Revolutionary War IDs

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Revolutionary War IDs

Articles of Confederation -1776 Page 44-45 -a frame work for national government -preserved the sovereignty of the states, creating a very weak central government -provided for a unicameral Congress in which each state would have one vote. -Executive authority would “be vested in a committee of thirteen, one member from each state.” - In order to amend the articles, the states had to agree unanimously -government had the power to wage war, determine the amount of troops and money each state would contribute to the war effort, make treaties, settle disputes between states, admit new states to the union, and borrow money -HOWEVER. Not allowed to levy taxes, raise troops, or regulate commerce.--- with the country in financial trouble as it was, Congress was forced to print large amounts of paper money to finance the war. That resulted in inflation“Continentals”, soon became worthless. “Only financial loans from France and the Netherlands staved off financial collapse”

Stamp Act -1763 Page 31-33 -was a tax imposed by the British Parliament on the colonies of British America. -The act required that many printed materials in the colonies carry a tax stamp. -purpose= to help pay for troops stationed in North America following the British victory in the French and Indian War. The British government felt that the colonies were the primary beneficiaries of this military presence, and thus were obligated to pay at least a portion of the expense. - met with great resistance in the colonies. It was seen as a violation of the right of Englishmen to be taxed only with their consent—consent which could only be granted through their colonial legislatures. Colonial assemblies sent petitions of protests, and the Stamp Act Congress, reflecting the first significant joint colonial response to any British measure, also petitioned Parliament and the king. Local protest groups, led by colonial merchants and landowners, established connections through correspondence that created a loose coalition that extended from New England to Georgia. Protests and demonstrations initiated by the Sons of Liberty often turned violent and destructive as the masses became involved.

(the second) Treaty of -1785 Paris Page 43 - marked the end of the Revolutionary War Stipulated the following: (1) The US was recognized as an independent nation by major European powers, including Britain (2) Its western boundary was set at the Mississippi River (3)Its southern boundary was set at 31 (the northern boundary of Florida) (4) Britain retained Canada but had to surrender Florida to Spain (5) Private British creditors would be free to collect any debts owed by US citizens (6) Congress was to recommend that the states restore confiscated loyalist property Causes of Revolutionary Taxes ⊕ Troops= Revolution War - As a result of salutary neglect, the colonists became distinctively different from the English--- distinctively American. No longer identified themselves as Brit. -By 1776, ½ of inhabitants in the colonies are not in fact English - The foundation for democracy took root even as early as on the trip over—the Mayflower Compact, etc. A socialist system- communist in some case, in which the preservation north latitude

and well being of the greater good was the goal, was necessary. -Could even be argued that, out there in the wilderness, a form of representative government was necessary for survival. -French Indian War--- The mother land is then in debt, and it becomes necessary to become involved in the colonies, in order to raise revenue - The colonists felt that they had fought for the Ohio River Valley land, and yet, as a part of the Proc of 1776, were barred from it -The Mercantilist System, in the colony’s purpose is to enable the motherland to prosper--- benefit, at its expense. The navigation acts (the practical application of these laws) did not go over well, as the colonies had previously capitalized off of smuggling, and illegal triangle trade. -“No taxation without representation” Virtual Representation -based on the belief that men without the vote, such as persons in some cities in England such as Manchester, in the colonies, or simply those in Britain who did not have the franchise, were "virtually represented" by Members of Parliament who had been elected by "similar" voters. Boston Tea Party - A response to the Tea Act--- previously, colonists had Page 35 bought smuggled Dutch tea rather than the taxed British product. The British East India Company (in “desperate

financial condition”) obtained from parliament concessions, which allowed it to ship tea directly-- to the colonies, rather than only by way of Britain. The result was that the tea, even with the tax, was far cheaper than the Dutch tea. The East India Co “would be saved and the Americans would be tacitly accepting Parliament’s right to tax them.”

-Not surprisingly, the Americans “proved resistant to this approach and rather than admit to Parliament’s right to tax, they vigorously resisted the cheaper tea.” Most Americans did not allow the tea to be landed. -However. Pro-British governor Thomas Hutchinson “forced a confrontation” by ordering Royal Navy vessels to prevent the tea ships from leaving the harbors. After twenty days, by law, this would result in the cargos being sold at auction, and the tax paid. --------The night before the time was to expire, Bostonians, disguised as Indians boarded the ships and threw the tea into the harbor. Proclamation Line of -Issued by King George III following Great Britain's 1763 Page 32 acquisition of French territory in North America after the end of the French and Indian War. -The purpose of the proclamation was to organize Britain's new North American empire and to stabilize relations with Native North Americans through regulation of trade,

settlement, and land purchases on the western frontier. - ceased to be law in the United States following the American Revolution -One of the biggest problems confronting the British Empire in 1763 was maintaining peace with North American Indians who lived on the land acquired from France in the (first) Treaty of Paris -Pontiac's Rebellion (1763–1766) was an unsuccessful effort by Native Americans to prevent Great Britain from occupying the land previously claimed by France. Though the Proclamation of 1763 had been in the works before Pontiac's Rebellion, the outbreak of the conflict hastened the process. -British officials hoped the proclamation would reconcile American Indians to British rule and thus help to prevent future hostilities. The proclamation created a boundary between the British colonies on the Atlantic coast and American Indian lands west of the Appalachian Mountains. -outlawed private purchase of Native American land, and instead, all future land purchases were to be made by Crown officials -Furthermore, British colonists were forbidden to move beyond the line and settle on native lands, and colonial

officials were forbidden to grant lands without royal approval. --***The proclamation gave the Crown a monopoly on all future land purchases from American Indians. - British colonists and land speculators objected to the proclamation boundary, since there were settlements beyond the line (some of which had been temporarily evacuated during Pontiac's War), as well existing land claims yet to be settled. The proclamation itself called for lands to be granted to British soldiers who had served in the French & Indian War. --Prominent American colonists joined with land speculators in Britain to lobby the government to move the line further west. Declaration of - a statement adopted by the Continental Congress on July 4, Independence 1776, which announced that the thirteen American colonies then at war with Great Britain were now independent states, and thus no longer a part of the British Empire. -Written primarily by Thomas Jefferson, the Declaration is a formal explanation of why Congress had voted on July 2 to declare independence from Great Britain, more than a year after the outbreak of the American Revolutionary War. Reasons for American - home territory Victory - their livelihoods were invested in this war, one could argue that the British “didn’t really care”—thousands of miles

from home, unable to see personal gain - English military style was not adapted to fighting on the frontier--- orderly, line by line, bright red coats, and lack of understanding of the terrain Battle of Saratoga -1777 Page 40-41 -were decisive American victories in the American Revolutionary War, resulting in the surrender of an entire British army of over 6,000 men invading New York from Quebec. These battles, often referred to in the singular as the Battle of Saratoga, were actually two separate battles fought eighteen days apart, but on the same ground, nine miles south of Saratoga, New York: the Battle of Freeman's Farm on September 19 and the Battle of Bemis Heights on October 7. Battle of Freeman's Farm on September 19 -battle began when Burgoyne began moving troops in an attempt to flank the American left. Benedict Arnold, anticipating the maneuver, placed significant forces in his way. While he succeeded in gaining control of the farm, it came at the cost of significant casualties. Following that battle, Burgoyne decided to wait in the hopes that reinforcements would arrive from New York City. When it was apparent that none were likely to arrive, he again pressed the attack on October 7. In heavy fighting, again marked by Arnold's spirited rallying of the American troops

(in open defiance of orders to stay off the battlefield), Burgoyne's forces were thrown back to their starting position.

Battle of Bemis Heights on October 7. -Forced to retreat after his defeat General Burgoyne and his entire army surrendered ten days later after being surrounded by much larger American militia forces. The capture of his entire British army secured the northern American states from further attack via Quebec and prevented New England from being isolated. A major consequence of the American success was that France entered the conflict on their side, which dramatically improved the American prospects for winning the war.

--The battles of Saratoga, and the entire campaign that concluded with the Burgoyne's surrender, are commonly seen as the turning point of the Revolution. Reasons for discontent - 10,000 troops had to remain in order to “control both the among soldiers in Great Britain in French & colonists and Indians and secure the passage of the Indian War Quartering Act , requiring the colonies in which British troops were stationed to pay for their maintenance” -Also, they were poorly treated by their authorities--- often beaten, sometimes violently -Disliked the Americans , thought of them as second class

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