The Superstar Part 1

THE SUPERSTAR Madonna Louise Ciccone Part 1

Madonna Louise Ciccone (/tʃɪˈkoʊneɪ/ chi-KOH-nay; born August 16, 1958) is an American singersongwriter, actress, author, director, entrepreneur and philanthropist. Born in Bay City, Michigan, she [2] moved to New York City, where she lives, to pursue a career in modern dance and performed in the music groups Breakfast Club and Emmy. In 1982, Madonna signed with Sire Records (an affiliate of Warner Bros. Records) and released her self-titled debut album the following year. She has since released a series of successful albums, including the Grammy Award winners Ray of Light (1998) and Confessions on a Dance Floor (2005). Many of her songs peaked atop record charts, including "Like a Virgin", "Into the Groove", "Papa Don't Preach", "Like a Prayer", "Vogue", "Frozen", "Music", "Hung Up", and "4 Minutes". Madonna is known for continuously reinventing both her music and image, and for retaining a standard of autonomy within the recording industry. She attained immense popularity by pushing the boundaries of lyrical content in mainstream popular music and imagery in her music videos, which became a fixture on MTV. Critics have praised her diverse musical productions which have also been known to induce controversy. Her music and style has influenced numerous artists around the world. Madonna is considered by Forbes as a cultural icon and she is often referred to by the international media as the "Queen of Pop". Madonna received generally positive reviews for her role in Desperately Seeking Susan (1985), though her later film appearances received mixed commentary. She received critical acclaim and a Golden Globe Award for Best Actress in Motion Picture Musical or Comedy for Evita (1996), but has received harsh feedback for other performances. She has been recognized as an acclaimed businesswoman, involving herself in fashion design, writing children's books, and film directing and producing. In 1992, she founded entertainment company Maverick as a joint venture with Time Warner, which also included the label Maverick Records. In 2007, she signed a US $120 million record, touring and merchandising 360° deal with Live Nation, resulting in her leaving Warner Bros., her label since 1982. Madonna has sold more than 300 million records worldwide and is recognized as the best-selling female recording artist of all time by Guinness World Records. Time included her in its list of the "25 Most Powerful Women of the Past Century" due to her major influence in contemporary music. Madonna is the best-selling female rock artist of the 20th century and the second best selling female artist in the United States, with 64.5 million certified albums. In 2008, Billboard ranked her at number two, behind only The Beatles, on the Billboard Hot 100 All-Time Top Artists, making her the most successful solo artist in the history of the chart. She was also inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in the same year. In 2012, she was crowned the "Greatest Woman In Music" by VH1. As of 2013, some sources report that [3] Madonna's net worth has crossed over one billion dollars. Forbes magazine named Madonna the fifth

[1]

most powerful and the highest earning celebrity of 2013 with net earnings of $125 million between June [4] 2012 and June 2013.

Contents

 o o o o o o o o  o o o         

1 Life and career 1.1 1958–81: Early life and career beginnings 1.2 1982–85: Madonna, Like a Virgin and marriage to Sean Penn 1.3 1986–91: True Blue, Like a Prayer and the Blond Ambition Tour 1.4 1992–97: Maverick Records, Sex, Erotica, Bedtime Stories and Evita 1.5 1998–2002: Ray of Light, Music and marriage to Guy Ritchie 1.6 2003–06: American Life, children's books and Confessions on a Dance Floor 1.7 2007–09: Live Nation, Hard Candy and the Sticky & Sweet Tour 1.8 2010–present: W.E., MDNA and business ventures 2 Artistry 2.1 Musical style 2.2 Influences 2.3 Music videos and performances 3 Legacy 4 Kabbalah Centre 5 Discography 6 Tours 7 See also 8 References 9 Bibliography 10 Further reading 11 External links

Life and career

1958–81: Early life and career beginnings
Madonna Louise Ciccone was born in Bay City, Michigan, on August 16, 1958. Her father, Silvio Anthony Ciccone, is a first-generation Italian American (with roots in Pacentro, Italy), while her mother, Madonna [5] Louise (née Fortin), was of French Canadian descent. Her father worked as a design engineer for Chrysler and General Motors. As Madonna had the same name as her mother, family members called [6] her "Little Nonni". The third of six children from her father's first marriage, her full-blood siblings are: [6] Martin, Anthony, Paula,Christopher, and Melanie. Madonna was raised in the Roman Catholic faith. Upon receiving confirmation in 1966, she [7] adopted Veronica as an additional confirmation name. She was raised in the Detroit suburbs of Pontiac and Avon Township (now part of Rochester Hills). Her mother died of breast cancer at the age [8] of 30, in 1963. Months before her mother's death, Madonna noticed changes in her behavior and [8] personality, although she did not understand the reason. Mrs. Ciccone, at a loss to explain her medical condition, would often begin to cry when questioned by Madonna. Madonna later acknowledged that she [9] had not grasped the concept of her mother dying.

Bay City, Michigan; Madonna's birthplace

Madonna turned to her grandmother in the hope of finding some solace and some form of her mother in her. The Ciccone siblings resented housekeepers and invariably rebelled against anyone brought into [8] their home ostensibly to take the place of their beloved mother. In an interview with Vanity Fair, Madonna commented that she saw herself in her youth as a "lonely girl who was searching for something. I wasn't rebellious in a certain way. I cared about being good at something. I didn't shave my underarms and I didn't wear make-up like normal girls do. But I studied and I got good grades ... I wanted to be

somebody." Terrified that her father could be taken from her as well, Madonna could often not sleep [8] unless she was near him. In 1966, Madonna's father married the family's housekeeper Joan Gustafson, and they had two children: [6] Jennifer and Mario Ciccone. At this point, Madonna began to express unresolved feelings of anger [8] towards her father that lasted for decades, and developed a rebellious attitude. She attended St. Frederick's and St. Andrew's Catholic Elementary Schools, and then West Middle School. She was known for her high grade point average, and achieved notoriety for her unconventional behavior: she would perform cartwheels and handstands in the hallways between classes, dangle by her knees from the monkey barsduring recess, and pull up her skirt during class—all so that the boys could see her [10] underwear.

[8]

Madonna later attended Rochester Adams High School where she became a straight-A student and a [11] member of the cheerleading squad. After graduating, she received a dance scholarship to [12] [13] the University of Michigan. She convinced her father to allow her to take ballet lessons and was [14] persuaded by Christopher Flynn, her ballet teacher, to pursue a career in dance. In 1978, she dropped [15] out of college and relocated to New York City. She had little money and worked as a waitress [16] at Dunkin' Donuts and with modern dance troupes. Madonna said of her move to New York, "It was the first time I'd ever taken a plane, the first time I'd ever gotten a taxi cab. I came here with $35 in my pocket. [17] It was the bravest thing I'd ever done." She started to work as a backup dancer for other established artists. During a late night, Madonna was returning from a rehearsal, when she was dragged up an [18] alleyway by a pair of men at knifepoint and forced to perform fellatio. Madonna characterized the attack as rape; she later commented that "the episode was a taste of my weakness, it showed me that I still [19][20] could not save myself in spite of all the strong-girl show. I could never forget it."

While performing as a dancer for the French disco artist Patrick Hernandez on his 1979 world [10] tour, Madonna became romantically involved with musician Dan Gilroy. Together, they formed her first [21][22] [6] rock band, the Breakfast Club, for which Madonna sang and played drums and guitar. In 1980 or [23] 1981 she left Breakfast Club and, with her former boyfriend Stephen Bray as drummer, formed the band Emmy. Their music impressed DJ and record producer Mark Kamins who arranged a meeting [23] between Madonna and Sire Records founder Seymour Stein.

1982–85: Madonna, Like a Virgin and marriage to Sean Penn

After Madonna signed a singles deal with Sire, her debut single, "Everybody", was released in October 1982, and the second one, "Burning Up", in March 1983. Both became big club hits in the United States, [24] reaching number three on Hot Dance Club Songs chart compiled by Billboard magazine. After this success, she started developing her debut album, Madonna, which was primarily produced by Reggie

Lucas, a Warner Bros. producer. However, she was not happy with the completed tracks and disagreed with Lucas' production techniques, so decided to seek additional help. Madonna moved in with [25] boyfriend John "Jellybean" Benitez, asking his help for finishing the album's production. Benitez remixed most of the tracks and produced "Holiday", which was her third single and her first global hit. The overall sound of Madonna was dissonant and in the form of upbeat synthetic disco, utilizing some of the new [25][26] technology of the time, like the Linn drum machine, Moog bass and the OB-X synthesizer. The album was released in July 1983 and peaked at number eight on the Billboard 200 six months later, in [27][28] 1984. It yielded two more hit singles, "Borderline" and "Lucky Star".

[25]

"I was surprised by how people reacted to "Like a Virgin" because when I did that song, to me, I was singing about how something made me feel a certain way—brand-new and fresh—and everyone interpreted it as 'I don't want to be a virgin anymore. Fuck my brains out!' That's not what I sang at all. 'Like a Virgin' was always absolutely ambiguous." —Madonna on the backlash for "Like a Virgin"[29][30]

Madonna's look and style of dressing, her performances, and her music videos influenced young girls and women and her style became one of the female fashion trends of the 1980s. It was created by stylist and jewelry designer Maripol and the look consisted of lace tops, skirts over capri pants, fishnet stockings, [31][32] jewelry bearing the crucifix, bracelets, and bleached hair. Madonna achieved global recognition after the release of her second studio album, Like a Virgin, in November 1984. It topped the charts in several [27][33] countries and became her first number one album on the Billboard 200. The title track, "Like a [34] Virgin", topped the Billboard Hot 100 chart for six consecutive weeks. It attracted the attention of organizations who complained that the song and its accompanying video promoted premarital sex and [35] [36] undermined family values, and moralists sought to have the song and video banned.

Madonna came under further fire when she performed "Like a Virgin" at the first MTV Video Music Awards (VMA) where she appeared on stage atop a giant wedding cake, wearing a wedding dress and [37] white gloves. The performance is noted by MTV as an iconic moment in VMA history. In later years, Madonna commented that she was actually terrified of the performance. The next hit was "Material Girl" promoted by the iconic video, which was a mimicry of Marilyn Monroe's performance of the song "Diamonds Are a Girl's Best Friend" from the 1953 film Gentlemen Prefer Blondes. While filming this [38] video Madonna started dating actor Sean Penn and married him on her birthday in 1985. Like a Virgin was certified diamond by the Recording Industry Association of America and sold more than [39] 21 million copies worldwide.

Madonna entered mainstream films in February 1985, beginning with a brief appearance as a club singer in Vision Quest, a romantic drama film. Its soundtrack contained two new singles, her U.S. number-one [40] single, "Crazy for You" and "Gambler". She also appeared in the comedy Desperately Seeking Susan in March 1985, a film which introduced the song "Into the Groove", her first number one single in [41] the United Kingdom. Although not the lead actress for the film, her profile was such that the movie [42] widely became seen (and marketed) as a Madonna vehicle. The New York Times film critic Vincent

Canby named it one of the ten best films of 1985. In February 1984, according to the film director Sir Richard Attenborough, Madonna auditioned at the Royale Theatre on Broadway for a dance role in his [44] movie version of A Chorus Line using her birth-name of Ciccone, but he rejected her.

[43]

Beginning in April 1985, Madonna embarked on her first concert tour in North America, The Virgin Tour, with the Beastie Boys as her opening act. She progressed from playing CBGB and the Mudd Club to playing sporting arenas. At that time she released two more hit singles from the album, "Angel" and [45] "Dress You Up". In July, Penthouse andPlayboy magazines published a number of nude photos of Madonna, taken in New York in 1978. She had posed for the photographs as she needed money at the [46] time, and was paid as little as $25 a session. The publication of the photos caused a media uproar, but [47] Madonna remained defiant and unapologetic." The photographs were ultimately sold for up to [46] $100,000. She referred to the whole experience at the 1985 outdoor Live Aid charity concert saying that she would not take her jacket off because "[the media] might hold it against me ten years from [47][48] now."

1986–91: True Blue, Like a Prayer and the Blond Ambition Tour

Madonna performing during the Who's That Girl World Tour

In June 1986, Madonna released her third studio album, True Blue, which was inspired by and dedicated [49] to Sean Penn. Rolling Stone magazine was generally impressed with the effort, writing that the album [50] "sound[s] as if it comes from the heart". It spawned three number-one singles on the Billboard Hot 100: "Live to Tell", "Papa Don't Preach" and "Open Your Heart", and two more top-five singles: "True Blue" and [28][40] "La Isla Bonita". The album topped the charts in over 28 countries worldwide, an unprecedented achievement at the time and became her best-selling studio album of her career to this date with sales of [51] 25 million. In the same year, Madonna also starred in the critically panned film Shanghai Surprise for which she was awarded the Golden Raspberry Award for "worst actress". She also made her theatrical [52] debut in a production of David Rabe's Goose and Tom-Tom, both co-starring Penn. The next year, Madonna's second feature film, Who's That Girl, was released. She contributed four songs to its [28] soundtrack, including the title track and "Causing a Commotion".

Madonna embarked on the Who's That Girl World Tour in July 1987, which continued until [53] September. The tour was inspired by Madonna's belief that, with the help of people, she could turn [54] herself into something else. It broke several attendance records, including over 130,000 audience in a [55] concert in Paris, which remains her biggest concert attendance ever. Later that year, she released a [27][56] remix album of past hits, titled You Can Dance, which reached number 14 on the Billboard 200. After an annulment in December 1987, Madonna filed for divorce from Penn in January 1989 citing [38] irreconcilable differences.

"In Like a Prayer I've been dealing with more specific issues that mean a lot to me. They're about an assimilation of experiences I've had in my life and in relationships. They're about my mother, my father and my bonds with my family about the pain of dying, or growing up and letting go. [The album] was a real coming-of-age record for me emotionally ... I had to do a lot of soul-searching and I think it is a reflection of that." —Madonna talking about the inspiration behind Like a Prayer.[57][58]

In January 1989, Madonna signed an endorsement deal with soft-drink manufacturer, Pepsi. In one of her Pepsi commercials, she debuted her song "Like a Prayer". The corresponding music video featured many Catholic symbols such as stigmata and cross burning, and a dream about making love to a saint, leading the Vatican to condemn the video. Religious groups sought to ban the commercial and boycott [59][60] Pepsi products. Pepsi revoked the commercial and canceled her sponsorship contract. The song was included on Madonna's fourth studio album, Like a Prayer, which was co-written and co-produced by [61] Patrick Leonard and Stephen Bray. Rolling Stone wrote that it was "as close to art as pop music [62] gets". Like a Prayer peaked at number one on the Billboard 200 and sold 13 million copies worldwide, [27][63] with 4 million copies sold in the U.S. alone. Six singles were released from the album, including "Like a Prayer", which reached number one, and "Express Yourself" and "Cherish", both peaking at number [28][40] two. By the end of the 1980s, Madonna was named as the "Artist of the Decade" by [64][65][66] MTV, Billboard and Musician magazine.

Madonna starred as "Breathless" Mahoney in the film Dick Tracy (1990), with Warren Beatty playing the [67] title role. To accompany the film, she released the soundtrack album, I'm Breathless, which included [68] songs inspired by the film's 1930s setting. It also featured the U.S. number-one hit, "Vogue", and "Sooner or Later", which earned songwriter Stephen Sondheim an Academy Award for Best Original [69] Song in 1991. While shooting the film, Madonna began a relationship with Beatty which dissolved by [70][71] the end of 1990.

In April 1990, Madonna began her Blond Ambition World Tour, which was held until August. Rolling Stone called it an "elaborately choreographed, sexually provocative extravaganza" and proclaimed it "the [73] best tour of 1990". The tour was met with strong reaction from religious groups for her performance of "Like a Virgin", during which two male dancers caressed her body before she simulated [53] masturbation. The Church of England and the Catholic Church criticized her performance and the Pope [74] asked the general public and the Christian community not to attend the concert. A private association [75] of Catholics calling themselves Famiglia Domani also boycotted the tour for its eroticism. In response, Madonna said, "The tour in no way hurts anybody's sentiments. It's for open minds and gets them to see [76] sexuality in a different way. Their own and others". The Laserdisc release of the tour won Madonna [77] a Grammy Award in 1992 for Best Long Form Music Video.

[72]

The Immaculate Collection, Madonna's first greatest-hits compilation album, was released in November [78] 1990. It included two new songs, "Justify My Love" and "Rescue Me". The album was certified diamond by RIAA and sold over 30 million copies worldwide, becoming the best-selling compilation album by a [79][80] solo artist in history. "Justify My Love" reached number one in the U.S. and top ten [40][81] worldwide. Its music video featured scenes of sadomasochism, bondage, same-sex kissing and brief [82][83] nudity. The video was deemed too sexually explicit for MTV and was banned from the [82] network. Madonna responded to the banning: "Why is it that people are willing to go and watch a movie about someone getting blown to bits for no reason at all, and nobody wants to see two girls kissing and [84] two men snuggling?" The second single, "Rescue Me", became the highest-debuting single by a [78] female artist in Hot 100 chart history at that time, entering at number 15 and peaking at number nine. In December 1990, Madonna decided to leave Jennifer Lynch's film, Boxing Helena, which she had [85] previously agreed to star in, without any explanation to the producers. Around this time, Madonna had an eight-month relationship with rapper Vanilla Ice; he ended their relationship because of [86] Madonna's Sex book. Her first documentary film Truth or Dare(known as In Bed with Madonna outside [87] North America) was released in mid-1991. The documentary chronicled her Blond Ambition World [23] Tour.

1992–97: Maverick Records, Sex, Erotica, Bedtime Stories and Evita

Madonna performing during The Girlie Show World Tour

In 1992, Madonna had a role in A League of Their Own as Mae Mordabito, a baseball player on an allwomen's team. She recorded the film's theme song, "This Used to Be My Playground", which became a [40] Hot 100 number one hit. The same year, she founded her own entertainment company, Maverick, consisting of a record company (Maverick Records), a film production company (Maverick Films), and associated music publishing, television broadcasting, book publishing and merchandising divisions. The deal was a joint venture with Time Warner and paid Madonna an advance of $60 million. It gave her 20% royalties from the music proceedings, one of the highest rates in the industry, equaled at that time only by [88] Michael Jackson's royalty rate established a year earlier with Sony. The first release from the venture was Madonna's book, titledSex. It consisted of sexually provocative and explicit images, photographed by Steven Meisel. The book caused strong negative reaction from the media and the general public, but [89][90] sold 1.5 million copies at $50 each in a matter of days. At the same time she released her fifth studio [27][90] album, Erotica, which debuted at number two on the Billboard 200. Its title track peaked at number [40] three on the Billboard Hot 100. Erotica also produced five further singles: "Deeper and Deeper", "Bad [91] Girl", "Fever", "Rain" and "Bye Bye Baby". The provocative imagery continued in the 1990s with the erotic thriller, Body of Evidence, a film which contained scenes of sadomasochism and bondage. It [92][93] was poorly received by critics. She also starred in the film Dangerous Game, which was released straight to video in North America. The New York Times described the film as "angry and painful, and the [94] pain feels real."

In September 1993, Madonna embarked on The Girlie Show World Tour, in which she dressed as a whipcracking dominatrix surrounded by topless dancers. The show faced negative reaction, specifically [53] in Puerto Rico where she rubbed the island's flag between her legs on stage. In March 1994, she appeared as a guest on the Late Show with David Letterman, using profanity that was required to be [95] censored on television and handing Letterman a pair of her underwear and asking him to smell it. The releases of her sexually explicit films, albums and book, and the aggressive appearance on Letterman all made critics question Madonna as a sexual renegade. She faced strong negative publicity from critics [96] and fans, who commented that "she had gone too far" and that her career was over.

According to biographer J. Randy Taraborrelli, the ballad "I'll Remember" (1994), was an attempt to tone [97] down her provocative image. The song was recorded for Alek Keshishian's film With Honors. She made a subdued appearance with Letterman at an awards show and appeared on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno after realizing that she needed to change her musical direction in order to sustain her [98] popularity. With her sixth studio album, Bedtime Stories (1994), Madonna employed a softer image to [98] try to improve the public perception of her. The album debuted at number three on the Billboard 200 and produced four singles, including "Secret" and "Take a Bow", the latter topping the Hot 100 for seven [99] weeks, the longest period of any Madonna single. At the same time, she became romantically involved [100] with fitness trainer Carlos Leon. Something to Remember, a collection of ballads, was released in November 1995. The album featured three new songs: "You'll See", "One More Chance", and a cover [40][101] of Marvin Gaye's "I Want You".

1996 saw the release of Evita, in which Madonna played the title role of Eva Perón. For a long time, Madonna had desired to play Perón and even wrote to director Alan Parker, explaining how she would be perfect for the part. She stated, "This is the role I was born to play. I put everything of me into this because it was much more than a role in a movie. It was exhilarating and intimidating at the same [104] time ... And I am prouder of Evita than anything else I have done." After securing it, she underwent vocal training and learned about the history of Argentina and Perón. During shooting she fell sick many [105] times due to the intense emotional effort required. Evita was a period drama and almost 6,000 costumes were needed for the scenes, a Guinness World Record for the most costume changes in a [103] film.

[102][103]

After its release, Evita garnered critical appreciation. Zach Conner from Time magazine commented "It's a relief to say that Evita is pretty damn fine, well cast and handsomely visualized. Madonna once again confounds our expectations. She plays Evita with a poignant weariness and has more than just a bit of [106][107] star quality. Love or hate Madonna-Eva, she is a magnet for all eyes." Madonna won a Golden [108] Globe Award for Best Actress in Motion Picture Musical or Comedy for the role. She released three singles from the Evita soundtrack album including "You Must Love Me" (which won an Academy Award [109] for Best Original Song in 1997) and "Don't Cry for Me Argentina". On October 14, 1996, Madonna [110] gave birth to Lourdes Maria Ciccone Leon, her daughter with Leon.

1998–2002: Ray of Light, Music and marriage to Guy Ritchie

Madonna performing on theDrowned World Tour

After Lourdes' birth, Madonna became involved in Eastern mysticism and Kabbalah. She was introduced [111] to Jewish mysticism by actress Sandra Bernhard in 1997. Her seventh studio album, Ray of Light, [112][113] (1998) reflected this change in her perception and image. She collaborated with then relatively unknown electronica producer William Orbit and wanted to create a sound that could blend dance music [114] with pop and British rock. American music critic Ann Powers explained that what Madonna searched for with Orbit "was a kind of a lushness that she wanted for this record. Techno and rave was happening in the 90's and had a lot of different forms. There was very experimental, more hard stuff like Aphex Twin. There was party stuff like Fatboy Slim. That's not what Madonna wanted for this. She wanted something [114] more like a singer-songwriter, really. And William Orbit provided her with that." The album garnered [115] critical acclaim and Slant Magazine declared it as "one of the great pop masterpieces of the '90s". Ray of Light was honored with four Grammy Awards, and listed as one of Rolling Stone's "500 Greatest [116][117] Albums of All Time". Topping the charts in Australia, Canada, New Zealand, UK and mainland Europe, the album debuted at number two on theBillboard 200—held off from the top spot by the [118] soundtrack to the film Titanic—and sold 16 million copies worldwide. The album's first single, "Frozen", became Madonna's first single to debut at number one in the UK, while in the U.S. it became her sixth number-two single and set another record for Madonna as the artist with the most number two [40][119] [120] hits. The second single, "Ray of Light", debuted at number five on theBillboard Hot 100.

Madonna's relationship with Carlos Leon ended in December 1998; she declared that they were "better [121] off as best friends." Following their break-up, Madonna signed to play a violin teacher in the film Music

of the Heart but left the project, citing "creative differences" with director Wes Craven. She followed Ray of Light with the single "Beautiful Stranger", recorded for the 1999 film Austin Powers: The Spy Who Shagged Me. It reached number 19 on the Hot 100 solely on radio airplay and earned Madonna [40][77] a Grammy Award for "Best Song Written for a Motion Picture, Television or Other Visual Media". In 1998, the Guinness Book of World Records stated: "No female artist has sold more records than [123] Madonna around the world".

[122]

In 2000, Madonna starred in the film, The Next Best Thing, and contributed two songs to the film's soundtrack: "Time Stood Still" and the international hit "American Pie", a cover version of Don McLean's [124] 1971 song. She released her eighth studio album, Music, in September 2000. It featured elements [125] from the electronica-inspired Ray of Light era, and catered to her gay audience. Collaborating with French producer Mirwais Ahmadzaï, Madonna commented: "I love to work with the weirdos that no one knows about—the people who have raw talent and who are making music unlike anyone else out [125] there. Music is the future of sound." Stephen Thomas Erlewine from Allmusic felt that "Music blows by in a kaleidoscopic rush of color, technique, style and substance. It has so many depth and layers that it's [126] easily as self-aware and earnest as Ray of Light." The album took the number-one position in more [116] than 20 countries worldwide and sold four million copies in the first ten days. In the U.S., Music debuted at the top, and became her first number-one album in eleven years since Like a [127] Prayer. It produced three singles: the Hot 100 number one "Music", "Don't Tell Me" and "What It Feels [40] Like for a Girl". The music video of "What It Feels Like for a Girl" depicted Madonna committing acts of [128] crime and vandalism, and was banned by MTV and VH1. Around the same time as the release of the Music album, Madonna began a relationship with Guy Ritchie, a film director she had met in 1999 through mutual friends Sting and his wife, Trudie Styler. On [129] August 11, 2000, she gave birth to their son, Rocco Ritchie. In December, Madonna and Ritchie were [130] married in a ceremony in Scotland. Her fifth concert tour, titled Drowned World Tour, started in April [53] 2001. The tour visited cities in the U.S. and Europe and was the highest-grossing concert tour of the [131] year by a solo artist, earning $75 million from 47 sold-out shows. She also released her second greatest-hits collection, titled GHV2, to coincide with the home video release of the tour. GHV2debuted at [132] number seven on the Billboard 200. Madonna starred in the film Swept Away, directed by Ritchie. Released direct-to-video in the UK, the film [133] was a commercial and critical failure. In May 2002 she appeared in London in the West End play Up For Grabs at the Wyndhams Theatre (billed as 'Madonna Ritchie'), to universally bad reviews and was [134][135][136] described as "the evening's biggest disappointment" by one. Later that year, she released "Die Another Day", the title song of the James Bond film Die Another Day, in which she had a cameo role, [137] described by The Guardian film reviewer as "incredibly wooden". The song reached number eight on the Billboard Hot 100 and was nominated for both a Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song and [40] a Golden Raspberry for Worst Song.

2003–06: American Life, children's books and Confessions on a Dance Floor

Madonna performing at theLive 8 benefit concert (2005)

Following Die Another Day, Madonna collaborated with fashion photographer Steven Klein in 2003 for an exhibition installation named X-STaTIC Pro=CeSS. It included photography from a photo shoot in W magazine, and seven video segments. The installation ran from March to May in New York's Deitch [138] Projects gallery. It then traveled the world in an edited form. The same year, Madonna released her ninth studio album, American Life, which was based on her observations of American society, and [139] received mixed reviews. She commented, "[American Life] was like a trip down memory lane, looking back at everything I've accomplished and all the things I once valued and all the things that were [140] important to me." Larry Flick from The Advocate felt that "American Life is an album that is among her most adventurous and lyrically intelligent" while condemning it as "a lazy, half-arsed effort to sound and [140][141] [40] take her seriously." The title song peaked at number 37 on the Hot 100. Its original music video was canceled as Madonna thought that the video, featuring violence and war imagery, would be deemed [142] unpatriotic since America was then at war with Iraq. With only four million copies sold [143] worldwide, American Life was the lowest-selling album of her career. Madonna gave another provocative performance later that year at the 2003 MTV Video Music Awards, while singing "Hollywood" with Britney Spears, Christina Aguilera and Missy Elliott. Madonna kissed [144][145] Spears and Aguilera suggestively during the performance, triggering a tabloid frenzy. In October [146] 2003, Madonna provided guest vocals on Spears' single "Me Against the Music". It was followed with the release of Remixed & Revisited. The EP contained remixed versions of songs from American Life and included "Your Honesty", a previously unreleased track from the Bedtime Stories recording [147] sessions. Madonna also signed a contract with Callaway Arts & Entertainment to be the author of five children's books. The first of these books, titled The English Roses, was published in September 2003. [148] The story was about four English schoolgirls and their envy and jealousy of each other. Kate Kellway from The Guardian commented, "[Madonna] is an actress playing at what she can never be —a JK [149] Rowling, an English rose." The book debuted at the top of The New York Times Best Seller list and [150] became the fastest-selling children's picture book of all time.

The next year, Madonna and Maverick sued Warner Music Group and its former parent company Time Warner, claiming that mismanagement of resources and poor bookkeeping had cost the company millions of dollars. In return, Warner filed a countersuit alleging that Maverick had lost tens of millions of dollars on [151][152] its own. The dispute was resolved when the Maverick shares, owned by Madonna and Ronnie Dashev, were purchased by Warner. Madonna and Dashev's company became a wholly owned subsidiary of Warner Music, but Madonna was still signed to Warner under a separate recording [151] contract. In mid-2004, Madonna embarked on the Re-Invention World Tour in the U.S., Canada and Europe. It [153] became the highest-grossing tour of 2004, earning around $120 million. She made a documentary [154] about the tour named I'm Going to Tell You a Secret. Rolling Stone ranked her at number 36 on its list [155] of the "100 Greatest Artists of All Time". In January 2005, Madonna performed a cover version of [156] the John Lennon song "Imagine" at Tsunami Aid. She also performed at the Live 8 benefit concert in [157] London.
"I tried several different things when Stuart [producer Stuart Price] brought me music. And it was like divine inspiration. It just clicked, like: 'This is the direction of my record.' That's what we intended, to make a record that you can play at a party or in your car, where you don't have to skip past a ballad. It's nonstop." —Madonna talking about Confessions on a Dance Floor.[158]

Her tenth studio album, Confessions on a Dance Floor, was released in November 2005. Musically the album was structured like a club set composed by a DJ with Keith Caulfield from Billboard commented [159] that the album was a "welcome return to form for the Queen of Pop." The album won a Grammy [77] Award for "Best Electronic/Dance Album". Confessions on a Dance Floor and its lead single, "Hung Up", went on to reach number one in 40 and 41 countries respectively, earning a place in the Guinness [160] Book of World Records. The song contained a sample of ABBA's Gimme! Gimme! Gimme! (A Man After Midnight), only the second time that ABBA has allowed their work to be used. ABBA [161] songwriter Björn Ulvaeus remarked "It is a wonderful track—100 per cent solid pop music." "Sorry", [41] the second single, became Madonna's twelfth number-one single in the UK. Madonna embarked on the Confessions Tour in May 2006, which had a global audience of 1.2 million and grossed over $193.7 million, becoming the highest-grossing tour to that date for a female [162] artist. Madonna used religious symbols, such as thecrucifix and Crown of Thorns, in the performance of "Live to Tell". It caused the Russian Orthodox Church and the Federation of Jewish Communities of [163] Russia to urge all their members to boycott her concert. The Vatican condemned her mock-crucifixion as blasphemous. Madonna replied that performance was neither anti-Christian, sacrilegious or blasphemous and was intended to encourage mankind to help one another and to see the world as a [164] unified whole. In the same year, the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry announced [165] officially that Madonna had sold over 200 million copies for her albums alone worldwide. While on tour, Madonna participated in the Raising Malawi initiative by partially funding an orphanage in [166] and traveling to that country. On October 10, 2006, she filed adoption papers for a boy from the [167] orphanage, David Banda Mwale. He was later renamed David Banda Mwale Ciccone Ritchie. The adoption raised strong public reaction, because Malawian law requires would-be parents to reside in [168] Malawi for one year before adopting, which Madonna did not do. She addressed this on The Oprah Winfrey Show, saying that there were no written adoption laws in Malawi that regulated foreign adoption.

She described how Banda had been suffering from pneumonia after [169] surviving malaria andtuberculosis when she first met him. Banda's biological father, Yohane, commented, "These so-called human rights activists are harassing me every day, threatening me that I am not aware of what I am doing ... They want me to support their court case, a thing I cannot do for I [170] [171] know what I agreed with Madonna and her husband." The adoption was finalized on May 28, 2008. A clothing line titled M by Madonna, in collaboration with Swedish clothing retailer H&M, was launched [172] internationally in 2006. The collection consisted of leather trench coats, sequined shift dresses, creamcolored calf-length pants and matching cropped jackets. H&M said the collection reflected Madonna's [173] "timeless, unique and always glamorous style."

2007–09: Live Nation, Hard Candy and the Sticky & Sweet Tour

Madonna and Nathan Rissman at the premiere of I Am Because We Are at the 2008 Tribeca Film Festival.

Madonna released the song "Hey You" for the Live Earth series of concerts. The song was available as a free download during its first week of release. She also performed it at the London Live Earth [174] concert. Madonna announced her departure from Warner Bros. Records, and a new $120 million, ten[175] year 360 deal with Live Nation. She produced and wrote I Am Because We Are, a documentary on the problems faced by Malawians. The documentary was directed by Nathan Rissman, who worked as [176] Madonna's gardener. She also directed her first film Filth and Wisdom. The plot of the film revolved around three friends and their aspirations. The Times said she had "done herself proud" while The Daily Telegraph described the film as "not an entirely unpromising first effort [but] Madonna would do well to [177][178] hang on to her day job."

In December 2007, the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame announced Madonna as one of the five inductees of [179] [180] 2008. At the induction ceremony on March 10, 2008, Madonna did not sing but asked fellow Hall of Fame inductees and Michigan natives The Stooges to perform her songs "Burning Up" and "Ray of Light". She thanked Christopher Flynn, her dance teacher from 35 years earlier, for his encouragement to follow [181] her dreams.

Madonna released her eleventh studio album, Hard Candy, in April 2008. Containing R&B and urban pop influences, the songs on Hard Candy were autobiographical in nature and saw Madonna [182] collaborating with Justin Timberlake, Timbaland, Pharrell Williams and Nate "Danja" Hills. Rolling [183] Stone complimented it as an "impressive taste of her upcoming tour."
"Probably in many respects most of the songs [onHard Candy] are [autobiographical]. But in more of an unconscious way. I don't really think about telling personal stories when I'm writing music. It just comes. And then a lot of times, six months later, eight months later, I go, 'Oh, that's what I wrote that song about.' But that's when I play the song for lots of people and they all go, 'Oh, I can totally relate to that.'" — Madonna talking about the inspiration behindHard Candy[184]

The album debuted at number one in thirty seven countries and on the Billboard 200. It received generally positive reviews worldwide though some critics panned it as "an attempt to harness the urban [187][188] market". Its lead single, "4 Minutes", reached number three on the Billboard Hot 100. The song was Madonna's 37th Hot 100 top-ten hit—it pushed Madonna past Elvis Presley as the artist with the most [189] top-ten hits. In the UK, she retained her record for the most number-one singles for a female artist; "4 [190] Minutes" becoming her thirteenth. At the 23rd Japan Gold Disc Awards, Madonna received her fifth [191] "Artist of the Year" trophy from Recording Industry Association of Japan, the most for any artist. To further promote the album, Madonna embarked on theSticky & Sweet Tour; her first major venture with Live Nation. With a gross of $280 million, it became the highest-grossing tour by a solo artist then, surpassing the previous record Madonna set with the Confessions Tour; it was later surpassed by Roger [192][193] Waters' The Wall Live. It was extended to the next year, adding new European dates, and after it [192][194] ended, the total gross was $408 million.

[185][186]

Life with My Sister Madonna, a book by Madonna's brother Christopher Ciccone, debuted at number two [195] on The New York Times bestseller list. The book caused some friction between Madonna and her [196] brother, because of the unsolicited publication. Problems also arose between Madonna and Ritchie, with the media reporting that they were on the verge of separation. Ultimately, Madonna filed for divorce [197][198] from Ritchie, citing irreconcilable differences, which was finalized in December 2008. She decided to adopt again from Malawi. The country's High Court initially approved the adoption of Chifundo "Mercy" James; however, the application was rejected because Madonna was not a resident of the [199] country. Madonna appealed, and on June 12, 2009, the Supreme Court of Malawi granted Madonna [200] the right to adopt Mercy James. She also released Celebration, her third greatest-hits album and final release with Warner. It contained the new songs "Celebration" and "Revolver" along with 34 hits spanning [201] her career. Celebration reached number one in the UK, tying her with Elvis Presley as the solo act

with most number one albums in the British chart history. She appeared at the 2009 MTV Video Music [203] Awards on September 13, 2009, to speak in tribute to deceased pop starMichael Jackson. Madonna ended the 2000s as the best-selling single artist of the decade in the U.S. and the most-played [204][205] artist of the decade in the UK. Billboard also announced her as the third top-touring artist of the decade—behind only The Rolling Stones and U2—with a gross of over $801 million, 6.3 million [206] attendance and 244 sell-outs of 248 shows.

[202]

2010–present: W.E., MDNA and business ventures

Madonna performing during The MDNA Tour

Madonna performed at the Hope for Haiti Now: A Global Benefit for Earthquake Relief concert in January [207] 2010. In April she released her third live album, Sticky & Sweet Tour. It was her first release under [208] Live Nation, but was distributed by Warner Bros. Madonna granted American TV show Glee the rights to her entire catalogue of music, and the producers planned an episode featuring Madonna songs [209] exclusively. Titled "The Power of Madonna", the episode was approved by her, telling Us Weekly that [210] she found it "brilliant on every level", praising the scripting and the message of equality. Glee: The Music, The Power of Madonna, an EP containing eight cover versions of Madonna songs featured in the [211] episode, was released afterward and debuted at number one on the Billboard 200.

Madonna released the Material Girl clothing line, which she designed with her daughter, Lourdes. The 1980s inspired clothing line, borrowed from Madonna's punk-girl style when she rose to fame in the 1980s, was released under the Macy's label. Madonna also opened a series of fitness centers around the world named Hard Candy Fitness. The gyms are a partnership between Madonna, her manager Guy [213] Oseary and Mark Mastrov, the founder and CEO of 24 Hour Fitness. The first of the gyms was opened at Mexico City in November 2010, as Madonna believed that the city served as "a great test market [214] before bringing the gyms to cities around the world." In November 2011, Madonna and MG Icon announced the release of a second fashion brand called Truth or Dare by Madonnato include footwear, underclothing, and accessories. The brand represents a second partnership between MG Icon [215] and Macy's.

[212]

She directed her second feature film, W.E., a biographical film about the affair between King Edward [216] VIII and Wallis Simpson; it was co-written with Alek Keshishian. The film premiered out of the main [217] competition at the 2011 Venice Film Festival, where it received mixed reviews. Critical response to the [218][219] film has been overwhelmingly negative, as reflected at Rotten Tomatoes website. Madonna also contributed the ballad "Masterpiece" for the film's soundtrack, which won her a Golden Globe Award for [220] Best Original Song.

Madonna performed at Super Bowl XLVI halftime show, which was visualized by Cirque Du Soleil and Jamie King and featured special guests LMFAO, Nicki Minaj, M.I.A. and Cee Lo Green. It became the most-watched Super Bowl halftime show in history with 114 million viewers, higher than the [222] game itself. It was revealed that the singer had signed a three-album deal with Interscope Records, [223] who would act as the distributor in partnership with her 360 deal with Live Nation. Her twelfth studio album, MDNA, was released in March 2012 and saw collaboration with various producers, most notably [224] with her long-time collaborator William Orbit and Martin Solveig. The album was well received by [225] music critics. Priya Elan from NME called the album "a ridiculously enjoyable romp", citing its [226] "psychotic, soul-bearing stuff" as "some of the most visceral stuff she's ever done." MDNA debuted at [227] number one on the Billboard 200 and many other countries worldwide. Madonna surpassed Elvis [228] Presley's record for the most number-one album by a solo artist in the United Kingdom. The lead single "Give Me All Your Luvin'", featuring guest vocals from Nicki Minaj and M.I.A., became Madonna's [229] record-extending 38th top-ten hit on the Billboard Hot 100.

[221]

The MDNA Tour, which further promoted the album, began in May 2012 in Tel Aviv, Israel. The tour [231][232] has received positive critical reception, but featured controversial subjects such as violence, firearms, human rights, nudity and politics. Lawsuits threatened against Madonna have also been engaged from the tour. It was a box office success and many venues were instantly sold out. Grossing over $305.2 million from 88 sold-out shows, The MDNA Tour ended as the highest-grossing tour of 2012 and the tenth highest-grossing tour of all time. At the 2013 Billboard Music Awards, Madonna won three [233] trophies for Top Touring Artist, Top Dance Artist and Top Dance Album. In August 2013, Madonna was named the top-earning celebrity of the year by Forbes, earning an estimated $125 million, due to the [234] success of the tour.

[230]

In December 2012, it was announced that Madonna's Raising Malawi organization has built ten schools to educate 4,871 children in different locations in Malawi. The enterprise was in association with build On and follows the original announcement of building an Academy for Girls which was [235] scrapped. When Madonna visited the schools in April 2013,President of Malawi Joyce Banda expressed criticism of Madonna and her charity, accusing her of exaggerating her charity's [236] contribution. Madonna responded by releasing a statement saying she was saddened that Banda had chosen to act negatively about her endeavors. "I have no intention of being distracted by these ridiculous allegations," she added. Later, it was confirmed that Banda had not approved the statement released [237] written by her press team and was "incandescent with anger" over the mix-up. Working with photographer Steven Klein, Madonna completed a 17-minute film called secret project [238] revolution. The Bit Torrent company, which has released "Bundles" with artists such as Public Enemy, the Pixies, and Linkin Park, was selected by Madonna to release the film as part of a Madonna Bundle. Also titled secret project revolution, the Bundle was released on September 24, 2013, and consisted of the 17-minute film, stills from the film, and an option for those users who submit their email addresses and make a donation that includes HD and 2K versions of the film, a VICE interview, and a message from [239] Madonna. She continued with appearances in the media, including a performance at the 56th Annual Grammy Awards, where she performed "Open Your Heart" alongside rappers Macklemore & Ryan Lewis and singer Mary Lambert who sang their single "Same Love", as 33 couples were wed onstage, [240] officiated by Queen Latifah. A few days later, she joined singer Miley Cyrus on her MTV [241] Unplugged special, singing a mash-up of "Don't Tell Me" and Cyrus' single "We Can't Stop" (2013).

Artistry
Musical style
"Papa Don't Preach" (1986)

MENU 0:00 "Papa Don't Preach" had Madonna singing in a much fuller voice, and incorporated classical instrumentation.

"Frozen" (1998)

MENU 0:00 Composed with the darker electronic undertones, eastern strings and Middle Eastern percussion, "Frozen" features Madonna's previously unexplored vocal range.

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Madonna's music has been the subject of much analysis and scrutiny by critics. Robert M. Grant, author of Contemporary Strategy Analysis (2005), commented that what has brought Madonna success is "certainly not outstanding natural talent. As a vocalist, musician, dancer, songwriter, or actress, [242] Madonna's talents seem modest." He asserts Madonna's success is in relying on the talents of others, and that her personal relationships have served as cornerstones to the numerous reinventions in the [242] longevity of her career. Madonna's approach was far from the music industry wisdom of "Find a winning formula and stick to it." Her musical career has been a continuous experimentation with new musical ideas and new images and a constant quest for new heights of fame and acclaim. Grant concluded that "having established herself as the queen of popular music, Madonna did not stop there, but continued re[243] inventing." Musicologist Susan McClary wrote that "Madonna's art itself repeatedly deconstructs the traditional notion of the unified subject with finite ego boundaries. Her pieces explore, varios ways of [244] constituting identities that refuse stability, that remain fluid, that resist definition." Mark Bego, author of Madonna: Blonde Ambition, called her "the perfect vocalist for lighter-than-air [245] songs", despite not being a "heavyweight talent." Madonna has always been self-conscious about her voice, especially in comparison to her vocal idols such as Ella Fitzgerald, Prince and Chaka [246] Khan. According to Freya Jarman-Ivens, Madonna's talent for developing "incredible" hooks for her songs allows the lyrics to capture the attention of the audience, even without the influence of the music. As an example, Jarman-Ivens cites the 1985 single "Into the Groove" and its line "Live out your fantasy here with me, just let the music set you free; Touch my body, and move in time, now I know you're [247] mine." Madonna's lyrics often suggest an identification with the gay community. Santiago FouzHernández believes that when Madonna sings "Come on girls, do you believe in love?" in "Express [247] Yourself", she is addressing both the gay audience and the heterosexual female. Even in the Erotica

era, with its often adult-oriented lyrics, the songs appear free-flowing and gullible ("So won't you go down, where it's warm inside" — "Where Life Begins" from Erotica). Musician Rick Nowels, who worked with Madonna on Ray of Light, commented: "She is a brilliant pop melodist and lyricist... I love Madonna as an artist and a songwriter… I know she grew up on Joni Mitchell and Motown, and to my ears she embodies the best of both worlds. She is a wonderful confessional songwriter, as well as being a superb hit chorus [248] pop writer… She doesn't get the credit she deserves as a writer." Madonna has a mezzo-soprano vocal range. She started her musical career with songs that she described as "soulful pop music". Madonna recalled in a 1983 interview with Island magazine that she [250] had wanted to grow up as a black kid. "First of all, all the black girls in my neighborhood had these dances in their yard where they had these little turntables with 45 records and they'd play all this Motown stuff and they would dance, just dance, all of them dancing together and none of the white kids I knew would ever do that. They were really boring and stiff. And I wanted to be part of the dancing. I didn't like my friends. I had to be beaten up so many times by these little black girls before they would accept me and finally one day they whipped me with a rubber hose till I was like, lying on the ground crying. And [250] then they just stopped doing it all of a sudden and let me be their friend, part of their group." On her 1983 debut album, Madonna's vocal abilities and personal artistry were not fully formed. Her vocal style was similar to other pop stars of that period like Paula Abdul, Debbie Gibson, and Taylor [246] Dayne. The songs on Madonna reveal several key trends that have continued to define her success, including a strong dance-based idiom, catchy hooks, highly polished arrangements and Madonna's own vocal style. In songs such as "Lucky Star" and "Borderline", Madonna introduced a style of upbeat dance music that would prove particularly appealing to gay audiences. The bright, girlish vocal timbre of the early years became passé in Madonna's later works, the change being deliberate, since Madonna was constantly reminded of how the critics had once labelled her as "Minnie Mouse on helium", because of [246] her early voice. Madonna's second album, Like a Virgin (1984), foreshadowed several trends in her later works. It contained references to classical works (pizzicato synthesizer line that opens "Angel"); potential negative reaction from social groups ("Dress You Up" was blacklisted by the Parents Music Resource Center); and [246] retro styles ("Shoo-Bee-Doo", Madonna's homage to Motown). Madonna's early style, and the change that she ushered in it, is best evident in the song "Material Girl". It opens with Madonna using a little-girl [246] voice, but following the first verse, she switches to a richer, more mature voice in the chorus. This mature artistic statement was visible in True Blue (1986). The song "Papa Don't Preach" was a significant milestone in her artistic career. The classical introduction, fast tempo and the gravity in her voice were [246] unprecedented in Madonna's œuvre at that time. With Like a Prayer (1989), Madonna again entered a new phase, musically. The album introduced live recorded songs and incorporated different genres of music, including dance,R&B and gospel [58] music. Madonna continued to compose ballads and uptempo dance songs for Erotica (1992) and Bedtime Stories (1994). She tried to remain contemporary by incorporating samples, drum loops and hip hop into her music. Her voice grew much deeper and fuller, evident in the tracks like "Rain" and [251] "Take a Bow". During the filming ofEvita, Madonna had to take vocal lessons, which increased her range further. Of this experience she commented, "I studied with a vocal coach for Evita and I realized there was a whole piece of my voice I wasn't using. Before, I just believed I had a really limited range and [252] was going to make the most of it."
[249]

Continuing her musical evolution with Ray of Light, the track "Frozen" displayed her fully formed vocal prowess and her allusions to classical music. Her vocals were restrained and she sang the songs in Ray [246] of Light without vibrato. However, the intake of breath within the songs became more prominent. With the new millennium came her album Music in which Madonna sang in her normal voice in a medium [246] range, and sometimes in a higher register for the chorus. A change was also noted in the content of the songs, with most of them being simple love songs, but with an underlying tone of melancholy. Her next record, American Life, was characterized by "a thumping techno rhythm, liquid keyboard lines, an [253] acoustic chorus and a bizarre Madonna rap", according to Q magazine. The "conventional rock songs" of the album were suffused with dramatic lyrics about patriotism and composition, including the [253] appearance of a gospel choir in the song "Nothing Fails". Musically, things changed with Confessions on a Dance Floor, which returned Madonna to pure dance songs, infusing club beats and retro music, but the lyrics continued to be [254] about paradoxical metaphors and reference to her earlier works. In her studio album, Hard Candy, she mixed R&B and hip hop music with dance tunes. The album also had songs whose lyrics were [184] autobiographical and expressed support for helping Africa. Fouz-Hernández commented that "Throughout her career, Madonna's manipulation of her voice shows us that, by refusing to be defined in [246] one way, she has in fact opened up a space for new kinds of musical analysis." With MDNA, Madonna [255][256][257][258] returned to theelectropop genre she flirted with on Like a Prayer and Music. Neil McCormick [255] of The Daily Telegraph noted the attempt was feeble, compared to her previous classics in the genre.

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