Plastic Surgery

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Plastic surgery From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Plastic surgeon

Occupation

Names

Doctor, Medical Specialist

Specialty

Type

Activity sectors

Surgery

Description

Education required

Fields of employment

MBBS or  or DO-US[citation needed ] MD or MBBS

Hospitals,, Clinics Hospitals

Plastic Surgery is a medical specialty specialty concerned  concerned with the correction or restoration of form and function. While

famous for aesthetic surgery, plastic surgery also includes many types of reconstructive surgery, surgery, hand surgery,, microsurgery surgery microsurgery,, and the treatment of burns. burns. The word "plastic" derives from the Greek plastikos(πλαστικός) meaning to mold or to shape, thus plastic surgery means "molding or shaping plastics in  in the sense of synthetic polymer material. surgery" – its use here has no connection with plastics Contents hide]  [hide]

1 History 1.1 20th

o

century 2 Techniques and  procedures 3 Reconstructive surgery 4 Cosmetic surgery 5 Sub-specialties 6 Plastic surgery

 

obsession 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links

[edit edit]]History

Walter Yeo Yeo,, a British soldier, is often cited as the first known person to have benefited from plastic surgery. The photograph shows him before the procedure (left) and after (right) receiving askin askin graft graft performed  performed by Sir Harold Gillies in Gillies in 1917.

Reconstructive surgery techniques were being carried out in India India by  by 800 BC. [2] Sushruta, Sushruta, the father of Indian surgery[3], made important contributions to the field of plastic and cataract surgery in 6th century BC. [3] The medical works of both Sushruta and Charak originally Charak originally in Sanskrit were Sanskrit were translated into Arabic into Arabic language language during  during Europe via  via intermediaries. the Abbasid Caliphate in 750 AD. [4] The Arabic translations made their way into Europe [4]

 In Italy the Italy the Branca family[5] of Sicily Sicily and  and Gaspare Tagliacozzi Tagliacozzi (  (Bologna Bologna)) became familiar with the techniques

of Sushruta.[4] British physicians British  physicians traveled to India to see rhinoplasties rhinoplasties being  being performed by native methods. [6] Reports on Indian rhinoplasty performed by a Kumhar  vaidya vaidya were  were published in the Gentleman's Magazine by 1794.[6] Joseph Constantine Carpue spent Carpue spent 20 years in India studying local plastic surgery methods.[6] Carpue was able to perform the first major surgery in the Western world by world by 1815.[7] Instruments described in the Sushruta Samhita were further modified in the Western world. [7]

 

 Aulus Cornelius Celsus Celsus,, who lived in the first century AD, described plastic surgery of the face, using skin from other parts of  the body.

The ancient Egyptians and Romans Romans also  also performed plastic cosmetic surgery. The Romans were able to perform simple techniques, such as repairing damaged ears from around the 1st century BC. For religious reasons, they did not dissect either human beings or animals, thus their knowledge was based in its entirety on Notwithstanding, Aulus Cornelius Celsus left Celsus left some surprisingly accurate the texts of their Greek predecessors. Greek predecessors. Notwithstanding, Aulus anatomical descriptions,[8] some of which — for instance, his studies on the genitalia and the skeleton — are of special interest to plastic surgery.[9] In 1465, Sabuncuoglu's book, description, and classification of hypospadias was more informative and up to date. Localization of urethral urethral meatus was meatus was described in detail. Sabuncuoglu also detailed the description and classification of ambiguous genitalia. [citation needed ] In mid-15th century Europe, Heinrich von Pfolspeundt described a process "to make a new nose for one who lacks it entirely, and the dogs have devoured it" by removing skin from the back of the arm and suturing it in place. However, because of the dangers associated with surgery in any form, especially that involving the head or face, it was not until the 19th and 20th centuries that centuries that such surgery became common. Up until the techniques of anesthesia became anesthesia became established, surgeries involving healthy tissues involved great pain pain.. Infection from surgery was reduced by the introduction of sterile techniques and disinfectants. The penicillin,, was another step in making elective invention and use of antibiotics, beginning with sulfa drugs and penicillin surgery possible. surgery  possible. In 1792, Chopart performed operative procedure on a lip using a flap from the neck. In 1814, Joseph Carpue successfully Carpue  successfully performed operative procedure on a British military officer who had lost his nose to the Graefe published his major toxic effects of mercury treatments. mercury treatments. In 1818, German surgeon Carl Ferdinand von Graefe published

 

work entitled Rhinoplastik . Von Graefe modified the Italian method using a free skin graft from the arm instead of the original delayed pedicle flap. The first American plastic surgeon was John Peter Mettauer , who, in 1827, performed the first cleft palate operation palate  operation with instruments that he designed himself. In 1845,Johann 1845, Johann Friedrich Dieffenbach Dieffenbach wrote  wrote a comprehensive text on rhinoplasty, entitled Operative Chirurgie, and introduced the concept of reoperation to improve the cosmetic appearance of the reconstructed nose. In 1891, American otorhinolaryngologist John Roe presented an example of his work, a young woman on whom he reduced a dorsal nasal hump for cosmetic indications. In 1892, Robert Weir experimented unsuccessfully with xenografts (duck sternum) in the reconstruction of sunken noses. In 1896, James Israel, Israel, a urological surgeon from Germany, and in 1889 George Monks of the United States each described the successful use of heterogeneous free-bone grafting to reconstruct saddle nose defects. In 1898, Jacques J acques Joseph, the German orthopaedic-trained surgeon, published his first account of reduction rhinoplasty. In 1928, Jacques Joseph published Nasenplastik und Sonstige Gesichtsplastik .

[edit] edit]20th century In World War II,, a New Zealand otolaryngologist working in London, Harold Gillies, Gillies, developed many of the techniques of modern plastic surgery in caring for soldiers suffering from disfiguring facial injuries. His work II by  by his cousin and former student s tudent Archibald  Archibald McIndoe, McIndoe, who pioneered was expanded upon during World War II RAF aircrew  aircrew suffering from severe burns. McIndoe's radical, experimental treatments, led to the treatments for RAF formation of the Guinea Pig Club. Club. In 1946, Gillies carried out the first female-to-male sex female-to-male sex reassignment surgery. Plastic surgery, as a specialty, evolved remarkably during the 20th century in the United States. One of the founders of the specialty, Vilray Blair , was the first chief of the Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Missouri. In one of his many areas of clinical expertise, Blair treated at Washington University in University in St. Louis, Missouri. World War I soldiers with complex maxillofacial injuries, and his paper on "Reconstructive Surgery of the Face" set the standard for craniofacial reconstruction.

[edit] edit]Techniques

and procedures

grafting)) is a very common procedure. Skin grafts can be In plastic surgery, the transfer of skin tissue (skin ( skin grafting taken from the recipient or donors:



 Autografts are taken from the recipient. If absent or deficient of natural tissue, alternatives can be cultured sheets of epithelial cells  cells in vitro or synthetic compounds, such as integra, integra, which consists of silicone and silicone and bovine tendon collagen with glycosaminoglycans.





 Allografts are taken from a donor of the same species. Xen Xenogra ografts fts are taken from a donor of a different species.

 

Usually, good results are expected from plastic surgery that emphasizes careful planning of incisions so that they fall in the line of natural skin folds or lines, appropriate choice of wound closure, use of best available suture materials, and early removal of exposed sutures so that the wound is held closed by buried sutures.

[edit edit]]Reconstructive

surgery

(disambiguation).. "Reconstructive" redirects here. For other uses, see Reconstruction (disambiguation)

Reconstructive plastic surgery is performed to correct functional impairments caused by burns; traumatic injuries, such as facial bone fractures and breaks; congenital abnormalities, such as cleft palates or cleft lips; developmental abnormalities; infection and disease; and cancer   or or tumors. tumors. Reconstructive plastic surgery is usually performed to improve function, but it may be done to approximate a normal appearance.

Navy doctors perform reconstructive surgery on a 21-year-old patient

The most common reconstructive procedures are tumor removal, laceration repair, scar repair, hand surgery, surgery, and breast reduction. reduction. According to the American Society of Plastic Surgeons, the number of reconstructive breast reductions for women increased in 2007 by 2 percent from the year before. Breast reduction in men also increased in 2007 by 7 percent. Some other common reconstructive surgical procedures include breast reconstruction after reconstruction  after a mastectomy, mastectomy, cleft lip and palate surgery, contracture contracture surgery  surgery for burn survivors, burn survivors, and creating a new outer ear when one is congenitally absent. Plastic surgeons use microsurgery to microsurgery to transfer tissue for coverage of a defect when no local tissue is flaps of  of skin, muscle, bone, fat, or a combination may be removed from the body, moved to available. Free flaps another site on the body, and reconnected to a blood supply by suturing arteries and veins as small as 1 to 2 millimeters in diameter.

[edit] edit]Cosmetic

surgery

 

Rhinoplasty or  or Nose Surgery Rhinoplasty

Blepharoplasty or Blepharoplasty or Cosmetic Eyelid Surgery

 Aesthetic plastic surgery surgery involves techniques intende intended d for the "enhancement" of appearance through surgical and medical techniques, and is specifically concerned with maintaining normal appearance, restoring it, or enhancing it beyond the average level toward some aesthetic ideal. In 2006, nearly 11 million cosmetic procedures were performed in the United States alone. The number of cosmetic procedures performed in the United States has increased over 50 percent since the start of the century. Nearly 12 million cosmetic procedures were performed in 2007, with the five most common surgeries being breast augmentation, liposuction, nasal surgery, eyelid surgery and abdominoplasty. The increased use of cosmetic procedures crosses racial and ethnic lines in the U.S., with increases seen among African Americans and Hispanic Americans as well as C Caucasian aucasian Americans. In Europe, Europe, the second largest market market for cosmetic procedures, cosmetic surgery is a $2.2 billion business. [10] Cosmetic surgery is now very common in countries such as the United Kingdom, France, and Germany. In Asia, cosmetic surgery has become an accepted practice; currently most widely prevalent and normal in China where it is currently Asia's biggest [11][12]  Children undergoing cosmetic eye surgery can be seen in Japan and South comestic surgery market.[11][12] [13][14] Korea.[13][14]

The most prevalent aesthetic/cosmetic procedures include:





 Abdominoplasty ("tummy tuck"): reshaping and firming of the abdomen Blephar Blepharoplasty oplasty ("eyelid surgery"): reshaping of the eyelids or the application of permanent eyeliner, including Asian blepharoplasty including Asian





Phallop lloplas lasty ty Pha Mammopla oplasty sty:: Mamm

 



Breast augmenta augmentations tions ("breast implant" or "boob job"): augmentation of the breasts breasts by  by means of fat grafting, saline, or silicone gel prosthetics, which was initially performed to women with micromastia



Reduction mammoplasty ty ("breast reduction"): removal of skin and glandular tissue, which is Reductio n mammoplas done to reduce back and shoulder pain in women with withgigantomastia gigantomastia and/or  and/or for psychological benefit men with gynecomastia



Mas topexy Mastope xy ("breast lift"): Lifting or reshaping of breasts to make them less saggy, often after weight loss (after a pregnancy, for example). It involves removal of breast skin as opposed to glandular tissue Buttock augmenta augmentation tion ("butt implant"): enhancement of the buttocks using buttocks using silicone implants or fat



grafting ("Brazilian butt lift") and transfer from other areas of the body 

Buttock lift : lifting, and tightening of the buttocks buttocks by  by excision of redundant skin acne, chicken pox, pox, and other scars as well Chemical peel : minimizing the appearance of acne,



wrinkles (depending  (depending on concentration and type of agent used, except for deep furrows), solar as wrinkles lentigines (age lentigines  (age spots, freckles), and photodamage photodamage in  in general. Chemical peels commonly involve carbolic acid (Phenol), acid  (Phenol),trichloroacetic trichloroacetic acid acid (TCA),  (TCA), glycolic acid acid (AHA),  (AHA), or salicylic acid (BHA) acid (BHA) as the active agent. 

Labiap iaplast lasty y: surgical reduction and reshaping of the labia Lab



Lip enhancement : surgical improvement of lips' fullness through enlargement



Rhinopla oplasty sty ("nose job"): reshaping of the nose Rhin



Otop Otoplas lasty ty ("ear surgery"/"ear pinning"): reshaping of the ear , most often done by pinning the protruding ear closer to the head. Rhytidec idectomy tomy ("face lift"): removal of wrinkles and signs of aging from the face Rhyt





Browpla sty ("brow lift" or "forehead lift"): elevates eyebrows, smooths forehead skin Bro wplasty



Midface lift ("cheek lift"): tightening of the cheeks



SuctionSuction-assisted assisted lipectomy ("liposuction"): removal of fat from the body



augmenta mentation tion ("chin implant"): augmentation of the chin with chin with an implant, usually silicone, Chin aug genioplasty of  of the jawbone or by suture of the soft tissue by sliding genioplasty



Cheek augmenta augmentation tion ("cheek implant"): implants to the cheek



Orthognathic athic Surgery Surgery:: manipulation of the facial bones through controlled fracturing Orthogn



Fillers injections: collagen, collagen, fat, fat, and other tissue filler injections, such as hyaluronic acid



La Lase serr skin resurfacing

[edit edit]]Sub-specialties Plastic surgery is a broad field, and may be subdivided further. Plastic surgery training and approval by Plastic astic Surgery includes Surgery includes mastery of the following as well: the American Board of Pl the American

 

Burn

Burn surgery generally takes place in two phases. Acute burn surgery is the treatment immediately after a burn. Reconstructive burn surgery takes place after the burn wounds have healed. Reconstructive surgery generally involves plastic surgery. Cosmetic

 Aesthetic surgery is an essential essential component of plastic surgery. Plasti Plastic c surgeons use cosmetic surgical principles in all reconstructive surgical procedures as well as isolated operations to improve overall appearance.[15] Craniofacial

surgery is divided into pediatric and adult craniofacial surgery. Pediatric craniofacial surgery mostly Craniofacial surgery is revolves around the treatment of congenital anomalies of the craniofacial skeleton and soft tissues, such as cleft lip and palate, craniosynostosis, and pediatric fractures. Adult craniofacial surgery deals mostly with fractures and secondary surgeries (such as orbital reconstruction) along with orthognathic surgery. Craniofacial surgery is an important part of all plastic surgery training programs, further training and subspecialisation is obtained via a craniofacial fellowship. Hand

Hand surgery is surgery is concerned with acute injuries and chronic diseases of the hand and wrist, correction of congenital malformations of the upper extremities, and peripheral nerve problems (such as brachial plexus injuries or carpal tunnel syndrome). Hand surgery is an important part of training in plastic surgery, as well as microsurgery, which is necessary to replant an amputated extremity. The Hand surgery field is also practiced by orthopedic surgeons surgeons and  and general surgeons surgeons (see  (see Hand surgeon). surgeon). Scar tissue formation after surgery can be problematic on the delicate hand, causing loss of dexterity and digit function if severe enough. Micro

Microsurgery is generally concerned with the reconstruction of missing tissues by transferring a piece of tissue Microsurgery is to the reconstruction site and reconnecting blood vessels. Popular subspecialty areas are breast reconstruction, head and neck reconstruction, hand surgery/replantation, and brachial plexus surgery. Pediatric

Children often face medical issues very different from the experiences of an adult patient. Many birth defects or  defects or  syndromes present at birth are best treated in childhood, and pediatric plastic pediatric plastic surgeons specialize in treating these conditions in children. Conditions commonly treated by pediatric plastic surgeons include craniofacial anomalies,, cleft lip and palate and anomalies palate and congenital hand deformities.

[edit] edit]Plastic

surgery obsession

   

With increased media attention on beauty and perfection, celebrities and those alike are turning to plastic surgery more and more. Some take out loans for this purpose; one woman spent over $83,000 for 14 surgeries.[16] Though media and advertising do play a large role in influencing many people's lives, researchers believe that plastic surgery obsession is linked to psychological disorders. [17] Body dysmorphic disorder  is  is seen as playing a large role in the lives of those who are obsessed with going under the knife in order to achieve physical perfection. People with this disorder are so preoccupied with their appearance that it can dominate their lives. In some cases, people whose doctors refuse to perform any further surgeries, have turned to "do it yourself" plastic surgery, injecting themselves and running extreme safety risks.

edit]]See [edit

also



Biomaterial 



modification tion Body modifica



Boto tox x Bo



reconstruction uction,, Breast reduction reduction,, Breast implant implant,, Breast lift Breast reconstr



Journa Journall of Cutaneous and Aesthetic Aesthe tic Surgery



Micr Microsur osurger gery y



Reconstr Reconstructive uctive surgery s urgery



Laser Resurfa Resurfacing cing

[edit edit]]References This article includes a list of references references,, but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations. improve this  this article by introducing more precise citations where appropriate appropriate.. (December 2009) Please help to  to improve

1.

Salary". salary.com. Retrieved 5 June 2010. ^ "Plastic Surgeon Salary".

2.

^ MSN Encarta (2008). Plastic Surgery .

3.

^ a b Dwivedi, Girish & Dwivedi, Shridhar (2007). History of Medicine: Sushruta – the Clinician – Teacher par India) . Excellence. National Informatics Centre (Government of India).

4.

^ a b c  Lock, Stephen etc. (2001). The Oxford Illustrated Companion to Medicine. USA: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0192629506. 0192629506. (page 607)

5.

^ Maniglia A.J. (1989), Reconstructive rhinoplasty, The Laryngoscope, 99(8), page 865.

6.

^ a b c  Lock, Stephen etc. (2001). The Oxford Illustrated Companion to Medicine. USA: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0192629506. 0192629506. (page 651)

   

^ a b Lock, Stephen etc. (2001). The Oxford Illustrated Companion to Medicine. USA: Oxford University

7.

Press. ISBN 0192629506. 0192629506. (page 652) 8.

^ Wolfgang H. Vogel, Andreas Berke (2009). " Brief History of Vision and Ocular Medicine ". Kugler

Publications. p.97. ISBN 906299220X 9.

 (2007) ^ P. Santoni-Rugiu, A History of Plastic Surgery  (2007)

10. ^

"Frost and Sullivan"

11. ^

http://www.whatsonxiamen.com/health2029.html

12. ^

http://www.webmd.com/skin-beauty/news/20100809/india-china-among-plastic-surgery-capitals

13. ^

"Changing Faces". Faces". Time. 8 May 2002.

14. ^

http://www.japantoday.com/category/kuchikomi/view/cosmetic-surgery-for-children-becoming-

commonplace 15. ^

Description of Plastic Surgery American Surgery American Board of Plastic Surgery

16. ^

http://abcnews.go.com/Health/Cosmetic/story?id=125835&page=1

17. ^

http://www.aphroditewomenshealth.com/news/cosmetic_surgery.shtml

[edit edit]]Further

reading



ISBN  3540462406. 3540462406. Santoni-Rugiu, Paolo (2007). A History of Plastic Plastic Surgery . Springer. ISBN



Fraser, Suzanne (2003). Cosmetic surgery, gender and culture. Palgrave. ISBN  ISBN 1-4039-1299-8. 1-4039-1299-8.



Gilman, an, Sander San der (2005). Creating Beauty to Cure the Soul: Race and Psychology in the Shaping of Gilm  Aesthetic Surgery . Duke University Press. ISBN  ISBN 0-8223-2144-0 0-8223-2144-0..

Haiken, Elizabeth (1997). Venus Envy: A History of Cosmetic Surgery . Johns Hopkins University



Press. ISBN ISBN  0-8018-5763-5 0-8018-5763-5.. 

 Abby Ellin, "Have Fat, Will Fight It," The New York Times

[edit edit]]External

links

 Media related to Plastic surgery at surgery at Wikimedia Commons



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