
 Disorders
associated
with









Complement
Abnormalities
Graft-versus-Host Disease
Muco-cutaneous
Manifestations
in
immunosuppressed host other than HIV-infection.
Contact Dermatitis
Auto Sensitization Dermatitis
Atopic Dermatitis (Atopic Eczema)
Nummular Eczematous Dermatitis
Seborrhoeic Dermatitis
Vesicular, Palmoplantar Eczema

70
Skin Changes due to Mechanical and Physical Factors
 Occupational skin disease
 Radiobiology of the skin
 Skin problems in Amputee
 Sports Dermatology
 Skin problems in War field
 Decubitus Ulcers
Photomedicine, Photo Biology and Photo Immunology in Relation
to Skin
 Acute and chronic Effects of Ultraviolet Radiation

and sun light on the skin.
Disorders due to Drugs and Chemical Agents
 Cutaneous reactions to Drugs
 Mucocutaneous Complications of Antineoplastic

Therapy

 Cutaneous Manifestations of Drug Abuse
Dermatology and the Ages of Man
 Neonatal Dermatological problems
 Pediatric and Adolescent Dermatological problems
 Ageing of skin
 Geriatric Dermatological problems
Skin Lesions in Nutritional Metaboloic and Heritable Disorders
 Cutaneous changes in Nutritional Disease
 Acrodermatitis Enteropathica and other











zinc
deficiency disorders
Cutaneous changes in Errors of Amino Acid
Metabolism : Tyrosinemia II, Phenylketonuria,
Argininesuccinic Aciduria, and Alkaptonuria,
Amyloidosis of the skin.
The porphyrias
Xanthomatosis and Lipoprotein Disorders
Fobry’s Disease ; Galactosidase – A deficiency
(Angiokeratoma Corporis Diffusum Universale)
Lipoid Proteinosis
Cutaneous mineralisation and Ossification
Heritable Disorders of Connective Tissue with skin
changes
Heritable Disease with increased Sensitivity to
Cellular injury

71
 Basal Cell Naevus Syndrome
Skin Manifestations of Hematologic Disorders
 Skin changes in hematological Disease
 Langerhans
Cell
and
other
cutaneous

histiocytoses

 The Mastocytosis Syndrome
Viral and Ricketisial Disease



















Viral Diseases : General Consideration
Rubella (German Measles)
Measles
Hand Foot and Mouth Disease
Herpangina
Erythema Infectiosum and Parvovirus B 19
infection
Herpes simplex
Varicella and Herpes Zoster
Cytomegalovirus Infection
Epstein – Barr Virus Infections
Human Herpes virus 6 & 7 infections and
Exanthem subitum
(Roseola Infantum or Sixth Disease)
Smallpox and Complications of small pox
vaccination
Contagious Pustular Dermatitis, Contagious
Ecthyma : Orf virus infection
Molluscum Contagiosum
Milker’s Nodules
Warts
Human
Retroviral
Disease
:
Human
TLymphotropic Viruses

Skin Manifestations of Systemic Disease
 The skin and disorders of the Alimentary Tract
 The Hepatobiliary system and the skin
 Cutaneous
changes
in
renal
disorders,

cardiovascular,
pulmonary
disorders
and
endocrinal disorders
 Skin changes and diseases in pregnancy
 Skin changes in the Flushing Disorders and the
Carcinoid syndrome

72
Skin Manifestations of Rheumatologic Disease
 Lupus Erythematous
 Dermatomyositis
 Scleroderma
 Systemic Necrotizing Arteritis
 Cutaneous Necrotising venulitis
 Cryoglobulinemia and Cryofibrinogenemia
 Relapsing Polychondritis
 Rheumatoid Arthritis, Rheumatic Fever and Gout
 Sjogren’s syndrome
 Raynaud’s phenomenon
 Reiter’s syndrome
 Multicentric Reticulohisticytosis
Cutaneous Manifestations of Disease in other Organ Systems
 Sarcoidosis of the skin
 Cutaneous Manifestations of Internal Malignancy
 Acanthosis Nigricans
 Scleredema
 Papular Mucinosis
 Neurocutaneous Disease
 Tuberous Sclerosis Complex
 The Neurofibromatosis
 Ataxia Telangiectasia
 Behcet’s Disease
Bacterial Diseases with Cutaneous Involvement
 General Considerations of Bacterial Diseases
 Pyodermas
:
Staphylococcus
aureus,

Streptococcus, and others

 Staphylococcal Scalded-Skin syndrome
 Soft Tissue Infections : Erysipelas,Cellulitis, and

Gangrenous Cellulitis
 Gram. Negative Coccal and Bacillary Infections
 Bartonellosis
 Miscellaneous Bacterial Infections with Cutaneous





Manifestations
Tuberculosis and other mycobacterial infections
Actinomycosis, Nocardiosis, and Actinomycetoma
Lyme Borreliosis
Kawasaki Disease

73
Fungal Diseases with Cutaneous Involvement
 Superficial Fungal Infection : Dermatophytosis,

Tinea Nigra, Piedra

 Yeast Infections : Candidiasis, Pitryiasis (Tinea)

Versicolor
 Deep Fungal Infections

COURSE–III : VENEREOLOGY AND LEPROSY
Venereology
 Clinical approach to the patient of sexually
transmitted disease
 Anatomy of male, female genitalia, CVS and CNS
 Historical and Epidemiological aspects of STD’s
 Viral
STD’s including HIV, Herpes, HPV,
Molluscum contagiosum, EBV, HBV, HCV
 Bacterial STD’s Syphilis, Gonorrhoea, Chancroid,
Donovanosis
 Chalmydial
infections:
Lymphogranuloma
Venereum, urethritis, cervicits, NGU, non-specific
vaginitis etc.,
 Mycoplasma infections
 Non-Venereal Treponematosis
 Non-Veneral Conditions of Genetalia
 Sex Problems
 Venereoneurosis & Phobias
 Fungal: Candidiasis and Pnemocytis carinii
infection
 Protozoal: Trichomoniasis
 Ectoparasitic: Scabies, Pediculosis infestations
 Syndromic management of STD’s
 STD’s in reproduction health and paediatrics
 Other-STD’s and HIV – inter related impacts
 Prevention, councelling and education of different
STD’s including HIV
 National Control Programmes of STD’s and HIV
infection
 Medicolegal, social aspects of STD’s including
psychological and behavioural abnormalities in
STD patients

74
 Therapy of STD’s inclusive of HIV & opportunistic

infection. Historical Aspects in HIV / AIDS

Leprosy
 Approach to the patient with leprosy
 Epidemiological Aspects
 Structure,
biochemistry,
microbiology

of
Mycobacterium leprae
 Structure of Nerve
 Animal models
 Pathogenesis
 Classification
 Immunology and molecular biological aspects
 Histopathology and diagnosis including laboratory
aids
 Clinical features
 Reactions
 Systemic involvement (Ocular, bone, mucosa,
testes and endocrine etc.)
 Pregnancy and leprosy
 HIV infection and leprosy
 Therapeutic aspects including newer drugs
 Immunotherapy
 Disabilities, deformities and Rehabilitation
 Prevention, education and counselling
 National
Leprosy Control and Elimination
Programme
IV. SCHEME OF TRAINING
A. Theory: Training in theory is given as per the following:
i.

Didactic Lectures: These are kept at minimum.
There will be taken by senior faculty members.
ii. Seminars: He/she is required to take at least
4 seminars per year. The topics will be chosen by
the senior faculty members who also will guide the
students.
iii. Journal Clubs: He/she is required to present at
least one Course per two weeks. Journal clubs will
be conducted weekly. Importance is to be given in
analyzing the substance of the Course, statistical
methods used. Interpretation of the results and the

75
implication of such results in the present set up.
National and International journals will be
reviewed.
iv. Symposium: He/she is required to present at least
one symposium per year. The topics will be chosen
by the faculty members.
v. Guest Lectures: Guest Lectures will be arranged by
the department. Eminent speakers will deliver
lectures.
vi. Test: Regular tests will be conducted once in three
months and the marks are taken into
consideration for internal assessment.
vii. Integrated Lectures: Integrated seminars involving
more than one department is arranged once a
week. Postgraduate student is trained to
participate in this.
viii. Conference: He/she is required to present at least
one Course during the course in national / Zonal /
state level conference.
ix. CME: He/she is required to attend one CME
programme during course which is conducted
along with conference or separately in other places
or on the institution.
B. Clinical
1st Year: First month after joining he/she is posted in
the ward for orientation programme. During this period
he/she is taught to elicit a detailed history, use
dermatological
terminologies
basics
of
various
investigations ordered and to interpret the normal values.
Next ten months they will work in the ward, write the
case sheet and administer treatment.
During the end of first year he/she is posted in
pathology to interpret the basic dermtopathology slides
and in microbiology to learn procedures take fungal
culture, bacterial culture, VDRL, ELISA, etc.,
2nd Year: Candidate is posted in the ward every day
after OP hours. He/she is expected to make a diagnosis

76
and manage patients on their own and able to discuss the
differential diagnosis.
Time of Posting
He/she must work in OPD on all days from 08.00 am
to 11.30 am and expected to learn diagnosis and
management of out patients. After the OPD hours he/she
is posted in the ward.
Training is Venereology is given for three months in
the OPD. Leprosy training is given on all leprosy clinic
days ie. Tuesday between 02.00 – 03.00 pm.
Training Programme
Days
Monday
Tuesday
Wednesday

08.00 to 11.30
OPD
OPD
OPD

11.30 to 01.00
Ward
Ward
Ward

Thursday

OPD

Ward

Friday
Saturday

OPD
OPD

Ward
Ward

02.00 to 04.00
Journal Club
Leprosy Clinic
Integrated
Lectures
Dermatology
Seminars
STD Seminars
-

V. SCHEME OF EXAMINATION
Examination will be conducted at the end of two year
period.
A. Theory
Course–I

: Applied Basic Sciences in relation to Dermatology, : 100 Marks
Venereology and Leprosy

Course–II

: Principles of
Therapeutics

Course–III

: Venereology and Leprosy

Dermatologic

Diagnosis

and : 100 Marks
: 100 Marks

B. Clinical Examination
Long Case: 1 (Dermatology)
Short Cases: 2 (One in Venereology and
one in Leprosy)
Spotters (Ten) (Dermatology, Venereology
and Leprosy)

C. Viva Voce

150 Marks
Time
45 Mins.

Marks
75 Marks

40 Mins.

50 Marks

4 Mins.

25 Marks

Max. Marks: 50

77
In the afternoon viva voce is conducted to test the
knowledge in dermatology, Venereology and Leprosy. This
includes X-rays, charts, topical agents, instruments, etc.
VI. RECOMMENDED BOOKS AND JOURNALS
Books
1. Rook et al Text Book of Dermatology 4 Volumes (Ed. 6)
2. Fitzpatric TB et al Dermatology General Medicine
2 Volumes (Ed. 4).
3. IADVL, Text Book of Dermatology (Ed.2).
4. Demis DJ: Clinical Dermatology: Five Volumes
(Ed. 12).
5. Lever WF & Lever GS: Histopathology of the Skin
(Ed. 8).
6. Shelly WB & Shelley ED: Advances in Dermatologic
Thereapy.
7. King & Nicol Text Book of Venereology.
8. King & K.Homes, Text Book of Sexually Transmitted
Diseases (Ed.3).
9. Jopling EH: Hand Book of Leprosy ELBS.
10. Bryceson et al: Leprosy (Ed. 3).
Journals
1. Achieves of Dermatology.
2. British Journal of Dermatology.
3. Journal of American Academy of Dermatology.
4. International Journal of Dermatology.
5. Indian Journal of Dermatology, Venereology &
Leprosy.
6. International Journal of Sexuality Transmitted
Diseases.
7. Dermatology Clinics.
8. Indian Journal of STD.
9. Indian Journal of Leprosy.

78

POST GRADUATE DIPLOMA IN
CLINICAL PATHOLOGY (D.C.P.)
I. PREAMBLE
The course is of two years duration and the entry
level is MBBS graduation with an aptitude for laboratory
work. The candidate will be given hands on training in all
three branches of laboratory Medicine namely Pathology,
Microbiology and Biochemistry.
In Pathology, the student shall be given in depth
training in the clinical Pathology, Haematology and Blood
Banking sciences (Transfusion Medicine) apart from basic
knowledge in surgical Pathology Cytopathology, autopsy
etc.
In Microbiology the candidate shall be trained in the
clinical Microbiology, Serology and basic Virology. Under
Biochemistry, the training will be in the clinical
Biochemistry. At the end of the programme, the candidate
will become a specially trained Clinical Pathologist who
can maintain the laboratory with good quality control.
II. PROGRAMME OBJECTIVES
A candidate upon successfully qualifying in the
Diploma in Clinical Pathology examination should be able
to
1. Attain proficiency in both theoretical and practical
aspects of the discipline.
2. They are expected to be able to conduct diagnostic
procedures, interpret and offer expert opinion/
recommendation where required independently.
3. They must be able to oversee the technical staff and
ensure that recommended procedures are followed in
collection of samples, registering, processing, reading
and interpreting diagnostic tests performed.
III & IV. COURSE CONTENTS & SCHEME OF TRAINING
Theory
Pathology
a) General Pathology including Immunopathology

79
b) Systemic pathology
c) Haematology
d) Blood Banking including Transfusion Medicine
e) Cytopathology
f) Laboratory Organization including quality control
Microbiology
a) General Microbiology
b) Serology
c) Basic systemic microbiology
Biochemistry
Metabolic disorders and the related investigations.
Postings
 Histopathology
– 4 months
 Cytopathology
– 4 months
 Haematology & Blood Bank – 8 months
 Biochemistry
– 4 months
 Microbiology
– 4 months
Pathology
1. Regular postings in various sections, Histopathology,
Autopsy, Cytology, Hematology, Blood Bank &
Museum Techniques.
2. Regular Seminars in Various subjects (Please see
Chapter IV also)
 Specimen discussion
 Slide seminars
 Various techniques – short subjects
 Cytology – including FNAC
 Hematology – various methods
 WHO – Transparencies review
 Journal Club
 Clinic pathological conference (C.P.C)
 To attend conferences and present papers
 To attend C.M.E.
Biochemistry
Basic Biochemistry applied to biochemical investigations
 Handling of Photocolorimeter
 Spectrophotometer

80
 PH – meter
 Flame photometer
 Semi Autoanalyser
 Autoanalyser
 Electrophoresis

Microbiology
1. Hands or experience in techniques, its interpretation
and reporting –
a) Simple staining
b) Grams
c) Alberts
d) Z.N.
e) Hanging drop
f) KoH/ Lactophenol preparation
2. Staining and reporting of Peripheral blood smear for
MP/Microfilaria
3. Sterilization
techniques,
culture
identification and reporting – Training only

methods,

4. Hands on experience and interpretation of serological
tests like Widal, VDRL, HIV HBV, CRP, RF, ASO. &
pregnancy tests.
Microscopic examination of stools and reporting.
Parasitology – Stool Examination
technique about common Parasites.

/

Diagnostic

V. SCHEME OF EXAMINATION
A. THEORY (Written)
There shall be three question papers, each of three
hours duration. Each Course shall consist of two long
essay questions each question carrying 20 marks and
6 short essay questions each carrying 10 marks. Total
marks for each Course will be 100.
Questions on recent advances may be asked in any
or all the Courses.

81
Theory Examination: (3 x 100)

300 Marks

Course–I

General pathology including Basic Microbiology

100 Marks

Course–II

Systemic pathology

100 Marks

Course–III Haematology, Cytology, Clinical pathology

B. PRACTICAL
Day 1

100 Marks

Max. Marks: 150

1. Microbiology Exercise
2. Clinical case/ Data of examination/
Discussion
Haematology Exercise
Biochemistry Exercise
Urine Analysis
Afternoon 3. Hisopathology Techniques
Section Cutting
Hematoxylin – Eosin Stain
Cytology Stain
Forenoon

25 marks

50 marks

25 marks

Day 2
1. Reporting on Microbiology exercise
2. Histopathology slides - 6
Afternoon 3. Cytology slides - 6
Haematology slides – 8
Forenoon

50 marks

Afternoon
C. VIVA-VOCE
Viva-Voce Examination: (50 Marks)
Students will be examined by all the examiners
together about students comprehension, analytical
approach, expression and interpretation of data. Student
shall also be given case reports, charts for interpretation.
Maximum marks for
D.C.P.

Theory

Practical

Viva

Grand Total

300

150

50

500

VI. RECOMMENDED BOOKS AND JOURNALS
Books
1. COTRAN, KUMAR, ROBBINS, Pathologic Basic of
Disease, Published by W.B. Saunders & company.
Also available in PRISM Indian Edition.
2. John. M. Kissane Edited, Anderson’s Pathology,
Published by C.V. Mosby company

82
3. Mc. Gee, Isaacson and Wright Edited, Oxford Text
Book of Pathology Vol. 1, 2a, 2b, Published by Oxford
University Press.
4. J.B. Walter, M.S. Israel, General Pathology, Published
by Churchill Livingstone
5. Wf Lever – Gs Lever, Histopathology of the skin,
Published: J.B. Lippin Cott Company
6. Maxwell M Wintrobe, Clinical Haematology, Published
by K.M. Varghese & Company
7. De Gruchy’s Edited by Firkin, Chesterman,
Penington, & Rush, Clinical Haematology In Medical
Practice, Published by Oxford University Press.
Journals
1. British Journal of Haematology Published by
Blackwell Science
2. CANCER, International journal of the America cancer
society, published by John Wiley and sons, Inc.
3. Journal of Clinical Pathology, Publishing Group BMJ
4. Hematology/Oncology Clinics of North America,
Published by W.B. Saunders and Company
5. Histopathology, Journal of the British Division of the
international academy of pathology Published by
Blackwell Science
6. The American journal of Surgical Pathology,
Published by Lippincott – Raven
7. ACTA Cytologica, The journal of clinical cytology and
Cytopathology
8. Archives of pathology and Laboratory medicine,
Published by the American Medical Association.
9. The Indian Journal of Pathology & Microbiology,
Published by IAPM
10. The Indian Journal of Cancer, Published by Indian
Cancer Society
11. Human Pathology, Published by W.B. Saunders
Company
12. Indian Journal of Cytology – Published by Indian
Academy of cytology.

83

POST GRADUATE DIPLOMA IN
PHYSICAL MEDICINE & REHABILITATION (D.P.M.R.)
(On–Campus Programme)
(2004–2005)
SYLLABUS
1. INTRODUCTION
The rules governing eligibility for admission to DPMR
are as for the MD Programme. The DPMR is offered by the
Faculty of Medicine, through the Division of Physical
Medicine & Rehabilitation as a full time two year medical
programme. The programme coordination will be as for the
MD programme.
2. OBJECTIVES OF THE DIPLOMA PROGRAMME
2.1 Broad Objectives
The overall objective of the DPMR program is to make
the student passing out with this diploma to practice
Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation independently, i.e.
specialist in Rehabilitation medicine.
2.2 Specific Learning Objectives
The clinical postgraduate training programme is
intended at developing in a student the qualities of a
clinical specialist. They are organized in such a manner
that a postgraduate should possess the following qualities
and knowledge on qualification.
2.2.1. Patient Care
The candidates need to be trained in the following:
(i) Basic Sciences: He/she should possess basic
knowledge of the structure, function and development of
the human body as related to Rehabilitation Medicine.
He/she should also have knowledge of the factors, which
may disturb these mechanisms, and the resulting
disorders of structure, function and psycho social aspects
related to Rehabilitation Medicine.

84
(ii) Clinical Knowledge: He/She should attain
understanding of and develop competence in executing
common general laboratory procedures employed in
diagnosis and research in rehabilitation medicine. He/She
should be able to practice and handle independently most
day-to-day problems as encountered in Rehabilitation
Medicine. He/She should also be able to recognize the
need to seek further help, when required.
(iii) Clinical Rehabilitation Medicine: Given
adequate opportunity to work on the basis of graded
responsibilities in out-patients, in-patient and operation
theatre on a rotational basis in the Division from the day
of entry to the completion of the training programme the
students should be able to: Acquire










scientific and rational approach to
diagnosis of cases presented.
Perform all routine and special investigations and
interpret the results of these investigations in the
light of clinical presentation.
Manage and treat all types of cases in
rehabilitation medicine that occur commonly.
Demonstrate
the
knowledge
of
the
pharmacological aspects of drugs used in
rehabilitation medicine.
Competently handle and execute safely the
routine rehabilitative surgical procedures.
Demonstrate understanding of the fabrication and
competence in prescription and check out of
orthoses and prostheses.
Understand the principles, prescription and
supervision
of
physiotherapy,
occupational
therapy, psycho-socio- vocational counselling.

2.2.2 Environment and Health
He/she should understand the effect of environment
on health and be familiar with the epidemiology of

85
common diseases in the field of rehabilitation medicine.
He/she should be able to integrate the preventive and
promotive methods with the curative and rehabilitative
measures in the treatment of diseases.
2.2.3 Community Rehabilitation Medicine
He/she should be able to practice rehabilitation
medicine at the community. He should be familiar with
the common problems occurring in rural areas and deal
with them effectively. Given an opportunity to participate
in surveys and camps, the candidate should be able to: Organize and conduct surveys in rural, urban and

industrial communities and in specified groups of
population;
 Organize and conduct camps for disability
prevention and rehabilitation of disabled persons.
 Guide rehabilitation workers at the peripheral
level for rehabilitation of persons with disability.
2.2.4 Current Developments
He/she should be familiar with
developments in Rehabilitation Medicine.

the

current

2.2.5 Leadership Role
 Demonstrate
the
leadership
role
in
the
Rehabilitation Team activities and accept
responsibility for outcomes.
 Develop
congenial
interaction
with
other
specialists, staff, students, faculty and patients.
 Demonstrate leadership in crises.
 Understand the health care delivery system
sufficiently to effectively solve the problems that
arise in Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation.
 Respond to the needs of the lay community as
appropriately relevant to PMR.
3. MODES OF STUDENT LEARNING
The modes of student learning are the same as for
the MD programme. While following the general pattern,

86
certain changes are effected at the implementation level.
They are:
 The number of Practice Task a candidate has to

complete during the DPMR programme will be
only two. One Practice Task shall be institution/
hospital based and the other community based.
 The candidate has to complete at least one
assignment every month.
 There shall be no pedagogy or thesis components
in the programme.
4. PATTERN OF EVALUATION – DPMR
Evaluation of the candidate will take place at
different stages. The process of Evaluation includes
Internal Assessment and University Examination. Internal
assessment has two components viz., Performance Audit
and Practice Task Tasks. University Examination takes
place in two parts, viz. Part I and Part II.
5. INTERNAL ASSESSMENT
The Internal Assessment carries 100 marks. They are
divided equally between Practice Task and Performance
Audit.
5.1 Practice Task
Practice Task is included as a method of ensuring
student centered learning. It also enables the candidate in
improving problem identification, solving and managing
issues on a time frame. A candidate has to perform two
Practice Task during the DPMR Programme. Each Practice
Task will be supervised by a teaching faculty who will be
responsible for monitoring it. The Practice Task is a
course-work and must be satisfactorily completed for the
candidate to appear for the Final Examination.
The two Practice Task put together will carry 50
marks; it will form part of the internal assessment and will
be added to theory component of the Final Examination.

87
5.2 Performance Audit
The following parameters are chosen for assessment
by faculty.
Sl
No
1

Item
Attendance

Scoring Method

Score/mark
s

81 to 85% - 1 mark
86 to 90% - 2 marks
91 to 95% - 3 marks
Over 96% - 5 marks

05

2

Assignments

2 per month

20

3

Publication,
Conference

National journal
Regional/National

05

4

Logbook

Workup of cases,
Procedures done –
Report by Faculty on
Quality of work done

20

Total

50

Marks for performance audit will be 50 and will be a
part of Internal assessment and will be added to Theory of
Final Exam.
6. PART – I, UNIVERSITY EXAMINATION
The placement of Part I examination is at the end of
the first year. The paper, nature of examination and other
conditions remain the same as for the MD Programme.
COURSE–I : BASIC SCIENCES
Basic Medical Sciences, Para-clinical Sciences,
Behavioural
Sciences,
Bio-statistics
&
Research
Methodology, and Medical Electronics & Computers
7. PART – II, UNIVERSITY EXAMINATION
The Part II University Examination consists of
Theory, Clinical and Viva voce examinations. The marks
scored by the candidate will be added to the Final
Examination.
7.1 Theory Examination

88
The Part II Examination will take place at the end of
course. This part contains two papers for three hours and
carrying 100 marks each. The papers will be called as
Papers I, and II. A score of 50% of the aggregate, i.e., 100
out of 200 is essential for pass.
Course–I : Evaluation, CBR and Medical Applications
Course–II : Access, Prosthetics & Orthotics and Surgical
Applications

The subject area covered under each paper is as
given below:
7.1.1 Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation : Course– I
Concept, History and Philosophy of PMR, Evaluation,
Disability, Law and Ethics, PMR as applied in Medicine
and allied specialties. Community Based Rehabilitation.
7.1.2 Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation : Course–II
Prosthetics and Orthotics, Architectural Barriers,
Therapeutic Exercises and Modalities, PMR as applied to
Surgery and allied specialties.
7.2 Clinical Examination
Clinical Examination will consist of one Long Case
and three short cases. The conduct of the examination will
follow the pattern set for the MD programme. The Long
case will carry 150 marks and the three short cases
together will carry 150 marks. Thus the total for Clinical
Examination will be 300 marks.
7.2.1 The Short Case
Each of the short case will carry 25 marks. The
examination will follow the same pattern as for the MD.
The distribution of marls for each case will also be similar.
7.2.2 The Long Case
The 100 marks for the long case will be distributed
as follows:
Split up of Marks for Long Case, Maximum Marks: 100

89
Sl.
No

Item

Maximum
Marks

Written Work & Presentation style
(including
History,
Examination,
Summary,
Provisional
diagnosis,
DD and Rehab workup)

15

ii.

Interacting with patient, affective and
humanistic skills

05

Iii.

Demonstration Elicitation of performing
maneuver

15

iv.

Handling and positioning the patient

05

v.

Selecting and using Rehabilitation rating
scales, disability assessment

10

vi.

Bedside procedure/investigation
Discussion (including recent advances)
Differential Diagnosis
Investigations/interpretation
Management
Community approaches

i.

vii.

05
15
15
10
05

Total

100

7.3 Viva voce
The Viva voce carries 100 marks. The distribution of
marks is as done in the MD examination.
7.4 Summary of Examination
The following tables give the summary of the entire
evaluation process.
i) Part–I Examination: Placement–End of First Year
Sl.
No
1

Nature Subjects

Part–I

Basic
Sciences
Total

No. of Maximum
Course
Marks
1

Minimum
needed
for Pass

100

50

100

50

Remarks
Pass in Part I
needed to
appear in Part II

ii) Part–II Examination: Placement – End Of Second Year

Minimum for Pass

1

PART–II
:THEORY

300
Physical
2 papers @ 100
Medicine &
marks and int.
Rehabilitation Assessment

150

2

PART–II :
CLINICAL

a) Long Case 100 each
b) Short Case

3

PART–II : PMR
VIVA
Grand Total for Final Year

Subjects

200

Remarks

Nature

No of Course &
Marks

Sl No

Maximum Marks

90

Minimum
for pass in
PART II is
100 300 out of
600.

100

50

600

300

7.9 Results
A candidate who has secured 50% marks or more as
provided above at the Part II Final Examination will be
declared to have passed the Examination of DPMR in
PMR. Sub-classification of candidates who score more
than 60% at the Final Examination will be as per
University rules governing other medical Post-Graduate
courses.
A candidate who fails at the Final Examination can
appear again at the supplementary examinations
conducted by the University, subject to rules in force.
There is no limitation on the number of attempts made for
a pass
8. PROGRAMME CONTENT FOR D.P.M.R.
The course content would include the following:
8.1 Basic Science
The Basic science course will include Basic Medical
sciences like Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Paraclinical sciences like Pathology, Microbiology and
Pharmacology, Behavioural Sciences like Psychology and
Sociology, Statistics and Research Methodology, Medical
Electronics and Computers.
8.1.1 Basic Medical Sciences

91
Histology, Osteology, Arthrology, Myology, Neurology,
Genetics as applied to PMR., Introduction, Branches of
Physiology, Individual Difference, Emotion, Sensation and
perception, Muscle, Nerve, The Afferent Nervous System,
The Regulation of Posture, The Cerebellum, The Cerebral
Cortex, The Autonomic Nervous System, The Endocrine.
The Blood, Basic Biochemistry, Metabolism of Protein,
Carbohydrates,
Fats,
Fatty
acids,
Intermediary
Metabolism, Bone & Mineral Metabolism
8.1.2 Para-clinical Sciences
General & Special, Infection and Disease, Disease of
Cardiovascular system, Disease of Respiratory system,
Nutritional disorders, Disorder of Blood and forming
Organs, Transfusion Medicine, Disease f Endocrine
system, Disease of the kidney and Urinary system.
Disease of the Digestive System, Laboratory Procedures in
Pathology and Microbiology Pharmarokinetics and
Pharmacodynamics of Analgesics, NSAIDS, Muscle
relaxants, Antibone resorption agents, Anticoagulants,
Antihrombotics, Corticosteroids, Antispastics, Antibiotics
8.1.3 Behavioural Sciences
Learning, Memory and Forgetting, Motivation and
Emotion, Cognition: Thinking, Cognition: Intelligence and
Creativity, Personality, Attitudes, Social Identity, Prejudice
and Discrimination, Interpersonal Attraction, Close
Relationships, Social Influence, Pro-Social Behaviour,
Aggression, Application of Social Psychology, Sociology &
Health, Socialization, Social Groups, Family, Community,
Social
Problems,
Social
Welfare,
Understanding
Counselling in Organizations, Assessing various types of
Counselling provisions, Conflicts between values of
organization
and
Counselling,
the
roles
and
responsibilities of counselors, Vocation, Aptitudes, Skills,
Assessments, Rehabilitation.

92
8.1.4 Statistics & Research Methodology
Definition and Scope of Statistics, Uses of Statistical
Methods, Data Collection Primary and Secondary Methods
in Experimental Data, Attributive Data, Contingency
Tables, Representation of Data, Measurement of Central
Value, Percentiles, Averages, Dispersion, Deviation,
Coefficient of Variation, Correlation and Regression,
Probability, Random Variable and Distribution, Sampling,
Nonsampling Errors and Control.
8.1.5 Physics, Medical Electronics & Computers
Elements of physics, Physical principles in
musculoskeletal function, Application of Physics in
Pathomechanics, Fundamentals of electricity and
Electronics; Their application in PMR, Heating effect of
current, Use of temperature and electricity in management
of diseases, Basis of Computer Applications, Computers in
Office, Office Automation, Internet, Search Engines, Use of
Internet as Educative, Therapeutic Research and
Administrative tool, Use and Access to Internet, Internet in
Academics, Research and Practice.
8.2 PMR Subjects
The Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation subjects will
include the following areas listed into 59 subtopics. They
are then divided into courses in PMR. All these courses
are compulsory for DPMR Programme.
8.2.1 Course– I
1. Philosophy, history, scope and need of Rehabilitation
Medicine.
2. Disability process and epidemiology of Disability,
Levels of Prevention.
3. Evaluation
Process:
History
taking,
Clinical
evaluation, Muscle Charting, Joint range of Motion,
Goniometry, and outcome measures, Investigations,
Electro diagnosis in detail, Gait analysis.
4. Principles of disability evaluation, Basic Principles,
Various
methods-Outcome
measures
for

93
rehabilitation: QOL assessment, different scales for
evaluation
5. Recent Advances in
Physical Medicine and
Rehabilitation
6. Legislation in relation to disability, Rehabilitation and
Health
7. Schemes and Benefits extended to the Disabled
persons by the Government.
8. Architectural barriers, Ergonomics and accessibility
issues for the disabled persons.
9. Joint and Soft tissue injection techniques.
10. Ethics related to Medical Rehabilitation, Medicine and
Health
8.2.2 Course–II
1. Rehabilitation of patients with spinal cord injury,
Anatomy and physiology of the spine and spinal cord,
Mechanism of injury and fractures of spine, Clinical
presentation and acute management. Rehabilitation
of
paraplegia.
Rehabilitation
of
quadriplegia,
Management of bladder and bowel, Management of
complications of spinal cord injury
2. Rehabilitation of patients with neurologic disorders,
e.g. neuropathies, Bell's Palsy, LGB syndrome etc.
3. Rehabilitation of patients with diseases of muscles:
Muscular dystrophy, Introduction, types, inheritance,
presentation,
diagnosis,
Management
and
Rehabilitation
4. Rehabilitation of patients with neurogenic bladder,
incontinence, and principles of urodynamic studies.
5. Rehabilitation of patients with diseases of metabolic
disorders:
osteoporosis,
Osteomalacia,
rickets,
Diabetes Mellitus, gout Inborn errors of Metabolism
6. Rehabilitation of patients with diseases of back pain,
Introduction, causes, presentation, management and
Rehabilitation.
7. Rehabilitation of patients with diseases of neck pain.
8. Rehabilitation of patients with Cerebral Palsy

94
8.2.3 Course–III
1. Rehabilitation with patients with diseases of
pulmonary
diseases
Introduction,
diagnosis,
investigations, Rehabilitation of C.O.P.D. and other
pulmonary conditions
2. Rehabilitation of patients with cardiovascular
diseases Anatomy and physiology of heart, Coronary
artery disease, Myocardial infarction, Hypertension,
Arrythmia, Principles of cardiac rehabilitation,
Rehabilitation of post Myocardial Infarction patient
and post coronary artery bypass surgery patient
3. Rehabilitation of patients with Stroke, Introduction
causes,
presentation,
investigation,
Initial
management and prevention of complications,
Rehabilitation of a hemiplegic patient
4. Rehabilitation of patients with head injury.
Introduction, causes, mechanism presentation,
Rehabilitation of a head injured patient
5. Rehabilitation
of
patients
with
poliomyelitis,
Introduction, pathogenesis, Clinical presentation,
acute management, Rehabilitation of polio patient,
Prevention of polio, Post Polio Syndrome
6. Rehabilitation of patients with Spina bifida and
Meningomyelocele, Neuro-degenerative conditions,
multiple sclerosis, dementia and related syndromes
7. Rehabilitation of patients with peripheral Nerve
Injury, Plexopathies.
8.2.4 Course–IV
1. Rehabilitation of patients with Orthopaedic problems,
Plaster applications, Management of Volkmann's
Ischaemic
Contracture,
Hand
Rehabilitation,
Fractures and complications. Spinal deformities,
Congenital deformities, C.T.E.V., Common foot
disorders, Osteoarthritis, Post-surgical patient, Hip
and knee contractures, Correction of Equinus
deformity, Principles of tendon transfers of foot and
ankle, knee and hip. Foot stabilization operations,
basic principles, various techniques, Neurectomy,
tendon lengthening, tenotomy, Neurolysis, Correction

95
of congenital and acquired deformities, Rehabilitation
after joint replacements (TKR and THR etc.)
2. Rehabilitation
of
patients
with
amputations,
Indications, levels and surgical techniques, Immediate
fitting of prosthesis, Rehabilitation of upper and lower
limb amputees
3. Rehabilitation of patients with Haemophilia
4. Rehabilitation of patients with Arthritis
5. Rehabilitation of patients with Leprosy
6. Rehabilitation of patients with Burns
7. Rehabilitation of patients with Rheumatoid arthritis,
Ankylosing Spondylitis and other rheumatic diseases.
8.2.5 Course–V
1. Rehabilitation of patients with chronic pain,
Principles of Palliative Medicine
2. Rehabilitation of patients with sports injuries, Medical
and Biomechanical principles
3. Geriatric Rehabilitation, Introduction, Senescence,
problems of aging, Rehabilitation of a geriatric patient
4. Rehabilitation of patients with cancer related
disability; introduction, relative incidence, cancer
pain,
Colostomy,
mastectomy,
Laryngectomy
management
5. Principles of rehabilitation medicine as applied to
Paediatrics and Obstetrics & Gynaecology.
6. Rehabilitation
of
patients
with
Vestibular
system/balance problems
8.2.6 Course–VI
1. Computers in Rehabilitation Medicine
2. Organization and administration of Rehabilitation
Medicine Services.
3. Principles and Prescription of Physical Modalities
4. Rationale and Prescription of Physical Therapy
5. Rationale and Prescription of Occupational Therapy
6. Rationale of A.D.L. (Activities of Daily Living)
7. Rationale and Prescription of Wheel Chairs, Assistive
devices
8. Human Walking. Gait analysis and training

96
8.2.7 Course–VII
1. Orthotics; Introduction, definitions, indications,
Biomechanics, Materials used, Prescription Writing,
Check out; Different types of orthoses for lower limbs,
upper limbs and spine, Recent advances in Orthotics
2. Prosthetics: Introduction, definitions, indications,
mechanics, Materials used, prescription writing,
Assessment of patient, check out of prosthesis, Upper
and lower limb prostheses, Recent advances in
prosthetics
3. Principles of rehabilitation of visually handicapped.
4. Principles of rehabilitation of mentally retarded.
5. Principles of management of hearing and speech
impaired.
6. Principles of management of psychological problems.
7. Principles of management of social problems.
8. Principles of management of vocational problems
8.2.8 Course–VIII
1. Medicine and allied specialties as applied to PMR
2. Surgery and allied specialties as applied to PMR
3. Medical Emergencies in Rehabilitation Medicine
4. Sexuality in Disabled; Rehabilitation and sexuality
5. Emerging Areas in PMR
9. LIST OF RECOMMENDED BOOKS
The recommended books are the same as for the
MD course in PMR.
(Acknowledgement: Generous inputs from Dr.S.
Bhattacharjee, Vellore, and Dr. U. Singh, New Delhi,
the reports by the MCI’s PG Committee on syllabus and
the syllabi from Kerala University and the TN Dr. MGR
Medical University are hereby gratefully acknowledged –
Dr. U. N. Nair).

