T File Scholars
Content
Topicality
GDI Scholars 1
TOC
TOC ................................................................................................................................................................................ 1 Agent Specification 1NC ............................................................................................................................................... 2 2NC Overview................................................................................................................................................................ 3 Reverse Agent Specification (OSPEC) 1NC ................................................................................................................ 4 Establish = Make a Treaty ............................................................................................................................................. 5 Establish = Create .......................................................................................................................................................... 6 Support = Secondary/Auxiliary Role ............................................................................................................................ 7 2NC Overview................................................................................................................................................................ 8 Support = Funding Only ................................................................................................................................................ 9 Support = Military Enforcement.................................................................................................................................. 10 Support = Status Quo ................................................................................................................................................... 11 2NC Overview.............................................................................................................................................................. 12 Peacekeeping = Truce .................................................................................................................................................. 13 Peacekeeping = Supervision ........................................................................................................................................ 14 Operations = 1 Operation............................................................................................................................................. 15 Operations Is Plural...................................................................................................................................................... 16
Topicality
GDI Scholars 2
Agent Specification 1NC
A. Interpretation—The affirmative must specify the agent in their plan text Dictionary of Politics 1973
The federal government consists of three policy-implementing branches. The executive, the legislative, or judicial branches.”
B. Violation—The affirmative fails to specify which branch will implement the plan C. Standards— 1. Limits—Failure to specify the agent explodes the topic by allowing an infinite number of actions by the federal government which destroy the ability to facilitate an in depth debate crushing education 2. Key to Agent counterplan competitiveness—Specification is essential for our agent counterplans and ability to test the words United States federal government in the plan text 3. Furthermore, not specifying makes the affirmative non-topical. It violates the word resolved—means “To make a firm decision about”—that’s the American Heritage Dictionary in 2000. Independent voting issue for ground. D. Agent specification is a voting issue for ground and competitive equity
Topicality
GDI Scholars 3
2NC Overview
Extend our interpretation—the affirmative must specify the executive, legislative, or judicial branch in their plan text. That’s the Dictionary of Politics in 73. They don’t meet because they don’t specify in the plan text—They have conceded several damning arguments: First, our interpretation is key to negative ground. Specification is essential to politics link arguments as well as our competitive counterplans. Second, our interpretation checks topic explosion by preventing the infinite number of affirmatives that could use the federal government to act in a variety of ways Furthermore, failure to specify makes the affirmative non-topical. Extend our definition from the American Heritage Dictionary 2000—resolved means “to make a firm decision about.” Also, this makes the affirmative conditional because they can shift their advocacy and defend any of the actors in the federal government obliterating predictability. Extend that topicality is a voting issue—This is a debate about competing interpretations—Whichever team provides the interpretation that facilitates the best debate wins.
Topicality
GDI Scholars 4
Reverse Agent Specification (OSPEC) 1NC
A. Interpretation—United States federal government means all three branches Wordnet 1997
United States—the executive and legislative and judicial branches of the federal government of the US
B. Violation—The affirmative specifies beyond United States federal government C. Standards— 1. Ground—They can spike out of all of our disadvantages and case turns by arguing that they don’t apply to the specific way their agency operates 2. Limits—Our interpretation checks topic explosion by preventing the affirmative from using any one of the hundreds of agencies in the executive branch like the DOJ, CIA, or FBI D. Topicality is a voting issue for competitive equity
Topicality
GDI Scholars 5
Establish = Make a Treaty
A. Interpretation—Establish a foreign policy means to ratify a treaty Black’s Law Dictionary 1990
To create, to ratify, or confirm; as: “We, the people…do ordain and establish the Constitution.”
B. Violation—The affirmative engages in a unilateral or multilateral foreign policy that does not incorporate a formalized treaty C. Standards— 1. Limits—Our interpretation checks topic explosion by forcing the affirmative to ratify a treaty in order to increase support for United Nations peacekeeping operations—their interpretation allows for an infinite amount of unilateral or multilateral foreign policies allowing for interaction with any possible nation states 2. Predictability—There are only a finite number of treaties that increase support for UN PKOs, allowing for a predictable set of cases 3. Ground—Our interpretation guarantees links to relations disads and UN bad arguments D. Topicality is a voting issue for ground and competitive equity
Topicality
GDI Scholars 6
Establish = Create
A. Interpretation—Establish means create Webster’s Dictionary 1998
To originate and secure the permanent existence of; to found; to institute; to create and regulate;
B. Violation—The affirmative does not establish a new foreign policy but expands upon an existing one C. Standards— 1. Limits—Our interpretation only allows for brand new policies that do not exist in the status quo, while their interpretation allows for an infinite amount of cases that do not exist in the status quo 2. Ground—We solve uniqueness ground by forcing the aff to be brand new; they could just non-unique all of our disads by saying that the policy exists in the status quo 3. Predictability—The policy literature base about United Nations peacekeeping operations all support future peacekeeping operations and those that don’t exist in the status quo D. Topicality is a voting issue for ground and competitive equity
Topicality
GDI Scholars 7
Support = Secondary/Auxiliary Role
A. Interpretation—Support means to perform an auxiliary role American Heritage Dictionary 2000, Fourth Edition
Support—“to act in a secondary or subordinate role to (a leading performer)”
B. Violation—the United States takes a primary, not subordinate role in a United Nations peacekeeping operation. C. Standards— 1. Limits—our affirmative limits out an infinite number of minor policy changes or unilateral treaty accessions that don’t directly interact with the United Nations and bypass the action of the topic. The affirmative explode the topic by allowing thousands of cases that unilateral ratify treaties or that take a leadership role in foreign policy and peacekeeping 2. Ground—Our interpretation is key to unilateral counter plan ground and united nations bad net benefit arguments as well as unilateralism and hegemony arguments
D. Topicality is a voting issue for ground and competitive equity
Topicality
GDI Scholars 8
2NC Overview
Extend our interpretation—support means to act in a secondary or subordinate role to a leading performer—that’s the American Heritage Dictionary in 2000. Our interpretation limits out all of the affirmatives that take unilateral positions such as treaty or protocol accession or sending troops directly to a peacekeeping operation and forces them to interact in a subordinate manner with the united nations. Our interpretation solves topic explosion by eliminating thousands of unilateral action affirmatives while allowing for unilateral counter plan ground as well as U.N. credibility and United Nations disads which is key to negative ground. Extend that topicality is based on competing interpretations—whichever team provides an interpretation that facilitates the best debate should win
Topicality
GDI Scholars 9
Support = Funding Only
A. Interpretation—Support means funding only Wordnet 97
Support—financial resources provided to make some project possible; "the foundation provided support for the experiment"
B. Violation—The affirmative provides troops or other resources instead of funding a United Nations Operations C. Standards— 1. Limits—Our interpretation limits out the infinite amount of affirmatives that send troops and materials other than financial support to countries or the United Nations 2. Ground—Our interpretation ensures links to budget tradeoff disads and fiscal discipline arguments. D. Topicality is a voting issue for ground and competitive equity
Topicality
GDI Scholars 10
Support = Military Enforcement
A. Interpretation--Support is
Support: reinforcement, reenforcement -- (a military operation (often involving new supplies of men and material) to strengthen a military force or aid in the performance of its mission Wordnet 2.0 1997
B. Violation—The affirmative does not on face give military support to a United Nations peacekeeping operations C. Standards 1. Predictible Limits—They explode limits because they justify something like colonize space which might result in increased genocide monitoring. 2. Ground—military support is key to our topic specific disad ground and key to generic intervention bad arguments. The plan only allows us to have offense against calling something genocide which is impossible 3. Makes them conditional—they have to win their solvency evidence to make them topical and mixing burdens is bad because it makes the negative have to win solvency turns to win a topicality debate thats a voting issue 4. Effects is bad—its unlimiting and unpredictible which kills all our link ground D. Topicality is a voting issue for fairness, jurisdiction, and education.
Topicality
GDI Scholars 11
Support = Status Quo
A. Interpretation — The plan must increase maintenance of an existing PKO Definitions 1. Support is maintenance Blacks Law Dictionary in 1997 [7th Edition] Supportn. 1. Sustenance or maintenance; 2. A PKO has to be in existence in order for it to be maintained B. Violation—The affirmative doesn't deal with one of the 16 existing peacekeeping operations, it creates a new PKO, and then maintains it. C. Standards— 1. Predictable Limits—Allows a finite amount of cases. It’s the most predictable because there is no other evidentiary support for an interpretation of the topic that would allow PKOs that “might” happen. 2. Ground – Preserves all disadvantage and counter plan ground. All critique links would all still apply 3. Extra T – The only way they could meet our interpretation would be to create a PKO and then maintain it, which is extra-T. Its illegitimate because it forces negative counter plans and makes the topic infinite, voter for fairness. D. Topicality is a voting issue for fairness, jurisdiction, and education.
Topicality
GDI Scholars 12
2NC Overview
Extend our interpretation from Blacks Law Dictionary in 1997, support is maintenance. In order to be topical is that the affirmative team must increase its maintenance to any one of the 15 current United Nations peacekeeping operations. They don’t meet our interpretation because the Sudan is not currently listed as an official peacekeeping operation. Our interpretation of the resolution is the best in the round: It sets the most predictable limits by allowing only the current peace keeping operations to be supported. This prevents the explosion of the topic into an infinite number of new peacekeeping operations, while also allowing affirmative flexibility by giving them options as to how they want to support any of the particular sixteen peacekeeping operations. It also ensures a predictable set of literature for the negative, allowing us to focus our research on 16 particular nations, giving us at least country-specific link ground. Additionally, the only way they could meet our interpretation is if they first create a new PKO and THEN support it, this would be extra topical and illegitimate.
Topicality
GDI Scholars 13
Peacekeeping = Truce A. Interpretation—Peacekeeping denotes a that a truce exists Dictionary.com online access 6/25/04 peacekeeping adj Of or relating to the preservation of peace, especially the supervision by international forces of a truce between hostile nations. B. Violation—Plan doesn’t send international peacekeepers into an operation in a country where there is a truce C. Standards— 1. Limits—Our interpretation limits the topic to affirmatives that send in international peacekeepers for the purpose of supervising truces. This limits out all of the affirmatives that send in United States troops or nonpeacekeeping forces as well as affirmatives that affect a region not governed by a truce. 2. Ground—Our interpretation is critical to links to UN bad and overstretch disads as well as unilateral action counterplans that bypass international organizations like the United Nations 3. Predictability—Our interpretation is most predictable because it forces a support of the United Nations with troops for the purpose of maintaining peace which is what the resolution implies. D. Topicality is a voting issue for ground and competitive equity
Topicality
GDI Scholars 14
Peacekeeping = Supervision
A. Interpretation—Peacekeeping implies supervision, not force Dictionary.com, accessed 6/26/04
Of or relating to the preservation of peace, especially the supervision by of a truce between hostile nations. international forces
Violation—The plan doesn’t increase support for the United Nations supervision, it only increases support by military force Standards— Limits—Our interpretation limits out all of affirmatives that send military troops or use force in order to increase support for United Nations peacekeeping operations. Their interpretation unlimits the topic by allowing for any affirmative that sends troops and actual force to any peacekeeping operation Ground—Our interpretation allows for the best link ground by allowing for diplomatic capital disads and disads based on soft power and United Nations monitoring Topicality is a voting issue for ground and competitive equity
Topicality
GDI Scholars 15
Operations = 1 Operation
A. Interpretation—The word “operations” implies only one operation 1) Operations is a term of art within UN usage and defined to mean only one country
United Nations, online accessed 6/25/04 One mission is labeled as “operations”—plural When the United Nations Mission in Bosnia and Herzegovina (UNMIBH) ended operations in December 2002, the most extensive police reform and restructuring project ever undertaken by the UN had been completed. UNMIBH had trained and accredited a 17,000 strong national police force. In addition to maintaining internal security, this force has made progress in curbing smuggling, the narcotics trade and human trafficking.
2) An operations involve many actors and actions within them
Wordnet 2.0 Vocabulary Helper, accessed 6/26/04 Operation – (a planned activity involving many people performing various actions; “they organized a rescue operation”; “the biggest police operation in French history”; “running a restaurant is quite an operation”; “consolidate the companies various operations”)
B. Violation—The plan supports the United Nations in more than one peacekeeping operation in the world. C. Standards— 1. Our interpretation is key to checking by an infinite number of unfair PICS that involve multiple countries 2. Our interpretation provides the best ground by ensuring in depth debates about specific locations where peacekeeping operations exist now
D. Topicality is a voting issue for ground and competitive equity
Topicality
GDI Scholars 16
Operations Is Plural
A. Interpretation—Operations in resolution has an s, denoting plurality “-s” makes it plural Dictionary.com, online accessed 6/25/04 -s or –es Suff. Used to form plural nouns: letters The United Nations refers to operations in the plural United Nations, online accessed 6/25/04
The charter of the united nations gives the un security council the power and responsibility to take collective action to maintain international peace and security. For this reason, the international community usually looks to the security council to authorize peacekeeping operations. Most of these operations are established and implemented by the united nations itself with troops serving under un operational command. In other cases, where direct un involvement is not considered appropriate or feasible, the council authorizes regional organizations such as the north atlantic treaty organization, the economic community of west african states or coalitions of willing countries to implement certain peacekeeping or peace enforcement functions.
B. Violation—The plan increases support for U.N. peacekeeping operations for only one operation C. Standards— 1. Limits—Our interpretation forces the affirmative to operate in more than one operation which is key to checking the infinite number of affirmatives that could increase support for one United Nations operation. 2. Ground—Our interpretation allows for better ground by opening up links in multiple areas of the world which allow for more in depth debate. D. Topicality is a voting issue for ground and competitive equity
GDI Scholars 1
TOC
TOC ................................................................................................................................................................................ 1 Agent Specification 1NC ............................................................................................................................................... 2 2NC Overview................................................................................................................................................................ 3 Reverse Agent Specification (OSPEC) 1NC ................................................................................................................ 4 Establish = Make a Treaty ............................................................................................................................................. 5 Establish = Create .......................................................................................................................................................... 6 Support = Secondary/Auxiliary Role ............................................................................................................................ 7 2NC Overview................................................................................................................................................................ 8 Support = Funding Only ................................................................................................................................................ 9 Support = Military Enforcement.................................................................................................................................. 10 Support = Status Quo ................................................................................................................................................... 11 2NC Overview.............................................................................................................................................................. 12 Peacekeeping = Truce .................................................................................................................................................. 13 Peacekeeping = Supervision ........................................................................................................................................ 14 Operations = 1 Operation............................................................................................................................................. 15 Operations Is Plural...................................................................................................................................................... 16
Topicality
GDI Scholars 2
Agent Specification 1NC
A. Interpretation—The affirmative must specify the agent in their plan text Dictionary of Politics 1973
The federal government consists of three policy-implementing branches. The executive, the legislative, or judicial branches.”
B. Violation—The affirmative fails to specify which branch will implement the plan C. Standards— 1. Limits—Failure to specify the agent explodes the topic by allowing an infinite number of actions by the federal government which destroy the ability to facilitate an in depth debate crushing education 2. Key to Agent counterplan competitiveness—Specification is essential for our agent counterplans and ability to test the words United States federal government in the plan text 3. Furthermore, not specifying makes the affirmative non-topical. It violates the word resolved—means “To make a firm decision about”—that’s the American Heritage Dictionary in 2000. Independent voting issue for ground. D. Agent specification is a voting issue for ground and competitive equity
Topicality
GDI Scholars 3
2NC Overview
Extend our interpretation—the affirmative must specify the executive, legislative, or judicial branch in their plan text. That’s the Dictionary of Politics in 73. They don’t meet because they don’t specify in the plan text—They have conceded several damning arguments: First, our interpretation is key to negative ground. Specification is essential to politics link arguments as well as our competitive counterplans. Second, our interpretation checks topic explosion by preventing the infinite number of affirmatives that could use the federal government to act in a variety of ways Furthermore, failure to specify makes the affirmative non-topical. Extend our definition from the American Heritage Dictionary 2000—resolved means “to make a firm decision about.” Also, this makes the affirmative conditional because they can shift their advocacy and defend any of the actors in the federal government obliterating predictability. Extend that topicality is a voting issue—This is a debate about competing interpretations—Whichever team provides the interpretation that facilitates the best debate wins.
Topicality
GDI Scholars 4
Reverse Agent Specification (OSPEC) 1NC
A. Interpretation—United States federal government means all three branches Wordnet 1997
United States—the executive and legislative and judicial branches of the federal government of the US
B. Violation—The affirmative specifies beyond United States federal government C. Standards— 1. Ground—They can spike out of all of our disadvantages and case turns by arguing that they don’t apply to the specific way their agency operates 2. Limits—Our interpretation checks topic explosion by preventing the affirmative from using any one of the hundreds of agencies in the executive branch like the DOJ, CIA, or FBI D. Topicality is a voting issue for competitive equity
Topicality
GDI Scholars 5
Establish = Make a Treaty
A. Interpretation—Establish a foreign policy means to ratify a treaty Black’s Law Dictionary 1990
To create, to ratify, or confirm; as: “We, the people…do ordain and establish the Constitution.”
B. Violation—The affirmative engages in a unilateral or multilateral foreign policy that does not incorporate a formalized treaty C. Standards— 1. Limits—Our interpretation checks topic explosion by forcing the affirmative to ratify a treaty in order to increase support for United Nations peacekeeping operations—their interpretation allows for an infinite amount of unilateral or multilateral foreign policies allowing for interaction with any possible nation states 2. Predictability—There are only a finite number of treaties that increase support for UN PKOs, allowing for a predictable set of cases 3. Ground—Our interpretation guarantees links to relations disads and UN bad arguments D. Topicality is a voting issue for ground and competitive equity
Topicality
GDI Scholars 6
Establish = Create
A. Interpretation—Establish means create Webster’s Dictionary 1998
To originate and secure the permanent existence of; to found; to institute; to create and regulate;
B. Violation—The affirmative does not establish a new foreign policy but expands upon an existing one C. Standards— 1. Limits—Our interpretation only allows for brand new policies that do not exist in the status quo, while their interpretation allows for an infinite amount of cases that do not exist in the status quo 2. Ground—We solve uniqueness ground by forcing the aff to be brand new; they could just non-unique all of our disads by saying that the policy exists in the status quo 3. Predictability—The policy literature base about United Nations peacekeeping operations all support future peacekeeping operations and those that don’t exist in the status quo D. Topicality is a voting issue for ground and competitive equity
Topicality
GDI Scholars 7
Support = Secondary/Auxiliary Role
A. Interpretation—Support means to perform an auxiliary role American Heritage Dictionary 2000, Fourth Edition
Support—“to act in a secondary or subordinate role to (a leading performer)”
B. Violation—the United States takes a primary, not subordinate role in a United Nations peacekeeping operation. C. Standards— 1. Limits—our affirmative limits out an infinite number of minor policy changes or unilateral treaty accessions that don’t directly interact with the United Nations and bypass the action of the topic. The affirmative explode the topic by allowing thousands of cases that unilateral ratify treaties or that take a leadership role in foreign policy and peacekeeping 2. Ground—Our interpretation is key to unilateral counter plan ground and united nations bad net benefit arguments as well as unilateralism and hegemony arguments
D. Topicality is a voting issue for ground and competitive equity
Topicality
GDI Scholars 8
2NC Overview
Extend our interpretation—support means to act in a secondary or subordinate role to a leading performer—that’s the American Heritage Dictionary in 2000. Our interpretation limits out all of the affirmatives that take unilateral positions such as treaty or protocol accession or sending troops directly to a peacekeeping operation and forces them to interact in a subordinate manner with the united nations. Our interpretation solves topic explosion by eliminating thousands of unilateral action affirmatives while allowing for unilateral counter plan ground as well as U.N. credibility and United Nations disads which is key to negative ground. Extend that topicality is based on competing interpretations—whichever team provides an interpretation that facilitates the best debate should win
Topicality
GDI Scholars 9
Support = Funding Only
A. Interpretation—Support means funding only Wordnet 97
Support—financial resources provided to make some project possible; "the foundation provided support for the experiment"
B. Violation—The affirmative provides troops or other resources instead of funding a United Nations Operations C. Standards— 1. Limits—Our interpretation limits out the infinite amount of affirmatives that send troops and materials other than financial support to countries or the United Nations 2. Ground—Our interpretation ensures links to budget tradeoff disads and fiscal discipline arguments. D. Topicality is a voting issue for ground and competitive equity
Topicality
GDI Scholars 10
Support = Military Enforcement
A. Interpretation--Support is
Support: reinforcement, reenforcement -- (a military operation (often involving new supplies of men and material) to strengthen a military force or aid in the performance of its mission Wordnet 2.0 1997
B. Violation—The affirmative does not on face give military support to a United Nations peacekeeping operations C. Standards 1. Predictible Limits—They explode limits because they justify something like colonize space which might result in increased genocide monitoring. 2. Ground—military support is key to our topic specific disad ground and key to generic intervention bad arguments. The plan only allows us to have offense against calling something genocide which is impossible 3. Makes them conditional—they have to win their solvency evidence to make them topical and mixing burdens is bad because it makes the negative have to win solvency turns to win a topicality debate thats a voting issue 4. Effects is bad—its unlimiting and unpredictible which kills all our link ground D. Topicality is a voting issue for fairness, jurisdiction, and education.
Topicality
GDI Scholars 11
Support = Status Quo
A. Interpretation — The plan must increase maintenance of an existing PKO Definitions 1. Support is maintenance Blacks Law Dictionary in 1997 [7th Edition] Supportn. 1. Sustenance or maintenance; 2. A PKO has to be in existence in order for it to be maintained B. Violation—The affirmative doesn't deal with one of the 16 existing peacekeeping operations, it creates a new PKO, and then maintains it. C. Standards— 1. Predictable Limits—Allows a finite amount of cases. It’s the most predictable because there is no other evidentiary support for an interpretation of the topic that would allow PKOs that “might” happen. 2. Ground – Preserves all disadvantage and counter plan ground. All critique links would all still apply 3. Extra T – The only way they could meet our interpretation would be to create a PKO and then maintain it, which is extra-T. Its illegitimate because it forces negative counter plans and makes the topic infinite, voter for fairness. D. Topicality is a voting issue for fairness, jurisdiction, and education.
Topicality
GDI Scholars 12
2NC Overview
Extend our interpretation from Blacks Law Dictionary in 1997, support is maintenance. In order to be topical is that the affirmative team must increase its maintenance to any one of the 15 current United Nations peacekeeping operations. They don’t meet our interpretation because the Sudan is not currently listed as an official peacekeeping operation. Our interpretation of the resolution is the best in the round: It sets the most predictable limits by allowing only the current peace keeping operations to be supported. This prevents the explosion of the topic into an infinite number of new peacekeeping operations, while also allowing affirmative flexibility by giving them options as to how they want to support any of the particular sixteen peacekeeping operations. It also ensures a predictable set of literature for the negative, allowing us to focus our research on 16 particular nations, giving us at least country-specific link ground. Additionally, the only way they could meet our interpretation is if they first create a new PKO and THEN support it, this would be extra topical and illegitimate.
Topicality
GDI Scholars 13
Peacekeeping = Truce A. Interpretation—Peacekeeping denotes a that a truce exists Dictionary.com online access 6/25/04 peacekeeping adj Of or relating to the preservation of peace, especially the supervision by international forces of a truce between hostile nations. B. Violation—Plan doesn’t send international peacekeepers into an operation in a country where there is a truce C. Standards— 1. Limits—Our interpretation limits the topic to affirmatives that send in international peacekeepers for the purpose of supervising truces. This limits out all of the affirmatives that send in United States troops or nonpeacekeeping forces as well as affirmatives that affect a region not governed by a truce. 2. Ground—Our interpretation is critical to links to UN bad and overstretch disads as well as unilateral action counterplans that bypass international organizations like the United Nations 3. Predictability—Our interpretation is most predictable because it forces a support of the United Nations with troops for the purpose of maintaining peace which is what the resolution implies. D. Topicality is a voting issue for ground and competitive equity
Topicality
GDI Scholars 14
Peacekeeping = Supervision
A. Interpretation—Peacekeeping implies supervision, not force Dictionary.com, accessed 6/26/04
Of or relating to the preservation of peace, especially the supervision by of a truce between hostile nations. international forces
Violation—The plan doesn’t increase support for the United Nations supervision, it only increases support by military force Standards— Limits—Our interpretation limits out all of affirmatives that send military troops or use force in order to increase support for United Nations peacekeeping operations. Their interpretation unlimits the topic by allowing for any affirmative that sends troops and actual force to any peacekeeping operation Ground—Our interpretation allows for the best link ground by allowing for diplomatic capital disads and disads based on soft power and United Nations monitoring Topicality is a voting issue for ground and competitive equity
Topicality
GDI Scholars 15
Operations = 1 Operation
A. Interpretation—The word “operations” implies only one operation 1) Operations is a term of art within UN usage and defined to mean only one country
United Nations, online accessed 6/25/04 One mission is labeled as “operations”—plural When the United Nations Mission in Bosnia and Herzegovina (UNMIBH) ended operations in December 2002, the most extensive police reform and restructuring project ever undertaken by the UN had been completed. UNMIBH had trained and accredited a 17,000 strong national police force. In addition to maintaining internal security, this force has made progress in curbing smuggling, the narcotics trade and human trafficking.
2) An operations involve many actors and actions within them
Wordnet 2.0 Vocabulary Helper, accessed 6/26/04 Operation – (a planned activity involving many people performing various actions; “they organized a rescue operation”; “the biggest police operation in French history”; “running a restaurant is quite an operation”; “consolidate the companies various operations”)
B. Violation—The plan supports the United Nations in more than one peacekeeping operation in the world. C. Standards— 1. Our interpretation is key to checking by an infinite number of unfair PICS that involve multiple countries 2. Our interpretation provides the best ground by ensuring in depth debates about specific locations where peacekeeping operations exist now
D. Topicality is a voting issue for ground and competitive equity
Topicality
GDI Scholars 16
Operations Is Plural
A. Interpretation—Operations in resolution has an s, denoting plurality “-s” makes it plural Dictionary.com, online accessed 6/25/04 -s or –es Suff. Used to form plural nouns: letters The United Nations refers to operations in the plural United Nations, online accessed 6/25/04
The charter of the united nations gives the un security council the power and responsibility to take collective action to maintain international peace and security. For this reason, the international community usually looks to the security council to authorize peacekeeping operations. Most of these operations are established and implemented by the united nations itself with troops serving under un operational command. In other cases, where direct un involvement is not considered appropriate or feasible, the council authorizes regional organizations such as the north atlantic treaty organization, the economic community of west african states or coalitions of willing countries to implement certain peacekeeping or peace enforcement functions.
B. Violation—The plan increases support for U.N. peacekeeping operations for only one operation C. Standards— 1. Limits—Our interpretation forces the affirmative to operate in more than one operation which is key to checking the infinite number of affirmatives that could increase support for one United Nations operation. 2. Ground—Our interpretation allows for better ground by opening up links in multiple areas of the world which allow for more in depth debate. D. Topicality is a voting issue for ground and competitive equity
