Strengths Finder Technical Report

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THE GALLUP ORGANIZATION

The Clifton StrengthsFinder Technical Report: Development and Validation

Shane Lopez, Ph.D
Department of Psychology and Research in Education
The University of Kansas
Tim Hodges, M.S.
The Gallup Organization
Jim Harter, Ph.D
The Gallup Organization

January 2005

For more information, please contact Tim Hodges at [email protected] or 800-288-8592, ext. 6729.

Copyright Standards
This document contains proprietary research, copyrighted materials, and literary property
of The Gallup Organization. It is for the guidance of your company only and is not to be
copied, quoted, published, or divulged to others outside of your organization. Gallup®,
Strengths®, StrengthsQuestTM, Gallup Management Journal®, StrengthsFinder®, Clifton
StrengthsFinderTM, and the 34 Clifton StrengthsFinderTM theme names are trademarks of
The Gallup Organization, Princeton, NJ. All other trademarks are the property of their
respective owners.
This document is of great value to both you and The Gallup Organization. Accordingly,
international and domestic laws and penalties guaranteeing patent, copyright, trademark,
and trade secret protection protect the ideas, concepts, and recommendations related
within this document.
No changes may be made to this document without the express written permission of The
Gallup Organization.

COPYRIGHT © 2005 THE GALLUP ORGANIZATION, PRINCETON, NJ. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

1

Abstract
The Gallup Organization’s Clifton StrengthsFinder is an online measure of personal
talent that identifies areas where an individual’s greatest potential for building strengths
exists. The 180-item pairs were based on the theory and research foundation associated
with semi-structured personal interviews that had been used by Selection Research
Incorporated and Gallup (Harter, Hayes, & Schmidt, 2004; Schmidt & Rader, 1999) for
over 30 years. The measure, developed through rational and empirical processes, has
been repeatedly subjected to psychometric examination; a summary of reliability and
validity evidence gathered to date is presented. The primary application of the Clifton
StrengthsFinder, as the evaluation that initiates a strengths-based development process in
work and academic settings, is discussed.

Development of the Clifton StrengthsFinder
The Gallup Organization, widely known for its polls (Gallup, 2004; Newport, 2004)
and employee selection research (Harter, Hayes, & Schmidt, 2004; Schmidt & Rader,
1999) developed numerous semi-structured interviews to identify talent that could be
enhanced and used to pursue positive outcomes in work and school. Under the
leadership of educational psychologist Donald O. Clifton1, Gallup developed the
Clifton StrengthsFinder, an objective measure of personal talent (consisting of 180
pairs of items) that could be administered online in less than one hour. More than
one million workers and students worldwide had completed this measure as of April
2004. The Clifton StrengthsFinder has been subjected to repeated psychometric
scrutiny by its developers. The purpose of this manuscript is to describe the
development and application of the Clifton StrengthsFinder and to summarize its
psychometric support to date.
Clifton, over his 50-year career at the University of Nebraska, Selection Research
Incorporated, and Gallup, studied “frames of reference” (Clifton, Hollingsworth, &

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Hall, 1952), teacher-student rapport (Dodge & Clifton, 1956), management (Clifton,
1970; 1975; 1980), and success across a wide variety of domains in business and
education (Buckingham & Clifton, 2000; Clifton & Anderson, 2002; Clifton &
Nelson, 1992). He based his research and practice related to success on one simple
question, “What would happen if we studied what is right with people?”, and on
straightforward notions that stood the test of time and empirical scrutiny. First, he
believed that talents could be operationalized, studied, and capitalized upon in work
and academic settings. Specifically, “talents” were considered “naturally recurring
patterns of thought, feeling, or behavior that can be productively applied” (Hodges &
Clifton, 2004, p. 257) and manifested in life experiences characterized by yearnings,
rapid learning, satisfactions, and timelessness. These trait-like “raw materials” are
believed to be the products of normal healthy development and successful
experiences over childhood and adolescence. “Strengths” are viewed as extension of
talent. More precisely, the strength construct combines talents with associated
knowledge and skills and is defined as the ability to consistently provide near-perfect
performance in a specific task. (Though labeled the Clifton StrengthsFinder, the
instrument actually measures talent that serves as the foundation for strengths
development.)
Second, Clifton considered success to be closely associated with personal talents and
strengths in addition to the traditional constructs linked with analytical intelligence.
In accordance with those beliefs, he worked to identify hundreds of personal talents
that predicted work and academic success, and he constructed empirically-based,
semi-structured interviews for identifying these talents. When developing these
interviews, Clifton and analysts examined the prescribed roles of a person (e.g.,
student, salesperson, administrator), visited the job site or academic setting,
identified outstanding performers in these roles and settings, and determined the
long-standing thoughts, feelings, and behaviors associated with situational success.
Many of the interviews developed provided useful predictions of positive outcomes
(Schmidt & Rader, 1999). These interviews subsequently were administered by
Gallup analysts to more than two million individuals for the purposes of personal
development and employee selection. In the mid-1990s, when considering the
creation of an objective measure of talent, Clifton and colleagues systematically
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reviewed these interviews and the data they generated to capitalize on the
accumulated knowledge and experience of Gallup’s talent-based practice.
The prominence of dimensions and items relating to motivation and to values in
much of the interview research informed the design of a Clifton StrengthsFinder
instrument that can identify those enduring human qualities. An initial pool of more
than 5,000 items was constructed on the basis of traditional validity evidence
(construct, content, criterion). Given the breadth of talent assessed, the pool of items
was considered large and diverse. A smaller pool was derived subsequent to
quantitative review of item functioning and a content review of the
representativeness of themes and items within themes (with an eye toward the
construct validity of the entire assessment). Specifically, evidence used to evaluate
the item pairs was taken from a database of criterion-related validity studies,
including over 100 predictive validity studies (Schmidt & Rader, 1999). Factor and
reliability analyses were conducted in multiple samples to assess the contribution of
items to measurement of themes and the consistency and stability of theme scores –
thereby achieving the goal of a balance between maximized theme information and
efficiency in instrument length. During development phases, a number of sets of
items were pilot tested. The items with the strongest psychometric properties
(including item correlation to theme) were retained. In a follow-up study of 601,049
respondents, the average item-to-proposed-theme correlation (corrected for partwhole overlap) was 6.6 times larger than the average item correlation to other themes
(see the validity section of this manuscript for presentation of average item
correlations for each theme).
In 1999, a 35-theme version of the Clifton StrengthsFinder was launched. After
several months of data were collected, researchers revisited the instrument and,
based on analyses of theme uniqueness and redundancy, decided on the 180 item
pairs (360 items, 256 of which are scored) and the 34-theme version that currently is
available. Since 1999, some theme names have changed, but the theme descriptions
and 180 item pairs have not changed. (See Appendix A for a listing and description
of the 34 themes.)

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At this time (January 2005), the Clifton StrengthsFinder is available in 17 languages
and modifiable for individuals with disabilities. It is appropriate for administration to
adolescents and adults with a reading level of 10th grade or higher. By identifying one’s
top themes of talent, it provides a starting point in the identification of specific
personal talents. And, the related supporting materials (e.g., Buckingham & Clifton,
2000; Clifton & Anderson, 2002; Clifton & Nelson, 1992) help individuals discover
how to build upon his or her talents to develop strengths within his or her role.
(Strengths-based development will be described in more detail in a subsequent
section.) It is not designed or validated for use in employee selection or mental health
screening. Given that Clifton StrengthsFinder feedback is provided to foster
intrapersonal development, comparisons across profiles of individuals is discouraged.
Furthermore, the Clifton StrengthsFinder is not sensitive to change; it should not be
used a pre-post measure of growth.

Administration, Scoring, and Feedback
Through a secure Internet connection, the Clifton StrengthsFinder presents a
demographic questionnaire (tapping country of residence, age, and gender) and the
180 item pairs in the preferred language of the user. Each item lists a pair of potential
self-descriptors, such as “I read instructions carefully” and “I like to jump right into
things.” The descriptors are placed as if anchoring polar ends of a continuum. From
each pair, the participant is then asked to choose the descriptor that best describes
him or her, and also the extent to which it does so. The participant is given 20
seconds to respond to an item before the system moves on to the next item. (Clifton
StrengthsFinder developmental research showed that the 20-second limit resulted in
a negligible item noncompletion rate.)
Scores are calculated based on the mean of the intensity of self-description. Less
than 30 percent of the 180 item pairs are ipsatively scored; no one theme contains
more than one item scored in a way that would produce an ipsative data matrix
(Plake, 1999).2

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A proprietary formula assigns a value to each response category. Values for items in
the theme are averaged to derive a theme score. Scores are presented as a mean, a
standard score, and a percentile and added to the Gallup database.
Feedback varies in accordance with the reason the person completes the Clifton
StrengthsFinder. Summary scores are not provided to respondents. In most cases the
respondent receives only a report listing his or her top five talent themes3 -- those in
which the person received his or her highest scores, in order of intensity -- also
known as Signature Themes. In other situations the respondent may review all 34
themes, along with “action items” for each theme, in a personal feedback session
with a Gallup consultant or in a supervised team-building session with their
colleagues. In programs designed to promote strengths-based development
(described subsequently), feedback often is accompanied by instruction, experiential
learning, and mentoring activities designed to help people make the most of their
talents (i.e., develop strengths associated with occupational or educational roles).

Reliability

Internal Consistency
The number of items per talent theme ranges from four (Context, Ideation, Includer,
Input, Strategic) to 15 (Positivity). Internal consistency, as reflected in coefficient
alphas based on responses of 706 Gallup associates, meets expectations for measures
used in psychology practice (coefficient alpha=.70; AERA/APA/NCME, 1999). The
alpha for the vast majority of the themes (23 of them) is at or above .70, whereas only
three themes have alphas below .65. The highest alpha (.81) is associated with the Woo
theme and the lowest alpha (.55) is associated with the Restorative theme. (See Table 1
for the number of items per theme as well as the coefficient alpha for each theme.)
Table 1. Items per Clifton StrengthsFinder Theme and Coefficient Alphas for a 706-Person Sample
Theme

Items per
Theme

Coefficient
Alphas

Theme

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Items per
Theme

Coefficient
Alphas

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Achiever

6

0.73

Futuristic

9

0.71

Activator

6

0.73

Harmony

5

0.70

Adaptability

8

0.73

Ideation

4

0.73

Analytical

9

0.76

Includer**

4

0.66

Arranger

9

0.66

Individualization

6

0.69

Belief

10

0.75

Input

4

0.70

Command

8

0.76

Intellection

10

0.76

Communication

8

0.75

Learner

8

0.77

Competition

6

0.78

Maximizer

5

0.66

Connectedness

8

0.58

Positivity

15

0.79

Consistency*

7

0.71

Relator

5

0.65

Context

4

0.62

Responsibility

11

0.65

Deliberative

9

0.76

Restorative

6

0.55

Developer

10

0.68

Self-Assurance

8

0.73

Discipline

13

0.73

Significance

10

0.77

Empathy

8

0.74

Strategic

4

0.72

Focus

7

0.68

Woo

6

0.81

Note: The 256 scored items (of the 360 items administered) are accounted for in this table.
*Formerly Fairness; **Formerly Inclusiveness

Stability
Almost all Clifton StrengthsFinder themes have test-retest reliability over a sixmonth interval between .60 and .80. An initial study of stability (examining score to
score associations) was conducted in the 1990s and the 3-week test-retest of 300
consumer interviewers from Gallup provided an average theme correlation
coefficient of .76. A June 2000 study revealed that the average correlation of an
individual’s theme ranking across multiple time periods is .74 (score to score
associations across 706 Gallup associates with an average of 17 months between
administrations). A third stability study, involving 106 college students and a threemonth interval, will be completed in 2005.

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Reliability Summary
Internal consistency and test-retest stability estimates were computed across
numerous samples to examine the basic reliability of the Clifton StrengthsFinder.
The evidence suggests that the scales or themes are internally consistent (despite
being comprised of as few as four items) and stable over periods ranging from three
weeks to 17 months. Specifically, coefficient alphas range from .55 to .81 and most
test-retest correlations were above .70.

Validity

Item-total Correlations
The average item-total correlation can provide a basic metric of item-to-theme
validity. These average item-total correlations were computed, and corrected for
part-whole overlap, for each of the 34 themes for 601,049 respondents (including
laypersons, businesspeople, and college students) in the Clifton StrengthsFinder
database (see Table 2). For comparison purposes, the grand average of 33 “average
item-cross total correlations” (i.e., the average correlation of the items comprising a
given theme with the total sum of items for a completely different theme) is also
presented for each theme in Table 2. A grand average of these 33 average item-cross
total correlations for each theme provides a concise summary of the extent to which
items within a given theme category relate to other theme categories. It was expected
that items would relate to their assigned themes better than to unassigned themes. As
mentioned previously, the average item-total correlations are, on average, 6.6 times
greater than the respective grand averages of the average item-cross total
correlations. In more conservative terms, the median ratio of average item-totals to
the grand averages of average item-cross totals across all themes is 2.82. This
demonstrates that in general the item sets for all of the 34 Clifton StrengthsFinder
themes are more related within a given theme category than between theme
categories. It should be noted, however, that considering the grand averages of the
average item-total cross correlations masked seven instances (of 1122 analyses) in
which the individual average item-cross total correlations were larger than the
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respective average item-total correlations. Gallup researchers plan to address these
individual cases of dependency in future iterations of the Clifton StrengthsFinder
instrument.

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Table 2. Average Item-Total Comparisons for 601,049 Respondents in the Clifton StrengthsFinder
Database

Achiever

0.41

Grand
Average of
Average
Item-Cross
Total
Correlations
0.16

Activator

0.31

0.14

Harmony

0.37

0.01

Adaptability

0.39

0.01

Ideation

0.32

0.13

Analytical

0.36

0.11

Includer**

0.31

0.07

Arranger

0.25

0.14

Individualization

0.26

0.12

Belief

0.21

0.11

Input

0.26

0.12

Command

0.31

0.12

Intellection

0.33

0.10

Communication

0.35

0.13

Learner

0.43

0.17

Competition

0.41

0.12

Maximizer

0.38

0.12

Connectedness

0.29

0.09

Positivity

0.35

0.11

Consistency*

0.31

0.02

Relator

0.28

0.17

Context

0.31

0.07

Responsibility

0.31

0.13

Deliberative

0.38

0.05

Restorative

0.40

0.07

Developer

0.29

0.08

Self-Assurance

0.28

0.15

Discipline

0.33

0.09

Significance

0.29

0.11

Empathy

0.35

0.03

Strategic

0.45

0.17

Focus

0.33

0.15

Woo

0.43

0.15

Theme

Average
Item-Total
Correlation

Futuristic

0.36

Grand
Average of
Average
Item-Cross
Total
Correlations
0.14

Theme

Average
Item-Total
Correlation

*Formerly Fairness; **Formerly Inclusiveness

Correlations Among Theme Total Scores
Analysis of the relationships between the 34 theme scores provides additional
information about the extent of overlap between Clifton StrengthsFinder themes.
Examination of the intercorrelation matrix of theme scores suggests that, despite six
high correlations in the range of .65 to .73, none of the themes are completely
redundant. (A table presenting all interrelationships between themes is included in
Appendix B.) In 2005, Gallup researchers will conduct further examinations of

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theme integrity, including a confirmatory factor analysis (Tim Hodges, personal
communication, December 8, 2004).

Convergent and Discriminant Validity
Construct validity of the Clifton StrengthsFinder has been considered on the basis of
convergent and discriminant validity evidence. A construct validity study (Harter &
Hodges, 2003) explored the relationship between the Clifton StrengthsFinder and the
five-factor model of personality in a sample of 297 undergraduate business students
in a Midwestern university. The “big five” factors of personality are neuroticism
(which reflects emotional stability -- reverse-scored), extroversion (seeking the
company of others), openness/intellectence (interest in new experiences, ideas, and
so forth), agreeableness (likeability, harmoniousness), and conscientiousness (rule
abidance, discipline, integrity) (McCrae & Costa, 1987; McCrae, Costa, Lima, et al.,
1999; McCrae, Costa, Ostendorf, et al., 2000). A priori hypotheses linking themes
and personality variables included Conscientiousness correlating positively with
Achiever, Deliberative, Discipline, Focus, and Responsibility; Extroversion
correlating positively with Activator, Communication, and Woo; Agreeableness
correlating positively with Harmony and Positivity; Intellectence correlating
positively with Ideation, Input, Intellection, and Strategic. Several of these expected
associations between Clifton StrengthsFinder themes and five-factor model
constructs were found (see Table 3). For example, the Discipline theme correlates
.81 with the measure of conscientiousness. Theoretically, these constructs have
similar definition in relation to orderliness and planning. Other examples include the
.83 correlation between Woo and extroversion, the .70 correlation between Ideation
and intellectence, and the .58 correlation between Positivity and agreeableness.

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Extraversion

Agreeableness

Conscientiousness

Emotional Stability

Intellectence

Extraversion

Agreeableness

Conscientiousness

Emotional Stability

Intellectence

Table 3. Correlations between Clifton StrengthsFinder Themes and the Big 5 for 297 Respondents

Achiever

0.16

0.26

0.53

0.18

0.36

Futuristic

0.30

0.29

0.20

0.02

0.41

Activator

0.55

0.11

-0.05

0.11

0.45

Harmony

-0.28

0.01

0.24

-0.13

-0.54

Adaptability

0.09

0.06

-0.56

0.19

0.18

Ideation

0.38

0.08

-0.27

0.26

0.70

Analytical

-0.16

-0.16

0.39

-0.04

0.19

Includer**

0.38

0.36

-0.13

0.21

0.03

Arranger

0.26

0.34

0.28

0.17

0.34

Individualization

0.19

0.15

-0.07

0.01

0.44

Belief

0.09

0.37

0.19

0.15

0.20

Input

0.04

0.22

0.14

-0.05

0.53

Command

0.30

-0.15

0.01

0.09

0.59

Intellection

-0.19

0.91

0.17

-0.07

0.42

Communication

0.77

0.29

-0.15

-0.02

0.36

Learner

0.00

0.14

0.38

0.18

0.42

Competition

0.17

-0.17

0.18

0.18

0.31

Maximizer

0.30

0.10

-0.01

0.18

0.33

Connectedness

0.13

0.38

-0.08

0.12

0.41

Positivity

0.53

0.58

-0.17

0.18

0.17

Consistency*

-0.26

-0.01

0.39

-0.24

-0.50 Relator

0.24

0.36

0.28

0.23

0.34

Context

-0.19

-0.16

0.03

0.06

0.14

-0.13

0.25

0.56

0.00

0.12

Deliberative

-0.49

-0.41

0.34

-0.18

-0.03 Restorative

-0.20

0.06

0.03

-0.22

0.04

Developer

0.17

0.65

0.07

0.03

0.02

0.30

0.22

0.12

0.31

0.53

Discipline

-0.19

-0.03

0.81

-0.33

-0.17 Significance

0.24

-0.12

0.19

-0.14

0.23

Empathy

0.12

0.51

-0.09

-0.31

-0.16 Strategic

0.37

0.08

-0.13

0.18

0.70

Focus

0.17

0.19

0.56

0.03

0.22

0.83

0.41

-0.29

-0.01

0.31

Theme

Theme

Responsibility

Self-Assurance

Woo

*Formerly Fairness; **Formerly Inclusiveness
Properties Specific to Culture and Demographic Variables
The measurement properties of the Clifton StrengthsFinder were examined in
relation to cultural, age, and gender variables. First, the average item-total
correlations for each theme were considered across the categories within each
cultural and demographic variable to determine the nature of the relationship
between items and themes across contexts. Second, the correlations among the theme
scores were calculated across the categories within each cultural and demographic
variable to determine the nature of the relationship between themes across contexts.
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Cultural Variables
Two survey responses are considered proxy indicators of culture: (1) the country of
the respondent’s current residence and (2) the language in which the survey was
administered. For each Clifton StrengthsFinder theme, the overall means and
standard deviations of these average item-total correlations across the cultural
categories of a given indicator were calculated, weighted by the sample size of the
cultural category of the indicator. The weighted means and standard deviations of the
average item-total correlations for country of current residence are shown below in
Table 4. Only countries with at least 500 respondents were considered in the
analysis; a total of 25 countries met the sample size criterion. The total sample size
for the country of residence analysis was 536,415 respondents. Examination of Table
4 shows that all of the weighted mean average item-total correlations are in the
positive direction, with relatively small weighted standard deviations.

Table 4. Weighted Means (and Standard Deviations) of Average Item-Total Correlations for Each
Clifton StrengthsFinder Theme across 25 Countries of Residence
Theme
Achiever
Activator
Adaptability
Analytical
Arranger
Belief
Command
Communication
Competition
Connectedness
Consistency*
Context
Deliberative
Developer
Discipline
Empathy
Focus

Mean (std)
0.41 (0.04)
0.30 (0.03)
0.39 (0.03)
0.35 (0.02)
0.25 (0.02)
0.21 (0.03)
0.32 (0.03)
0.35 (0.03)
0.41 (0.04)
0.29 (0.04)
0.31 (0.03)
0.32 (0.04)
0.38 (0.02)
0.29 (0.02)
0.33 (0.02)
0.35 (0.04)
0.33 (0.02)

Theme
Futuristic
Harmony
Ideation
Includer**
Individualization
Input
Intellection
Learner
Maximizer
Positivity
Relator
Responsibility
Restorative
Self-Assurance
Significance
Strategic
Woo

Mean (std)
0.36 (0.03)
0.38 (0.03)
0.32 (0.03)
0.31 (0.01)
0.26 (0.02)
0.26 (0.03)
0.33 (0.02)
0.43 (0.03)
0.38 (0.02)
0.35 (0.02)
0.27 (0.02)
0.30 (0.02)
0.40 (0.02)
0.28 (0.02)
0.29 (0.02)
0.44 (0.03)
0.43 (0.04)

*Formerly Fairness; **Formerly Inclusiveness

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Theme intercorrelation matrices were calculated for all 34 themes within the country
of residence variable. Then the results across the corresponding cells of each matrix
were summarized across all categories of the indicator, in the form of a weighted
mean and weighted standard deviation (i.e., weighted by category sample size). The
results of the theme-to-theme intercorrelations for country of current residence are
presented in Appendix C. Examination of the standard deviations suggests that the
theme-score correlations remained fairly stable across categories; the standard
deviations ranged from .01 to .07, with a mean standard deviation of .03.
Table 5 shows the weighted means and standard deviations of the average item-total
correlations for each Clifton StrengthsFinder theme across 13 of 17 survey
languages. (Only language categories with at least 500 respondents were considered
in the analysis.) The total sample size for the survey language analysis was 599,458
respondents. Examination of Table 5 shows that all of the weighted mean average
item-total correlations are in the positive direction, with relatively small weighted
standard deviations.

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Table 5. Weighted Means (and Standard Deviations) of Average Item-Total Correlations for Each
Clifton StrengthsFinder Theme across 13 Survey Languages
Theme

Mean (std)

Achiever
Activator
Adaptability
Analytical
Arranger
Belief
Command
Communication
Competition
Connectedness
Consistency*
Context
Deliberative
Developer
Discipline
Empathy
Focus

0.41 (0.03)
0.31 (0.02)
0.39 (0.03)
0.36 (0.02)
0.25 (0.02)
0.21 (0.03)
0.32 (0.03)
0.35 (0.02)
0.41 (0.03)
0.29 (0.03)
0.31 (0.02)
0.32 (0.03)
0.38 (0.02)
0.29 (0.02)
0.33 (0.02)
0.35 (0.03)
0.34 (0.02)

Theme
Futuristic
Harmony
Ideation
Includer**
Individualization
Input
Intellection
Learner
Maximizer
Positivity
Relator
Responsibility
Restorative
Self-Assurance
Significance
Strategic
Woo

Mean (std)
0.36 (0.03)
0.37 (0.03)
0.32 (0.03)
0.32 (0.01)
0.26 (0.02)
0.26 (0.03)
0.33 (0.01)
0.43 (0.03)
0.38 (0.02)
0.35 (0.02)
0.27 (0.02)
0.30 (0.02)
0.40 (0.02)
0.28 (0.02)
0.29 (0.02)
0.44 (0.03)
0.43 (0.03)

*Formerly Fairness; **Formerly Inclusiveness

The theme intercorrelation matrix for language is presented in Appendix D.
Examination of the standard deviations suggests that the theme-score correlations
were fairly stable across categories; the standard deviations ranged from .01 to .06,
with a mean standard deviation of .02.

Demographic Variables
Each respondent provides information regarding his or her age and gender prior to
completing the Clifton StrengthsFinder. For analytical purposes, the ages of the
survey respondents were classified into four categories: 15-29 year-olds, 30-44 yearolds, 45-59 year-olds, and those 60 years-of-age and greater. The total sample size
for all four age groups was 540,798 respondents. More specifically, the 15-29 yearolds, 30-44 year-olds, 45-59 year-olds, and those 60 years-of-age and greater had

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182,625 respondents, 231,218 respondents, 117,999 respondents, and 8,956
respondents, respectively.
The average item-total correlations were computed for each Clifton StrengthsFinder
theme within each age category, then a weighted mean of the average item-total
correlations were computed across the four age groups. Table 6 presents the
weighted means and weighted standard deviations for each theme. All of the
weighted means are positive, with relatively small standard deviations.

Table 6. Weighted Means (and Standard Deviations) of Average Item-Total Correlations for Each
Clifton StrengthsFinder Theme across Four Age Groups
Theme

Mean (std)

Achiever
Activator
Adaptability
Analytical
Arranger
Belief
Command
Communication
Competition
Connectedness
Consistency*
Context
Deliberative
Developer
Discipline
Empathy
Focus

0.41 (0.03)
0.31 (0.02)
0.39 (0.01)
0.36 (0.00)
0.25 (0.01)
0.21 (0.00)
0.32 (0.01)
0.35 (0.00)
0.40 (0.01)
0.28 (0.02)
0.30 (0.03)
0.31 (0.01)
0.38 (0.01)
0.29 (0.01)
0.33 (0.00)
0.35 (0.01)
0.34 (0.00)

Theme
Futuristic
Harmony
Ideation
Includer**
Individualization
Input
Intellection
Learner
Maximizer
Positivity
Relator
Responsibility
Restorative
Self-Assurance
Significance
Strategic
Woo

Mean (std)
0.36 (0.02)
0.37 (0.03)
0.32 (0.02)
0.31 (0.01)
0.25 (0.01)
0.26 (0.01)
0.32 (0.01)
0.43 (0.01)
0.37 (0.03)
0.35 (0.00)
0.28 (0.00)
0.31 (0.01)
0.39 (0.01)
0.29 (0.01)
0.29 (0.00)
0.45 (0.01)
0.43 (0.01)

*Formerly Fairness; **Formerly Inclusiveness

Examination of the average item-total correlations for each theme across age
categories shows that the basic item-to-theme relationships are positive and stable.
The 34 theme scores were intercorrelated for each of the four age groups separately.
Next, the results across the four individual age correlation matrices were aggregated
by calculating the weighted means and standard deviations of the theme correlations
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in corresponding cells of each of the matrices. Examination of the standard
deviations suggests that the theme-score correlations remained fairly stable across
categories; the standard deviations ranged from .00 to .09, with a mean standard
deviation of .02. (Appendix E presents relevant data.)
The gender of the respondents also was examined with respect to average item-total
theme-score correlations. The average item-total correlations computed for 301,877
male respondents are presented in Table 7 subsequently. All of the average item-total
correlations were in a positive direction. The average item-total correlations
computed for 249,196 female respondents are presented in Table 8. Similar to the
male respondents, all of the average item-total correlations were positive.

Table 7. Average Item-Total Correlations for Each Clifton StrengthsFinder Theme for Male
Respondents
Theme
Achiever
Activator
Adaptability
Analytical
Arranger
Belief
Command
Communication
Competition
Connectedness
Consistency*
Context
Deliberative
Developer
Discipline
Empathy
Focus

Mean
0.42
0.30
0.40
0.36
0.26
0.22
0.31
0.35
0.40
0.27
0.30
0.32
0.38
0.27
0.33
0.29
0.35

Theme
Futuristic
Harmony
Ideation
Includer**
Individualization
Input
Intellection
Learner
Maximizer
Positivity
Relator
Responsibility
Restorative
Self-Assurance
Significance
Strategic
Woo

Mean
0.36
0.35
0.31
0.31
0.26
0.25
0.33
0.44
0.39
0.34
0.28
0.32
0.41
0.28
0.29
0.44
0.43

*Formerly Fairness; **Formerly Inclusiveness

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Table 8. Average Item-Total Correlations for Each Clifton StrengthsFinder Theme for Female
Respondents
Theme

Mean

Achiever
Activator
Adaptability
Analytical
Arranger
Belief
Command
Communication
Competition
Connectedness
Consistency*
Context
Deliberative
Developer
Discipline
Empathy
Focus

0.41
0.30
0.38
0.34
0.24
0.20
0.31
0.36
0.37
0.31
0.32
0.29
0.38
0.30
0.34
0.35
0.32

Theme
Futuristic
Harmony
Ideation
Includer**
Individualization
Input
Intellection
Learner
Maximizer
Positivity
Relator
Responsibility
Restorative
Self-Assurance
Significance
Strategic
Woo

Mean
0.36
0.39
0.33
0.32
0.26
0.26
0.33
0.43
0.38
0.35
0.28
0.30
0.39
0.29
0.28
0.46
0.43

*Formerly Fairness; **Formerly Inclusiveness

The correlations of the 34 theme scores were computed for the male and female
respondents. Despite some high correlations in both gender tables, the evidence
suggests that none of the themes are completely redundant. (Theme intercorrelation
matrices for males and females are presented in Appendix F and Appendix G,
respectively.)

Validity Summary
The average item-total correlations and theme-score intercorrelations were examined
for the entire Clifton StrengthsFinder database, as well as for subsamples stratified
by cultural indicators, age, and gender. Overall, the results suggest that items relate
to their respective themes in a consistently positive manner. In addition, the analysis
of the average item-cross total correlations suggests, as expected, that items have a

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higher positive relationship with their assigned themes than with other themes. The
examination of the theme-score intercorrelations suggests the absence of complete
redundancy among themes. This lends support to the notion that each of the 34
themes provides unique information for evaluation purposes.
Evidence provided by Gallup researchers suggests that the structure of talent
measured by the Clifton StrengthsFinder does not vary across cultures and
demographic variables. The average item-to-theme correlation is quite similar across
countries. The standard deviation of the correlations across countries is .03 and
ranges from .01 to .04 across themes. Across languages, similar results were
obtained, with an average standard deviation of the correlations across languages of
.02 and range from .01 to .03. With regard to theme intercorrelations, the standard
deviation across countries averaged .03 with range of .01 to .07 across the 561 theme
intercorrelations. Across languages, the standard deviation averaged .02, with range
from .01 to .06. Regarding the age and gender of Clifton StrengthsFinder
respondents, the average item-to-theme correlation is quite similar across age groups.
Average standard deviation of the correlations is .02 and ranges from .00 to .09
across themes. Differences in item-total correlations between genders range from .00
to .06 across themes.
Finally, a study correlating Clifton StrengthsFinder themes with the Big 5 constructs
provided initial evidence for the measure’s convergent and discriminant validity.
That is, the Clifton StrengthsFinder and personality variables were not redundant and
were generally associated as hypothesized.

Application: Strengths-Based Development
The Clifton StrengthsFinder identifies the areas where the greatest potential for
strength development exists, and the measure often is used as a starting point for
self-discovery in Gallup strengths-based development programs. After a respondent
has completed the assessment and talent feedback is provided, a group of
developmental suggestions is customized to the individual’s Signature Themes and to
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his or her role to help him or her integrate talents into personalized views of self. As
the identification and integration stages of strengths development unfold, behavioral
change is encouraged. Specifically, the strengths-based development process
encourages individuals to build strengths by acquiring skills (i.e., basic abilities) and
knowledge (i.e., what you know, including facts and meaning-making from
experiences) that can complement their greatest talents in strong – consistently nearperfect – application to specific tasks.
Successful strengths-based development results in desired behavioral change (Clifton
& Harter, 2003; Hodges & Clifton, 2004). Indeed, Gallup (Black, 2001; Connelly,
2002; Krueger, 2004) reports that client-sponsored studies have provided evidence
that strengths-based development relates to various positive outcomes, including
increases in employee engagement and productivity. Furthermore, managers who
create environments in which employees are able to make the most of their talents
have more productive work units with less employee turnover (Clifton & Harter,
2003). Studies also show that strengths-based development increases self-confidence,
direction, hope, and altruism (Hodges & Clifton, 2004) in college students. Ongoing
research continues to explore the benefits of strengths-based development on desired
outcomes in both work and academic settings.

Closing Comments
Since 1998, the Clifton StrengthsFinder has been used as Gallup’s talent
identification tool in development programs with various academic institutions,
faith-based organizations, major businesses, and other organizations. For these
purposes, the measure has adequate internal consistency, stability, validity, and crosscultural applicability.4 As mentioned previously, Gallup researchers plan to continue
to examine the psychometric properties of the measure and modify it based on
research findings.
The measure has been used to facilitate the development of individuals across dozens
of roles including: student, teacher, manager, customer service representative,
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salesperson, administrative assistant, nurse, lawyer, pastor, leader, and school
administrator. Strengths-based development programs, grounded in traditional Gallup
practices, are now being refined based on the principles of positive psychology, the
scientific study of and evidence-based promotion of optimal human functioning (as
summarized in Cameron, Dutton, & Quinn, 2003; Keyes & Haidt, 2003; Linley &
Joseph, 2004; Lopez & Snyder, 2003; Snyder & Lopez, 2002). The productive
collaboration between Gallup and positive psychology hopefully will lead to refined
and new measures and programs (both characterized by rigor and relevance) that will
continue to generate more answers to the question “What would happen if we
studied what is right with people?”

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References
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National Council on Measurement in Education (AERA/APA/NCME). (1999).
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Black, B. (2001). The road to recovery. Gallup Management Journal, 1 (4), 10-12.
Buckingham, M., & Clifton, D. O. (2000). Now, discover your strengths. New York:
Free Press.
Cameron, K. S., Dutton, J. E., & Quinn, R. E. (Eds.). (2003). Positive organizational
scholarship. San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler.
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address presented to the 8th Annual Life Agency Management Program. Boston,
Mass.
Clifton, D. O. (1975). Interaction is: Where the action is. A reprint of a report
prepared by Donald O. Clifton and presented at the 1972 Chartered Life
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San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler.
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Connelly, J. (2002). All together now. Gallup Management Journal, 2 (1), 13-18.
Dodge, G. W., & Clifton, D. O. (1956). Teacher-pupil rapport and student teacher
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Littlefield.
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Harter, J. K., Hayes, T. L., & Schmidt, F. L. (2004). Meta-analytic predictive validity
of Gallup Selection Research Instruments [technical report]. Omaha, NE: The Gallup
Organization.
Harter, J. K., & Hodges, T. D. (2003) Construct validity study: StrengthsFinder and
the Five Factor Model [technical report]. Omaha, NE: The Gallup Organization.
Hodges, T. D., & Clifton, D. O. (2004). Strengths-based development in practice. In
A. Linley & S. Joseph (Eds.), Handbook of positive psychology in practice.
Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley and Sons, Inc.
Keyes, C. L. M., & Haidt, J. (Eds.). (2003). Flourishing: Positive psychology and the
life well-lived. Washington, DC: APA.
Krueger, J. (2004, November). How Marriott Vacation Club International engages
talent. Gallup Management Journal, 4.
Linley, A., & Joseph, S. (Eds.). (2004). Positive psychology in practice. Hoboken,
NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Lopez, S. J., & Snyder, C. R. (Eds.). 2003. Positive psychological assessment: A
handbook of models and measures. Washington, DC: American Psychological
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McCrae, R. R., & Costa, P. T. (1987). Validation of the five-factor model of
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Temperament, personality, and life span development. Journal of Personality and
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Plake, B. (1999). An investigation of ipsativity and multicollinearity properties of the
StrengthsFinder Instrument [technical report]. Lincoln, NE: The Gallup
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Schmidt, F. L., & Rader, M. (1999). Exploring the boundary conditions for interview
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Footnotes

1

In January 2003, Dr. Clifton was awarded an American Psychological Association

presidential commendation in recognition of his pioneering role in strengths-based
psychology. The commendation states, “Whereas, living out the vision that life and
work could be about building what is best and highest, not just about correcting
weaknesses, [Clifton] became the father of Strengths-Based Psychology and the
grandfather of Positive Psychology.”
2

Ipsativity is a mathematical term that refers to an aspect of a data matrix, such as a

set of scores. A data matrix is said to be ipsative when the sum of the scores for each
respondent is a constant. More generally, ipsativity refers to a set of scores that
define a person in particular but is comparable between persons only in a very
limited way. For example, if you rank-ordered your favorite colors and someone else
rank-ordered his or her favorite colors, one could not compare the intensity of
preference for any particular color due to ipsativity; only the ranking could be
compared.
3

Theme combinations are rare and powerful. There are 278,256 possible unique

combinations of Signature Themes, and 33.39 million different permutations with
unique order can exist.
4

Reliability and validity evidence summarized in this manuscript was gathered on

numerous samples. The samples were introduced in the paper in this order: 601,049
members of the total sample at time of some analyses, 300 consumer interviewers,
106 college students, 297 undergraduate business students, 536,415 members of the
total sample (601,049) who met criteria for country of origin analysis, 599,458
members who met criteria for the language analysis, 540,798 members who met
criteria for the age analysis, 301,877 for males, and 249,196 for females. The
demographic items on the Clifton StrengthsFinder are optional items and some
selection criteria were used in constructing samples. Therefore, the samples for some
of the analyses associated with demographic variables are subsets of the total sample
(601,049).
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Appendix A
Brief Descriptions of the 34 Themes of Talent Measured by the
Clifton StrengthsFinder
Achiever
People especially talented in the Achiever theme have a great deal of stamina and
work hard. They take great satisfaction from being busy and productive.
Activator
People especially talented in the Activator theme can make things happen by turning
thoughts into action. They are often impatient.
Adaptability
People especially talented in the Adaptability theme prefer to "go with the flow."
They tend to be "now" people who take things as they come and discover the future
one day at a time.
Analytical
People especially talented in the Analytical theme search for reasons and causes.
They have the ability to think about all the factors that might affect a situation.
Arranger
People especially talented in the Arranger theme can organize, but they also have a
flexibility that complements this ability. They like to figure out how all of the pieces
and resources can be arranged for maximum productivity.
Belief
People especially talented in the Belief theme have certain core values that are
unchanging. Out of these values emerges a defined purpose for their life.
Command
People especially talented in the Command theme have presence. They can take
control of a situation and make decisions.
Communication
People especially talented in the Communication theme generally find it easy to put
their thoughts into words. They are good conversationalists and presenters.
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Competition
People especially talented in the Competition theme measure their progress against
the performance of others. They strive to win first place and revel in contests.
Connectedness
People especially talented in the Connectedness theme have faith in the links
between all things. They believe there are few coincidences and that almost every
event has a reason.
Consistency
People especially talented in the Consistency theme are keenly aware of the need to
treat people the same. They try to treat everyone in the world with consistency by
setting up clear rules and adhering to them.
Context
People especially talented in the Context theme enjoy thinking about the past. They
understand the present by researching its history.
Deliberative
People especially talented in the Deliberative theme are best described by the serious
care they take in making decisions or choices. They anticipate the obstacles.
Developer
People especially talented in the Developer theme recognize and cultivate the
potential in others. They spot the signs of each small improvement and derive
satisfaction from these improvements.
Discipline
People especially talented in the Discipline theme enjoy routine and structure. Their
world is best described by the order they create.
Empathy
People especially talented in the Empathy theme can sense the feelings of other
people by imagining themselves in others' lives or others' situations.
Focus
People especially talented in the Focus theme can take a direction, follow through,
and make the corrections necessary to stay on track. They prioritize, then act.

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Futuristic
People especially talented in the Futuristic theme are inspired by the future and what
could be. They inspire others with their visions of the future.
Harmony
People especially talented in the Harmony theme look for consensus. They don’t
enjoy conflict; rather, they seek areas of agreement.
Ideation
People especially talented in the Ideation theme are fascinated by ideas. They are
able to find connections between seemingly disparate phenomena.
Includer
People especially talented in the Includer theme are accepting of others. They show
awareness of those who feel left out, and make an effort to include them.
Individualization
People especially talented in the Individualization theme are intrigued with the
unique qualities of each person. They have a gift for figuring out how people who
are different can work together productively.
Input
People especially talented in the Input theme have a craving to know more. Often
they like to collect and archive all kinds of information.
Intellection
People especially talented in the Intellection theme are characterized by their
intellectual activity. They are introspective and appreciate intellectual discussions.
Learner
People especially talented in the Learner theme have a great desire to learn and want
to continuously improve. In particular, the process of learning, rather than the
outcome, excites them.
Maximizer
People especially talented in the Maximizer theme focus on strengths as a way to
stimulate personal and group excellence. They seek to transform something strong
into something superb.

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Positivity
People especially talented in the Positivity theme have an enthusiasm that is
contagious. They are upbeat and can get others excited about what they are going to
do.
Relator
People especially talented in the Relator theme enjoy close relationships with others.
They find deep satisfaction in working hard with friends to achieve a goal.
Responsibility
People especially talented in the Responsibility theme take psychological ownership
of what they say they will do. They are committed to stable values such as honesty
and loyalty.
Restorative
People especially talented in the Restorative theme are adept at dealing with
problems. They are good at figuring out what is wrong and resolving it.
Self-Assurance
People especially talented in the Self-Assurance theme feel confident in their ability
to manage their own lives. They possess an inner compass that gives them
confidence that their decisions are right.
Significance
People especially talented in the Significance theme want to be very important in the
eyes of others. They are independent and want to be recognized.
Strategic
People especially talented in the Strategic theme create alternative ways to proceed.
Faced with any given scenario, they can quickly spot the relevant patterns and issues.
Woo
People especially talented in the Woo theme love the challenge of meeting new
people and winning them over. They derive satisfaction from breaking the ice and
making a connection with another person.

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Analytical

Arranger

Belief

Command

Communication

Competition

Connectedness

Context

Deliberative

Developer

Discipline

Empathy

Consistency*

Focus

Achiever
------Activator
0.35
---Adaptability
-0.24
-0.00
Analytical
0.40
0.18
Arranger
0.47
0.39
Belief
0.31
0.26
Command
0.32
0.67
Communication
0.29
0.57
Competition
0.49
0.44
Connectedness
0.08
0.16
Context
0.11
0.07
Deliberative
0.13
-0.02
Developer
0.05
0.08
Discipline
0.37
0.09
Empathy
-0.19
-0.00
Consistency*
-0.03
-0.16
Focus
0.65
0.39
Futuristic
0.42
0.47
Harmony
-0.10
-0.18
Ideation
0.25
0.45
Includer**
0.14
0.11
Individualization
0.26
0.38
Input
0.23
0.19
Intellection
0.22
0.16
Learner
0.60
0.29
Maximizer
0.22
0.35
Positivity
0.25
0.41
Relator
0.47
0.40
Responsibility
0.45
0.20
Restorative
0.11
0.05
Self-Assurance
0.53
0.51
Significance
0.40
0.45
Strategic
0.42
0.46
Woo
0.31
0.51
*Formerly Fairness; **Formerly Inclusiveness

Adaptability

Activator

THEME

Achiever

Appendix B
Theme-Score Intercorrelations for 601,049 Respondents in the Clifton StrengthsFinder Database

----------0.33
-0.01
0.07
0.03
0.10
-0.17
0.19
0.03
-0.01
0.32
-0.27
0.48
0.18
-0.37
-0.12
0.21
0.08
0.18
0.03
0.06
0.09
-0.20
0.10
0.25
-0.02
-0.02
0.07
-0.06
-0.13
-0.04
0.08

------------0.31
0.19
0.25
0.10
0.33
0.06
0.21
0.45
-0.01
0.55
-0.29
0.12
0.52
0.33
0.06
0.16
-0.00
0.27
0.15
0.24
0.49
0.14
-0.07
0.33
0.43
0.26
0.33
0.44
0.28
0.05

---------------0.40
0.28
0.38
0.25
0.26
0.14
0.07
0.32
0.27
0.06
0.01
0.41
0.37
0.08
0.27
0.21
0.45
0.24
0.18
0.45
0.40
0.46
0.49
0.58
0.09
0.47
0.35
0.34
0.39

------------------0.21
0.27
0.19
0.44
0.15
0.09
0.44
0.27
0.17
0.15
0.31
0.33
0.08
0.17
0.24
0.22
0.22
0.20
0.33
0.19
0.38
0.39
0.57
0.20
0.34
0.26
0.26
0.30

---------------------0.39
0.48
0.13
0.12
0.22
-0.06
0.06
-0.09
-0.19
0.38
0.46
-0.28
0.56
-0.02
0.36
0.28
0.27
0.30
0.32
0.16
0.34
0.16
0.06
0.56
0.44
0.48
0.32

------------------------0.29
0.20
0.08
-0.18
0.21
0.11
0.14
-0.03
0.29
0.36
-0.04
0.36
0.24
0.31
0.24
0.11
0.23
0.30
0.53
0.37
0.22
0.06
0.38
0.33
0.46
0.71

----------------------------0.11
0.10
0.15
-0.13
0.22
-0.22
-0.09
0.48
0.44
-0.16
0.30
0.03
0.27
0.02
0.06
0.25
0.23
0.15
0.30
0.13
0.07
0.44
0.53
0.37
0.30

------------------------------0.19
0.05
0.42
0.10
0.33
0.04
0.08
0.15
0.06
0.25
0.15
0.25
0.41
0.42
0.31
0.19
0.29
0.24
0.28
0.11
0.16
-0.01
0.20
0.18

---------------------------------0.15
0.12
0.14
0.03
0.08
0.13
-0.01
0.08
0.12
0.03
0.14
0.22
0.27
0.25
0.03
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.18
0.10
0.09
0.09
0.05

-------------------------------------0.04
0.35
-0.06
0.17
0.26
0.12
0.12
0.05
-0.34
0.17
0.13
0.32
0.22
0.10
-0.36
0.10
0.27
0.18
0.14
0.26
0.07
-0.30

---------------------------------------0.16
0.61
0.26
0.03
0.06
0.31
0.08
0.33
0.22
0.22
0.20
0.17
0.14
0.53
0.25
0.34
0.22
0.06
-0.07
0.03
0.20

-------------------------------------------0.00
0.43
0.52
0.24
0.28
-0.09
0.10
0.18
0.12
0.21
0.35
0.11
0.06
0.28
0.49
0.23
0.20
0.35
0.10
0.04

---------------------------------------------0.25
-0.17
-0.07
0.31
0.01
0.20
0.14
0.12
0.15
-0.09
0.10
0.37
0.02
0.07
0.10
-0.12
-0.19
-0.09
0.10

------------------------------------------------0.03
-0.14
0.68
-0.40
0.21
-0.19
-0.05
0.03
-0.06
-0.09
0.07
0.02
0.25
0.19
-0.14
0.04
-0.29
-0.10

---------------------------------------------------0.57
-0.04
0.26
0.06
0.33
0.21
0.25
0.57
0.27
0.18
0.43
0.43
0.17
0.51
0.57
0.39
0.27

COPYRIGHT © 2005 THE GALLUP ORGANIZATION, PRINCETON, NJ. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

29

THE GALLUP ORGANIZATION
THE CLIFTON STRENGTHSFINDER

Includer**

Individualization

Input

Intellection

Learner

Maximizer

Positivity

Relator

Responsibility

Restorative

Self-Assurance

Significance

Strategic

Woo

Achiever
------Activator
------Adaptability
------Analytical
------Arranger
------Belief
------Command
------Communication
------Competition
------Connectedness
------Context
------Deliberative
------Developer
------Discipline
------Empathy
------Consistency*
------Focus
------Futuristic
------Harmony
-0.21
---Ideation
0.43
-0.36
Includer**
0.13
0.16
Individualization
0.35
-0.01
Input
0.20
-0.04
Intellection
0.23
0.02
Learner
0.41
-0.07
Maximizer
0.35
-0.03
Positivity
0.32
0.11
Relator
0.43
-0.04
Responsibility
0.29
0.20
Restorative
0.12
0.17
Self-Assurance
0.55
-0.24
Significance
0.48
-0.00
Strategic
0.54
-0.49
Woo
0.38
-0.09
*Formerly Fairness; **Formerly Inclusiveness

Ideation

Harmony

THEME

Futuristic

Appendix B Continued
Theme-Score Intercorrelations for 601,049 Respondents in the Clifton StrengthsFinder Database

------------------------------------------------------------0.07
0.34
0.39
0.39
0.36
0.31
0.26
0.29
0.11
0.04
0.43
0.25
0.51
0.34

----------------------------------------------------------------0.05
0.05
-0.00
0.10
0.06
0.52
0.20
0.18
0.14
0.14
0.01
0.08
0.34

------------------------------------------------------------------0.23
0.23
0.33
0.47
0.25
0.34
0.26
0.02
0.36
0.35
0.34
0.26

---------------------------------------------------------------------0.73
0.56
0.16
0.18
0.23
0.25
0.11
0.24
0.07
0.28
0.16

------------------------------------------------------------------------0.54
0.18
0.08
0.22
0.26
0.16
0.23
0.11
0.27
0.01

---------------------------------------------------------------------------0.22
0.21
0.43
0.47
0.21
0.51
0.29
0.41
0.23

------------------------------------------------------------------------------0.29
0.31
0.19
-0.43
0.48
0.33
0.33
0.26

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------0.43
0.26
0.09
0.33
0.17
0.27
0.70

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------0.51
0.14
0.50
0.34
0.43
0.38

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------0.25
0.38
0.29
0.24
0.20

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------0.00
0.13
0.04
0.07

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------0.46
0.52
0.42

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------0.34
0.30

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------0.40

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

COPYRIGHT © 2005 THE GALLUP ORGANIZATION, PRINCETON, NJ. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

30

THE GALLUP ORGANIZATION
THE CLIFTON STRENGTHSFINDER

Analytical

Arranger

Belief

Command

Communication

Competition

Connectedness

Context

Deliberative

Achiever
------Activator
0.34 (0.03)
---Adaptability
-0.23 (0.04) 0.01 (0.01)
Analytical
0.40 (0.03)
0.18 (0.04)
Arranger
0.46 (0.02)
0.38 (0.02)
Belief
0.30 (0.02)
0.26 (0.02)
Command
0.32 (0.02)
0.67 (0.03)
Communication
0.28 (0.03)
0.57 (0.02)
Competition
0.49 (0.03)
0.44 (0.03)
Connectedness
0.07 (0.03)
0.16 (0.02)
Context
0.11 (0.02)
0.07 (0.02)
Deliberative
0.13 (0.02) -0.02 (0.02)
Developer
0.04 (0.06)
0.08 (0.05)
Discipline
0.37 (0.02)
0.08 (0.03)
Empathy
-0.18 (0.05) 0.00 (0.03)
Consistency*
-0.03 (0.03) -0.16 (0.03)
Focus
0.65 (0.03)
0.39 (0.02)
Futuristic
0.42 (0.03)
0.47 (0.03)
Harmony
-0.09 (0.03) -0.18 (0.03)
Ideation
0.25 (0.02)
0.44 (0.02)
Includer**
0.14 (0.02)
0.11 (0.02)
Individualization
0.26 (0.02)
0.38 (0.02)
Input
0.23 (0.02)
0.19 (0.01)
Intellection
0.23 (0.03)
0.15 (0.02)
Learner
0.59 (0.02)
0.28 (0.02)
Maximizer
0.23 (0.02)
0.35 (0.02)
Positivity
0.24 (0.02)
0.41 (0.02)
Relator
0.46 (0.03)
0.40 (0.02)
Responsibility
0.43 (0.02)
0.19 (0.03)
Restorative
0.11 (0.04)
0.04 (0.03)
Self-Assurance
0.53 (0.03)
0.51 (0.03)
Significance
0.41 (0.04)
0.45 (0.04)
Strategic
0.41 (0.02)
0.46 (0.03)
Woo
0.31 (0.03)
0.50 (0.03)
*Formerly Fairness; **Formerly Inclusiveness

Adaptability

Activator

THEME

Achiever

Appendix C
Weighted Means (and Standard Deviations) of Theme-Score Intercorrelations across 25 Countries of Residence

----------0.31 (0.03)
0.00 (0.03)
0.08 (0.02)
0.03 (0.02)
0.11 (0.02)
-0.17 (0.02)
0.20 (0.02)
0.03 (0.02)
0.00 (0.03)
0.33 (0.04)
-0.26 (0.04)
0.47 (0.02)
0.18 (0.02)
-0.36 (0.04)
-0.11 (0.02)
0.21 (0.01)
0.09 (0.02)
0.18 (0.02)
0.04 (0.02)
0.07 (0.02)
0.09 (0.02)
-0.18 (0.03)
0.11 (0.02)
0.25 (0.02)
0.00 (0.03)
-0.01 (0.04)
0.08 (0.02)
-0.05 (0.03)
-0.12 (0.04)
-0.03 (0.02)
0.09 (0.02)

------------0.31 (0.02)
0.20 (0.03)
0.26 (0.04)
0.09 (0.03)
0.32 (0.03)
0.06 (0.04)
0.22 (0.03)
0.44 (0.03)
-0.02 (0.06)
0.54 (0.02)
-0.28 (0.03)
0.13 (0.03)
0.51 (0.04)
0.32 (0.04)
0.06 (0.03)
0.15 (0.02)
0.00 (0.02)
0.27 (0.02)
0.15 (0.02)
0.24 (0.03)
0.48 (0.02)
0.15 (0.02)
-0.07 (0.04)
0.32 (0.03)
0.42 (0.02)
0.24 (0.02)
0.33 (0.03)
0.43 (0.04)
0.27 (0.03)
0.04 (0.04)

---------------0.40 (0.02)
0.28 (0.02)
0.38 (0.02)
0.24 (0.02)
0.25 (0.03)
0.14 (0.02)
0.07 (0.03)
0.32 (0.04)
0.27 (0.02)
0.08 (0.03)
0.01 (0.02)
0.41 (0.02)
0.36 (0.02)
0.09 (0.02)
0.27 (0.02)
0.21 (0.02)
0.46 (0.02)
0.24 (0.02)
0.19 (0.03)
0.44 (0.03)
0.41 (0.02)
0.46 (0.01)
0.48 (0.02)
0.57 (0.01)
0.09 (0.03)
0.47 (0.03)
0.35 (0.02)
0.32 (0.02)
0.38 (0.02)

------------------0.21 (0.02)
0.27 (0.02)
0.19 (0.03)
0.43 (0.03)
0.16 (0.01)
0.11 (0.03)
0.44 (0.01)
0.27 (0.03)
0.17 (0.02)
0.14 (0.03)
0.32 (0.03)
0.34 (0.02)
0.09 (0.03)
0.19 (0.03)
0.23 (0.03)
0.23 (0.02)
0.22 (0.01)
0.21 (0.03)
0.34 (0.02)
0.20 (0.02)
0.37 (0.03)
0.38 (0.02)
0.56 (0.02)
0.21 (0.02)
0.34 (0.02)
0.27 (0.03)
0.26 (0.02)
0.30 (0.02)

---------------------0.39 (0.03)
0.49 (0.03)
0.12 (0.02)
0.12 (0.02)
0.23 (0.02)
-0.06 (0.05)
0.07 (0.03)
-0.08 (0.05)
-0.19 (0.03)
0.39 (0.02)
0.46 (0.03)
-0.27 (0.04)
0.57 (0.03)
-0.02 (0.02)
0.37 (0.02)
0.27 (0.02)
0.27 (0.02)
0.30 (0.02)
0.32 (0.02)
0.16 (0.02)
0.34 (0.02)
0.16 (0.02)
0.07 (0.03)
0.56 (0.03)
0.45 (0.04)
0.48 (0.04)
0.32 (0.03)

------------------------0.29 (0.02)
0.20 (0.02)
0.08 (0.02)
-0.19 (0.03)
0.21 (0.03)
0.11 (0.03)
0.14 (0.01)
-0.02 (0.03)
0.29 (0.02)
0.36 (0.02)
-0.03 (0.03)
0.36 (0.02)
0.24 (0.02)
0.31 (0.01)
0.24 (0.02)
0.11 (0.02)
0.23 (0.03)
0.30 (0.02)
0.53 (0.02)
0.36 (0.01)
0.22 (0.02)
0.06 (0.03)
0.38 (0.02)
0.34 (0.02)
0.45 (0.02)
0.70 (0.03)

----------------------------0.12 (0.04)
0.09 (0.03)
0.14 (0.01)
-0.14 (0.05)
0.21 (0.03)
-0.22 (0.03)
-0.10 (0.04)
0.48 (0.02)
0.44 (0.02)
-0.16 (0.04)
0.30 (0.02)
0.03 (0.01)
0.27 (0.02)
0.01 (0.03)
0.06 (0.04)
0.24 (0.02)
0.23 (0.02)
0.15 (0.02)
0.29 (0.02)
0.12 (0.02)
0.07 (0.03)
0.44 (0.02)
0.53 (0.03)
0.37 (0.03)
0.30 (0.02)

------------------------------0.19 (0.02)
0.06 (0.02)
0.42 (0.03)
0.09 (0.04)
0.34 (0.03)
0.03 (0.03)
0.08 (0.03)
0.15 (0.03)
0.06 (0.03)
0.26 (0.02)
0.15 (0.03)
0.26 (0.03)
0.41 (0.03)
0.43 (0.03)
0.31 (0.02)
0.19 (0.03)
0.29 (0.03)
0.24 (0.02)
0.28 (0.03)
0.11 (0.02)
0.16 (0.03)
-0.01 (0.04)
0.20 (0.02)
0.18 (0.03)

---------------------------------0.15 (0.01)
0.12 (0.02)
0.14 (0.02)
0.03 (0.03)
0.08 (0.02)
0.13 (0.02)
-0.01 (0.03)
0.08 (0.02)
0.12 (0.02)
0.03 (0.02)
0.15 (0.02)
0.23 (0.02)
0.27 (0.02)
0.26 (0.02)
0.03 (0.02)
0.06 (0.02)
0.10 (0.02)
0.15 (0.01)
0.18 (0.01)
0.09 (0.03)
0.09 (0.02)
0.09 (0.02)
0.05 (0.02)

-------------------------------------0.04 (0.03)
0.34 (0.02)
-0.05 (0.03)
0.17 (0.02)
0.25 (0.02)
0.11 (0.02)
0.12 (0.02)
0.04 (0.02)
-0.34 (0.02)
0.17 (0.02)
0.13 (0.02)
0.32 (0.02)
0.21 (0.02)
0.10 (0.02)
-0.36 (0.03)
0.10 (0.03)
0.27 (0.02)
0.17 (0.01)
0.13 (0.02)
0.25 (0.02)
0.07 (0.02)
-0.30 (0.04)

COPYRIGHT © 2005 THE GALLUP ORGANIZATION, PRINCETON, NJ. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

31

THE GALLUP ORGANIZATION
THE CLIFTON STRENGTHSFINDER

Consistency*

Focus

Futuristic

Harmony

Ideation

Includer**

Individualization

Input

Intellection

Achiever
------Activator
------Adaptability
------Analytical
------Arranger
------Belief
------Command
------Communication
------Competition
------Connectedness
------Context
------Deliberative
------Developer
------Discipline
0.16 (0.02)
---Empathy
0.62 (0.04)
0.01 (0.01)
Consistency*
0.26 (0.04)
0.43 (0.05)
Focus
0.02 (0.06)
0.51 (0.03)
Futuristic
0.06 (0.05)
0.23 (0.04)
Harmony
0.32 (0.04)
0.29 (0.03)
Ideation
0.08 (0.05) -0.10 (0.07)
Includer**
0.32 (0.02)
0.10 (0.02)
Individualization
0.22 (0.02)
0.18 (0.03)
Input
0.22 (0.02)
0.12 (0.03)
Intellection
0.21 (0.02)
0.21 (0.04)
Learner
0.17 (0.05)
0.34 (0.04)
Maximizer
0.14 (0.02)
0.11 (0.03)
Positivity
0.53 (0.02)
0.07 (0.03)
Relator
0.25 (0.04)
0.27 (0.03)
Responsibility
0.34 (0.02)
0.48 (0.01)
Restorative
0.21 (0.03)
0.22 (0.02)
Self-Assurance
0.06 (0.05)
0.20 (0.03)
Significance
-0.07 (0.05) 0.34 (0.02)
Strategic
0.03 (0.05)
0.10 (0.04)
Woo
0.20 (0.04)
0.04 (0.04)
*Formerly Fairness; **Formerly Inclusiveness

Empathy

Discipline

THEME

Developer

Appendix C Continued
Weighted Means (and Standard Deviations) of Theme-Score Intercorrelations across 25 Countries of Residence

---------------------------------------------0.25 (0.02)
-0.17 (0.04)
-0.07 (0.04)
0.31 (0.03)
0.01 (0.03)
0.20 (0.01)
0.14 (0.02)
0.13 (0.02)
0.15 (0.02)
-0.08 (0.04)
0.11 (0.02)
0.37 (0.02)
0.03 (0.04)
0.08 (0.02)
0.10 (0.03)
-0.11 (0.04)
-0.19 (0.04)
-0.09 (0.03)
0.10 (0.03)

------------------------------------------------0.03 (0.03)
-0.14 (0.04)
0.68 (0.03)
-0.40 (0.05)
0.22 (0.03)
-0.19 (0.02)
-0.04 (0.04)
0.03 (0.03)
-0.05 (0.04)
-0.08 (0.02)
0.08 (0.03)
0.02 (0.03)
0.25 (0.02)
0.19 (0.02)
-0.13 (0.04)
0.04 (0.03)
-0.28 (0.04)
-0.10 (0.04)

---------------------------------------------------0.56 (0.02)
-0.04 (0.03)
0.25 (0.03)
0.07 (0.02)
0.32 (0.02)
0.20 (0.02)
0.25 (0.02)
0.57 (0.01)
0.27 (0.02)
0.19 (0.02)
0.43 (0.02)
0.43 (0.02)
0.16 (0.04)
0.51 (0.02)
0.57 (0.03)
0.38 (0.02)
0.27 (0.02)

-------------------------------------------------------0.21 (0.04)
0.42 (0.02)
0.13 (0.02)
0.35 (0.02)
0.20 (0.02)
0.23 (0.02)
0.41 (0.02)
0.35 (0.02)
0.33 (0.02)
0.43 (0.03)
0.28 (0.03)
0.12 (0.04)
0.55 (0.03)
0.48 (0.02)
0.54 (0.03)
0.38 (0.02)

----------------------------------------------------------0.36 (0.05)
0.16 (0.02)
-0.01 (0.02)
-0.03 (0.04)
0.02 (0.03)
-0.07 (0.04)
-0.03 (0.02)
0.12 (0.02)
-0.03 (0.03)
0.21 (0.02)
0.17 (0.02)
-0.23 (0.04)
-0.01 (0.03)
-0.49 (0.03)
-0.09 (0.04)

------------------------------------------------------------0.07 (0.02)
0.33 (0.02)
0.38 (0.03)
0.39 (0.01)
0.35 (0.01)
0.31 (0.02)
0.27 (0.02)
0.30 (0.02)
0.11 (0.03)
0.03 (0.03)
0.43 (0.02)
0.24 (0.01)
0.51 (0.04)
0.34 (0.02)

----------------------------------------------------------------0.05 (0.02)
0.05 (0.02)
0.00 (0.03)
0.10 (0.02)
0.06 (0.01)
0.52 (0.02)
0.20 (0.02)
0.18 (0.02)
0.13 (0.02)
0.14 (0.02)
0.01 (0.02)
0.08 (0.02)
0.34 (0.02)

------------------------------------------------------------------0.23 (0.02)
0.23 (0.02)
0.33 (0.02)
0.47 (0.02)
0.25 (0.02)
0.34 (0.02)
0.25 (0.02)
0.02 (0.02)
0.36 (0.02)
0.35 (0.01)
0.33 (0.02)
0.26 (0.02)

---------------------------------------------------------------------0.73 (0.02)
0.56 (0.02)
0.16 (0.01)
0.18 (0.02)
0.23 (0.02)
0.25 (0.02)
0.11 (0.01)
0.23 (0.02)
0.07 (0.03)
0.27 (0.03)
0.15 (0.02)

------------------------------------------------------------------------0.55 (0.01)
0.18 (0.02)
0.08 (0.03)
0.22 (0.02)
0.27 (0.02)
0.16 (0.01)
0.23 (0.03)
0.11 (0.03)
0.27 (0.02)
0.01 (0.04)

COPYRIGHT © 2005 THE GALLUP ORGANIZATION, PRINCETON, NJ. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

32

THE GALLUP ORGANIZATION
THE CLIFTON STRENGTHSFINDER

Relator

Responsibility

Restorative

Self-Assurance

Significance

Strategic

Woo

Achiever
------Activator
------Adaptability
------Analytical
------Arranger
------Belief
------Command
------Communication
------Competition
------Connectedness
------Context
------Deliberative
------Developer
------Discipline
------Empathy
------Consistency*
------Focus
------Futuristic
------Harmony
------Ideation
------Includer**
------Individualization
------Input
------Intellection
------Learner
------Maximizer
0.22 (0.02)
---Positivity
0.21 (0.03)
0.30 (0.03)
Relator
0.42 (0.02)
0.32 (0.02)
Responsibility
0.46 (0.02)
0.20 (0.01)
Restorative
0.20 (0.03)
-0.43 (0.02)
Self-Assurance
0.50 (0.02)
0.48 (0.02)
Significance
0.29 (0.02)
0.33 (0.01)
Strategic
0.40 (0.02)
0.33 (0.02)
Woo
0.23 (0.03)
0.26 (0.02)
*Formerly Fairness; **Formerly Inclusiveness

Positivity

Maximizer

THEME

Learner

Appendix C Continued
Weighted Means (and Standard Deviations) of Theme-Score Intercorrelations across 25 Countries of Residence

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------0.43 (0.02)
0.26 (0.02)
0.09 (0.04)
0.33 (0.02)
0.18 (0.02)
0.26 (0.02)
0.69 (0.01)

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------0.50 (0.02)
0.14 (0.03)
0.49 (0.03)
0.35 (0.03)
0.42 (0.02)
0.37 (0.02)

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------0.25 (0.02)
0.37 (0.02)
0.30 (0.03)
0.23 (0.02)
0.19 (0.03)

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------0.00 (0.03)
0.13 (0.02)
0.03 (0.04)
0.06 (0.04)

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------0.46 (0.03)
0.52 (0.03)
0.42 (0.03)

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------0.35 (0.03)
0.30 (0.02)

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------0.40 (0.02)

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

COPYRIGHT © 2005 THE GALLUP ORGANIZATION, PRINCETON, NJ. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

33

THE GALLUP ORGANIZATION
THE CLIFTON STRENGTHSFINDER

Analytical

Arranger

Belief

Command

Communication

Competition

Connectedness

Context

Deliberative

Achiever
------Activator
0.34 (0.02)
---Adaptability
-0.23 (0.03) 0.01 (0.01)
Analytical
0.40 (0.03)
0.17 (0.03)
Arranger
0.46 (0.02)
0.38 (0.02)
Belief
0.30 (0.01)
0.26 (0.02)
Command
0.32 (0.02)
0.67 (0.02)
Communication
0.28 (0.02)
0.57 (0.02)
Competition
0.49 (0.02)
0.44 (0.02)
Connectedness
0.07 (0.03)
0.16 (0.02)
Context
0.11 (0.02)
0.07 (0.02)
Deliberative
0.13 (0.02) -0.02 (0.02)
Developer
0.04 (0.06)
0.08 (0.05)
Discipline
0.37 (0.02)
0.08 (0.01)
Empathy
-0.18 (0.05) 0.00 (0.03)
Consistency*
-0.02 (0.02) -0.16 (0.02)
Focus
0.65 (0.03)
0.39 (0.01)
Futuristic
0.42 (0.03)
0.47 (0.03)
Harmony
-0.09 (0.03) -0.18 (0.02)
Ideation
0.25 (0.02)
0.45 (0.02)
Includer**
0.14 (0.02)
0.11 (0.02)
Individualization
0.26 (0.02)
0.38 (0.02)
Input
0.23 (0.02)
0.19 (0.01)
Intellection
0.23 (0.02)
0.16 (0.02)
Learner
0.59 (0.02)
0.28 (0.01)
Maximizer
0.23 (0.02)
0.35 (0.01)
Positivity
0.24 (0.02)
0.41 (0.02)
Relator
0.46 (0.02)
0.40 (0.02)
Responsibility
0.43 (0.02)
0.19 (0.01)
Restorative
0.11 (0.04)
0.04 (0.03)
Self-Assurance
0.53 (0.02)
0.51 (0.03)
Significance
0.41 (0.03)
0.45 (0.03)
Strategic
0.41 (0.02)
0.46 (0.02)
Woo
0.30 (0.03)
0.50 (0.02)
*Formerly Fairness; **Formerly Inclusiveness

Adaptability

Activator

THEME

Achiever

Appendix D
Weighted Means (and Standard Deviations) of Theme-Score Intercorrelations across 13 Survey Languages

----------0.32 (0.03)
0.00 (0.02)
0.08 (0.02)
0.03 (0.02)
0.11 (0.02)
-0.17 (0.01)
0.20 (0.02)
0.03 (0.02)
0.00 (0.03)
0.33 (0.04)
-0.27 (0.04)
0.48 (0.02)
0.18 (0.02)
-0.37 (0.04)
-0.11 (0.02)
0.21 (0.01)
0.09 (0.01)
0.18 (0.01)
0.04 (0.02)
0.07 (0.01)
0.09 (0.02)
-0.19 (0.02)
0.10 (0.01)
0.26 (0.02)
-0.01 (0.03)
-0.01 (0.03)
0.07 (0.02)
-0.05 (0.02)
-0.13 (0.04)
-0.03 (0.02)
0.09 (0.02)

------------0.31 (0.02)
0.20 (0.03)
0.26 (0.03)
0.09 (0.02)
0.33 (0.02)
0.06 (0.04)
0.21 (0.03)
0.45 (0.02)
-0.02 (0.05)
0.54 (0.01)
-0.29 (0.03)
0.12 (0.03)
0.52 (0.05)
0.32 (0.03)
0.06 (0.03)
0.15 (0.02)
0.00 (0.02)
0.27 (0.02)
0.15 (0.02)
0.24 (0.02)
0.48 (0.02)
0.15 (0.01)
-0.08 (0.03)
0.32 (0.02)
0.43 (0.01)
0.25 (0.02)
0.33 (0.02)
0.43 (0.04)
0.27 (0.03)
0.04 (0.03)

---------------0.40 (0.02)
0.28 (0.02)
0.38 (0.02)
0.25 (0.01)
0.25 (0.02)
0.14 (0.02)
0.07 (0.02)
0.32 (0.04)
0.27 (0.01)
0.07 (0.03)
0.01 (0.02)
0.41 (0.01)
0.36 (0.02)
0.09 (0.02)
0.27 (0.01)
0.21 (0.02)
0.45 (0.02)
0.24 (0.02)
0.19 (0.03)
0.44 (0.02)
0.41 (0.02)
0.46 (0.01)
0.48 (0.02)
0.57 (0.02)
0.09 (0.02)
0.47 (0.02)
0.36 (0.02)
0.33 (0.01)
0.38 (0.02)

------------------0.21 (0.02)
0.26 (0.02)
0.18 (0.03)
0.43 (0.03)
0.16 (0.01)
0.10 (0.03)
0.44 (0.01)
0.27 (0.02)
0.18 (0.01)
0.15 (0.02)
0.32 (0.03)
0.33 (0.02)
0.09 (0.02)
0.18 (0.02)
0.23 (0.02)
0.23 (0.01)
0.22 (0.01)
0.21 (0.02)
0.33 (0.02)
0.20 (0.02)
0.37 (0.03)
0.38 (0.02)
0.56 (0.02)
0.21 (0.02)
0.34 (0.02)
0.27 (0.03)
0.25 (0.01)
0.30 (0.02)

---------------------0.39 (0.02)
0.49 (0.02)
0.13 (0.03)
0.12 (0.01)
0.23 (0.01)
-0.06 (0.05)
0.07 (0.02)
-0.08 (0.04)
-0.19 (0.02)
0.38 (0.02)
0.46 (0.03)
-0.27 (0.03)
0.57 (0.02)
-0.02 (0.02)
0.37 (0.01)
0.28 (0.02)
0.27 (0.02)
0.30 (0.02)
0.33 (0.01)
0.15 (0.01)
0.34 (0.02)
0.16 (0.01)
0.07 (0.02)
0.56 (0.02)
0.45 (0.03)
0.48 (0.04)
0.32 (0.03)

------------------------0.29 (0.01)
0.20 (0.02)
0.08 (0.02)
-0.19 (0.02)
0.21 (0.03)
0.10 (0.02)
0.14 (0.01)
-0.03 (0.03)
0.28 (0.02)
0.36 (0.02)
-0.04 (0.03)
0.36 (0.01)
0.24 (0.02)
0.31 (0.01)
0.24 (0.02)
0.11 (0.02)
0.23 (0.02)
0.30 (0.01)
0.53 (0.02)
0.36 (0.01)
0.21 (0.02)
0.05 (0.03)
0.37 (0.02)
0.34 (0.01)
0.45 (0.02)
0.70 (0.02)

----------------------------0.11 (0.04)
0.09 (0.02)
0.14 (0.01)
-0.14 (0.04)
0.21 (0.02)
-0.22 (0.03)
-0.10 (0.03)
0.47 (0.02)
0.44 (0.02)
-0.16 (0.03)
0.30 (0.02)
0.03 (0.01)
0.27 (0.01)
0.02 (0.03)
0.06 (0.03)
0.24 (0.02)
0.23 (0.02)
0.14 (0.01)
0.29 (0.02)
0.12 (0.01)
0.07 (0.03)
0.44 (0.02)
0.53 (0.02)
0.37 (0.03)
0.29 (0.02)

------------------------------0.19 (0.02)
0.06 (0.02)
0.42 (0.02)
0.10 (0.03)
0.34 (0.03)
0.04 (0.02)
0.09 (0.03)
0.16 (0.02)
0.07 (0.02)
0.25 (0.03)
0.15 (0.02)
0.26 (0.02)
0.41 (0.03)
0.43 (0.03)
0.31 (0.02)
0.19 (0.02)
0.29 (0.02)
0.24 (0.02)
0.28 (0.02)
0.11 (0.02)
0.16 (0.02)
-0.01 (0.03)
0.20 (0.02)
0.18 (0.02)

---------------------------------0.15 (0.01)
0.12 (0.02)
0.14 (0.02)
0.03 (0.02)
0.08 (0.01)
0.13 (0.02)
-0.01 (0.03)
0.08 (0.02)
0.12 (0.02)
0.03 (0.01)
0.15 (0.01)
0.23 (0.01)
0.27 (0.01)
0.26 (0.02)
0.03 (0.02)
0.06 (0.01)
0.10 (0.02)
0.15 (0.01)
0.18 (0.01)
0.10 (0.02)
0.09 (0.02)
0.09 (0.02)
0.05 (0.02)

-------------------------------------0.04 (0.03)
0.34 (0.01)
-0.06 (0.03)
0.17 (0.02)
0.26 (0.02)
0.11 (0.02)
0.11 (0.01)
0.04 (0.02)
-0.34 (0.02)
0.17 (0.01)
0.13 (0.02)
0.32 (0.02)
0.21 (0.02)
0.10 (0.02)
-0.36 (0.02)
0.10 (0.02)
0.27 (0.02)
0.17 (0.01)
0.14 (0.02)
0.25 (0.02)
0.07 (0.02)
-0.31 (0.03)

COPYRIGHT © 2005 THE GALLUP ORGANIZATION, PRINCETON, NJ. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

34

THE GALLUP ORGANIZATION
THE CLIFTON STRENGTHSFINDER

Consistency*

Focus

Futuristic

Harmony

Ideation

Includer**

Individualization

Input

Intellection

Achiever
------Activator
------Adaptability
------Analytical
------Arranger
------Belief
------Command
------Communication
------Competition
------Connectedness
------Context
------Deliberative
------Developer
------Discipline
0.16 (0.02)
---Empathy
0.62 (0.04)
0.00 (0.01)
Consistency*
0.26 (0.03)
0.43 (0.03)
Focus
0.03 (0.05)
0.51 (0.03)
Futuristic
0.06 (0.05)
0.24 (0.02)
Harmony
0.31 (0.03)
0.28 (0.02)
Ideation
0.08 (0.04) -0.09 (0.05)
Includer**
0.33 (0.02)
0.10 (0.02)
Individualization
0.22 (0.02)
0.18 (0.02)
Input
0.22 (0.02)
0.12 (0.02)
Intellection
0.21 (0.02)
0.20 (0.03)
Learner
0.17 (0.04)
0.34 (0.02)
Maximizer
0.14 (0.03)
0.11 (0.02)
Positivity
0.53 (0.01)
0.06 (0.02)
Relator
0.25 (0.03)
0.28 (0.02)
Responsibility
0.34 (0.02)
0.49 (0.01)
Restorative
0.21 (0.03)
0.23 (0.02)
Self-Assurance
0.06 (0.05)
0.20 (0.02)
Significance
-0.07 (0.05) 0.35 (0.01)
Strategic
0.03 (0.05)
0.10 (0.02)
Woo
0.20 (0.04)
0.03 (0.03)
*Formerly Fairness; **Formerly Inclusiveness

Empathy

Discipline

THEME

Developer

Appendix D Continued
Weighted Means (and Standard Deviations) of Theme-Score Intercorrelations across 13 Survey Languages

---------------------------------------------0.25 (0.03)
-0.17 (0.05)
-0.07 (0.04)
0.31 (0.03)
0.01 (0.03)
0.20 (0.01)
0.14 (0.02)
0.13 (0.02)
0.15 (0.01)
-0.08 (0.03)
0.10 (0.02)
0.37 (0.01)
0.03 (0.04)
0.08 (0.02)
0.10 (0.03)
-0.12 (0.04)
-0.19 (0.04)
-0.09 (0.04)
0.11 (0.02)

------------------------------------------------0.02 (0.02)
-0.14 (0.03)
0.68 (0.02)
-0.40 (0.04)
0.21 (0.03)
-0.19 (0.03)
-0.05 (0.03)
0.03 (0.02)
-0.06 (0.03)
-0.08 (0.01)
0.08 (0.03)
0.02 (0.02)
0.25 (0.02)
0.19 (0.02)
-0.14 (0.03)
0.04 (0.02)
-0.29 (0.02)
-0.10 (0.03)

---------------------------------------------------0.56 (0.02)
-0.04 (0.02)
0.25 (0.02)
0.06 (0.02)
0.33 (0.02)
0.20 (0.02)
0.25 (0.02)
0.57 (0.01)
0.28 (0.02)
0.18 (0.02)
0.44 (0.02)
0.43 (0.02)
0.16 (0.04)
0.51 (0.02)
0.57 (0.03)
0.39 (0.02)
0.26 (0.02)

-------------------------------------------------------0.21 (0.04)
0.42 (0.02)
0.13 (0.01)
0.35 (0.02)
0.20 (0.01)
0.23 (0.02)
0.41 (0.01)
0.35 (0.02)
0.32 (0.01)
0.42 (0.02)
0.28 (0.02)
0.12 (0.04)
0.54 (0.03)
0.48 (0.02)
0.54 (0.03)
0.38 (0.02)

----------------------------------------------------------0.37 (0.04)
0.16 (0.01)
-0.01 (0.02)
-0.03 (0.03)
0.02 (0.02)
-0.07 (0.03)
-0.04 (0.01)
0.12 (0.02)
-0.03 (0.02)
0.21 (0.01)
0.17 (0.03)
-0.23 (0.03)
-0.01 (0.03)
-0.49 (0.02)
-0.09 (0.03)

------------------------------------------------------------0.07 (0.02)
0.34 (0.01)
0.39 (0.03)
0.39 (0.01)
0.36 (0.01)
0.31 (0.02)
0.27 (0.02)
0.30 (0.02)
0.11 (0.02)
0.03 (0.02)
0.43 (0.02)
0.24 (0.01)
0.52 (0.03)
0.34 (0.01)

----------------------------------------------------------------0.05 (0.02)
0.05 (0.02)
0.00 (0.03)
0.10 (0.02)
0.06 (0.02)
0.52 (0.02)
0.20 (0.02)
0.18 (0.02)
0.14 (0.02)
0.14 (0.01)
0.01 (0.02)
0.08 (0.02)
0.34 (0.02)

------------------------------------------------------------------0.23 (0.01)
0.23 (0.01)
0.33 (0.02)
0.47 (0.02)
0.25 (0.01)
0.34 (0.01)
0.25 (0.01)
0.02 (0.02)
0.36 (0.02)
0.35 (0.01)
0.34 (0.01)
0.26 (0.01)

---------------------------------------------------------------------0.73 (0.01)
0.56 (0.02)
0.16 (0.01)
0.18 (0.02)
0.23 (0.01)
0.25 (0.01)
0.11 (0.01)
0.24 (0.02)
0.07 (0.03)
0.28 (0.02)
0.15 (0.02)

------------------------------------------------------------------------0.55 (0.01)
0.18 (0.02)
0.08 (0.02)
0.22 (0.02)
0.27 (0.02)
0.16 (0.01)
0.23 (0.03)
0.11 (0.03)
0.27 (0.01)
0.01 (0.03)

COPYRIGHT © 2005 THE GALLUP ORGANIZATION, PRINCETON, NJ. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

35

THE GALLUP ORGANIZATION
THE CLIFTON STRENGTHSFINDER

Relator

Responsibility

Restorative

Self-Assurance

Significance

Strategic

Woo

Achiever
------Activator
------Adaptability
------Analytical
------Arranger
------Belief
------Command
------Communication
------Competition
------Connectedness
------Context
------Deliberative
------Developer
------Discipline
------Empathy
------Consistency*
------Focus
------Futuristic
------Harmony
------Ideation
------Includer**
------Individualization
------Input
------Intellection
------Learner
------Maximizer
0.22 (0.02)
---Positivity
0.21 (0.02)
0.30 (0.02)
Relator
0.43 (0.02)
0.32 (0.02)
Responsibility
0.46 (0.02)
0.20 (0.01)
Restorative
0.20 (0.03)
-0.43 (0.02)
Self-Assurance
0.51 (0.01)
0.48 (0.01)
Significance
0.29 (0.01)
0.33 (0.01)
Strategic
0.40 (0.02)
0.33 (0.02)
Woo
0.22 (0.02)
0.26 (0.02)
*Formerly Fairness; **Formerly Inclusiveness

Positivity

Maximizer

THEME

Learner

Appendix D Continued
Weighted Means (and Standard Deviations) of Theme-Score Intercorrelations across 13 Survey Languages

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------0.43 (0.01)
0.25 (0.01)
0.09 (0.03)
0.32 (0.01)
0.17 (0.02)
0.26 (0.01)
0.69 (0.01)

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------0.50 (0.02)
0.13 (0.04)
0.49 (0.02)
0.35 (0.02)
0.42 (0.02)
0.37 (0.01)

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------0.25 (0.02)
0.37 (0.01)
0.30 (0.02)
0.23 (0.01)
0.19 (0.02)

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------0.00 (0.03)
0.13 (0.02)
0.03 (0.04)
0.06 (0.03)

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------0.46 (0.03)
0.52 (0.02)
0.42 (0.02)

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------0.35 (0.02)
0.30 (0.01)

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------0.40 (0.01)

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

COPYRIGHT © 2005 THE GALLUP ORGANIZATION, PRINCETON, NJ. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

36

THE GALLUP ORGANIZATION
THE CLIFTON STRENGTHSFINDER

Analytical

Arranger

Belief

Command

Communication

Competition

Connectedness

Context

Deliberative

Achiever
------Activator
0.35 (0.02)
---Adaptability
-0.24 (0.01) 0.00 (0.04)
Analytical
0.41 (0.02)
0.18 (0.01)
Arranger
0.47 (0.02)
0.38 (0.01)
Belief
0.31 (0.01)
0.26 (0.01)
Command
0.33 (0.02)
0.67 (0.02)
Communication
0.29 (0.01)
0.58 (0.00)
Competition
0.50 (0.01)
0.45 (0.01)
Connectedness
0.08 (0.01)
0.16 (0.01)
Context
0.11 (0.02)
0.08 (0.02)
Deliberative
0.13 (0.00) -0.02 (0.02)
Developer
0.05 (0.01)
0.09 (0.03)
Discipline
0.37 (0.04)
0.09 (0.03)
Empathy
-0.19 (0.02) 0.00 (0.02)
Consistency*
-0.03 (0.05) -0.15 (0.06)
Focus
0.65 (0.00)
0.39 (0.02)
Futuristic
0.42 (0.01)
0.48 (0.03)
Harmony
-0.10 (0.03) -0.18 (0.05)
Ideation
0.25 (0.01)
0.44 (0.02)
Includer**
0.14 (0.01)
0.11 (0.02)
Individualization
0.26 (0.02)
0.38 (0.02)
Input
0.23 (0.02)
0.19 (0.01)
Intellection
0.22 (0.02)
0.15 (0.01)
Learner
0.60 (0.03)
0.29 (0.02)
Maximizer
0.22 (0.03)
0.34 (0.02)
Positivity
0.25 (0.00)
0.41 (0.01)
Relator
0.47 (0.02)
0.40 (0.02)
Responsibility
0.45 (0.04)
0.20 (0.01)
Restorative
0.11 (0.04)
0.06 (0.03)
Self-Assurance
0.54 (0.00)
0.51 (0.02)
Significance
0.40 (0.01)
0.45 (0.01)
Strategic
0.42 (0.01)
0.46 (0.02)
Woo
0.31 (0.01)
0.51 (0.01)
*Formerly Fairness; **Formerly Inclusiveness

Adaptability

Activator

THEME

Achiever

Appendix E
Weighted Means (and Standard Deviations) of Theme-Score Intercorrelations across Four Age Groups

----------0.33 (0.01)
-0.01 (0.00)
0.07 (0.02)
0.03 (0.04)
0.10 (0.01)
-0.18 (0.04)
0.20 (0.02)
0.02 (0.00)
0.00 (0.01)
0.32 (0.02)
-0.28 (0.04)
0.48 (0.03)
0.18 (0.04)
-0.37 (0.01)
-0.13 (0.03)
0.21 (0.04)
0.08 (0.02)
0.18 (0.01)
0.04 (0.01)
0.06 (0.03)
0.09 (0.04)
-0.20 (0.03)
0.11 (0.01)
0.25 (0.02)
-0.02 (0.02)
-0.02 (0.03)
0.06 (0.01)
-0.05 (0.03)
-0.13 (0.01)
-0.04 (0.03)
0.08 (0.02)

------------0.32 (0.02)
0.19 (0.01)
0.25 (0.01)
0.10 (0.03)
0.34 (0.01)
0.06 (0.03)
0.21 (0.00)
0.45 (0.01)
-0.01 (0.01)
0.55 (0.01)
-0.29 (0.01)
0.12 (0.01)
0.52 (0.01)
0.34 (0.01)
0.06 (0.02)
0.16 (0.02)
0.00 (0.01)
0.27 (0.02)
0.16 (0.03)
0.25 (0.03)
0.49 (0.03)
0.14 (0.01)
-0.07 (0.02)
0.33 (0.02)
0.43 (0.01)
0.26 (0.02)
0.34 (0.02)
0.44 (0.01)
0.28 (0.02)
0.05 (0.03)

---------------0.40 (0.01)
0.28 (0.01)
0.39 (0.01)
0.27 (0.02)
0.25 (0.00)
0.14 (0.02)
0.07 (0.01)
0.32 (0.01)
0.28 (0.03)
0.06 (0.01)
0.01 (0.03)
0.41 (0.01)
0.38 (0.01)
0.08 (0.02)
0.27 (0.01)
0.22 (0.00)
0.45 (0.02)
0.24 (0.03)
0.18 (0.03)
0.45 (0.04)
0.39 (0.03)
0.47 (0.01)
0.49 (0.00)
0.58 (0.01)
0.12 (0.03)
0.47 (0.01)
0.35 (0.02)
0.34 (0.02)
0.40 (0.01)

------------------0.21 (0.01)
0.27 (0.01)
0.19 (0.01)
0.44 (0.01)
0.16 (0.02)
0.10 (0.01)
0.44 (0.01)
0.27 (0.01)
0.17 (0.02)
0.15 (0.02)
0.31 (0.01)
0.33 (0.01)
0.08 (0.02)
0.17 (0.01)
0.24 (0.01)
0.22 (0.02)
0.22 (0.03)
0.20 (0.02)
0.33 (0.01)
0.19 (0.02)
0.37 (0.00)
0.39 (0.01)
0.57 (0.01)
0.21 (0.02)
0.34 (0.01)
0.26 (0.01)
0.26 (0.02)
0.30 (0.00)

---------------------0.39 (0.00)
0.49 (0.01)
0.13 (0.01)
0.12 (0.03)
0.22 (0.02)
-0.06 (0.02)
0.07 (0.03)
-0.09 (0.01)
-0.18 (0.05)
0.38 (0.02)
0.46 (0.04)
-0.28 (0.04)
0.56 (0.02)
-0.02 (0.01)
0.36 (0.02)
0.28 (0.02)
0.27 (0.01)
0.30 (0.03)
0.32 (0.03)
0.16 (0.01)
0.34 (0.02)
0.16 (0.01)
0.07 (0.04)
0.56 (0.02)
0.44 (0.01)
0.48 (0.03)
0.32 (0.00)

------------------------0.29 (0.00)
0.21 (0.01)
0.08 (0.01)
-0.18 (0.02)
0.21 (0.00)
0.11 (0.03)
0.14 (0.01)
-0.03 (0.04)
0.29 (0.01)
0.36 (0.01)
-0.04 (0.02)
0.37 (0.01)
0.24 (0.01)
0.32 (0.03)
0.24 (0.01)
0.11 (0.01)
0.24 (0.01)
0.31 (0.02)
0.53 (0.01)
0.37 (0.00)
0.23 (0.02)
0.05 (0.02)
0.38 (0.01)
0.34 (0.01)
0.46 (0.01)
0.71 (0.00)

----------------------------0.09 (0.01)
0.09 (0.02)
0.15 (0.03)
-0.13 (0.00)
0.21 (0.02)
-0.22 (0.01)
-0.10 (0.05)
0.48 (0.02)
0.44 (0.01)
-0.16 (0.04)
0.31 (0.00)
0.02 (0.00)
0.28 (0.02)
0.03 (0.01)
0.08 (0.01)
0.26 (0.01)
0.25 (0.01)
0.15 (0.01)
0.31 (0.01)
0.14 (0.00)
0.05 (0.03)
0.45 (0.02)
0.53 (0.00)
0.38 (0.01)
0.30 (0.01)

------------------------------0.20 (0.03)
0.05 (0.02)
0.42 (0.01)
0.11 (0.01)
0.33 (0.02)
0.04 (0.01)
0.09 (0.01)
0.17 (0.02)
0.06 (0.01)
0.25 (0.01)
0.16 (0.02)
0.25 (0.01)
0.41 (0.01)
0.42 (0.01)
0.31 (0.02)
0.16 (0.03)
0.30 (0.03)
0.24 (0.02)
0.28 (0.01)
0.15 (0.02)
0.16 (0.01)
-0.01 (0.01)
0.21 (0.01)
0.19 (0.01)

---------------------------------0.15 (0.00)
0.12 (0.00)
0.14 (0.01)
0.03 (0.01)
0.08 (0.02)
0.13 (0.01)
-0.01 (0.02)
0.08 (0.02)
0.12 (0.04)
0.03 (0.01)
0.15 (0.02)
0.23 (0.02)
0.28 (0.02)
0.25 (0.01)
0.03 (0.02)
0.05 (0.00)
0.10 (0.02)
0.16 (0.01)
0.17 (0.01)
0.10 (0.03)
0.09 (0.01)
0.09 (0.03)
0.05 (0.01)

-------------------------------------0.04 (0.02)
0.35 (0.02)
-0.06 (0.00)
0.17 (0.02)
0.26 (0.01)
0.12 (0.02)
0.12 (0.01)
0.05 (0.02)
-0.34 (0.02)
0.17 (0.03)
0.13 (0.01)
0.32 (0.01)
0.22 (0.01)
0.09 (0.01)
-0.36 (0.01)
0.10 (0.01)
0.27 (0.02)
0.19 (0.00)
0.14 (0.01)
0.26 (0.01)
0.07 (0.01)
-0.30 (0.02)

COPYRIGHT © 2005 THE GALLUP ORGANIZATION, PRINCETON, NJ. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

37

THE GALLUP ORGANIZATION
THE CLIFTON STRENGTHSFINDER

Consistency*

Focus

Futuristic

Harmony

Ideation

Includer**

Individualization

Input

Intellection

Achiever
------Activator
------Adaptability
------Analytical
------Arranger
------Belief
------Command
------Communication
------Competition
------Connectedness
------Context
------Deliberative
------Developer
------Discipline
0.16 (0.02)
---Empathy
0.61 (0.01)
0.00 (0.02)
Consistency*
0.26 (0.03)
0.43 (0.01)
Focus
0.03 (0.01)
0.52 (0.02)
Futuristic
0.06 (0.02)
0.24 (0.05)
Harmony
0.31 (0.03)
0.28 (0.02)
Ideation
0.08 (0.03) -0.08 (0.04)
Includer**
0.33 (0.02)
0.10 (0.01)
Individualization
0.22 (0.00)
0.19 (0.01)
Input
0.22 (0.02)
0.13 (0.04)
Intellection
0.20 (0.01)
0.21 (0.03)
Learner
0.17 (0.01)
0.35 (0.05)
Maximizer
0.14 (0.01)
0.12 (0.01)
Positivity
0.53 (0.01)
0.06 (0.01)
Relator
0.25 (0.01)
0.28 (0.03)
Responsibility
0.34 (0.01)
0.50 (0.01)
Restorative
0.23 (0.00)
0.23 (0.00)
Self-Assurance
0.06 (0.01)
0.20 (0.03)
Significance
-0.06 (0.00) 0.35 (0.02)
Strategic
0.04 (0.04)
0.11 (0.05)
Woo
0.20 (0.01)
0.04 (0.02)
*Formerly Fairness; **Formerly Inclusiveness

Empathy

Discipline

THEME

Developer

Appendix E Continued
Weighted Means (and Standard Deviations) of Theme-Score Intercorrelations across Four Age Groups

---------------------------------------------0.25 (0.03)
-0.18 (0.01)
-0.08 (0.03)
0.31 (0.02)
0.01 (0.01)
0.20 (0.03)
0.14 (0.01)
0.12 (0.00)
0.14 (0.01)
-0.10 (0.01)
0.11 (0.01)
0.36 (0.02)
0.02 (0.03)
0.07 (0.02)
0.10 (0.02)
-0.12 (0.01)
-0.19 (0.01)
-0.10 (0.02)
0.10 (0.02)

------------------------------------------------0.02 (0.04)
-0.14 (0.09)
0.68 (0.03)
-0.40 (0.04)
0.21 (0.01)
-0.19 (0.02)
-0.04 (0.03)
0.04 (0.02)
-0.05 (0.05)
-0.08 (0.03)
0.08 (0.03)
0.02 (0.04)
0.25 (0.01)
0.18 (0.01)
-0.13 (0.05)
0.04 (0.04)
-0.28 (0.06)
-0.10 (0.03)

---------------------------------------------------0.57 (0.01)
-0.04 (0.03)
0.26 (0.00)
0.06 (0.01)
0.33 (0.02)
0.21 (0.02)
0.25 (0.02)
0.58 (0.02)
0.28 (0.01)
0.18 (0.00)
0.44 (0.01)
0.44 (0.02)
0.16 (0.03)
0.51 (0.01)
0.58 (0.00)
0.39 (0.01)
0.27 (0.01)

-------------------------------------------------------0.21 (0.08)
0.43 (0.05)
0.13 (0.01)
0.36 (0.03)
0.21 (0.01)
0.24 (0.01)
0.42 (0.02)
0.37 (0.03)
0.32 (0.01)
0.43 (0.01)
0.30 (0.02)
0.11 (0.03)
0.55 (0.03)
0.49 (0.00)
0.55 (0.03)
0.38 (0.01)

----------------------------------------------------------0.36 (0.04)
0.16 (0.02)
-0.01 (0.03)
-0.03 (0.03)
0.03 (0.02)
-0.07 (0.04)
-0.03 (0.03)
0.11 (0.01)
-0.04 (0.02)
0.20 (0.02)
0.17 (0.02)
-0.23 (0.03)
0.00 (0.04)
-0.49 (0.04)
-0.09 (0.01)

------------------------------------------------------------0.07 (0.01)
0.33 (0.01)
0.38 (0.02)
0.39 (0.01)
0.35 (0.02)
0.30 (0.02)
0.27 (0.01)
0.29 (0.01)
0.11 (0.03)
0.05 (0.04)
0.43 (0.01)
0.25 (0.01)
0.51 (0.03)
0.34 (0.01)

----------------------------------------------------------------0.04 (0.02)
0.05 (0.01)
0.01 (0.00)
0.11 (0.01)
0.07 (0.01)
0.52 (0.02)
0.21 (0.01)
0.19 (0.01)
0.12 (0.00)
0.15 (0.01)
0.01 (0.01)
0.08 (0.03)
0.33 (0.01)

------------------------------------------------------------------0.23 (0.01)
0.22 (0.01)
0.33 (0.02)
0.46 (0.03)
0.25 (0.04)
0.34 (0.04)
0.25 (0.01)
0.04 (0.03)
0.36 (0.03)
0.35 (0.01)
0.33 (0.02)
0.27 (0.03)

---------------------------------------------------------------------0.73 (0.01)
0.56 (0.01)
0.16 (0.03)
0.18 (0.01)
0.23 (0.01)
0.25 (0.04)
0.12 (0.03)
0.24 (0.01)
0.08 (0.00)
0.28 (0.01)
0.16 (0.01)

------------------------------------------------------------------------0.54 (0.02)
0.18 (0.02)
0.08 (0.01)
0.22 (0.01)
0.26 (0.03)
0.18 (0.02)
0.23 (0.02)
0.12 (0.01)
0.27 (0.01)
0.02 (0.01)

COPYRIGHT © 2005 THE GALLUP ORGANIZATION, PRINCETON, NJ. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

38

THE GALLUP ORGANIZATION
THE CLIFTON STRENGTHSFINDER

Relator

Responsibility

Restorative

Self-Assurance

Significance

Strategic

Woo

Achiever
------Activator
------Adaptability
------Analytical
------Arranger
------Belief
------Command
------Communication
------Competition
------Connectedness
------Context
------Deliberative
------Developer
------Discipline
------Empathy
------Consistency*
------Focus
------Futuristic
------Harmony
------Ideation
------Includer**
------Individualization
------Input
------Intellection
------Learner
------Maximizer
0.21 (0.03)
---Positivity
0.21 (0.01)
0.30 (0.03)
Relator
0.43 (0.02)
0.31 (0.05)
Responsibility
0.47 (0.05)
0.18 (0.02)
Restorative
0.22 (0.04)
-0.42 (0.02)
Self-Assurance
0.51 (0.01)
0.48 (0.03)
Significance
0.29 (0.00)
0.33 (0.01)
Strategic
0.41 (0.01)
0.32 (0.03)
Woo
0.24 (0.01)
0.27 (0.01)
*Formerly Fairness; **Formerly Inclusiveness

Positivity

Maximizer

THEME

Learner

Appendix E Continued
Weighted Means (and Standard Deviations) of Theme-Score Intercorrelations across Four Age Groups

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------0.43 (0.01)
0.26 (0.01)
0.09 (0.02)
0.33 (0.00)
0.17 (0.01)
0.27 (0.02)
0.70 (0.01)

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------0.51 (0.02)
0.14 (0.04)
0.50 (0.01)
0.34 (0.02)
0.43 (0.01)
0.38 (0.00)

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------0.27 (0.02)
0.38 (0.01)
0.30 (0.01)
0.24 (0.04)
0.21 (0.02)

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------0.01 (0.04)
0.14 (0.02)
0.04 (0.05)
0.06 (0.02)

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------0.46 (0.01)
0.52 (0.01)
0.42 (0.01)

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------0.34 (0.01)
0.30 (0.01)

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------0.40 (0.02)

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

COPYRIGHT © 2005 THE GALLUP ORGANIZATION, PRINCETON, NJ. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

39

THE GALLUP ORGANIZATION
THE CLIFTON STRENGTHSFINDER

Analytical

Arranger

Belief

Command

Communication

Competition

Connectedness

Context

Deliberative

Achiever
------Activator
0.38
---Adaptability
-0.26
-0.02
Analytical
0.41
0.19
Arranger
0.49
0.41
Belief
0.34
0.29
Command
0.33
0.66
Communication
0.32
0.58
Competition
0.51
0.45
Connectedness
0.08
0.17
Context
0.09
0.06
Deliberative
0.12
-0.01
Developer
0.07
0.12
Discipline
0.38
0.13
Empathy
-0.18
0.03
Consistency*
-0.03
-0.14
Focus
0.65
0.41
Futuristic
0.42
0.49
Harmony
-0.10
-0.16
Ideation
0.24
0.43
Includer**
0.14
0.13
Individualization
0.28
0.39
Input
0.21
0.19
Intellection
0.19
0.15
Learner
0.59
0.30
Maximizer
0.21
0.34
Positivity
0.28
0.44
Relator
0.48
0.43
Responsibility
0.46
0.24
Restorative
0.14
0.07
Self-Assurance
0.54
0.52
Significance
0.41
0.46
Strategic
0.43
0.46
Woo
0.35
0.51
*Formerly Fairness; **Formerly Inclusiveness

Adaptability

Activator

THEME

Achiever

Appendix F
Theme-Score Intercorrelations for Male Respondents

----------0.31
-0.06
0.03
0.05
0.08
-0.14
0.16
0.06
0.02
0.26
-0.29
0.45
0.18
-0.38
-0.12
0.19
0.10
0.17
0.01
0.03
0.08
-0.22
0.09
0.20
-0.05
-0.07
0.05
-0.06
-0.12
-0.04
0.04

------------0.34
0.22
0.24
0.13
0.29
0.09
0.18
0.44
0.05
0.58
-0.24
0.14
0.53
0.33
0.09
0.15
0.02
0.29
0.19
0.26
0.50
0.15
-0.02
0.35
0.46
0.27
0.33
0.43
0.28
0.08

---------------0.43
0.28
0.39
0.28
0.26
0.14
0.08
0.34
0.30
0.06
0.00
0.43
0.38
0.08
0.27
0.21
0.46
0.23
0.16
0.46
0.38
0.47
0.50
0.60
0.12
0.48
0.36
0.34
0.40

------------------0.23
0.28
0.21
0.45
0.16
0.10
0.44
0.29
0.15
0.13
0.34
0.35
0.07
0.19
0.23
0.24
0.22
0.21
0.36
0.19
0.39
0.41
0.58
0.21
0.37
0.28
0.28
0.33

---------------------0.40
0.48
0.13
0.10
0.22
-0.03
0.09
-0.03
-0.16
0.38
0.46
-0.26
0.55
0.00
0.37
0.27
0.26
0.28
0.32
0.18
0.34
0.18
0.08
0.56
0.44
0.47
0.32

------------------------0.32
0.21
0.08
-0.16
0.22
0.14
0.14
-0.04
0.31
0.38
-0.04
0.38
0.25
0.33
0.24
0.12
0.25
0.29
0.53
0.38
0.24
0.09
0.40
0.35
0.47
0.70

----------------------------0.11
0.05
0.12
-0.08
0.24
-0.17
-0.07
0.48
0.44
-0.13
0.27
0.05
0.29
0.02
0.05
0.24
0.23
0.21
0.33
0.15
0.09
0.44
0.52
0.36
0.33

------------------------------0.20
0.06
0.43
0.12
0.33
0.04
0.10
0.17
0.06
0.26
0.17
0.23
0.41
0.42
0.33
0.16
0.29
0.24
0.30
0.13
0.17
-0.01
0.21
0.18

---------------------------------0.14
0.15
0.14
0.08
0.12
0.10
-0.05
0.12
0.09
0.04
0.14
0.24
0.27
0.23
0.02
0.08
0.09
0.16
0.17
0.07
0.07
0.06
0.05

-------------------------------------0.02
0.35
-0.03
0.19
0.25
0.12
0.13
0.04
-0.33
0.18
0.14
0.32
0.21
0.11
-0.35
0.11
0.27
0.17
0.14
0.26
0.07
-0.28

COPYRIGHT © 2005 THE GALLUP ORGANIZATION, PRINCETON, NJ. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

40

THE GALLUP ORGANIZATION
THE CLIFTON STRENGTHSFINDER

Consistency*

Focus

Futuristic

Harmony

Ideation

Includer**

Individualization

Input

Intellection

Achiever
------Activator
------Adaptability
------Analytical
------Arranger
------Belief
------Command
------Communication
------Competition
------Connectedness
------Context
------Deliberative
------Developer
------Discipline
0.17
---Empathy
0.57
-0.03
Consistency*
0.22
0.40
Focus
0.06
0.54
Futuristic
0.10
0.28
Harmony
0.27
0.26
Ideation
0.13
-0.05
Includer**
0.33
0.11
Individualization
0.22
0.21
Input
0.22
0.13
Intellection
0.22
0.22
Learner
0.22
0.38
Maximizer
0.13
0.11
Positivity
0.53
0.09
Relator
0.28
0.31
Responsibility
0.34
0.50
Restorative
0.23
0.26
Self-Assurance
0.11
0.24
Significance
-0.03
0.39
Strategic
0.08
0.15
Woo
0.22
0.09
*Formerly Fairness; **Formerly Inclusiveness

Empathy

Discipline

THEME

Developer

Appendix F Continued
Theme-Score Intercorrelations for Male Respondents

---------------------------------------------0.21
-0.16
-0.03
0.26
0.08
0.21
0.13
0.11
0.16
-0.07
0.12
0.35
0.03
0.04
0.09
-0.06
-0.17
-0.04
0.10

------------------------------------------------0.02
-0.13
0.66
-0.37
0.21
-0.20
-0.06
0.04
-0.04
-0.08
0.06
0.02
0.22
0.17
-0.11
0.06
-0.26
-0.10

---------------------------------------------------0.57
-0.03
0.25
0.08
0.35
0.20
0.23
0.57
0.27
0.22
0.46
0.45
0.19
0.52
0.58
0.40
0.31

-------------------------------------------------------0.20
0.42
0.15
0.37
0.20
0.23
0.40
0.35
0.35
0.44
0.31
0.14
0.55
0.49
0.55
0.40

----------------------------------------------------------0.33
0.16
-0.01
-0.05
0.02
-0.05
-0.03
0.10
-0.03
0.18
0.16
-0.21
0.02
-0.48
-0.08

------------------------------------------------------------0.09
0.33
0.40
0.40
0.34
0.30
0.29
0.30
0.13
0.06
0.40
0.23
0.49
0.34

----------------------------------------------------------------0.03
0.06
0.02
0.12
0.06
0.52
0.20
0.18
0.15
0.15
0.03
0.09
0.34

------------------------------------------------------------------0.21
0.20
0.33
0.46
0.27
0.36
0.27
0.05
0.38
0.36
0.35
0.29

---------------------------------------------------------------------0.73
0.56
0.14
0.16
0.22
0.24
0.13
0.23
0.06
0.29
0.15

------------------------------------------------------------------------0.53
0.17
0.07
0.21
0.26
0.17
0.21
0.10
0.27
0.01

COPYRIGHT © 2005 THE GALLUP ORGANIZATION, PRINCETON, NJ. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

41

THE GALLUP ORGANIZATION
THE CLIFTON STRENGTHSFINDER

Relator

Responsibility

Restorative

Self-Assurance

Significance

Strategic

Woo

Achiever
------Activator
------Adaptability
------Analytical
------Arranger
------Belief
------Command
------Communication
------Competition
------Connectedness
------Context
------Deliberative
------Developer
------Discipline
------Empathy
------Consistency*
------Focus
------Futuristic
------Harmony
------Ideation
------Includer**
------Individualization
------Input
------Intellection
------Learner
------Maximizer
0.19
---Positivity
0.23
0.28
Relator
0.44
0.30
Responsibility
0.50
0.19
Restorative
0.24
-0.43
Self-Assurance
0.49
0.47
Significance
0.28
0.33
Strategic
0.41
0.31
Woo
0.25
0.24
*Formerly Fairness; **Formerly Inclusiveness

Positivity

Maximizer

THEME

Learner

Appendix F Continued
Theme-Score Intercorrelations for Male Respondents

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------0.44
0.27
0.12
0.35
0.21
0.29
0.70

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------0.52
0.17
0.51
0.37
0.44
0.40

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------0.27
0.40
0.32
0.27
0.23

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------0.02
0.15
0.07
0.10

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------0.46
0.51
0.44

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------0.34
0.32

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------0.41

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

COPYRIGHT © 2005 THE GALLUP ORGANIZATION, PRINCETON, NJ. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

42

THE GALLUP ORGANIZATION
THE CLIFTON STRENGTHSFINDER

Analytical

Arranger

Belief

Command

Communication

Competition

Connectedness

Context

Deliberative

Achiever
------Activator
0.31
---Adaptability
-0.21
0.05
Analytical
0.41
0.15
Arranger
0.45
0.36
Belief
0.28
0.22
Command
0.31
0.67
Communication
0.25
0.57
Competition
0.48
0.43
Connectedness
0.09
0.17
Context
0.12
0.07
Deliberative
0.14
-0.04
Developer
0.03
0.07
Discipline
0.36
0.04
Empathy
-0.19
0.01
Consistency*
-0.01
-0.16
Focus
0.64
0.35
Futuristic
0.42
0.45
Harmony
-0.09
-0.19
Ideation
0.25
0.45
Includer**
0.14
0.09
Individualization
0.24
0.36
Input
0.28
0.22
Intellection
0.27
0.17
Learner
0.61
0.28
Maximizer
0.24
0.36
Positivity
0.23
0.41
Relator
0.46
0.38
Responsibility
0.44
0.17
Restorative
0.08
0.01
Self-Assurance
0.53
0.49
Significance
0.39
0.44
Strategic
0.41
0.46
Woo
0.27
0.51
*Formerly Fairness; **Formerly Inclusiveness

Adaptability

Activator

THEME

Achiever

Appendix G
Theme-Score Intercorrelations for Female Respondents

----------0.31
0.04
0.13
0.04
0.12
-0.14
0.20
0.04
-0.01
0.35
-0.26
0.47
0.16
-0.34
-0.10
0.21
0.10
0.19
0.07
0.05
0.07
-0.18
0.12
0.28
0.01
0.02
0.10
-0.03
-0.10
-0.02
0.12

------------0.31
0.17
0.24
0.08
0.31
0.07
0.21
0.44
-0.01
0.54
-0.26
0.15
0.51
0.32
0.08
0.14
0.00
0.26
0.20
0.27
0.48
0.14
-0.08
0.32
0.43
0.25
0.32
0.42
0.25
0.03

---------------0.37
0.27
0.37
0.23
0.27
0.14
0.07
0.30
0.24
0.07
0.02
0.39
0.36
0.08
0.27
0.21
0.44
0.28
0.21
0.44
0.42
0.45
0.48
0.56
0.06
0.47
0.34
0.33
0.37

------------------0.19
0.25
0.16
0.43
0.16
0.09
0.45
0.25
0.20
0.18
0.28
0.31
0.10
0.16
0.24
0.20
0.23
0.21
0.31
0.19
0.37
0.36
0.54
0.20
0.31
0.23
0.24
0.27

---------------------0.39
0.47
0.15
0.12
0.20
-0.07
0.04
-0.09
-0.19
0.37
0.45
-0.28
0.57
-0.03
0.35
0.32
0.29
0.31
0.33
0.16
0.34
0.16
0.05
0.55
0.44
0.48
0.33

------------------------0.30
0.19
0.09
-0.20
0.19
0.07
0.12
-0.03
0.27
0.35
-0.04
0.36
0.23
0.29
0.24
0.10
0.22
0.30
0.53
0.35
0.20
0.03
0.37
0.33
0.46
0.71

----------------------------0.08
0.09
0.15
-0.12
0.22
-0.18
-0.08
0.46
0.43
-0.15
0.30
0.03
0.25
0.11
0.13
0.28
0.23
0.15
0.29
0.13
0.05
0.43
0.52
0.36
0.29

------------------------------0.22
0.07
0.40
0.06
0.32
0.01
0.09
0.16
0.04
0.27
0.11
0.29
0.40
0.43
0.31
0.22
0.28
0.24
0.27
0.09
0.19
0.01
0.22
0.17

---------------------------------0.15
0.14
0.15
0.06
0.07
0.15
0.02
0.08
0.12
0.04
0.16
0.27
0.30
0.27
0.04
0.07
0.11
0.17
0.18
0.11
0.09
0.10
0.06

-------------------------------------0.02
0.34
-0.04
0.18
0.26
0.11
0.13
0.04
-0.34
0.18
0.15
0.34
0.23
0.09
-0.36
0.10
0.28
0.19
0.12
0.25
0.05
-0.32

COPYRIGHT © 2005 THE GALLUP ORGANIZATION, PRINCETON, NJ. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

43

THE GALLUP ORGANIZATION
THE CLIFTON STRENGTHSFINDER

Consistency*

Focus

Futuristic

Harmony

Ideation

Includer**

Individualization

Input

Intellection

Achiever
------Activator
------Adaptability
------Analytical
------Arranger
------Belief
------Command
------Communication
------Competition
------Connectedness
------Context
------Deliberative
------Developer
------Discipline
0.15
---Empathy
0.63
0.01
Consistency*
0.28
0.46
Focus
0.02
0.50
Futuristic
0.04
0.21
Harmony
0.33
0.31
Ideation
0.05
-0.13
Includer**
0.31
0.09
Individualization
0.22
0.15
Input
0.18
0.11
Intellection
0.18
0.20
Learner
0.13
0.31
Maximizer
0.15
0.10
Positivity
0.52
0.03
Relator
0.22
0.24
Responsibility
0.33
0.48
Restorative
0.21
0.21
Self-Assurance
0.04
0.16
Significance
-0.07
0.33
Strategic
0.02
0.07
Woo
0.17
-0.01
*Formerly Fairness; **Formerly Inclusiveness

Empathy

Discipline

THEME

Developer

Appendix G Continued
Theme-Score Intercorrelations for Female Respondents

---------------------------------------------0.25
-0.16
-0.08
0.33
0.00
0.17
0.16
0.07
0.12
-0.11
0.10
0.35
-0.01
0.07
0.12
-0.14
-0.17
-0.10
0.09

------------------------------------------------0.05
-0.13
0.70
-0.42
0.22
-0.18
-0.07
0.01
-0.06
-0.09
0.07
0.02
0.27
0.21
-0.14
0.04
-0.30
-0.11

---------------------------------------------------0.55
-0.02
0.25
0.06
0.31
0.26
0.29
0.58
0.28
0.16
0.41
0.42
0.14
0.49
0.56
0.37
0.24

-------------------------------------------------------0.21
0.41
0.13
0.32
0.24
0.24
0.42
0.35
0.32
0.42
0.28
0.10
0.54
0.47
0.54
0.37

----------------------------------------------------------0.38
0.15
-0.01
-0.06
0.01
-0.09
-0.04
0.10
-0.05
0.22
0.19
-0.25
0.00
-0.50
-0.11

------------------------------------------------------------0.05
0.34
0.41
0.40
0.37
0.33
0.27
0.30
0.10
0.01
0.44
0.25
0.52
0.36

----------------------------------------------------------------0.08
0.03
-0.03
0.09
0.06
0.52
0.20
0.18
0.12
0.14
0.00
0.07
0.33

------------------------------------------------------------------0.27
0.26
0.33
0.48
0.23
0.32
0.24
0.00
0.34
0.34
0.32
0.23

---------------------------------------------------------------------0.73
0.58
0.20
0.17
0.25
0.26
0.09
0.29
0.13
0.31
0.16

------------------------------------------------------------------------0.56
0.21
0.07
0.23
0.28
0.15
0.26
0.15
0.28
0.01

COPYRIGHT © 2005 THE GALLUP ORGANIZATION, PRINCETON, NJ. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

44

THE GALLUP ORGANIZATION
THE CLIFTON STRENGTHSFINDER

Relator

Responsibility

Restorative

Self-Assurance

Significance

Strategic

Woo

Achiever
------Activator
------Adaptability
------Analytical
------Arranger
------Belief
------Command
------Communication
------Competition
------Connectedness
------Context
------Deliberative
------Developer
------Discipline
------Empathy
------Consistency*
------Focus
------Futuristic
------Harmony
------Ideation
------Includer**
------Individualization
------Input
------Intellection
------Learner
------Maximizer
0.24
---Positivity
0.20
0.31
Relator
0.43
0.32
Responsibility
0.45
0.20
Restorative
0.17
-0.43
Self-Assurance
0.53
0.49
Significance
0.30
0.34
Strategic
0.41
0.34
Woo
0.21
0.27
*Formerly Fairness; **Formerly Inclusiveness

Positivity

Maximizer

THEME

Learner

Appendix G Continued
Theme-Score Intercorrelations for Female Respondents

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------0.42
0.25
0.07
0.33
0.16
0.28
0.69

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------0.49
0.10
0.50
0.32
0.43
0.35

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------0.23
0.36
0.28
0.22
0.17

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------0.03
0.12
0.00
0.03

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------0.44
0.53
0.41

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------0.33
0.29

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------0.41

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

COPYRIGHT © 2005 THE GALLUP ORGANIZATION, PRINCETON, NJ. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

45

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