Top 10 Bunyaviridae Facts

 

Top 10 Bunyavirida Bunyaviridae e Facts 1.

Bun uny yavi viru ruse ses s are are cl cla assi sifi fied ed in into to fi five ve di difffe fere rent nt gene nera ra,, wit with h orthobunyaviruses orthobunya viruses comprising the largest group with over 170 viruses. 2. Buny Bu nyav avir irus uses es ha have ve a tri tripa part rtit ite e gen genom ome e   the the on only ly hu huma man n vir viral al fa fami mily ly to have three segments in its !"# genome$ These segments are denoted as %, &, and ' based upon si(e. ). *ach *a ch se seg gme ment nt of th the e ge geno nome me ha has s dif difffer eren entt fun funct ctio ions ns++ ' en enco code des s the the !"#dependent !"#depende nt !"# polymerase, % encodes nonstructural and nucleocapsid proteins, and & encodes the glycoproteins. . Buny Bu nyav avir irus uses es ar are e pr prim imar aril ily y co comp mpo ose sed d of neg negat ativ ive e se sens nse e se seg gme ment nts, s, though certain segments in particular genera can be ambisense. -. The Th ere is no hu huma man n va vacc ccin ine e for for buny nya avi viru ruse ses s as as of of 20 2011-,, th thou oug gh vaccines are being developed for use in animals+ this is particularly important because bunyaviruses actually primarily infect animals, with some spillover into humans. /. Buny Bu nyav avir irus uses es e ehi hibi bitt ca cap psn snat atch chin ing g in or orde derr to to pr prim ime e th thei eirr m! m!"# "# synthesis. 7. Buny Bu nyav avir irus uses es co con nsi sist st of ma many ny #!B !Bv vir irus uses es,, whi which ch ar are e tra trans nsmi mitt tted ed by arthropod vectors such as mosuitoes, sandflies, and tic3s among others. 4. Buny Bu nyav avir irus uses es ar are e as asso soci ciat ated ed wi with th se seve vera rall he hemo morr rrha hagi gic c fe feve vers rs an and d should be included in the differential diagnosis for these conditions. 5. Buny Bu nyav avir irus uses es do no nott hav have e spe speci cifi fic c dru drug g tre treat atme ment nt re regi gime mens ns,, but but th the e symptoms of infection can be controlled using fluid replenishment and viral monitoring. 10.. 10 6rev 6r even enti tion on fo forr bun bunya yavir virus uses es,, bec becau ause se so ma many ny of th them em ar are e art arthr hrop opod od borne, include wearing protective clothing, avoiding high ris3 areas where bunyaviruses are endemic, using **T on euipment to repel insects, and educating communities about viral transmission.

The Top Ten Facts About Bunyaviridae: 1. Bunyaviruses are prevalent throughout the United States, including Sin Nombre irus in the South!est and

 

"ali#ornia $ncephalitis irus. %. Bunyaviruses are almost all transmitted by arthropo arthropods. ds. &antaviruses are transmitted in rodent urine, but are the e'ception to the rule despite their in#amy. (. &antavirus ep epidemics in in th the Un United States have been associated !ith $l Nino rain#all that provide good conditions #or Sigmodon Sigmodon rodent  rodent vector proli#eration. ). Bunyaviridae have mostly negative sense *NA. +hleboviru +hleboviruses ses are the e'ception, !ith only 1 segment o# three that is ambisense. . The ( segments o# o# Bunyaviridae are identi-ed as /large0, /medium0, and S/short0. S contains the "apsid protein and a nonstructural protein,  contains the t!o envelope proteins, and  contains the *NA dependent *NA polymerase. 2. $ach segment has its o!n helical nucleocapsid. At least one o# each ,  and S must be present in a mature virion to be in#ectious, but there can be more than one o# each. 3.

Bunyaviridae e'hibit cap4s 4sttealing, the

 

use oligonucleotide caps stolen #rom host m*NA as primers in transcription. 5.

Bunyaviridae ar are as associated !i !ith

numerous clinical presentation presentations, s, including encephalitis, &antavirus +ulmonary Syndrome /&+S0, and &emorrhagic Fever !ith *enal Syndrome /&F*S0. 6. The diseases &+S and &F*S are due to the host cyto7ine immune response, not viral induction o# cell death. 18. +r 18. +rev even enti tion on st stra rate tegi gies es ar are e ess essen enti tial al as there are no human vaccines, and include reduction o# e'posure to arthropod vectors through 9$$T or netting. ther important strategies include immuni;ing A#rican livestoc7 and !earing protective mas7s !hen cleaning out rodent in#ested areas. TheB eBun y av i r i dae  ar eav er yl a r gef a m mi i l yofs i ngl es t r and ,en v el o pe dRNAv i r us es( mo r et han3 00 v i r us es )andc ons i s t soffi v egener aofv i r us es : Or t hobun y av i r us,Phl ebo vi r us ,Nai r ov i r us ,Hant a vi r us , andT dT os po vi r us ( T os po vi r us esi nf ec tonl ypl ant s ) .The yar ef oundi nandt r ans mi mi t t edbyar t hr opods ( e. g.mos qui t oes ,t i c k s,s andfl i es )andr odent s ,andc anoc c as i onal l yi nf ec thumans .Se ver al v i r us es oft heBun y av i r i dae  v i r usf ami l yc anpr o duc emi l dt os ev er edi s eas ei nhuman,i nani mal s ,and s ome t i mesi nbo t h.Thi si st hebas ef o rt her eq ui r ement sofhandl i ngs omeo ft he sev i r us esi nh i gh c on t ai nment( Bi os af e t yLe v el 3ore v en  Bi os af et yl ev el 4) .

 

Amo ngt h ePh l e bo v i r u s es ,Ri f tVal l e yf ev erv i r us ,wasfi r s ti s ol at edi n1930aspar tofal ar ge out br eakamongs heepi nEas tAf r i c a.Thi sv i r u s,t r an smi t t edb ymos qui t oes ,i sendemi c( p r e sent )i n near l yal l t h ec oun t r i esi ns ub Sahar anAf r i c a.Hu ma mani s ol at edc as esandl ar geepi demi c s( do me mes t i c l i v es t oc kandhuman)ha v eb ee ndes c r i bedi nse v er a lc oun t r i esan de v eni nt heAr a bi cpe ni ns ul a.

i me an Co ng ohe mo mo r r h ag i cf e v e r( CCHF)v i r u s,   oft heNai r ov i r us   genu s,wa sfi r s tr ec og ni z edi nt he Cr Cr i me anpe ni n su l a( i nt h es ou t ho fp r e se ntd ayUk r a i n e)i na no ut b r e akofh emo r r h ag i cf e v era mo mon g agr i c ul t ur al wor k er s .Thes amev i r uswasi s ol at edi n1956f r om as i ngl epat i enti npr es entda y De mo mo c r a t i cRe pu bl i cofCo ng oi nKe ny a ,l e ad i n gt ot h ea c t u al n ami n g.Al t h ou gha ni ma la ndh uma n c anbei nf ec t ed,onl yt hel at erdev el opadi s eas e.Thev i r usi st r ans mi mi t t edb yt i c k,buthumant ohumant r ans mi mi s si onoft hev i r usi sv er ychar ac t er i s t i c . Ha nt a vi r us eswer efir s to bs er v edi nt h eear l y195 0' samongt r oo psde pl o y edi nt heKor ea nc onfl i c t . Ev e nt u al l yna me me dHa nt a anv i r u sa f t e rt h en ea r b yHa nt a anRi v e rwh er et h eh uma nc a s esoc c u r r e d, t h efi e l dm mo o us e  A ( podemusagr ar i us)wasdi s co ver edt obet hes pec i fi cr odenthos tf ort hev i r us .The di s eas ei sac t ual l yk no wna s sH He mo mo r r h ag i cf e v e rwi t hr e na ls y n dr o me( me HFRS)   andd es c r i bedi nt he Ol dWor l d.Fol l owi ngac l us t erofc as esofs ev er ei l l nes s,c al l ed  Ha n t a v i r u sp ul mo na r ys y n dr o me me ( HPS) ,i nt heAmer i c ans out hwes ti n19 93,ane wl yi dent i fi edv i r u s,c al l edt h eSi nNombr ev i r u s,was i s ol at ed.Rel at edv i r us es ,butr es pons i bl ef ort hes amec l i ni c al di s eas e,ar edes cr i bedi nt heNe w Wo r l d( No r t h,Ce nt r a la ndSo ut hAme r i c a ) .