Summary Article EDM
Content
Int. J. Mech. Eng. & Rob. Res. 2015
J Jeevamalar and S Ramabalan, 2015
ISSN 2278 – 0149 www.ijmerr.com
Vol. 4, No. 1, January 2015
© 2015 IJMERR. All Rights Reserved
Review Article
DIE SINKING EDM PROCESS PARAMETERS:
A REVIEW
J Jeevamalar1* and S Ramabalan1
*Corresponding Author: J Jeevamalar, [email protected]
Electrical Discharge Machining is a one of the electrical energy based Unconventional Machining
Technique. The electrical energy is directly used to remove or cut the metals. It’s also called as
Spark Erosion Machining or Electro Erosion Machining. The metal is removed by electrical spark
discharge between tool (Cathode) and workpiece (Anode). Electrical Discharge Machining is
used in mould and die making industries, Automobile industries and making of Aerospace
components.
Keywords: Die sinker EDM, MRR, TWR, SR, Taguchi
INTRODUCTION
4. Ultrasonic Machining (USM)
Newer materials such as Tungsten,
Molybdenum, Columbium, Alloys and Super
Alloys which have high strength, heat
resistance and hardness are very difficult to
machine by conventional or traditional
methods. And also obtaining complex shapes
of the products are time consuming
processes. These problems are overcome by
nontraditional machining processes. Many
Unconventional machining processes are as
follows:
5. Laser Beam Machining (LBM)
1. Electrical Discharge Machining (EDM)
2. Electrical Chemical Machining (ECM)
WORKING PRINCIPLE OF
EDM
3. Electro Chemical Grinding (ECG)
EDM consists of the following components,
1
6. Chemical Machining (CHM)
7. Abrasive Jet Machining (AJM)
8. Water Jet Machining (WJM)
9. Plasma Arc Machining (PAM)
Unconventional machining processes are
mainly used for machining high strength alloys,
higher accuracies, complex geometries and
higher surface finish.
Department of Mechanical Engineering, E.G.S. Pillay Engineering College, Nagapattinam, India.
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Int. J. Mech. Eng. & Rob. Res. 2015
J Jeevamalar and S Ramabalan, 2015
1. Power supply Unit – Used to provide the
Direct Current to produce spark between
the tool and workpiece.
servo feed mechanism is used to give a
constant gap (spark gap) between the tool and
workpiece. Figure 1 shows the schematic
diagram of EDM.
2. Dielectric fluid reservoir, pumps, filters and
control valve – Used to supply dielectric to
the tool and workpiece. The tool and
workpiece are immersed in dielectric fluid.
When the DC supply is given to the circuit,
the voltage reaches at 250 V. And high spark
is produced at the spark gap. So that the
dielectric breaks down and electrons are
emitted from cathode, the gap is ionized and
thousands of sparks/sec occurred at the gap.
This high spark produces high temperature.
Due to that high temperature and high pressure
the metal is removed and flushed away by the
dielectric fluid. When the voltage drops, the
dielectric fluid gets deionised (Panday, 1980).
3. Workpiece holder, Tool holder and table –
Used to hold tool and workpiece firmly so
that the vibrations are reduced.
4. Servo control Mechanism – Used to provide
a constant gap between tool and
workpiece.
The tool and workpiece are directly
connected with DC power supply. The
workpiece is connected into positive terminal
and tool is connected into negative terminal of
DC supply. The tool and workpiece are
submerged in the dielectric medium. The
PROCESS PARAMETERS OF
EDM
Unconventional Machining Process depends
upon the number of process parameters.
Figure 1: Diagram of EDM
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Int. J. Mech. Eng. & Rob. Res. 2015
J Jeevamalar and S Ramabalan, 2015
Pulse Frequency
These parameters will affect the output
performance of EDM processes by varying the
input characteristics. These controlling
parameters are mainly divided into Electrical
and Non-electrical parameters.
Pulse Frequency is defined as number of
cycles produced at the gap in one second.
Pulse Frequency (KHz) = 1000/Total Cycle
Time (s)
Electrical Parameters
= 1000/Pulse on + Pulse off (s)
Electrical parameters such as the Ton, Toff,
Voltage and Peak Current are playing an
important role in output performance
measures. Here we discuss about the effects
of electrical parameters on the various
performance measures.
Duty Factor
Duty Factor is the percentage of ratio between
pulse duration and total cycle time.
Duty Factor (%) = [Ton (s)/Total Cycle Time
(s)] x 100
Discharge Voltage
Electrode Gap (Spark Gap)
It is a voltage which is produced in between
the Workpiece and Tool when DC power
supply is given to the circuit.
It is the distance between the Tool and
Workpiece during the process of EDM. Servo
Mechanism is used to provide a constant gap
between the gaps.
Peak Current
Peak Current is the most influencing factor in
EDM. It is nothing but the amount of power
used in EDM.
Gap Voltage
Gap voltage is classified into open gap and
working gap voltage. Open gap voltage can
be measured at the gap before the spark
current discharge begins to flow and working
gap voltage can also be measured at the gap
during spark current discharge.
Average Current
It is a maximum current available for each
pulse from the power supply.
Average current (A) = Duty Factor (%) x
Peak Current
Intensity
It is the different levels of power generated by
the generator.
Pulse On
It is the duration of time for which current is
allowed to flow per cycle.
Non Electrical Parameters
Pulse Off
Non-electrical parameters such as the
Rotations of electrode, flushing of dielectric
fluid and tool shape are also influencing the
output performance measures. Here we
discuss about the effects of non-electrical
parameters on the various performance
measures.
It is the duration of time between each spark.
Polarity
Polarity may be positive or negative. MRR is
higher when tool is connected to positive
polarity.
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Int. J. Mech. Eng. & Rob. Res. 2015
J Jeevamalar and S Ramabalan, 2015
Workpiece Material
particles should be flushed out at the earliest.
There are many methods of flushing. They are,
Pressure Flushing, Suction Flushing and Side
Flushing.
Workpiece material is one of the non-electrical
parameters which influence the performance
characteristics of EDM. There are many
materials such as die materials, alloys, super
alloys and titanium alloys which are very hard
to cut.
EDM PERFORMANCE
MEASURES
A significant number of papers have been
focused on ways of yielding optimal EDM
performance measures of high Material
Removal Rate, low Tool Wear Rate (TWR) and
satisfactory SQ. This section provides a study
into each of the performance measures and
the methods for their improvement.
Electrode Material
Generally tool materials are classified into
metallic, non-metallic and combination of
metallic and non-metallic materials. Usually
Copper, Brass, graphite, Copper-Tungsten,
Silver Tungsten, Copper Graphite and
Tungsten Carbide are used as a tool material
in EDM which have better conductivity, good
resistance and wearing capacity.
Material Removal Rate (MRR)
MRR is the ratio of the difference of weight of
the workpiece material before and after
machining to the machining time. The MRR is
calculated by,
Electrode Shape
The performance characteristics mainly
depend upon the tool shape. Many shapes in
electrode such as Rectangular, Square,
Cylindrical, Hexagonal and Circular are used.
MRR g / min
Initial weight of w / p Final weight of w / p
Time of machining
Tool Wear Rate (TWR)
TWR is the ratio of the difference of weight of
the tool before and after machining to the
machining time. TWR is calculated using the
formula given as,
Rotation of Tool Electrode
The rotational movement of electrode is used
to increase the Metal Removal Rate in EDM
due to the centrifugal force on workpiece.
TWR g / min
Type of Dielectric
Initial Final weight of tool
Time of machining
Wear Ratio (WR)
Dielectric medium acts as an insulator medium
which doesn’t conduct electricity and used to
flush the eroded particles. And it cools region,
tool and work material. Paraffin, White Spirit,
Kerosene, deionised water, hydrocarbon
Fluids and transformer oil are the different
EDM dielectric fluids.
WR is the ratio of Tool Wear Rate and Material
Removal Rate. Choosing same material of
tool and workpiece improve the Material
Removal Rate.
WR
Tool Wear Rate TWR
Material Removal Rate MRR
Flushing System and Pressure
Average Surface Roughness (Ra)
The dielectric fluid must be circulated freely
between Tool and Work Material. Eroded
Surface roughness is an important output
performance in EDM which is influences the
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Int. J. Mech. Eng. & Rob. Res. 2015
J Jeevamalar and S Ramabalan, 2015
product quality and cost. Surface roughness
is measured by surface roughness tester.
affected layers. The White Layer or Recast
Layer (WL/RCL) is the layer which is formed
by the unexpelled molten metal being rapidly
cooled by the dielectric fluid during the flushing
process. The Heat-Affected Zone (HAZ) is the
layer which lies below the recast layer. This is
formed due to altering the metallurgical
properties of the metal. Below the heat affected
zone is the parent material and this area is
unaffected by the EDM process.
Over Cut (OC)
An EDM cavity is always larger than the
electrode used to machine it. The difference
between the size of the electrode and the size
of the cavity (or hole) is called as the overcut.
Surface Quality (SQ)
Surface Quality is determined by two thermally
Table 1: Review of Literature
Name of
Researchers
Contribution
Workpiece Electrode
Material
Material
Input Parameters
Taken Into Account
Electrical
NonElectrical
Output
Parameters
Technique
Taken
Into
Account
Guu (2005)
AFM surface imaging of
AISI D2 Tool steel
machined by the EDM
process
AISI D2
Tool steel
Copper
Pulse
Current,
Pulse on
Duration
Non
SR, Micro
Crack
Atomic
Force
Microscopy
Yusuf Keskin
et al. (2006)
An experimental study
for determination of the
effects of machining
parameters on surface
roughness in electrical
discharge machining
(EDM)
Steel
Copper
Power,
Pulse
Time,
Spark
Time
Non
SR
Multiple
Regression
Ali Ozgedik
and Can
Cogun (2006)
An experimental
1040 Steel
investigation of tool wear
in electric discharge
machining
Copper
Discharge
Current,
Pulse
Durations
Injection
Suction
Flushing
Pressures
MRR,
TWR,
RWR, SR
Non
Ting-Cheng
Chang et al.
(2006)
Data mining and
Taguchi method
combination applied to
the selection of
discharge factors and
the best interactive factor
combination under
multiple quality
properties
SKD-61
HotWorking
Mold Steel
Red
Copper
Pulse on
Time,
Pulse off
Time,
Open
Discharge
Voltage,
Interval
Voltage
Non
Machining Taguchi
and
Reaming
Amount,
MRR, SR,
Electrode
Corner
Loss
Ko-Ta Chiang
and Fu-Ping
Chang (2007)
Applying grey
forecasting method for
fitting and predicting the
performance
characteristics of an
electro-conductive
ceramic (Al2O3 + 30%
TiC) during electrical
discharge machining
Al2O3 +
30% TiC
Copper
Voltage,
Current,
Pulse
Duration
Non
MRR,
Rmax,
EWR
319
RGM
Int. J. Mech. Eng. & Rob. Res. 2015
J Jeevamalar and S Ramabalan, 2015
Table 1 (Cont.)
Name of
Researchers
Contribution
Workpiece Electrode
Material
Material
Input Parameters
Taken Into Account
Electrical
José Carvalho
Ferreira
(2007)
A study of die helical
thread cavity surface
finish made by Cu-W
electrodes with
planetary EDM
Fred Amorim
and Walter
Weingaertner
(2007)
The Behavior of Graphite AISI P20
and Copper Electrodes
Tool Steel
on the Finish DieSinking Electrical
Discharge Machining
(EDM) of AISI P20 Tool
Steel
Kanagarajan
et al. (2008)
Optimization of electrical
discharge machining
characteristics of WC/Co
composites using nondominated sorting
genetic algorithm
(NSGA-II)
Tungsten Copper
(Cylindrical
Carbide
Shape)
Cobalt
Composites
(WC/Co)
Ko-Ta Chiang
(2008)
Modeling and analysis
of the effects of
machining parameters
on the performance
characteristics in the
EDM process of Al2O3 +
TiC mixed ceramic
Al2O3 + Tic
Mixed
Ceramic
Copper
Kuppan et al.
(2008)
Influence of EDM
process parameters in
deep hole drilling of
Inconel 718
Inconel
718
Salonitis et al.
(2009)
Thermal modeling of the
material removal rate
and surface roughness
for die-sinking EDM
Steel (St37)
Amir Abdullah
et al. (2009)
Effect of ultrasonicassisted EDM on the
surface integrity of
cemented tungsten
carbide (WC-Co)
Cemented Copper
Tungsten
Carbide
(WC-Co)
AISI H13
tool steel
NonElectrical
Output
Parameters
Technique
Taken
Into
Account
Copper- OpenFlushing
Tungsten Circuit
Pressure
(Cu-W)
Voltage,
Discharge
Voltage,
Peak
Discharge
Current,
Pulse on
Time, Duty
Factor
MRR,
Non
TWR, SR,
WLT, HAZ
Graphite, Discharge Non
Copper
Current,
Discharge
Duration,
Tool
Polarity
MRR,
VRW Ra
Non
MRR, SR
NSGA II
Discharge Non
Current,
Pulse on
Time, Duty
Factor,
Open
Discharge
Voltage
MRR,
EWR, SR
RSM,
CCD,
ANOVA.
Copper
Tube
Peak
Electrode
Current,
Speed
Pulse on
Time, Duty
Factor
MRR,
DASR
CCD,
RSM
Copper
(Rectangular
Shape)
Arc
Voltage,
Current,
Spark
Duration
The Idling
Time
MRR, SR
Theoretical
Model
OpenCircuit
Voltage
Non
SR
SEM, MH
320
Pulse
Current,
Pulse on
Time
Electrode
Rotation,
Flushing
Pressure
Int. J. Mech. Eng. & Rob. Res. 2015
J Jeevamalar and S Ramabalan, 2015
Table 1 (Cont.)
Name of
Researchers
Contribution
Workpiece Electrode
Material
Material
Input Parameters
Taken Into Account
Electrical
NonElectrical
Output
Parameters
Taken Into
Account
Polarity,
Non
Peak
Current,
Pulse
Duration,
HighVoltage
Auxiliary
Current,
No-Load
Voltage,
Servo
Reference
Voltage
MRR, EWR, GRA,
SR
ANOVA
Pulse on
Time,
Pulse off
Time,
Voltage
Gap,
Servo
Speed
SR
Yan-Cherng
Lin and HoShiun Lee
(2009)
Optimization of
machining parameters
using magnetic-forceassisted EDM based on
gray relational analysis
SKD 61
Steel
Ponappa et al.
(2010)
The effect of process
parameters on
machining of
magnesium nano
alumina composites
through EDM
Microwave Brass
(Hollow
Sintered
Magnesium Tubular)
Nano
Alumina
Composites
Kao et al.
(2010)
Optimization of the EDM Ti-6Al-4V
parameters on
Alloy
machining Ti-6Al-4V with
multiple quality
characteristics
Cylindrical Discharge Non
Current,
Copper
Open
Rod
Voltage,
Pulse
Duration,
Duty
Factor
Yonghong Liu
et al. (2010)
Investigation of
emulsion for die sinking
EDM
AISI 1045
Steel
Copper
Pulse on
Time,
Pulse off
Time,
Peak
Voltage,
Peak
Current
Non
Promod et al.
(2011)
Taguchi analysis of
surface modification
technique using W-Cu
powder metallurgy
sintered tools in EDM
and characterization of
the deposited layer
C-40 Steel
W-Cu
Powder
Metallurgy
Sintered
Tools
Pulse on
Time,
Peak
Current,
Duty
Factor
Composition, LT, MTR,
Compaction TWR, SR,
Pressure, MH
Sintering
Temperature
Hao Ning
Chiang and
Junz Wang
(2011)
An analysis of overcut
variation and coupling
effects of dimensional
variable in EDM process
AISI
D2AISI
S2Tool
Steel
Copper
(Square
Shape)
Current,
Voltage,
Pulse on
Time,
Pulse off
Time
Non
Copper
321
Technique
Non
Taguchi,
ANOVA
MRR, EWR, Taguchi,
SR
GRA
MRR, EWR, SEM
SQ
Taguchi
Method
OC, Electrode Variance
Dimensions, Analysis
Spark Hole
Dimensions,
Machine
Positioning,
Accuracy
Int. J. Mech. Eng. & Rob. Res. 2015
J Jeevamalar and S Ramabalan, 2015
Table 1 (Cont.)
Name of
Researchers
Contribution
Workpiece Electrode
Material
Material
Input Parameters
Taken Into Account
Electrical
NonElectrical
Output
Parameters
Technique
Taken
Into
Account
Horacio
Sánchez et al.
(2011)
Development of an
inversion model for
establishing EDM input
parameters to satisfy
material removal rate,
electrode wear ratio and
surface roughness
Carbon
Steel AISI
1045
Prismatic Peak
Copper
Current,
Pulse on
Time,
Pulse off
Time,
Non
Lei Li et al.
(2012)
Influence of flushing on
performance of EDM
with bunched electrode
Carbon
Steel
(S45C)
Copper
Non
(Hexagonal
shape)
Flushing
MRR,
Modes,
TWR
Flushing
Parameters
Renjie Ji et al.
(2012)
Silicon
Influence of dielectric
Carbide
and machining
(SiC)
parameters on the
process performance for
electric discharge
milling of SiC ceramic
SteelToothed
Wheel
Tool
Polarity,
Pulse
Duration,
Pulse
Interval,
Peak
Voltage,
Peak
Current
Dielectric
type
MRR, SR
Ignacio
Puertas and
Carmelo Luis
(2012)
Optimization of EDM
conditions in the
manufacturing process
of B4C and WC-Co
conductive ceramics
Boron
Carbide
(B4C),
CobaltBonded
Tungsten
Carbide
(WC-Co)
Copper
Intensity,
Pulse
Duration,
Duty
Cycle,
OpenCircuit
Voltage
Dielectric
Flushing
Pressure
MRR, SR, Fractional
Factorial
EWR
Design
with CCD
Shailendra
Kumar Singh
and Narinder
Kumar (2013)
Optimizing the EDM
Parameters to Improve
the Surface Roughness
of Titanium Alloy (Ti-6AL4V)
Ti- 6AL- 4V Copper
Pulse on
Time,
Pulse off
Time,
Current
Non
SR
Taguchi,
ANOVA
Shivendra
Tiwari (2013)
Optimization of Electrical
Discharge Machining
(EDM) with Respect to
Tool Wear Rate
Mild Steel
Copper
Peak
Current,
Pulse on
Time,
Pulse off
Time
Non
MRR,
TWR
Non
Singaram
Lakshmanan
and Mahesh
Kumar (2013)
Optimization of EDM
parameters using
Response Surface
Methodology for EN31
Tool Steel Machining
EN31 Tool
Steel
Copper
Pulse on
Time,
Pulse off
Time,
Pulse
Current,
Voltage
Non
MRR, SR
RSM,
ANOVA
322
MRR,
EWR, SR
ANOVA
and
Regression
Models
Non
SEM,
EDS,
XRD.
Int. J. Mech. Eng. & Rob. Res. 2015
J Jeevamalar and S Ramabalan, 2015
Table 1 (Cont.)
Name of
Researchers
Contribution
Workpiece Electrode
Material
Material
Input Parameters
Taken Into Account
Electrical
Annamalai
et al. (2014)
Investigation and
Modeling of Electrical
Discharge Machining
Process Parameters for
AISI 4340 steel
AISI 4340
steel
Copper
Pulse on
Time,
Peak
Current,
Pulse off
Time
Viral Prajapati
and Rajput
(2014)
A Review on
Optimization of Process
Parameters for
Improving Performance
in Electrical Discharge
Machining
SS 410
Copper
Shashikant
et al. (2014)
Optimization of machine
process parameters on
material removal rate in
EDM for EN19 material
using RSM
EN19
Copper
SUMMARY
NonElectrical
Output
Parameters
Taken Into
Account
Technique
MRR, SR
RSM,
ANOVA
Discharge Non
Current,
Pulse on
Time,
Pulse off
Time
MRR, SR
Non
Pulse on
Non
Time,
Pulse off
Time,
Discharge
Current,
Gap
Voltage
MRR, SR
RSM,
ANOVA
Non 2
on EDM are measured in terms of Material
Removal Rate, Tool Wear Rate, Wear Ratio
and Surface Finish.
The review of research trends in Sinker EDM
has been taken for recent 10 years. From the
above reviews we conclude that,
• Many research works have been taken by the
optimization techniques like, Response
Surface Methodology, ANNOVA, Taguchi,
Scanning Electron Microscope, Central
Composite Design, Grey Relational analysis,
and Multiple Regression analysis.
• Most of the EDM work that has been carried
on Steel materials, EN series, Ti-6AL-4V,
S45C, SiC, B4C, WC-Co, Al2O3+Ti and
Inconel 718.
• Copper is often used as a tool material in
Rectangular, Square, Cylindrical, Hollow
Tubular and Hexagonal shapes.
REFERENCES
• Pulse on, Pulse off, Peak Current, Voltage
are the primary electrical parameters and
Dielectric fluid, Flushing Pressure,
Electrode Rotation are the non electrical
parameters which are considered in EDM.
1. Ali Ozgedik and Can Cogun (2006), “An
Experimental Investigation of Tool Wear
in Electric Discharge Machining”,
International National Journal of
Advanced Manufacturing Technology,
Vol. 27, pp. 488-500.
• Most of the research work that has been
carried out for improving the performances
2. Amir Abdullah, Mohammad R Shabgard,
Ivanov A and Mohammad T Shervanyi323
Int. J. Mech. Eng. & Rob. Res. 2015
J Jeevamalar and S Ramabalan, 2015
Tabar (2009), “Effect of UltrasonicAssisted EDM on the Surface Integrity of
Cemented Tungsten Carbide (WC-Co)”,
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National Journal of Advanced
Manufacturing Technology, Vol. 57,
pp. 189-201.
8. Ignacio Puertas and Carmelo J Luis
(2012), “Optimization of EDM Conditions
in the Manufacturing Process of B4C and
W C-Co Conductive Ceramics”,
International National Journal of
Advanced Manufacturing Technology,
Vol. 59, pp. 575-582.
3. Annamalai N, Sivaramakrishnan V,
Suresh Kumar B and Baskar N (2014),
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Discharge
Machining
Process
Parameters for AISI 4340 Steel”,
International Journal of Engineering and
Technology, Vol. 5, pp. 4761-4770.
9. José Carvalho Ferreira (2007), “A Study
of Die Helical Thread Cavity Surface
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Planetary EDM”, International National
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4. Fred L Amorim and Walter L Weingaertner
(2007), “The Behavior of Graphite and
Copper Electrodes on the Finish DieSinking Electrical Discharge Machining
(EDM) of AISI P20 Tool Steel”,
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Advanced Manufacturing Technology,
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5. Guu Y H (2005), “AFM Surface Imaging
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Palanikumar K and Paulo Davim J (2008),
“Optimization of Electrical Discharge
Machining Characteristics of WC/Co
Composites Using Non-Dominated
Sorting Genetic Algorithm (NSGA-II)”,
International National Journal of
Advanced Manufacturing Technology,
Vol. 36, pp. 1124-1132.
6. Hao Ning Chiang and Junz Wang J J
(2011), “An Analysis of Overcut Variation
and Coupling Effects of Dimensional
Variable in EDM Process”, International
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pp. 935-943.
11. Kao J Y, Tsao C C, Wang S S and Hsu C
Y (2010), “Optimization of the EDM
Parameters on Machining Ti-6Al-4V with
Multiple Quality Characteristics”,
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Advanced Manufacturing Technology,
Vol. 47, pp. 395-402.
7. Horacio T Sánchez, Manuel Estrems and
Félix Faura (2011), “Development of an
Inversion Model for Establishing EDM
Input Parameters to Satisfy Material
Removal Rate, Electrode Wear Ratio and
12. Ko-Ta Chiang (2008), “Modeling and
Analysis of the Effects of Machining
Parameters on the Performance
Characteristics in the EDM Process of
Al2O3 + TiC Mixed Ceramic”, International
324
Int. J. Mech. Eng. & Rob. Res. 2015
J Jeevamalar and S Ramabalan, 2015
National Journal of Advanced
Manufacturing Technology, Vol. 37,
pp. 523-533.
Modification Technique Using W-Cu
Powder Metallurgy Sintered Tools in EDM
and Characterization of the Deposited
Layer”, International National Journal of
Advanced Manufacturing Technology,
Vol. 54, pp. 593-604.
13. Ko-Ta Chiang and Fu-Ping Chang (2007),
“Applying Grey Forecasting Method for
Fitting and Predicting the Performance
Characteristics of an Electro-Conductive
Ceramic (Al2O3 + 30% TiC) During
Electrical Discharge Machining”,
International National Journal of
Advanced Manufacturing Technology,
Vol. 33, pp. 480-488.
19. Renjie Ji, Yonghong Liu, Yanzhen Zhang,
Baoping Cai, Jianmin Ma and Xiaopeng
Li (2012), “Influence of Dielectric and
Machining Parameters on the Process
Performance for Electric Discharge
Milling of SiC Ceramic”, International
National Journal of Advanced
Manufacturing Technology, Vol. 59,
pp. 127-136.
14. Kuppan P, Rajadurai A and Narayanan S
(2008), “Influence of EDM Process
Parameters in Deep Hole Drilling of
Inconel 718”, International National
Journal of Advanced Manufacturing
Technology, Vol. 38, pp. 74-84.
20. Salonitis K, Stournaras A, Stavropoulos
P and Chryssolouris G (2009), “Thermal
Modeling of the Material Removal Rate
and Surface Roughness for Die-Sinking
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Advanced Manufacturing Technology,
Vol. 40, pp. 316-323.
15. Lei Li, Lin Gu, Xuecheng Xi and
Wansheng Zhao (2012), “Influence of
Flushing on Performance of EDM with
Bunched Electrode”, International
National Journal of Advanced
Manufacturing Technology, Vol. 58,
pp. 187-194.
21. Shailendra Kumar Singh and Narinder
Kumar (2013), “Optimizing the EDM
Parameters to Improve the Surface
Roughness of Titanium Alloy (Ti-6AL4V)”, International Journal of Emerging
Science and Engineering, Vol. 1,
pp. 10-13.
16. Panday P C (1980), “Modern Mechanical
Process”, TMH, New Delhi.
17. Ponappa K, Aravindan S, Rao P V,
Ramkumar J and Gupta M (2010), “The
Effect of Process Parameters on
Machining of Magnesium Nano Alumina
Composites Through EDM”, International
National Journal of Advanced
Manufacturing Technology, Vol. 46,
pp. 1035-1042.
22. Shashikant, Apurba Kumar Roy and
Kaushik Kumar (2014), “Optimization of
Machine Process Parameters on Material
Removal Rate in EDM for EN19 Material
Using RSM”, IOSR Journal of
Mechanical and Civil Engineering,
Vol. 2320-334X, pp. 24-28.
23. Shivendra Tiwari (2013), “Optimization of
Electrical Discharge Machining (EDM)
18. Promod K Patowari and Partha Saha
(2011), “Taguchi Analysis of Surface
325
Int. J. Mech. Eng. & Rob. Res. 2015
J Jeevamalar and S Ramabalan, 2015
with Respect to Tool Wear Rate”,
International Journal of Science,
Engineering and Technology Research,
Vol. 2, No. 4, pp. 764-768.
International Journal of Engineering
Research and Applications, Vol. 4, No. 2
(Version 1), pp. 331-336.
27. Yan-Cherng Lin and Ho-Shiun Lee (2009),
“Optimization of Machining Parameters
Using Magnetic-Force-Assisted EDM
Based on Gray Relational Analysis”,
International National Journal of
Advanced Manufacturing Technology,
Vol. 42, pp. 1052-1064.
24. Singaram Lakshmanan and Mahesh
Kumar (2013), “Optimization of EDM
Parameters Using Response Surface
Methodology for EN31 Tool Steel
Machining”, International Journal of
Engineering Science and Innovative
Technology, Vol. 2, No. 5, pp. 64-71.
28. Yonghong Liu, Renjie Ji, Yanzhen Zhang
and Haifeng Zhang (2010), “Investigation
of Emulsion for Die Sinking EDM”,
International National Journal of
Advanced Manufacturing Technology,
Vol. 47, pp. 403-409.
25. Ting-Cheng Chang, Feng-Che Tsai and
Jiuan-Hung Ke (2006), “Data Mining and
Taguchi Method Combination Applied to
the Selection of Discharge Factors and
the Best Interactive Factor Combination
Under Multiple Quality Properties”,
International National Journal of
Advanced Manufacturing Technology,
Vol. 31, pp. 164-174.
29. Yusuf Keskin, Selcuk Halkacý H and
Mevlut Kizil (2006), “An Experimental
Study for Determination of the Effects of
Machining Parameters on Surface
Roughness in Electrical Discharge
Machining (EDM)”, International National
Journal of Advanced Manufacturing
Technology, Vol. 28, pp. 1118-1121.
26. Viral B Prajapati and Rajput H G (2014),
“A Review on Optimization of Process
Parameters for Improving Performance in
Electrical Discharge Machining”,
326
J Jeevamalar and S Ramabalan, 2015
ISSN 2278 – 0149 www.ijmerr.com
Vol. 4, No. 1, January 2015
© 2015 IJMERR. All Rights Reserved
Review Article
DIE SINKING EDM PROCESS PARAMETERS:
A REVIEW
J Jeevamalar1* and S Ramabalan1
*Corresponding Author: J Jeevamalar, [email protected]
Electrical Discharge Machining is a one of the electrical energy based Unconventional Machining
Technique. The electrical energy is directly used to remove or cut the metals. It’s also called as
Spark Erosion Machining or Electro Erosion Machining. The metal is removed by electrical spark
discharge between tool (Cathode) and workpiece (Anode). Electrical Discharge Machining is
used in mould and die making industries, Automobile industries and making of Aerospace
components.
Keywords: Die sinker EDM, MRR, TWR, SR, Taguchi
INTRODUCTION
4. Ultrasonic Machining (USM)
Newer materials such as Tungsten,
Molybdenum, Columbium, Alloys and Super
Alloys which have high strength, heat
resistance and hardness are very difficult to
machine by conventional or traditional
methods. And also obtaining complex shapes
of the products are time consuming
processes. These problems are overcome by
nontraditional machining processes. Many
Unconventional machining processes are as
follows:
5. Laser Beam Machining (LBM)
1. Electrical Discharge Machining (EDM)
2. Electrical Chemical Machining (ECM)
WORKING PRINCIPLE OF
EDM
3. Electro Chemical Grinding (ECG)
EDM consists of the following components,
1
6. Chemical Machining (CHM)
7. Abrasive Jet Machining (AJM)
8. Water Jet Machining (WJM)
9. Plasma Arc Machining (PAM)
Unconventional machining processes are
mainly used for machining high strength alloys,
higher accuracies, complex geometries and
higher surface finish.
Department of Mechanical Engineering, E.G.S. Pillay Engineering College, Nagapattinam, India.
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Int. J. Mech. Eng. & Rob. Res. 2015
J Jeevamalar and S Ramabalan, 2015
1. Power supply Unit – Used to provide the
Direct Current to produce spark between
the tool and workpiece.
servo feed mechanism is used to give a
constant gap (spark gap) between the tool and
workpiece. Figure 1 shows the schematic
diagram of EDM.
2. Dielectric fluid reservoir, pumps, filters and
control valve – Used to supply dielectric to
the tool and workpiece. The tool and
workpiece are immersed in dielectric fluid.
When the DC supply is given to the circuit,
the voltage reaches at 250 V. And high spark
is produced at the spark gap. So that the
dielectric breaks down and electrons are
emitted from cathode, the gap is ionized and
thousands of sparks/sec occurred at the gap.
This high spark produces high temperature.
Due to that high temperature and high pressure
the metal is removed and flushed away by the
dielectric fluid. When the voltage drops, the
dielectric fluid gets deionised (Panday, 1980).
3. Workpiece holder, Tool holder and table –
Used to hold tool and workpiece firmly so
that the vibrations are reduced.
4. Servo control Mechanism – Used to provide
a constant gap between tool and
workpiece.
The tool and workpiece are directly
connected with DC power supply. The
workpiece is connected into positive terminal
and tool is connected into negative terminal of
DC supply. The tool and workpiece are
submerged in the dielectric medium. The
PROCESS PARAMETERS OF
EDM
Unconventional Machining Process depends
upon the number of process parameters.
Figure 1: Diagram of EDM
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Int. J. Mech. Eng. & Rob. Res. 2015
J Jeevamalar and S Ramabalan, 2015
Pulse Frequency
These parameters will affect the output
performance of EDM processes by varying the
input characteristics. These controlling
parameters are mainly divided into Electrical
and Non-electrical parameters.
Pulse Frequency is defined as number of
cycles produced at the gap in one second.
Pulse Frequency (KHz) = 1000/Total Cycle
Time (s)
Electrical Parameters
= 1000/Pulse on + Pulse off (s)
Electrical parameters such as the Ton, Toff,
Voltage and Peak Current are playing an
important role in output performance
measures. Here we discuss about the effects
of electrical parameters on the various
performance measures.
Duty Factor
Duty Factor is the percentage of ratio between
pulse duration and total cycle time.
Duty Factor (%) = [Ton (s)/Total Cycle Time
(s)] x 100
Discharge Voltage
Electrode Gap (Spark Gap)
It is a voltage which is produced in between
the Workpiece and Tool when DC power
supply is given to the circuit.
It is the distance between the Tool and
Workpiece during the process of EDM. Servo
Mechanism is used to provide a constant gap
between the gaps.
Peak Current
Peak Current is the most influencing factor in
EDM. It is nothing but the amount of power
used in EDM.
Gap Voltage
Gap voltage is classified into open gap and
working gap voltage. Open gap voltage can
be measured at the gap before the spark
current discharge begins to flow and working
gap voltage can also be measured at the gap
during spark current discharge.
Average Current
It is a maximum current available for each
pulse from the power supply.
Average current (A) = Duty Factor (%) x
Peak Current
Intensity
It is the different levels of power generated by
the generator.
Pulse On
It is the duration of time for which current is
allowed to flow per cycle.
Non Electrical Parameters
Pulse Off
Non-electrical parameters such as the
Rotations of electrode, flushing of dielectric
fluid and tool shape are also influencing the
output performance measures. Here we
discuss about the effects of non-electrical
parameters on the various performance
measures.
It is the duration of time between each spark.
Polarity
Polarity may be positive or negative. MRR is
higher when tool is connected to positive
polarity.
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Int. J. Mech. Eng. & Rob. Res. 2015
J Jeevamalar and S Ramabalan, 2015
Workpiece Material
particles should be flushed out at the earliest.
There are many methods of flushing. They are,
Pressure Flushing, Suction Flushing and Side
Flushing.
Workpiece material is one of the non-electrical
parameters which influence the performance
characteristics of EDM. There are many
materials such as die materials, alloys, super
alloys and titanium alloys which are very hard
to cut.
EDM PERFORMANCE
MEASURES
A significant number of papers have been
focused on ways of yielding optimal EDM
performance measures of high Material
Removal Rate, low Tool Wear Rate (TWR) and
satisfactory SQ. This section provides a study
into each of the performance measures and
the methods for their improvement.
Electrode Material
Generally tool materials are classified into
metallic, non-metallic and combination of
metallic and non-metallic materials. Usually
Copper, Brass, graphite, Copper-Tungsten,
Silver Tungsten, Copper Graphite and
Tungsten Carbide are used as a tool material
in EDM which have better conductivity, good
resistance and wearing capacity.
Material Removal Rate (MRR)
MRR is the ratio of the difference of weight of
the workpiece material before and after
machining to the machining time. The MRR is
calculated by,
Electrode Shape
The performance characteristics mainly
depend upon the tool shape. Many shapes in
electrode such as Rectangular, Square,
Cylindrical, Hexagonal and Circular are used.
MRR g / min
Initial weight of w / p Final weight of w / p
Time of machining
Tool Wear Rate (TWR)
TWR is the ratio of the difference of weight of
the tool before and after machining to the
machining time. TWR is calculated using the
formula given as,
Rotation of Tool Electrode
The rotational movement of electrode is used
to increase the Metal Removal Rate in EDM
due to the centrifugal force on workpiece.
TWR g / min
Type of Dielectric
Initial Final weight of tool
Time of machining
Wear Ratio (WR)
Dielectric medium acts as an insulator medium
which doesn’t conduct electricity and used to
flush the eroded particles. And it cools region,
tool and work material. Paraffin, White Spirit,
Kerosene, deionised water, hydrocarbon
Fluids and transformer oil are the different
EDM dielectric fluids.
WR is the ratio of Tool Wear Rate and Material
Removal Rate. Choosing same material of
tool and workpiece improve the Material
Removal Rate.
WR
Tool Wear Rate TWR
Material Removal Rate MRR
Flushing System and Pressure
Average Surface Roughness (Ra)
The dielectric fluid must be circulated freely
between Tool and Work Material. Eroded
Surface roughness is an important output
performance in EDM which is influences the
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Int. J. Mech. Eng. & Rob. Res. 2015
J Jeevamalar and S Ramabalan, 2015
product quality and cost. Surface roughness
is measured by surface roughness tester.
affected layers. The White Layer or Recast
Layer (WL/RCL) is the layer which is formed
by the unexpelled molten metal being rapidly
cooled by the dielectric fluid during the flushing
process. The Heat-Affected Zone (HAZ) is the
layer which lies below the recast layer. This is
formed due to altering the metallurgical
properties of the metal. Below the heat affected
zone is the parent material and this area is
unaffected by the EDM process.
Over Cut (OC)
An EDM cavity is always larger than the
electrode used to machine it. The difference
between the size of the electrode and the size
of the cavity (or hole) is called as the overcut.
Surface Quality (SQ)
Surface Quality is determined by two thermally
Table 1: Review of Literature
Name of
Researchers
Contribution
Workpiece Electrode
Material
Material
Input Parameters
Taken Into Account
Electrical
NonElectrical
Output
Parameters
Technique
Taken
Into
Account
Guu (2005)
AFM surface imaging of
AISI D2 Tool steel
machined by the EDM
process
AISI D2
Tool steel
Copper
Pulse
Current,
Pulse on
Duration
Non
SR, Micro
Crack
Atomic
Force
Microscopy
Yusuf Keskin
et al. (2006)
An experimental study
for determination of the
effects of machining
parameters on surface
roughness in electrical
discharge machining
(EDM)
Steel
Copper
Power,
Pulse
Time,
Spark
Time
Non
SR
Multiple
Regression
Ali Ozgedik
and Can
Cogun (2006)
An experimental
1040 Steel
investigation of tool wear
in electric discharge
machining
Copper
Discharge
Current,
Pulse
Durations
Injection
Suction
Flushing
Pressures
MRR,
TWR,
RWR, SR
Non
Ting-Cheng
Chang et al.
(2006)
Data mining and
Taguchi method
combination applied to
the selection of
discharge factors and
the best interactive factor
combination under
multiple quality
properties
SKD-61
HotWorking
Mold Steel
Red
Copper
Pulse on
Time,
Pulse off
Time,
Open
Discharge
Voltage,
Interval
Voltage
Non
Machining Taguchi
and
Reaming
Amount,
MRR, SR,
Electrode
Corner
Loss
Ko-Ta Chiang
and Fu-Ping
Chang (2007)
Applying grey
forecasting method for
fitting and predicting the
performance
characteristics of an
electro-conductive
ceramic (Al2O3 + 30%
TiC) during electrical
discharge machining
Al2O3 +
30% TiC
Copper
Voltage,
Current,
Pulse
Duration
Non
MRR,
Rmax,
EWR
319
RGM
Int. J. Mech. Eng. & Rob. Res. 2015
J Jeevamalar and S Ramabalan, 2015
Table 1 (Cont.)
Name of
Researchers
Contribution
Workpiece Electrode
Material
Material
Input Parameters
Taken Into Account
Electrical
José Carvalho
Ferreira
(2007)
A study of die helical
thread cavity surface
finish made by Cu-W
electrodes with
planetary EDM
Fred Amorim
and Walter
Weingaertner
(2007)
The Behavior of Graphite AISI P20
and Copper Electrodes
Tool Steel
on the Finish DieSinking Electrical
Discharge Machining
(EDM) of AISI P20 Tool
Steel
Kanagarajan
et al. (2008)
Optimization of electrical
discharge machining
characteristics of WC/Co
composites using nondominated sorting
genetic algorithm
(NSGA-II)
Tungsten Copper
(Cylindrical
Carbide
Shape)
Cobalt
Composites
(WC/Co)
Ko-Ta Chiang
(2008)
Modeling and analysis
of the effects of
machining parameters
on the performance
characteristics in the
EDM process of Al2O3 +
TiC mixed ceramic
Al2O3 + Tic
Mixed
Ceramic
Copper
Kuppan et al.
(2008)
Influence of EDM
process parameters in
deep hole drilling of
Inconel 718
Inconel
718
Salonitis et al.
(2009)
Thermal modeling of the
material removal rate
and surface roughness
for die-sinking EDM
Steel (St37)
Amir Abdullah
et al. (2009)
Effect of ultrasonicassisted EDM on the
surface integrity of
cemented tungsten
carbide (WC-Co)
Cemented Copper
Tungsten
Carbide
(WC-Co)
AISI H13
tool steel
NonElectrical
Output
Parameters
Technique
Taken
Into
Account
Copper- OpenFlushing
Tungsten Circuit
Pressure
(Cu-W)
Voltage,
Discharge
Voltage,
Peak
Discharge
Current,
Pulse on
Time, Duty
Factor
MRR,
Non
TWR, SR,
WLT, HAZ
Graphite, Discharge Non
Copper
Current,
Discharge
Duration,
Tool
Polarity
MRR,
VRW Ra
Non
MRR, SR
NSGA II
Discharge Non
Current,
Pulse on
Time, Duty
Factor,
Open
Discharge
Voltage
MRR,
EWR, SR
RSM,
CCD,
ANOVA.
Copper
Tube
Peak
Electrode
Current,
Speed
Pulse on
Time, Duty
Factor
MRR,
DASR
CCD,
RSM
Copper
(Rectangular
Shape)
Arc
Voltage,
Current,
Spark
Duration
The Idling
Time
MRR, SR
Theoretical
Model
OpenCircuit
Voltage
Non
SR
SEM, MH
320
Pulse
Current,
Pulse on
Time
Electrode
Rotation,
Flushing
Pressure
Int. J. Mech. Eng. & Rob. Res. 2015
J Jeevamalar and S Ramabalan, 2015
Table 1 (Cont.)
Name of
Researchers
Contribution
Workpiece Electrode
Material
Material
Input Parameters
Taken Into Account
Electrical
NonElectrical
Output
Parameters
Taken Into
Account
Polarity,
Non
Peak
Current,
Pulse
Duration,
HighVoltage
Auxiliary
Current,
No-Load
Voltage,
Servo
Reference
Voltage
MRR, EWR, GRA,
SR
ANOVA
Pulse on
Time,
Pulse off
Time,
Voltage
Gap,
Servo
Speed
SR
Yan-Cherng
Lin and HoShiun Lee
(2009)
Optimization of
machining parameters
using magnetic-forceassisted EDM based on
gray relational analysis
SKD 61
Steel
Ponappa et al.
(2010)
The effect of process
parameters on
machining of
magnesium nano
alumina composites
through EDM
Microwave Brass
(Hollow
Sintered
Magnesium Tubular)
Nano
Alumina
Composites
Kao et al.
(2010)
Optimization of the EDM Ti-6Al-4V
parameters on
Alloy
machining Ti-6Al-4V with
multiple quality
characteristics
Cylindrical Discharge Non
Current,
Copper
Open
Rod
Voltage,
Pulse
Duration,
Duty
Factor
Yonghong Liu
et al. (2010)
Investigation of
emulsion for die sinking
EDM
AISI 1045
Steel
Copper
Pulse on
Time,
Pulse off
Time,
Peak
Voltage,
Peak
Current
Non
Promod et al.
(2011)
Taguchi analysis of
surface modification
technique using W-Cu
powder metallurgy
sintered tools in EDM
and characterization of
the deposited layer
C-40 Steel
W-Cu
Powder
Metallurgy
Sintered
Tools
Pulse on
Time,
Peak
Current,
Duty
Factor
Composition, LT, MTR,
Compaction TWR, SR,
Pressure, MH
Sintering
Temperature
Hao Ning
Chiang and
Junz Wang
(2011)
An analysis of overcut
variation and coupling
effects of dimensional
variable in EDM process
AISI
D2AISI
S2Tool
Steel
Copper
(Square
Shape)
Current,
Voltage,
Pulse on
Time,
Pulse off
Time
Non
Copper
321
Technique
Non
Taguchi,
ANOVA
MRR, EWR, Taguchi,
SR
GRA
MRR, EWR, SEM
SQ
Taguchi
Method
OC, Electrode Variance
Dimensions, Analysis
Spark Hole
Dimensions,
Machine
Positioning,
Accuracy
Int. J. Mech. Eng. & Rob. Res. 2015
J Jeevamalar and S Ramabalan, 2015
Table 1 (Cont.)
Name of
Researchers
Contribution
Workpiece Electrode
Material
Material
Input Parameters
Taken Into Account
Electrical
NonElectrical
Output
Parameters
Technique
Taken
Into
Account
Horacio
Sánchez et al.
(2011)
Development of an
inversion model for
establishing EDM input
parameters to satisfy
material removal rate,
electrode wear ratio and
surface roughness
Carbon
Steel AISI
1045
Prismatic Peak
Copper
Current,
Pulse on
Time,
Pulse off
Time,
Non
Lei Li et al.
(2012)
Influence of flushing on
performance of EDM
with bunched electrode
Carbon
Steel
(S45C)
Copper
Non
(Hexagonal
shape)
Flushing
MRR,
Modes,
TWR
Flushing
Parameters
Renjie Ji et al.
(2012)
Silicon
Influence of dielectric
Carbide
and machining
(SiC)
parameters on the
process performance for
electric discharge
milling of SiC ceramic
SteelToothed
Wheel
Tool
Polarity,
Pulse
Duration,
Pulse
Interval,
Peak
Voltage,
Peak
Current
Dielectric
type
MRR, SR
Ignacio
Puertas and
Carmelo Luis
(2012)
Optimization of EDM
conditions in the
manufacturing process
of B4C and WC-Co
conductive ceramics
Boron
Carbide
(B4C),
CobaltBonded
Tungsten
Carbide
(WC-Co)
Copper
Intensity,
Pulse
Duration,
Duty
Cycle,
OpenCircuit
Voltage
Dielectric
Flushing
Pressure
MRR, SR, Fractional
Factorial
EWR
Design
with CCD
Shailendra
Kumar Singh
and Narinder
Kumar (2013)
Optimizing the EDM
Parameters to Improve
the Surface Roughness
of Titanium Alloy (Ti-6AL4V)
Ti- 6AL- 4V Copper
Pulse on
Time,
Pulse off
Time,
Current
Non
SR
Taguchi,
ANOVA
Shivendra
Tiwari (2013)
Optimization of Electrical
Discharge Machining
(EDM) with Respect to
Tool Wear Rate
Mild Steel
Copper
Peak
Current,
Pulse on
Time,
Pulse off
Time
Non
MRR,
TWR
Non
Singaram
Lakshmanan
and Mahesh
Kumar (2013)
Optimization of EDM
parameters using
Response Surface
Methodology for EN31
Tool Steel Machining
EN31 Tool
Steel
Copper
Pulse on
Time,
Pulse off
Time,
Pulse
Current,
Voltage
Non
MRR, SR
RSM,
ANOVA
322
MRR,
EWR, SR
ANOVA
and
Regression
Models
Non
SEM,
EDS,
XRD.
Int. J. Mech. Eng. & Rob. Res. 2015
J Jeevamalar and S Ramabalan, 2015
Table 1 (Cont.)
Name of
Researchers
Contribution
Workpiece Electrode
Material
Material
Input Parameters
Taken Into Account
Electrical
Annamalai
et al. (2014)
Investigation and
Modeling of Electrical
Discharge Machining
Process Parameters for
AISI 4340 steel
AISI 4340
steel
Copper
Pulse on
Time,
Peak
Current,
Pulse off
Time
Viral Prajapati
and Rajput
(2014)
A Review on
Optimization of Process
Parameters for
Improving Performance
in Electrical Discharge
Machining
SS 410
Copper
Shashikant
et al. (2014)
Optimization of machine
process parameters on
material removal rate in
EDM for EN19 material
using RSM
EN19
Copper
SUMMARY
NonElectrical
Output
Parameters
Taken Into
Account
Technique
MRR, SR
RSM,
ANOVA
Discharge Non
Current,
Pulse on
Time,
Pulse off
Time
MRR, SR
Non
Pulse on
Non
Time,
Pulse off
Time,
Discharge
Current,
Gap
Voltage
MRR, SR
RSM,
ANOVA
Non 2
on EDM are measured in terms of Material
Removal Rate, Tool Wear Rate, Wear Ratio
and Surface Finish.
The review of research trends in Sinker EDM
has been taken for recent 10 years. From the
above reviews we conclude that,
• Many research works have been taken by the
optimization techniques like, Response
Surface Methodology, ANNOVA, Taguchi,
Scanning Electron Microscope, Central
Composite Design, Grey Relational analysis,
and Multiple Regression analysis.
• Most of the EDM work that has been carried
on Steel materials, EN series, Ti-6AL-4V,
S45C, SiC, B4C, WC-Co, Al2O3+Ti and
Inconel 718.
• Copper is often used as a tool material in
Rectangular, Square, Cylindrical, Hollow
Tubular and Hexagonal shapes.
REFERENCES
• Pulse on, Pulse off, Peak Current, Voltage
are the primary electrical parameters and
Dielectric fluid, Flushing Pressure,
Electrode Rotation are the non electrical
parameters which are considered in EDM.
1. Ali Ozgedik and Can Cogun (2006), “An
Experimental Investigation of Tool Wear
in Electric Discharge Machining”,
International National Journal of
Advanced Manufacturing Technology,
Vol. 27, pp. 488-500.
• Most of the research work that has been
carried out for improving the performances
2. Amir Abdullah, Mohammad R Shabgard,
Ivanov A and Mohammad T Shervanyi323
Int. J. Mech. Eng. & Rob. Res. 2015
J Jeevamalar and S Ramabalan, 2015
Tabar (2009), “Effect of UltrasonicAssisted EDM on the Surface Integrity of
Cemented Tungsten Carbide (WC-Co)”,
International National Journal of
Advanced Manufacturing Technology,
Vol. 41, pp. 268-280.
Surface Roughness”, International
National Journal of Advanced
Manufacturing Technology, Vol. 57,
pp. 189-201.
8. Ignacio Puertas and Carmelo J Luis
(2012), “Optimization of EDM Conditions
in the Manufacturing Process of B4C and
W C-Co Conductive Ceramics”,
International National Journal of
Advanced Manufacturing Technology,
Vol. 59, pp. 575-582.
3. Annamalai N, Sivaramakrishnan V,
Suresh Kumar B and Baskar N (2014),
“Investigation and Modeling of Electrical
Discharge
Machining
Process
Parameters for AISI 4340 Steel”,
International Journal of Engineering and
Technology, Vol. 5, pp. 4761-4770.
9. José Carvalho Ferreira (2007), “A Study
of Die Helical Thread Cavity Surface
Finish made by Cu-W Electrodes with
Planetary EDM”, International National
Journal of Advanced Manufacturing
Technology, Vol. 34, pp. 1120-1132.
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