Public Policy1 - Carmen

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Content

Government’s
Public Policy
Role

The Constitutional
Framework

_________________ (leg & exec)
Provide Defense
 Regulate Commerce


___________


Protect Basic Rights, Rule on Fed law

__________


Infrastructure & social welfare

__________
Protect rights in state constitutions
 Rule on state law


The Constitutional
Framework
Over time the Federal role has ________
Regulation of health and safety (FDA,
CPSC, OSHA…)
 Regulation of Fraud (FTC, Postal
Service, FCC…)


State role is still large


State rules often stricter than federal
rules

Why would/wouldn’t a state want to
regulate more strictly than Feds?

Other Constraints on
Policy


Ideology




Should government be involved in this
type of issue?

Differences of Opinion
Is there really a problem?
 Is the problem likely to be fixed or
made worse by government?
 How should the problem be solved?


The Public Policy Process
Stages of Policy Development
Pre-Policy Development
 Policy Adoption
 Policy Implementation
 Policy Evaluation


Pre-Policy Development


__Recognition of a Problem__




___Demand for Action____




Public becomes aware/alarmed
Policymakers are asked to do something

__Formulation of an Agenda___
The reality of the ease/cost of dealing
with the issue becomes known
 Issue is addressed/prioritized
 Issue may make it to the decision agenda


Will Issue Get on Decision
Agenda?
Leadership push


Is leadership interested in the issue?

Issue Coalitions


Are interest groups in favor or against?

Media Attention


Has media been reporting on the problem?

Political Timing


Is the political atmosphere ripe for action?

Policy Adoption
Identify the Problem
Establish Context, Assemble Evidence
 Delineate the Problem


Identify & Analyze Potential Solutions
Identify Alternatives
 Predict Consequences (Intended,
Unintended)


Choose Best Solution(s)


Maximize net benefits (benefits-costs)

Policy Implementation
___Pick Effective Date____


Often up to one year after policy is
adopted

___Assign Resources _____ for
Enforcement


Inspectors, prosecutors, administrators

__Notify affected persons___
Regulation: Federal Register, media
outreach
 Law: Congressional Quarterly Pubs, media


Policy Evaluation
Ideal, but rarely done internally
Where is evaluation done?
 Media
 Academics
 Think Tanks
 Interest Groups
 External Government Agencies
Why doesn’t govt do much internal evaluation?
No incentives to do so, advance careers

The Role of External
Agencies


___Government Accountability Office (GAO)____




Upon request by Congress, performs an
independent analysis of proposed or existing
programs

___Office of Management and Budget
(OMB)_____


Office in the White House that reviews all major
regulations developed by executive branch agencies

What incentives do these agencies give
government managers? Checks and Balances

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