US Dept of doe

This version is dated: March 2011

DISCLAIMER
This document was designed for the internal use of the United States Department of Energy. This document will be occasionally updated and, therefore, this copy may not reflect the most current version. This document was prepared as account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States Government. Neither the United States Government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise, does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government or any agency, contractor or subcontractor thereof. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States Government or any agency, contractor or subcontractor thereof.

2010 Buildings Energy Data Book
March 2011

Prepared for the Building Technologies Program Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy U.S. Department of Energy

by D&R International, Ltd.

under contract to Pacific Northwest National Laboratory

Table of Contents
Forward…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… v Introduction…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… vi List of Tables…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… vii Glossary…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… xvii

1.0 Buildings Sector………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 1-1
1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9 3.10 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 5.9 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 Buildings Sector Energy Consumption…………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 1-1 Building Sector Expenditures…………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 1-9 Value of Construction and Research…………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 1-14 Environmental Data…………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 1-18 Generic Fuel Quad and Comparison…………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 1-28

2.0 The Residential Sector………………………………………………………………………………………………… 2-1

Residential Sector Energy Consumption…………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 2-1 Residential Sector Characteristics…………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 2-11 Residential Sector Expenditures………………………………...……………………………………………………………………………..…… 2-16 Residential Environmental Data………………………………...……………………………………………………………………………..…… 2-24 Residential Construction and Housing Market………………………………...………………………………………………………………… 2-28 Residential Home Improvements………………………………...……………………………………………………………………………..…… 2-36 Multi-Family Housing………………………………...……………………………………………………………………………..……………… 2-40 Industrialized Housing………………………………...……………………………………………………………………………..……………… 2-41 Low-Income Housing………………………………...……………………………………………………………………………..……………… 2-44

3.0 Commercial Sector………………………………...…………………………………………………………………… 3-1

Commercial Sector Energy Consumption………………………………...………………………………………………………………………… 3-1 Commercial Sector Characteristics………………………………...……………………………………………………………………………..… 3-8 Commercial Sector Expenditures………………………………...……………………………………………………………………………..… 3-11 Commercial Environmental Emissions………………………………...…………………………………………………………………………… 3-16 Commercial Builders and Construction………………………………...………………………………………………………………………… 3-20 Office Building Markets and Companies………………………………...………………………………………………………………………… 3-21 Retail Markets and Companies………………………………...……………………………………………………………………………..…… 3-26 Hospitals and Medical Facilities………………………………...……………………………………………………………………………..…… 3-30 Educational Facilities………………………………...……………………………………………………………………………..……………… 3-33 Hotels/Motels………………………………...……………………………………………………………………………..………………………… 3-38

4.0 Federal Sector………………………………...………………………………………………………………………… 4-1

Federal Buildings Energy Consumption………………………………...………………………………………………………………………… 4-1 Federal Buildings and Facilities Characteristics………………………………...………………………………………………………………… 4-3 Federal Buildings and Facilities Expenditures………………………………...…………………………………………………………………… 4-4 Legislation Affecting Energy Consumption of Federal Buildings and Facilities………………………………...……………………………… 4-5

5.0 Envelope and Equipment………………………………...…………………………………………………………… 5-1

Building Materials/Insulation………………………………...……………………………………………………………………………..……… 5-1 Windows………………………………...……………………………………………………………………………..……………………………… 5-4 Heating, Cooling, and Ventilation Equipment………………………………...…………………………………………………………………… 5-8 Water Heaters………………………………...……………………………………………………………………………..……………………… 5-16 Thermal Distribution Systems………………………………...……………………………………………………………………………..……… 5-18 Lighting………………………………...……………………………………………………………………………..……………………………… 5-21 Appliances………………………………...……………………………………………………………………………..…………………………… 5-25 Active Solar Systems………………………………...……………………………………………………………………………..………………… 5-36 On-Site Power………………………………...……………………………………………………………………………..……………………… 5-40

6.0 Energy Supply………………………………...………………………………………………………………………… 6-1

Electric Utility Energy Consumption………………………………...…………………………………………………………………………… 6-1 Electricity Generation, Transmission, and Distribution………………………………...………………………………………………………… 6-5 Natural Gas Production and Distribution……………………………………………………………………………………………..…………… 6-11 Electric and Generic Quad Carbon Emissions…………………………………………………………………………………………………… 6-14 Public Benefit Funds/System Benefit Funds……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 6-15

iii

Table of Contents

7.0 Laws, Energy Codes, and Standards…………………………………………………………………………………… 7-1
7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 7.7 7.8 7.9 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4

National Legislation…………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 7-1 Federal Tax Incentives…………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 7-6 Efficiency Standards for Residential HVAC……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 7-9 Efficiency Standards for Commercial HVAC……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 7-13 Efficiency Standards for Residential Appliances………………………………………………………………………………………………… 7-16 Efficiency Standards for Commercial Appliances………………………………………………………………………………………………… 7-20 Efficiency Standards for Lighting…………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 7-25 Water Use Standards………………………………………………………………………………………………………….7-30 State Building Energy Codes…………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 7-31 Buildings Sector Water Consumption…………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 8-1 Residential Sector Water Consumption…………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 8-3 Commercial Sector Water Consumption…………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 8-5 WaterSense………………………………………………………………………………………………….………………. 8-8 ENERGY STAR…………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 9-1 LEED……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 9-9 Certification Programs…………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 9-11 High Performance Buildings…………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 9-14

8.0 Water…………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 8-1

9.0 Market Transformation………………………………………………………………………………………………… 9-1

iv

Foreword
The U.S. Department of Energy's (DOE) Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy has developed this Buildings Energy Data Book to provide a current and accurate set of comprehensive buildings-related data, and to promote the use of such data for consistency throughout DOE programs.

Data is organized into nine chapters; Chapter 1 – Buildings Sector, Chapter 2 – Residential Sector, Chapter 3 – Commercial Sector, Chapter 4 – Federal Sector, Chapter 5 – Envelope and Equipment, Chapter 6– Energy Supply, Chapter 7 – Law, Energy Codes, and Standards, Chapter 8 – Water, and Chapter 9 – Market Transformation. New data tables on existing commercial building energy benchmarks were added to their relevant sections. New data tables were also developed covering federal efficiency standards for various products. You will also find updated market transformation data from the ENERGY STAR program and the U.S. Green Building Council.

We hope you find the 2010 Buildings Energy Data Book useful. You are encouraged to comment on errors, omissions, emphases, and organization of this report to the person listed below. Requests for additional data or information on an existing table should be referred to D&R International.

Jordan D. Kelso, PE D&R International, Ltd. 1300 Spring Street Suite 500 Silver Spring, Maryland 20910 Telephone: (301) 588-9387 Fax: (301) 588-0854 E-mail: [email protected] The 2010 Buildings Energy Data Book can be found on the web at:

http://buildingsdatabook.eere.energy.gov/

v

Introduction
The 2010 Buildings Energy Data Book is a statistical compendium prepared and published under contract with the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) with support from the U.S. Department of Energy’s Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE). PNNL first published the predecessor to the annual Buildings Energy Data Book in 1986. PNNL published these through 2004; Oak Ridge National Laboratory 2005-2006, and National Energy Technology Laboratory 2007-2009.

The Department of Energy's Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy has developed this 2010 Buildings Energy Data Book to provide a current and accurate set of comprehensive buildings-related data and to promote the use of such data for consistency throughout DOE programs. Additional data (e.g., more current, widely accepted, and/or better documented data) and suggested changes should be submitted to D&R International. Please provide full source references along with all data.

The Buildings Energy Data Book is a compendium of data and does not provide original data. Much of the data gathered is from government documents, models, and analysis. All data sources are included with each data table.

vi

List of Tables

1.0 Buildings Sector………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 1-1

1.1 Buildings Sector Energy Consumption…………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 1-1 1.1.1 U.S. Residential and Commercial Buildings Total Primary Energy Consumption………………………………………………… 1-1 1.1.2 U.S. Buildings Site Renewable Energy Consumption………………………………………………………………………………… 1-1 1.1.3 Buildings Share of U.S. Primary Energy Consumption………………………………………………………………………………. 1-2 1.1.4 2008 U.S. Buildings Energy End-Use Splits, by Fuel Type…………………………………………………………………………… 1-2 1.1.5 2010 U.S. Buildings Energy End-Use Splits, by Fuel Type…………………………………………………………………………… 1-3 1.1.6 2020 U.S. Buildings Energy End-Use Splits, by Fuel Type…………………………………………………………………………… 1-4 1.1.7 2030 U.S. Buildings Energy End-Use Splits, by Fuel Type…………………………………………………………………………… 1-5 1-5 1.1.8 Shares of U.S. Buildings Generic Quad…………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 1.1.9 Buildings Share of U.S. Electricity Consumption…………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 1-6 1.1.10 Buildings Share of U.S. Natural Gas Consumption………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 1-6 1.1.11 Buildings Share of U.S. Petroleum Consumption…………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 1-7 1.1.12 Buildings Share of U.S. Petroleum Consumption…………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 1-7 1-8 1.1.13 World Primary Energy Consumption and Population, by Country/Region………………………………………………………………………………… 1.2 Building Sector Expenditures…………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 1-9 1.2.1 Building Energy Prices, by Year and Major Fuel Type……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 1-9 1.2.2 Building Energy Prices, by Year and Fuel Type…………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 1-9 1-10 1.2.3 Buildings Aggregate Energy Expenditures, by Year and Major Fuel Type………………………………………………………………………………… 1.2.4 FY 2005 Federal Buildings Energy Prices' and Expenditures, by Fuel Type………………………………………………………………………………… 1-10 1.2.5 2008 Buildings Energy End-Use Expenditure Splits, by Fuel Type………………………………………………………………………………………… 1-11 1.2.6 2010 Buildings Energy End-Use Expenditure Splits, by Fuel Type………………………………………………………………………………………… 1-12 1-12 1.2.7 2020 Buildings Energy End-Use Expenditure Splits, by Fuel Type………………………………………………………………………………………… 1.2.8 2030 Buildings Energy End-Use Expenditure Splits, by Fuel Type………………………………………………………………………………………… 1-13 1.2.9 Implicit Price Deflators…………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 1-13 1.3 Value of Construction and Research…………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 1-14 1.3.1 Estimated Value of All U.S. Construction Relative to the GDP……………………………………………………………………………………………… 1-14 1.3.2 Value of New Building Construction Relative to GDP, by Year…………………………………………………………………………………………… 1-14 1.3.3 Value of Building Improvements and Repairs Relative to GDP, by Year…………………………………………………………………………………… 1-14 1.3.4 2003 U.S. Private Investment into Construction R&D……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 1-15 1.3.5 2006/2007 International Investment into Construction and Energy R&D …………………………………………………………………………………… 1-15 1.3.6 FY2003-2005 Green Building R&D, as Share of Federal Budget and by Organization……………………………………………………………………… 1-15 1.3.7 Buildings Design and Construction Trades, by Year………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 1-16 1.3.8 Number of Construction Employees and Total Employees for Select Industries (Building Envelope)……………………………………………………… 1-17 1.3.9 Number of Construction Employees and Total Employees for Select Industries (Building Equipment)…………………………………………………… 1-17 1.4 Environmental Data…………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 1-18 1.4.1 Carbon Dioxide Emissions for U.S. Buildings, by Year……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 1-18 1.4.2 2008 Buildings Energy End-Use Carbon Dioxide Emissions Splits, by Fuel Type………………………………………………………………………… 1-19 1.4.3 2010 Buildings Energy End-Use Carbon Dioxide Emissions Splits, by Fuel Type………………………………………………………………………… 1-20 1.4.4 2020 Buildings Energy End-Use Carbon Dioxide Emissions Splits, by Fuel Type………………………………………………………………………… 1-21 1.4.5 2030 Buildings Energy End-Use Carbon Dioxide Emissions Splits, by Fuel Type………………………………………………………………………… 1-22 1.4.6 World Carbon Dioxide Emissions…………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 1-23 1.4.7 2008 Methane Emissions for U.S. Buildings Energy Production, by Fuel Type…………………………………………………………………………… 1-23 1.4.8 2008 Carbon Dioxide Emission Coefficients for Buildings………………………………………………………………………………………………… 1-24 1.4.9 Average Carbon Dioxide Emissions from a Generic Quad in the Buildings Sector with Stock Fuel Mix…………………………………………………… 1-25 1-25 1.4.10 2008 Emissions Summary Table for U.S. Buildings Energy Consumption (Thousand Short Tons) (1)…………………………………………………… 1.4.11 EPA Criteria Pollutant Emissions Coefficients…………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 1-25 1.4.12 Characteristics of U.S. Construction Waste…………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 1-26 1.4.13 "Typical" Construction Waste Estimated for a 2,000-Square-Foot Home…………………………………………………………………………………… 1-26 1.4.14 2003 Construction and Demolition Debris Generated from Construction Activities………………………………………………………………………… 1-26 1.4.15 Disposal and Recovery of Construction and Demolition (C&D) Materials in 2003………………………………………………………………………… 1-27 1.5 Generic Fuel Quad and Comparison…………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 1-28 1.5.1 Key Definitions…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 1-28 1.5.2 Consumption Comparisons in 2005…………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 1-28 1.5.3 Carbon Emission Comparisons…………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 1-29 1.5.4 Average Annual Carbon Dioxide Emissions for Various Functions………………………………………………………………………………………… 1-29 1.5.5 Cost of a Generic Quad Used in the Buildings Sector……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 1-30

vii

List of Tables
1.5.6 Shares of U.S. Buildings Generic Quad……………………………………………………………………………………………… 1-30

1.6
1.6.1 1.6.2 1.6.3 1.6.4 1.6.5 1.6.6 1.6.7 1.6.8

Embodied Energy of Building Assemblies……………………………………………………………………………… 1-31
Embodied Energy of Commercial Windows in the U.S.…………………………………………………………………………… 1-31 Embodied Energy of Commercial Studded Exterior Walls in the U.S.……………………………………………………………… 1-32 Embodied Energy of Commercial Concrete Exterior Walls in the U.S.……………………………………………………………… 1-33 Embodied Energy of Commercial Wood-Based Roof Assemblies in the U.S.………………………………………………………1-34 1-35 Embodied Energy of Other Commercial Roof Assemblies in the U.S.……………………………………………………………… Embodied Energy of Commercial Interior Wall Assemblies in the U.S.…………………………………………………………… 1-35 Embodied Energy of Commercial Floor Structures in the U.S.……………………………………………………………………… 1-36 Embodied Energy of Commercial Column and Beam Assemblies in the U.S.………………………………………………………1-37

2.0 The Residential Sector………………………………………………………………………………… 2-1
2.1 Residential Sector Energy Consumption…………………………………………………………………………………… 2-1 2.1.1 Residential Primary Energy Consumption, by Year and Fuel Type…………………………………………………………………2-1 2.1.2 Shares of U.S. Residential Buildings Generic Quad…………………………………………………………………………………2-1 2.1.3 Residential Site Renewable Energy Consumption…………………………………………………………………………………… 2-2 2.1.4 Residential Delivered and Primary Energy Consumption Intensities, by Year………………………………………………………2-2 2.1.5 2008 Residential Energy End-Use Splits, by Fuel Type……………………………………………………………………………… 2-3 2.1.6 2010 Residential Energy End-Use Splits, by Fuel Type……………………………………………………………………………… 2-3 2-4 2.1.7 2020 Residential Energy End-Use Splits, by Fuel Type……………………………………………………………………………… 2.1.8 2030 Residential Energy End-Use Splits, by Fuel Type……………………………………………………………………………… 2-4 2.1.9 2005 Delivered Energy End-Uses for an Average Household, by Region…………………………………………………………… 2-5 2.1.10 2005 Residential Delivered Energy Consumption Intensities, by Census Region…………………………………………………… 2-5 2.1.11 2005 Residential Delivered Energy Consumption Intensities, by Housing Type……………………………………………………2-5 2.1.12 2005 Residential Delivered Energy Consumption Intensities, by Vintage…………………………………………………………… 2-6 2.1.13 2005 Residential Delivered Energy Consumption Intensities, by Principal Building Type and Vintage……………………………2-6 2.1.14 2005 Residential Delivered Energy Consumption Intensities, by Ownership of Unit……………………………………………… 2-6 2.1.15 Aggregate Residential Building Component Loads as of 1998……………………………………………………………………… 2-7 2.1.16 Operating Characteristics of Electric Appliances in the Residential Sector…………………………………………………………2-8 2.1.17 Operating Characteristics of Natural Gas Appliances in the Residential Sector…………………………………………………… 2-9 2.1.18 Annual Gas Consumption per Appliance by Region………………………………………………………………………………… 2-9 2.1.19 Residential Buildings Share of U.S. Natural Gas Consumption (Percent).………………………………………………………… 2-10 2.1.20 Residential Buildings Share of U.S. Petroleum Consumption (Percent)…………………………………………………………… 2-10 2.2 Residential Sector Characteristics……………………………………………………………………………………………2-11 2.2.1 Total Number of Households and Buildings, Floorspace, and Household Size, by Year……………………………………………2-11 2.2.2 Share of Households, by Housing Type and Type of Ownership, as of 2005……………………………………………………… 2-12 2.2.3 Share of Households, by Census Region, Division and Vintage, as of 2005………………………………………………………… 2-12 2.2.4 Characteristics of U.S. Housing by Census Division and Region, as of 2005……………………………………………………… 2-13 2.2.5 Share of US Housing by Vintage, as of 2005………………………………………………………………………………………… 2-13 2.2.6 Residential Floorspace (Heated Square Feet), as of 2005………………………………...………………………………………… 2-14 2.2.7 Characteristics of a Typical Single-Family Home………………………………...…………………………………………………2-14 2.2.8 New Single-Family Homes by Type of Heating System and Presence of Air-Conditioning………………………………...………2-15 2.3 Residential Sector Expenditures………………………………...……………………………………………………………2-16 2.3.1 Residential Energy Prices, by Year and Major Fuel Type………………………………...…………………………………………2-16 2.3.2 Residential Energy Prices, by Year and Fuel Type………………………………...………………………………………………… 2-16 2.3.3 Residential Aggregate Energy Expenditures, by Year and Major Fuel Type………………………………...……………………… 2-17 2.3.4 Cost of a Generic Quad Used in the Residential Sector………………………………...……………………………………………2-17 2.3.5 2008 Residential Energy End-Use Expenditure Splits, by Fuel Type………………………………...……………………………… 2-18 2.3.6 2010 Residential Energy End-Use Expenditure Splits, by Fuel Type………………………………...……………………………… 2-18 2.3.7 2020 Residential Energy End-Use Expenditure Splits, by Fuel Type………………………………...……………………………… 2-19 2.3.8 2030 Residential Energy End-Use Expenditure Splits, by Fuel Type………………………………...……………………………… 2-19 2.3.9 Average Annual Energy Expenditures per Household, by Year………………………………...…………………………………… 2-20 2.3.10 2005 Energy End-Use Expenditures for an Average Household, by Region………………………………...………………………2-20 2.3.11 2005 Energy Expenditures per Household, by Housing Type and Square Footage………………………………...……………… 2-20 2.3.12 2005 Household Energy Expenditures, by Vintage………………………………...………………………………………………… 2-21 2.3.13 2005 Average Household Expenditures, by Census Region………………………………...……………………………………… 2-21 2.3.14 2005 Average Household Expenditures as Percent of Annual Income, by Census Region………………………………...………… 2-22 2.3.15 2005 Households and Energy Expenditures, by Income Level………………………………...…………………………………… 2-23

viii

List of Tables

2.3.16 Energy Burden Definitions and Residential Energy Burdens, by Weatherization Eligibility and Year………………………………...…………………… 2-23 2.4 Residential Environmental Data………………………………...……………………………………………………………………………..…… 2-24 2.4.1 Carbon Dioxide Emissions for U.S. Residential Buildings, by Year………………………………...……………………………………………………… 2-24 2.4.2 2001 End-Use Carbon Dioxide Emissions Splits for an Average Household, by Region………………………………...………………………………… 2-24 2.4.3 2008 Residential Buildings Energy End-Use Carbon Dioxide Emissions Splits, by Fuel Type………………………………...…………………………… 2-25 2.4.4 2010 Residential Buildings Energy End-Use Carbon Dioxide Emissions Splits, by Fuel Type………………………………...…………………………… 2-25 2.4.5 2020 Residential Buildings Energy End-Use Carbon Dioxide Emissions Splits, by Fuel Type………………………………...…………………………… 2-26 2.4.6 2030 Residential Buildings Energy End-Use Carbon Dioxide Emissions Splits, by Fuel Type………………………………...…………………………… 2-26 2.4.7 2006 Methane Emissions for U.S. Residential Buildings Energy Production, by Fuel Type………………………………...……………………………… 2-27 2-28 2.5 Residential Construction and Housing Market………………………………...………………………………………………………………… 2.5.1 Construction Statistics of New Homes Completed/Placed………………………………...………………………………………………………………… 2-28 2.5.2 2006 Five Largest Residential Homebuilders………………………………...……………………………………………………………………………..… 2-29 2.5.3 Value of New Building Construction, by Year………………………………...…………………………………………………………………………… 2-29 2.5.4 2009 New Homes Completed/Placed, by Census Region………………………………...………………………………………………………………… 2-30 2-30 2.5.5 2009 Construction Method of Single-Family Homes, by Region………………………………...………………………………………………………… 2.5.6 2009 Mobile Home Placements, by Census Region and Top Five States………………………………...………………………………………………… 2-30 2.5.7 Materials Used in the Construction of a 2,272 Square-Foot Single-Family Home, 2000………………………………...………………………………… 2-31 2.5.8 1998 Cost Breakdown of a 2,150-Square-Foot, New Single-Family Home………………………………...……………………………………………… 2-31 2.5.9 Annual Sales of Existing Homes, by Region………………………………...……………………………………………………………………………..… 2-32 2-33 2.5.10 Home Price Index (HPI), All-Transactions, by Region………………………………...…………………………………………………………………… 2.5.11 Yearly Average Historic Mortgage Rates………………………………...……………………………………………………………………………..…… 2-34 2.5.12 Annual Home Improvement Loan Origination Volumes and Values, by Housing Vintage of Loan Applicant………………………………...…………… 2-35 2-36 2.6 Residential Home Improvements………………………………...……………………………………………………………………………..…… 2.6.1 Value of Residential Building Improvements and Repairs, by Sector………………………………...……………………………………………………… 2-36 2-36 2.6.2 2007 Professional and Do-It-Yourself Improvements, by Project………………………………...………………………………………………………… 2.6.3 2007 and 2009 Professional Home Improvements, by Project ($2009)………………………………...…………………………………………………… 2-37 2.6.4 2007 and 2009 Do-It-Yourself Home Improvements, by Project ($2009)………………………………...………………………………………………… 2-38 2.6.5 Single-Family Residential Renovations, by Project and Vintage………………………………...…………………………………………………………… 2-38 2.6.6 2007 National Professional Remodeling Cost and Amount Recouped in Resale Value………………………………...…………………………………… 2-39 2.6.7 Average Home Improvement Spending by Metro Area, House Value, and Household Income………………………………...…………………………… 2-39 2.7 Multi-Family Housing………………………………...……………………………………………………………………………..……………… 2-40 2.7.1 Delivered Energy Consumption Intensities of Public Multi-Family Buildings, by Fuel and Region………………………………...……………………… 2-40 2.7.2 Delivered Energy Consumption Intensities of Public Multi-Family Buildings, by Fuel and Region………………………………...……………………… 2-40 2.8 Industrialized Housing………………………………...……………………………………………………………………………..……………… 2-41 2.8.1 2007 Top Five Manufacturers of Factory-Built Housing Units………………………………...…………………………………………………………… 2-41 2-41 2.8.2 2007 Top Five Manufacturers of Modular/3D Housing Units………………………………...……………………………………………………………… 2.8.3 2007 Top Five Manufacturers of HUD-Code (Mobile) Homes………………………………...…………………………………………………………… 2-41 2.8.4 2004 Top Five Manufacturers of Factory-Fabricated Components (Trusses, Wall Panels, Doors)………………………………...………………………… 2-42 2.8.5 2004 Number of Industrialized Housing Manufacturers Versus Production Companies (Stick-Builders)………………………………...………………… 2-42 2.8.6 Manufactured Home Shipments, Estimated Retail Sales and Average Sales Prices (1980-2008)………………………………...………………………… 2-43 2.9 Low-Income Housing………………………………...……………………………………………………………………………..……………… 2-44 2.9.1 Program Definitions………………………………...……………………………………………………………………………..………………………… 2-44 2.9.2 Energy Burden Definitions………………………………...……………………………………………………………………………..………………… 2-44 2.9.3 Households, by Weatherization Eligibility and Year………………………………...……………………………………………………………………… 2-45 2.9.4 Weatherization Population Facts………………………………...……………………………………………………………………………..…………… 2-45 2-46 2.9.5 Weatherization Program Facts………………………………...……………………………………………………………………………..……………… 2.9.6 Weatherization Costs and Savings………………………………...……………………………………………………………………………..…………… 2-46 2.9.7 Residential Energy Burdens, by Weatherization Eligibility and Year………………………………...……………………………………………………… 2-46 2.9.8 FY 2007 Residential Energy Burdens, by Region………………………………...………………………………………………………………………… 2-47 2.9.9 2005 Housing Unit Ownership, by Income Level and Weatherization Eligibility………………………………...………………………………………… 2-47 2.9.10 2005 Average Energy Expenditures per Household Member and per Square Foot, by Weatherization Eligibility………………………………...………… 2-47

3.0 Commercial Sector………………………………...…………………………………………………………………… 3-1

3.1 Commercial Sector Energy Consumption………………………………...………………………………………………………………………… 3-1 3.1.1 Commercial Primary Energy Consumption, by Year and Fuel Type………………………………...……………………………………………………… 3-1 3.1.2 Commercial Site Renewable Energy Consumption………………………………...………………………………………………………………………… 3-1 3.1.3 Commercial Delivered and Primary Energy Consumption Intensities, by Year………………………………...…………………………………………… 3-2 3.1.4 2008 Commercial Energy End-Use Splits, by Fuel Type………………………………...…………………………………………………………………… 3-2

ix

List of Tables
3.1.5 3.1.6 3.1.7 3.1.8 3.1.9 3.1.10 3.1.11 3.1.12 3.1.13 3.1.14 3.1.15

2010 Commercial Energy End-Use Splits, by Fuel Type………………………………...…………………………………………………………………… 3-3 2020 Commercial Energy End-Use Splits, by Fuel Type………………………………...…………………………………………………………………… 3-3 2030 Commercial Energy End-Use Splits, by Fuel Type………………………………...…………………………………………………………………… 3-4 Commercial Delivered Energy Consumption Intensities, by Vintage………………………………...……………………………………………………… 3-4 2003 Commercial Delivered Energy Consumption Intensities, by Principal Building Type and Vintage………………………………...………………… 3-4 2003 Commercial Primary Energy Consumption Intensities, by Principal Building Type………………………………...………………………………… 3-5 2003 Commercial Delivered Energy Consumption Intensities, by Ownership of Unit………………………………...…………………………………… 3-5 Aggregate Commercial Building Component Loads as of 1998………………………………...…………………………………………………………… 3-5 2003 Commercial Buildings Delivered Energy End-Use Intensities, by Building Activity………………………………...………………………………… 3-6 Commercial Buildings Share of U.S. Natural Gas Consumption (Percent)………………………………...………………………………………………… 3-7 Commercial Buildings Share of U.S. Petroleum Consumption (Percent)………………………………...………………………………………………… 3-7

3.2 Commercial Sector Characteristics………………………………...……………………………………………………………………………..… 3-8 3.2.1 Total Commercial Floorspace and Number of Buildings, by Year………………………………...………………………………………………………… 3-8 3.2.2 Principal Commercial Building Types, as of 2003………………………………...………………………………………………………………………… 3-8 3-9 3.2.3 Number of Floors and Type of Ownership, as of 2003………………………………...…………………………………………………………………… 3.2.4 Share of Commercial Floorspace, by Census Region and Vintage, as of 2003………………………………...…………………………………………… 3-9 3.2.5 Commercial Building Size, as of 2003 (Number of Buildings and Percent of Total Floorspace)………………………………...………………………… 3-9 3.2.6 Commercial Building Vintage, as of 2003………………………………...……………………………………………………………………………..…… 3-9 3.2.7 Commercial Building Median Lifetimes………………………………...……………………………………………………………………………..…… 3-10 3-10 3.2.8 2003 Average Commercial Building Floorspace, by Principal Building Type and Vintage………………………………...……………………………… 3.3 Commercial Sector Expenditures………………………………...……………………………………………………………………………..… 3-11 3.3.1 Commercial Energy Prices, by Year and Major Fuel Type………………………………...………………………………………………………………… 3-11 3-11 3.3.2 Commercial Energy Prices, by Year and Fuel Type………………………………...……………………………………………………………………… 3.3.3 Buildings Aggregate Energy Expenditures, by Year and Major Fuel Type………………………………...………………………………………………… 3-12 3-12 3.3.4 2008 Commercial Energy End-Use Expenditure Splits, by Fuel Type………………………………...…………………………………………………… 3.3.5 2010 Commercial Energy End-Use Expenditure Splits, by Fuel Type………………………………...…………………………………………………… 3-13 3.3.6 2020 Commercial Energy End-Use Expenditure Splits, by Fuel Type………………………………...…………………………………………………… 3-13 3.3.7 2030 Commercial Energy End-Use Expenditure Splits, by Fuel Type………………………………...…………………………………………………… 3-14 3.3.8 Average Annual Energy Expenditures per Square Foot of Commercial Floorspace, by Year………………………………...……………………………… 3-14 3.3.9 2003 Energy Expenditures per Square Foot of Commercial Floorspace and per Building, by Building Type………………………………...…………… 3-15 3.3.10 2003 Energy Expenditures per Square Foot of Commercial Floorspace, by Vintage………………………………...……………………………………… 3-15 3.3.11 Energy Service Commpany (ESCO) Industry Activity ($Million Nominal)………………………………...……………………………………………… 3-15 3.4 Commercial Environmental Emissions………………………………...…………………………………………………………………………… 3-16 3.4.1 Carbon Dioxide Emissions for U.S. Commercial Buildings, by Year………………………………...……………………………………………………… 3-16 3.4.2 2008 Commercial Buildings Energy End-Use Carbon Dioxide Emissions Splits, by Fuel Type………………………………...………………………… 3-17 3-17 3.4.3 2010 Commercial Buildings Energy End-Use Carbon Dioxide Emissions Splits, by Fuel Type………………………………...………………………… 3.4.4 2020 Commercial Buildings Energy End-Use Carbon Dioxide Emissions Splits, by Fuel Type………………………………...………………………… 3-18 3.4.5 2030 Commercial Buildings Energy End-Use Carbon Dioxide Emissions Splits, by Fuel Type………………………………...………………………… 3-18 3.4.6 2008 Methane Emissions for U.S. Commercial Buildings Energy Production, by Fuel Type………………………………...……………………………… 3-19 3.5 Commercial Builders and Construction………………………………...………………………………………………………………………… 3-20 3.5.1 Value of New Commercial Building Construction, by Year………………………………...……………………………………………………………… 3-20 3.5.2 Value of Building Improvements and Repairs, by Sector………………………………...………………………………………………………………… 3-20 3.6 Office Building Markets and Companies………………………………...………………………………………………………………………… 3-21 3.6.1 2009 Energy Consumption per Square Foot of Office Floorspace by Vintage………………………………...…………………………………………… 3-21 3.6.2 Energy Expenditures per Square Foot of Office Floorspace by Building Age………………………………...……………………………………………… 3-21 3-21 3.6.3 Energy Consumption and Expenditures per Square Foot of Office Floorspace, by Function and Class………………………………...…………………… 3.6.4 2009 Energy Expenditures per Square Foot of Office Floorspace for Selected Cities by Location………………………………...………………………… 3-22 3.6.5 Top 10 Office Building Owners Globally as of Year End, 2006………………………………...…………………………………………………………… 3-22 3.6.6 Top 10 Property Managers Globally as of Year End, 2006………………………………...………………………………………………………………… 3-23 3.6.7 Advanced Energy Design Guide for Small Office Buildings………………………………...……………………………………………………………… 3-23 3.6.8 Typical Office Building………………………………...……………………………………………………………………………..……………………… 3-24 3.6.9 Energy Benchmarks for Newly Constructed Large Office Buildings, by Selected City and End-Use………………………………...…………………… 3-25 3.6.10 Energy benchmarks for Newly Constructed Medium Office Buildings, by Selected City and End-Use………………………………...…………………… 3-25 3.7 Retail Markets and Companies………………………………...……………………………………………………………………………..…… 3-26 3.7.1 2009 Top Retail Companies, by Sales………………………………...……………………………………………………………………………..……… 3-26 3.7.2 2009 Top Chain Restaurants, by Sales………………………………...……………………………………………………………………………..……… 3-26 3.7.3 2009 Top Supermarkets, by Sales………………………………...……………………………………………………………………………..…………… 3-26

x

List of Tables
3.7.4 3.7.5 3.7.6 3.7.7 3.7.8

Advanced Energy Design Guide for Small Retail Buildings………………………………...……………………………………………………………… 3-27 Typical Mercantile & Service (Retail) Building………………………………...…………………………………………………………………………… 3-27 Energy Benchmarks for Newly Constructed Retail Buildings, by Selected City and End-Use………………………………...…………………………… 3-28 Energy Benchmarks for Newly Constructed Supermarkets, by Selected City and End-Use………………………………...……………………………… 3-28 Number of Stores and Average Sales in the Grocery Industry as of 2007………………………………...………………………………………………… 3-29

3.8 Hospitals and Medical Facilities………………………………...……………………………………………………………………………..…… 3-30 3.8.1 Medical Offices, Utilities Cost Per Square Foot………………………………...…………………………………………………………………………… 3-30 3.8.2 Inpatient Medical Facilities Square Footage, Delivered Energy, Energy Intensity, Selected Years………………………………...………………………… 3-30 3.8.3 Typical Hospital Building………………………………...……………………………………………………………………………..…………………… 3-31 3-32 3.8.4 Energy Benchmarks for Newly Constructed Hospitals, by Selected City and End-Use………………………………...…………………………………… 3.8.5 Energy Benchmarks for Newly Constructed Outpatient Buildigns, by Selected City and End-Use………………………………...……………………… 3-32 3.9 Educational Facilities………………………………...……………………………………………………………………………..……………… 3-33 3.9.1 2003 Delivered Energy End-Use Intensities and Consumption of Educational Facilities, by Building Activity………………………………...…………… 3-33 3.9.2 2003-2004 Number of Public K-12 Schools in the United States and Students per School………………………………...……………………………… 3-33 3-33 3.9.3 National Enrollment and Expenditures for Public K-12 Facilities………………………………...………………………………………………………… 3.9.4 Total Expenditures for K-12 School Plant Operations and Maintenance, by Function………………………………...…………………………………… 3-34 3.9.5 New Construction and Renovations Expenditures for Public K-12 Schools………………………………...……………………………………………… 3-34 3.9.6 2009 Regional New Construction and Renovations Expenditures for Public K-12 Schools ($Million)………………………………...…………………… 3-34 3.9.7 Percentage of Public K-12 Schools with Environmental Factors that Interfere with Classroom Instruction………………………………...……………… 3-35 3-35 3.9.8 Advanced Energy Design Guide for Typical Educational Facilities………………………………...……………………………………………………… 3.9.9 Typical School Building………………………………...……………………………………………………………………………..…………………… 3-36 3.9.10 Energy Benchmarks for Newly Constructed Primary Schools, by Selected City and End-Use………………………………...…………………………… 3-37 3-37 3.9.11 Energy Benchmarks for Newly Constructed Secondary Schools, by Selected City and End-Use………………………………...………………………… 3.10 Hotels/Motels………………………………...……………………………………………………………………………..………………………… 3-38 3-38 3.10.1 2003 Floorspace and Energy Consumption for Hotels and Motels/Inns………………………………...…………………………………………………… 3.10.2 Lodging Industry, Rooms, Sales and Occupancy Rates………………………………...…………………………………………………………………… 3-38 3.10.3 Hotel/Motel Rooms and Properties by Location, Room Size………………………………...……………………………………………………………… 3-39 3.10.4 Energy Benchmarks for Newly Constructed Hotels, by Selected City and End-Use………………………………...……………………………………… 3-39 3.10.5 Energy Benchmarks for Newly Constructed Motels, by Selected City and End-Use………………………………...……………………………………… 3-40

4-1 4.0 Federal Sector………………………………...…………………………………………………………………………

4.1 Federal Buildings Energy Consumption………………………………...………………………………………………………………………… 4-1 4.1.1 FY 2005 Federal Primary Energy Consumption………………………………...…………………………………………………………………………… 4-1 4.1.2 FY 2005 Federal Building Energy Use Shares, by Fuel Type and Agency………………………………...………………………………………………… 4-1 4.1.3 Federal Building Delivered Energy Consumption Intensities, by Year………………………………...…………………………………………………… 4-2 4.1.4 Federal Agency Progress Toward the Renewable Energy Goal………………………………...…………………………………………………………… 4-2 4-3 4.2 Federal Buildings and Facilities Characteristics………………………………...………………………………………………………………… 4.2.1 Federal Building Gross Floorspace, by Year and Agency………………………………...………………………………………………………………… 4-3 4.3 Federal Buildings and Facilities Expenditures………………………………...…………………………………………………………………… 4-4 4.3.1 FY 2005 Federal Buildings Energy Prices' and Expenditures, by Fuel Type………………………………...……………………………………………… 4-4 4.3.2 Annual Energy Expenditures per Gross Square Foot of Federal Floorspace Stock, by Year………………………………...……………………………… 4-4 4.3.3 Direct Appropriations on Federal Buildings Energy Conservation Retrofits and Capital Equipment………………………………...……………………… 4-4 4.4 Legislation Affecting Energy Consumption of Federal Buildings and Facilities………………………………...……………………………… 4-5 4.4.1 Energy Policy Act of 2005, Provisions Affecting Energy Consumption in Federal Buildings………………………………...…………………………… 4-5 4.4.2 Executive Order 13423, Provisions Affecting Energy Consumption in Federal Buildings………………………………...………………………………… 4-5 4.4.3 Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007, Provisions Affecting Energy Consumption in Federal Buildings………………………………...……… 4-6

5.0 Envelope and Equipment………………………………...…………………………………………………………… 5-1

5.1 Building Materials/Insulation………………………………...……………………………………………………………………………..……… 5-1 5.1.1 U.S. Insulation Demand, by Type………………………………...……………………………………………………………………………..…………… 5-1 5.1.2 Industry Use Shares of Mineral Fiber (Glass/Wool) Insulation………………………………...…………………………………………………………… 5-1 5.1.3 Thermal Performance of Insulation………………………………...……………………………………………………………………………..………… 5-2 5.1.4 "Green Roofs" Completed by Year………………………………...……………………………………………………………………………..………… 5-2 5.1.5 Properties of Cool Roofing Materials………………………………...……………………………………………………………………………..……… 5-3 5.1.6 ENERGY STAR Cool Roofing Product Shipments (Billion SF) and Penetration Rate………………………………...…………………………………… 5-3 5.2 Windows………………………………...……………………………………………………………………………..……………………………… 5-4 5.2.1 Residential Prime Window Sales, by Frame Type………………………………...………………………………………………………………………… 5-4 5.2.2 Residential Storm Window and Door Shipments, by Frame Type………………………………...………………………………………………………… 5-4

xi

List of Tables
5.2.3 5.2.4 5.2.5 5.2.6 5.2.7 5.2.8

Nonresidential Window Sales, by Type and Census Region………………………………...……………………………………………………………… 5-5 Insulating Glass Historical Penetration, by Sector………………………………...………………………………………………………………………… 5-5 Residential Prime Window Sales, by Glass Type………………………………...………………………………………………………………………… 5-6 2005 Residential Prime Window Stock………………………………...……………………………………………………………………………..……… 5-6 Nonresidential Window Stock and Sales, by Glass Type………………………………...…………………………………………………………………… 5-7 Typical Thermal Performance of Residential Windows, by Type………………………………...………………………………………………………… 5-7

5.3 Heating, Cooling, and Ventilation Equipment………………………………...…………………………………………………………………… 5-8 5.3.1 U.S. Heating and Air-Conditioning System Manufacturer Shipments, by Type………………………………...…………………………………………… 5-8 5.3.2 Residential Furnace Efficiencies………………………………...……………………………………………………………………………..…………… 5-9 5-9 5.3.3 Residential Boiler Efficiencies………………………………...……………………………………………………………………………..……………… 5.3.4 Residential Air Conditioner and Heat Pump Cooling Efficiencies………………………………...………………………………………………………… 5-9 5.3.5 Commercial Equipment Efficiencies………………………………...……………………………………………………………………………..………… 5-10 5.3.6 2008 Unitary Air-Conditioner/Heat Pump Manufacturer Market Shares (Percent of Products Produced)………………………………...………………… 5-10 5.3.7 2008 Gas Furnace Manufacturer Market Shares (Percent of Products Produced)………………………………...………………………………………… 5-11 5-11 5.3.8 Major Residential HVAC Equipment Lifetimes, Ages, and Replacement Picture………………………………...………………………………………… 5.3.9 Major Commercial HVAC Equipment Lifetimes and Ages………………………………...………………………………………………………………… 5-12 5.3.10 Main Residential Heating Fuel, by Vintage, as of 2005………………………………...…………………………………………………………………… 5-12 5.3.11 Main Residential Heating Equipment as of 1987, 1993, 1997, 2001, and 2005………………………………...…………………………………………… 5-13 5.3.12 Main Commercial Heating and Cooling Equipment as of 1995, 1999, and 2003………………………………...………………………………………… 5-13 5-14 5.3.13 Main Commercial Primary Energy Use of Heating and Cooling Equipment as of 1995………………………………...…………………………………… 5.3.14 Halocarbon Environmental Coefficients and Principal Uses………………………………...……………………………………………………………… 5-14 5.3.15 Conversion and Replacements of Centrifugal CFC Chillers………………………………...……………………………………………………………… 5-15 5-15 5.3.16 Estimated U.S. Emissions of Halocarbons, 1987-2001………………………………...…………………………………………………………………… 5.4 Water Heaters………………………………...……………………………………………………………………………..……………………… 5-16 5-16 5.4.1 2005 Water Heater Stock for Residential Buildings, By Fuel Type………………………………...………………………………………………………… 5.4.2 2005 Water Heater Stock for Residential Buildings, By Storage Type………………………………...…………………………………………………… 5-16 5.4.3 2006 Water Heater Manufacturer Market Shares………………………………...………………………………………………………………………… 5-16 5.4.4 2003 Water Heater Stock for Commercial Buildings, By Fuel Type………………………………...……………………………………………………… 5-17 5.4.5 Water Heater Efficiencies………………………………...……………………………………………………………………………..…………………… 5-17 5.5 Thermal Distribution Systems………………………………...……………………………………………………………………………..……… 5-18 5.5.1 Market Share of Major HVAC Equipment Manufacturers………………………………...………………………………………………………………… 5-18 5.5.2 U.S. Commercial Buildings Conditioned Floorspace, Building Type and System Type………………………………...…………………………………… 5-18 5.5.3 Thermal Distribution Design Load and Electricity Intensities, by Building Activity………………………………...……………………………………… 5-19 5.5.4 Thermal Distribution Equipment Design Load and Electricity Intensities, by System Type………………………………...……………………………… 5-19 5.5.5 Typical Commercial Building Thermal Energy Distribution Design Load Intensities………………………………...…………………………………… 5-19 5-20 5.5.6 1999 Energy Efficient Motors, Replacements and Sales, by Horsepower Class………………………………...…………………………………………… 5.5.7 1999 AC Adjustable-Speed Drive Population………………………………...…………………………………………………………………………….. 5-20 5.6 Lighting………………………………...……………………………………………………………………………..……………………………… 5-21 5.6.1 Selected Flourescent and Incandescent Lamp Sales………………………………...………………………………………………………………………… 5-21 5.6.2 Value of Electric Lighting Fixture Shipments………………………………...…………………………………………………………………………….. 5-21 5.6.3 Shipments of Fluorescent Lamp Ballasts………………………………...……………………………………………………………………………..…… 5-22 5.6.4 2001 Total Lighting Technology Electricity Consumption, by Sector.………………………………...…………………………………………………… 5-22 5.6.5 2001 Total Lighting Technology Light Output, by Sector.………………………………...………………………………………………………………… 5-23 5.6.6 2001 Lamp Wattage, Number of Lamps, and Hours of Usage………………………………...…………………………………………………………… 5-23 5.6.7 2003 Lighted Floorspace for the Stock of Commercial Buildings, by Type of Lamp………………………………...……………………………………… 5-23 5-24 5.6.8 2003 Lighting Energy Intensities, by Commercial Building Type………………………………...………………………………………………………… 5.6.9 Typical Efficacies and Lifetimes of Lamps………………………………...……………………………………………………………………………..… 5-24 5.7 Appliances………………………………...……………………………………………………………………………..…………………………… 5-25 5.7.1 Refrigeration System Shipments, by Type………………………………...……………………………………………………………………………..…… 5-25 5.7.2 Other Major Appliance Shipments, by Type………………………………...……………………………………………………………………………..… 5-26 5.7.3 Major Appliance Ownership………………………………...……………………………………………………………………………..………………… 5-27 5.7.4 2008 Refrigerator Manufacturer Market Shares………………………………...…………………………………………………………………………… 5-27 5.7.5 Refrigerator-Freezer Sizes and Energy Factors………………………………...…………………………………………………………………………… 5-28 5.7.6 2008 Room Air Conditioner Manufacturer Market Shares………………………………...………………………………………………………………… 5-28 5.7.7 Room Air Conditioner Capacities and Energy Efficiencies………………………………...………………………………………………………………… 5-29 5.7.8 2008 Clothes Washer Manufacturer Market Shares………………………………...………………………………………………………………………… 5-29 5.7.9 2008 Clothes Dryer Manufacturer Market Shares………………………………...………………………………………………………………………… 5-29

xii

List of Tables
5.7.10 5.7.11 5.7.12 5.7.13 5.7.14 5.7.15 5.7.16 5.7.17 5.7.18 5.7.19 5.7.20

2008 Range Manufacturer Market Shares………………………………...……………………………………………………………………………..…… 5-30 2008 Microwave Oven Manufacturer Market Shares………………………………...……………………………………………………………………… 5-30 2007 Copier Machine Manufacturer Market Shares………………………………...……………………………………………………………………… 5-30 2007 Personal Computer Manufacturer Market Shares………………………………...…………………………………………………………………… 5-31 2007 Printer Manufacturer Market Shares………………………………...……………………………………………………………………………..…… 5-31 Major Residential and Small Commercial Appliance Lifetimes, Ages, and Replacement Picture………………………………...………………………… 5-32 Other Major Appliance Efficiencies………………………………...……………………………………………………………………………..………… 5-33 Commercial Refrigeration - Annual Primary Energy Consumption………………………………...……………………………………………………… 5-34 Commercial Refrigeration - Installed Base and Total Energy Consumption by Type………………………………...……………………………………… 5-34 Commercial Refrigeration - Unit Inventory and Energy Consumption………………………………...…………………………………………………… 5-35 Commercial Refrigeration - Display Case Shipments………………………………...……………………………………………………………………… 5-35

5.8 Active Solar Systems………………………………...……………………………………………………………………………..………………… 5-36 5.8.1 Solar Collector Shipments, by Type and Market………………………………...…………………………………………………………………………… 5-36 5.8.2 Thermal Solar Collector Shipments, by End Use………………………………...…………………………………………………………………………… 5-36 5-37 5.8.3 2008 Top Five Destinations of Thermal Solar Collector Shipments………………………………...……………………………………………………… 5.8.4 Thermal Solar Collector Manufacturer Statistics………………………………...…………………………………………………………………………… 5-37 5.8.5 Shipments of Photovoltaic Cells and Modules, by Market………………………………...………………………………………………………………… 5-37 5.8.6 Annual Shipments of Photovoltaic Cells and Modules………………………………...…………………………………………………………………… 5-37 5.8.7 2008 Top 5 Destinations of U.S. Photovoltaic Cell and Module Export Shipments, by Country………………………………...………………………… 3-38 5-38 5.8.8 Annual New Installations of Grid-Tied Photovoltaic Cells and Modules, by Market………………………………...……………………………………… 5.8.9 2007 Total Grid-Tied PV Capacity, by State………………………………...……………………………………………………………………………..… 5-39 5.8.10 Annual Installed Capacity of Photovoltaic Cells and Modules, Off-Grid and On-Grid………………………………...…………………………………… 5-39 5-40 5.9 On-Site Power………………………………...……………………………………………………………………………..……………………… 5.9.1 United States Small Wind Units and Capacity Added per Year………………………………...…………………………………………………………… 5-40 5-40 5.9.2 Average Combined Heat and Power Capacity, Principal Building Type and Prime Mover………………………………...……………………………… 5.9.3 Installed Combined Heat and Power Capacity, Principal Building Type and Prime Mover………………………………...……………………………… 5-41 5.9.4 Installed Combined Heat and Power Capacity, Principal Building Type and Census Region………………………………...……………………………… 5-41 5.9.5 Installed Combined Heat and Power Capacity, Prime Mover and Census Region………………………………...………………………………………… 5-42 5.9.6 Characteristics of New Commercial Distributed Generating Technologies, by Plant Type………………………………...………………………………… 5-42

6-1 6.0 Energy Supply………………………………...…………………………………………………………………………

6.1 Electric Utility Energy Consumption………………………………...…………………………………………………………………………… 6-1 6.1.1 Buildings Share of U.S. Electricity Consumption/Sales………………………………...…………………………………………………………………… 6-1 6.1.2 U.S. Electricity Generation Input Fuel Shares………………………………...……………………………………………………………………………. 6-1 6.1.3 U.S. Electricity Generation Input Fuel Consumption………………………………...……………………………………………………………………… 6-2 6.1.4 U.S. Electricity Net Generation, by Plant Type………………………………...…………………………………………………………………………… 6-2 6-3 6.1.5 U.S. Electric Utility and Nonutility Net Summer Electricity Generation Capacity………………………………...………………………………………… 6.1.6 U.S. Renewable Electric Utility and Nonutility Net Summer Electricity Generation Capacity………………………………...…………………………… 6-3 6.1.7 U.S. Electric Power Sector Cumulative Power Plant Additions Needed to Meet Future Electricity Demand………………………………...……………… 6-4 6.2 Electricity Generation, Transmission, and Distribution………………………………...………………………………………………………… 6-5 6.2.1 2006 Existing Capacity, by Energy Source………………………………...……………………………………………………………………………..… 6-5 6.2.2 Net Internal Demand, Capacity Resources, and Capacity Margins in the Contiguous United States………………………………...……………………… 6-5 6.2.3 Electric Capacity Factors, by Year and Fuel Type………………………………...………………………………………………………………………… 6-6 6.2.4 Electric Conversion Factors and Transmission and Distribution (T&D) Losses………………………………...…………………………………………… 6-6 6.2.5 2008 Impacts of Saving an Electric Quad………………………………...……………………………………………………………………………..…… 6-7 6.2.6 Cost of an Electric Quad Used in the Buildings Sector………………………………...…………………………………………………………………… 6-7 6-8 6.2.7 Characteristics of New and Stock Generating Capacities, by Plant Type………………………………...………………………………………………… 6.2.8 NERC Regions Map………………………………...……………………………………………………………………………..………………………… 6-9 6.2.9 Peak Hour Demand and Capacity Margin, Summer and Winter by NERC Region………………………………...……………………………………… 6-10 6.2.10 Top 10 U.S. States by Existing Wind Power Capacities……………………………………………………………………………………………..……… 6-10 6.3 Natural Gas Production and Distribution……………………………………………………………………………………………..…………… 6-11 6.3.1 Natural Gas Overview………………………………...……………………………………………………………………………..……………………… 6-11 6.3.2 Natural Gas in Underground Storage……………………………………………………………………………………………..………………………… 6-11 6.3.3 Natural Gas Well Productivity……………………………………………………………………………………………..………………………………. 6-12 6.3.4 Natural Gas End-Use Deliveries by Type of Distributor for 1996, 2000, and 2006………………………………………………………………………… 6-12 6.3.5 Natural Gas Consumption, by Sector……………………………………………………………………………………………..………………………… 6-13 6.3.6 Top 10 Natural Gas Producing States, 2009…………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 6-13 6.4 Electric and Generic Quad Carbon Emissions…………………………………………………………………………………………………… 6-14

xiii

List of Tables
6.4.1 6.4.2

Emissions of Carbon Dioxide from Electric Utilities………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 6-14 Electric Quad Average Carbon Dioxide Emissions with Average Utility Fuel Mix………………………………………………………………………… 6-14

6.5 Public Benefit Funds/System Benefit Funds……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 6-15 6.5.1 2009 Spending by Ratepayer-Funded Electric and Gas Efficiency Programs……………………………………………………………………………… 6-15 6.5.2 Funding for States with Active Public Benefit Efficiency Programs as of 2003…………………………………………………………………………… 6-16 6.5.3 Demand-Side Management Funds Collected for Energy Efficiency Programs in 2000……………………………………………………………………… 6-16

7.0 Laws, Energy Codes, and Standards…………………………………………………………………………………… 7-1

7.1 National Legislation…………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 7-1 7.1.1 Buildings-Related Funding in the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009……………………………………………………………………… 7-1 7-1 7.1.2 Buildings-Related DOE Funding in the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009……………………………………………………………… 7.1.3 State Energy Efficient Appliance Rebate Program…………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 7-2 7.1.4 Energy Independence and Security Act 2007, High Performance Commercial Buildings…………………………………………………………………… 7-3 7.1.5 Daylight Savings Time from the Energy Policy Act of 2005………………………………………………………………………………………………… 7-3 7.1.6 Phase Out Schedule of Halocarbons in the U.S.…………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 7-3 7-4 7.1.7 Energy Policy Act of 1992, Building Energy Codes………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 7.1.8 Energy Policy Act of 1992, Appliance and Equipment Efficiency Standards……………………………………………………………………………… 7-4 7.1.9 The Clean Air Act…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 7-5 7.2 Federal Tax Incentives…………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 7-6 7-6 7.2.1 Tax Incentives of the Tax Relief, Unemployment Insurance Reauthorization, and Job Creation Act of 2010……………………………………………… 7.2.2 Tax Incentives of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009…………………………………………………………………………………… 7-6 7.2.3 Tax Incentives of the Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008……………………………………………………………………………………… 7-7 7.2.4 Tax Incentives of the Energy Policy Act of 2005…………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 7-7 7-7 7.2.5 Tax Incentives of the Energy Policy Act of 2005…………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 7.2.6 HVAC Tax Incentives of the Energy Policy Act of 2005…………………………………………………………………………………………………… 7-8 7-8 7.2.7 Federal Energy Efficiency Tax Credits for Individuals, Number and Average Value of Credits Claimed…………………………………………………… 7.3 Efficiency Standards for Residential HVAC……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 7-9 7.3.1 Efficiency Standards for Residential Central Air Conditioners and Heat Pumps…………………………………………………………………………… 7-9 7.3.2 Efficiency Standards for Residential Furnaces…………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 7-9 7.3.3 Efficiency Standards for Residential Boilers…………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 7-10 7.3.4 Efficiency Standards for Residential Direct Heating Equipment, Including Pool Heaters…………………………………………………………………… 7-11 7.3.5 Efficiency Standards for Residential Dehumidifiers………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 7-12 7.4 Efficiency Standards for Commercial HVAC……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 7-13 7.4.1 Efficiency Standards for Commercial Warm Air Furnaces………………………………………………………………………………………………… 7-13 7.4.2 Efficiency Standards for Commercial Packaged Boilers…………………………………………………………………………………………………… 7-13 7.4.3 Efficiency Standards for Commercial Air Conditioners and Heat Pumps…………………………………………………………………………………… 7-14 7-15 7.4.4 Efficiency Standards for Commercial PTACs and PTHPs…………………………………………………………………………………………………… 7.4.5 Efficiency Standards for Commercial Unit Heaters………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 7-15 7.5 Efficiency Standards for Residential Appliances………………………………………………………………………………………………… 7-16 7.5.1 Efficiency Standards for Residential Room Air Conditioners……………………………………………………………………………………………… 7-16 7.5.2 Efficiency Standards for Residential Refrigerators and Freezers…………………………………………………………………………………………… 7-17 7.5.3 Efficiency Standards for Wet Cleaning Equipment………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 7-18 7.5.4 Efficiency Standards for Residential Water Heaters………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 7-19 7.6 Efficiency Standards for Commercial Appliances………………………………………………………………………………………………… 7-20 7.6.1 Efficiency Standards for Remote Commercial Refrigerators, Freezers, and Refrigerator-Freezers………………………………………………………… 7-20 7.6.2 Efficiency Standards for Self-Contained Commercial Refrigerators, Freezers, and Refrigerator-Freezers………………………………………………… 7-21 7-22 7.6.3 Efficiency Standards for Automatic Commercial Ice Makers……………………………………………………………………………………………… 7.6.4 Efficiency Standards for Refrigerated Beverage Vending Machines………………………………………………………………………………………… 7-22 7.6.5 Efficiency Standards for Walk-in Coolers and Walk-in Freezers…………………………………………………………………………………………… 7-23 7.6.6 Efficiency Standards for Commercial Water Heaters………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 7-24 7.6.7 Efficiency Standards for Commercial Clothes Washers……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 7-24 7.7 Efficiency Standards for Lighting…………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 7-25 7.7.1 Efficiency Standards for Fluorescent Lamp Ballasts………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 7-25 7.7.2 Efficiency Standards for General Service Fluorescent Lamps……………………………………………………………………………………………… 7-26 7.7.3 Efficiency Standards for Incandescent Reflector Lamps…………………………………………………………………………………………………… 7-27 7.7.4 Efficiency Standards for Ceiling Fans, Ceiling Fan Light Kits, and Torchieres……………………………………………………………………………… 7-27 7.7.5 Efficiency Standards for Medium Base Compact Fluorescent Lamps……………………………………………………………………………………… 7-28 7.7.6 Energy Independence and Security Act 2007, Lighting Standards for General Service Incandescent Lamps……………………………………………… 7-28

xiv

List of Tables

7.7.7 Efficiency Standards for Commercial Lighting Products…………………………………………………………………………………………………… 7-29 7.8 Water Use Standards………………………………………………………………………………………………………….7-30 7.8.1 Water Use Standards for Faucets, Showerheads, and Prerinse Spray Valves………………………………………………………………………………… 7-30 7.8.2 Water Use Standards for Water Closets…………………………………………………………………………………….……………………………. 7-30 7.9 State Building Energy Codes…………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 7-31 7.9.1 Status of State Energy Codes: Residential Sector…………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 7-31 7.9.2 Status of State Energy Codes: Commercial Sector…………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 7-32 7.9.3 Building Energy Rating and Disclosure Policies in the United States……………………………………………………………………………………… 7-33

8-1 8.0 Water………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

8.1 Buildings Sector Water Consumption…………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 8-1 8.1.1 Total Use of Water by Buildings………………………………………………………………………………………………………...…………………… 8-1 8.1.2 Average Energy Intensity of Public Water Supplies by Location…………………………………………………………………………………………… 8-1 8.1.3 Energy Use for Wastewater Treatment by Plants by Capacity and Treatment Level………………………………………………………………………… 8-2 8.1.4 Municipal Wastewater Treatment Facilities by Treatment Level and Population Served…………………………………………………………………… 8-2 8-3 8.2 Residential Sector Water Consumption…………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 8.2.1 Residential Water Use by Source…………………………………………………………………………………………..……………………………. 8-3 8.2.2 1999 Single-Family Home End-Use of Water Consumption per Day……………………………………………………………………………………… 8-3 8.2.3 2004 Water Use in Multi-Family Housing Units, In-Rent and Submetered Billing………………………………………………………………………… 8-3 8-4 8.2.4 Per Capita Use of Hot Water in Single-Family Homes by End Use………………………………………………………………………………………… 8.2.5 2008 Community Water Systems by Size and Type………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 8-4 8.2.6 Residential Water Billing Rate Structures for Community Water Systems………………………………………………………………………………… 8-4 8.3 Commercial Sector Water Consumption…………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 8-5 8-5 8.3.1 Commercial Water Use by Source……………………………………………………………………………………………………..………………. 8.3.2 Average Water Use of Commercial and Institutional Establishments………………………………………………………………………………………… 8-5 8-6 8.3.3 Normalized Annual End Uses of Water in Select Restaurants in Western United States…………………………………………………………………… 8.3.4 Normalized Annual End Uses of Water in Select Supermarkets in Western United States………………………………………………………………… 8-6 8.3.5 Normalized Annual End Uses of Water in Select Hotels in Western United States………………………………………………………………………… 8-7 8.3.6 Normalized Annual End Uses of Water in Two California High Schools…………………………………………………………………………………… 8-7 8.4 WaterSense………………………………………………………………………………………………….………………. 8-8 8.4.1 WaterSense List of Covered Products and Efficiency Specifications………………………………………………………………………………………… 8-8 9.1 ENERGY STAR………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
9.1.1 9.1.2 9.1.3 9.1.4 9.1.5 9.1.6 9.1.7 9.1.8 9.1.9 9.1.10 9.1.11 9.1.12 9.1.13 9.1.14 9.2.1 9.2.2 9.2.3 9.2.4 9.2.5 9.2.6

9.0 Market Transformation………………………………………………………………………………………………… 9-1
9-1

2009 ENERGY STAR Qualified New Single-Family Homes, by Selected State…………………………………………………………………………… 9-1 Home Performance with ENERGY STAR, Completed Jobs………………………………………………………………………………………………… 9-1 ENERGY STAR Commercial and Institutional Buildings and Industrial Plants…………………………………………………………………………… 9-2 Market Premiums for ENERGY STAR-Labeled Commercial Buildings in Six Studies…………………………………………………………………… 9-2 Specification Dates for ENERGY STAR-Labeled Consumer Electronics and Office Equipment…………………………………………………………… 9-3 Specification Dates for ENERGY STAR-Labeled HVAC and Residential Appliances……………………………………………………………………… 9-4 Specification Dates for ENERGY STAR-Labeled Commercial and Miscellaneous Products……………………………………………………………… 9-5 Total Appliance Shipments and ENERGY STAR Market Share…………………………………………………………………………………………… 9-5 Total Lighting Shipments and ENERGY STAR Market Share……………………………………………………………………………………………… 9-6 Total Cooling Equipment Shipments and ENERGY STAR Market Share…………………………………………………………………………………… 9-6 Total Heating Equipment Shipments and ENERGY STAR Market Share…………………………………………………………………………………… 9-7 Total Commercial Product Shipments and ENERGY STAR Market Share………………………………………………………………………………… 9-7 Total Consumer Electronics Shipments and ENERGY STAR Market Share………………………………………………………………………………… 9-8 Total Office Equipment Shipments and ENERGY STAR Market Share…………………………………………………………………………………… 9-8

9.2 LEED…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

9-9

LEED for New Construction, by Selected States…………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 9-9 LEED for New Construction, by Version…………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 9-9 LEED for Core and Shell, by Version………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………………. 9-9 LEED for Commercial Interiors, by Version…………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 9-10 LEED for Existing Buildings, by Version…………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 9-10 LEED Certified Projects, by Ownership Category and Certification Level………………………………………………………………………………… 9-10

9.3 Certification Programs…………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 9-11 9.3.1 North American Technician Excellence Program…………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 9-11 9.3.2 Building Performance Institute (BPI) Certifications, by State……………………………………………………………………………………………… 9-12

xv

List of Tables

9.3.3 Association of Energy Engineers Energy Auditor Certifications, by State…………………………………………………………………………………… 9-13 9.4 High Performance Buildings…………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 9-14 9.4.1 Case Study, The Adam Joseph Lewis Center for Environmental Studies, Oberlin College, Oberlin, Ohio (Education)…………………………………… 9-14 9.4.2 Case Study, The Cambria Department of Environmental Protection Office Building, Ebensburg, Pennsylvania (Office)………………………………… 9-15 9.4.3 Case Study, The Visitor Center at Zion National Park, Utah (Service/Retail/Office)……………………………………………………………………… 9-16 9.4.4 Case Study, The Philip Merrill Environmental Center, Annapolis, Maryland (Office)……………………………………………………………………… 9-17 9.4.5 Case Study, The Thermal Test Facility, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado (Office/Laboratory)………………………………… 9-18 9.4.6 Case Study, The Solaire, New York, New York (Apartments/Multi-Family)……………………………………………………………………………… 9-19

xvi

Glossary
AAMA ACEEE AEO AFEAS AFUE AHAM ARI ASHRAE BTS CBECS CDD CF CFC CHP CO CO2 COP American Architectural Manufacturers Association American Council for an Energy Efficient Economy EIA's Annual Energy Outlook Alternative Fluorocarbons Environmental Acceptability Study Annual Fuel Utilization Efficiency Association of Home Appliance Manufacturers Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Institute American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers DOE's Office of Building Technology, State and Community Programs EIA's Commercial Building Energy Consumption Survey Cooling Degree Days Cubic feet Chlorofluorocarbon Combined Heat and Power Carbon monoxide Carbon dioxide (CO2 ) Coefficient of Performance (dimensionless, heating/cooling capacity: (Btu) over electric input (Btu)) CPS Delivered DG DOC DOE EER EERE EF EIA EPA FEMP FT2 FY GAMA Bureau of the Census' Current Population Survey Refers to energy used on site (including purchased electricity) Distributed Generation U.S. Department of Commerce U.S. Department of Energy Energy Efficiency Ratio (Btu/watt-hour) DOE’s Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Office Energy Factor DOE's Energy Information Administration U.S. Environmental Protection Agency DOE's Federal Energy Management Program Square Feet Fiscal Year Gas Appliance Manufacturers Association

xvii

Glossary
GDP GWP HCFC HFC HHS HSPF HUD HVAC/R IEA LBNL LIHEAP LPG MEF MMT CO2 Gross Domestic Product Global Warming Potential Hydrochlorofluorocarbon Hydrofluorocarbon U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Heating Season Performance Factor (Btu/watt-hour) U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development Heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning/refrigeration International Energy Agency Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory HHS' Low Income Home Energy Assistance Program Liquid Petroleum Gas Modified Energy Factor Million metric tons of carbon dioxide (includes only energy consumption effects, unless otherwise noted) N.A. N/A NAHB NCES NEMS NIST NWWDA NOx OBE OBT Not Available Not Applicable National Association of Home Builders National Center for Educational Statistics National Energy Modeling System National Institute of Standards and Technology National Wood Window and Door Association Nitrogen oxide (NOx ) BTS's Office of Building Equipment DOE's Office of Building Technology, State and Community Programs (formerly the Office of Building Technologies) ODP ORNL OWIP PM-2.5 PM-10 PNNL Ozone Depletion Potential Oak Ridge National Laboratory Office of Weatherization and Intergovernmental Program Particulate matter of aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 microns Particulate matter of aerodynamic diameter less than 10 microns Pacific Northwest National Laboratory

xviii

Glossary
Primary PV PY Quad R-value RECS SEDS SEER SEF SF SHGC SIC Site SO2 SRCC U-Factor VOC Refers to energy used at the source (including fuel input to electric power plants) Photovoltaic Program Year Quadrillion Btu (10^15 Btu) Thermal resistance measured in (Btu/Hr-SF-oF)-1 EIA's Residential Energy Consumption Survey State Energy Data System Seasonal Energy Efficiency Ratio (Btu/watt-hour) Solar Energy Factor Square feet Solar heat gain coefficient Standard Industrial Classification Refers to energy used on site (i.e., delivered) Sulfur dioxide (SO2 ) Solar Rating and Certification Corporation Thermal conductance measured in (Btu/Hr-SF-oF) Volatile organic compounds

xix

Buildings Energy Data Book: 1.1 Buildings Sector Energy Consumption
1.1.1 U.S. Residential and Commercial Buildings Total Primary Energy Consumption (Quadrillion Btu and Percent of Total) Electricity Natural Gas Petroleum (1) Coal Renewable(2) Sales Losses Total 7.52 28.5% 3.04 11.5% 0.15 0.6% 0.87 3.3% 4.35 10.50 14.86 56.2% 7.07 25.6% 2.62 9.5% 0.18 0.6% 1.03 3.7% 5.06 11.66 16.72 60.5% 7.22 23.7% 2.36 7.8% 0.15 0.5% 0.74 2.4% 6.01 13.92 19.93 65.6% 8.10 24.3% 2.12 6.3% 0.13 0.4% 0.71 2.1% 6.81 15.47 22.28 66.8% 8.35 22.2% 2.32 6.2% 0.10 0.3% 0.63 1.7% 8.02 18.26 26.28 69.7% 8.04 20.3% 2.18 5.5% 0.10 0.3% 0.62 1.6% 8.99 19.66 28.65 72.4% 8.22 20.5% 1.84 4.6% 0.08 0.2% 0.59 1.5% 9.27 20.02 (3) 29.29 73.2% 8.08 20.0% 1.70 4.2% 0.07 0.2% 0.58 1.4% 9.57 20.41 29.98 74.2% 8.37 21.2% 1.62 4.1% 0.07 0.2% 0.62 1.6% 9.42 19.38 28.80 73.0% 8.54 20.7% 1.53 3.7% 0.07 0.2% 0.65 1.6% 9.95 20.49 30.44 73.8% 8.60 20.0% 1.47 3.4% 0.07 0.2% 0.66 1.5% 10.56 21.70 32.27 74.9% 8.71 19.3% 1.43 3.2% 0.07 0.1% 0.67 1.5% 11.26 22.93 34.19 75.9% 8.79 18.7% 1.39 3.0% 0.07 0.1% 0.68 1.4% 11.94 24.10 36.04 76.7%

March 2011

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2008 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035
Note(s):

TOTAL (2) 26.43 100% 27.62 100% 30.40 100% 33.34 100% 37.68 100% 39.60 100% 40.02 100% 40.40 100% 39.47 100% 41.22 100% 43.07 100% 45.06 100% 46.97 100%

Growth Rate 2008-Year 0.5% -0.2% 0.2% 0.4% 0.5% 0.6%

1) Petroleum includes distillate and residual fuels, liquefied petroleum gas, kerosene, and motor gasoline. 2) Includes site-marketed and nonmarketed renewable energy. 3) 2008 site-to-source electricity conversion = 3.16.

Source(s): EIA, State Energy Data 2008: Consumption, June 2010, Tables 8-12, p. 24-28 for 1980-2007; and EIA, Annual Energy Outlook 2011 Early Release, Dec. 2010, Summary Reference Case Tables, Table A2, p. 3-5 for 2008-2035 and Table A17, p. 34-35 for non-marketed renewable energy.

1.1.2

U.S. Buildings Site Renewable Energy Consumption (Quadrillion Btu) (1) Wood (2) 0.867 1.034 0.676 0.633 0.549 0.533 0.552 0.529 0.516 0.530 0.534 0.536 0.532 Solar Thermal (3) 0.000 0.000 0.056 0.065 0.061 0.061 0.028 0.029 0.032 0.033 0.034 0.034 0.036 Solar PV (3) 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.004 0.012 0.041 0.049 0.051 0.054 0.057 GSHP (4) 0.000 0.000 0.008 0.011 0.016 0.029 0.004 0.008 0.023 0.031 0.037 0.042 0.046 Total 0.867 1.034 0.740 0.709 0.627 0.623 0.589 0.579 0.612 0.643 0.655 0.665 0.671 Growth Rate 2008-Year -0.9% 0.5% 0.7% 0.6% 0.6% 0.5%

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2008 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035
Note(s):

1) Does not include renewable energy consumed by electric utilities (including hydroelectric). 2) Includes wood and wood waste, municipal solid waste, and other biomass used by the commercial sector to cogenerate electricity. 3) Includes only solar energy. 4) GHP = Groundcoupled heat pumps. Source(s): EIA, State Energy Data 2008: Consumption, June 2010, Tables 8-9, p. 24-25 for 1980-2007; and EIA, Annual Energy Outlook 2011 Early Release, Dec.
2010, Summary Reference Case Tables,Table A17, p. 34-35 for 2008-2035.

1-1

Buildings Energy Data Book: 1.1 Buildings Sector Energy Consumption
1.1.3 Buildings Share of U.S. Primary Energy Consumption (Percent) Buildings Commercial 13.6% 15.0% 15.8% 16.1% 17.4% 17.8% 18.4% 18.8% 18.6% 19.3% 19.9% 20.5% 21.0%

March 2011

1980(1) 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2008 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035
Note(s):

Residential 20.2% 21.0% 20.1% 20.3% 20.6% 21.5% 21.5% 22.5% 20.1% 20.0% 20.1% 20.1% 20.0%

| | | | | | | | | | | | |

Total 33.8% 36.0% 35.9% 36.4% 38.0% 39.3% 39.9% 41.3% 38.7% 39.3% 39.9% 40.6% 41.0%

Industry 41.1% 37.8% 37.7% 37.3% 35.0% 32.3% 32.1% 30.6% 33.3% 33.1% 32.6% 31.8% 31.0%

Transportation 25.2% 26.2% 26.4% 26.2% 26.9% 28.4% 28.0% 28.1% 28.0% 27.7% 27.5% 27.6% 27.9%

Total 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%

| | | | | | | | | | | | |

Total Consumption (quads) 78.3 76.7 84.8 91.5 99.1 100.8 100.2 97.8 102.0 104.9 107.9 111.1 114.4

1) Renewables are not included in the 1980 data.

Source(s): EIA, State Energy Data 2008: Consumption, June 2010, Tables 8-11, p. 24-27 for 1980-2007; and EIA, Annual Energy Outlook 2011 Early Release, Dec. 2010, Summary Reference Case Tables,Table A2, p. 3-5 for 2008-2035 data and Table A17, p. 34-35 for non-marketed renewable energy.

1.1.4

2008 U.S. Buildings Energy End-Use Splits, by Fuel Type (Quadrillion Btu) Natural Fuel Other Renw. Site Gas Oil (1) LPG Fuel(2) En.(3) Electric 4.96 0.78 0.26 0.11 0.56 0.71 2.01 0.03 1.74 1.77 0.13 0.09 0.03 0.57 0.86 0.78 0.53 0.39 0.38 0.03 0.25 0.05 0.31 0.29 0.01 0.29 0.05 0.00 0.78 0.73 0.18 0.33 8.22 1.11 0.67 0.15 0.59 9.27 Site Total Percent 7.37 36.9% 2.01 10.0% 1.78 8.9% 2.58 12.9% 0.86 4.3% 0.78 3.9% 0.53 2.7% 0.39 2.0% 0.67 3.3% 0.37 1.8% 1.43 7.1% 1.24 6.2% 20.00 100% Primary Electric (4) 2.24 6.34 5.51 1.80 2.71 2.45 1.68 1.25 0.81 0.99 2.48 1.03 29.29 Primary Total Percent 8.91 22.3% 6.34 15.9% 5.54 13.8% 3.81 9.5% 2.71 6.8% 2.45 6.1% 1.68 4.2% 1.25 3.1% 1.22 3.0% 1.04 2.6% 3.12 7.8% 1.95 4.9% 40.02 100%

Space Heating (5) Lighting Space Cooling Water Heating Refrigeration (6) Electronics (7) Ventilation (8) Computers Cooking Wet Cleaning (9) Other (10) Adjust to SEDS (11) Total
Note(s):

| | | | | | | | | | | | |

1) Includes distillate fuel oil (1.03 quad) and residual fuel oil (0.07 quad). 2) Kerosene (0.03 quad) and coal (0.08 quad) are assumed attributable to space heating. Motor gasoline (0.05 quad) assumed attributable to other end-uses. 3) Comprised of wood space heating (0.55 quad), biomass (0.11), solar water heating (0.03 quad), geothermal space heating (less than 0.01 quad), solar photovoltaics (PV) less than 0.01 quad), and wind (less than 0.01 quad). 4) Site-to-source electricity conversion (due to generation and transmission losses) = 3.16. 5) Includes furnace fans (0.14 quad). 6) Includes refrigerators (2.46 quad) and freezers (0.25 quad). Includes commercial refrigeration. 7) Includes color television (1.05 quad) and other office equipment (0.63 quad). 8) Commercial only; residential fan and pump energy use included proportionately in space heating and cooling. 9) Includes clothes washers (0.11 quad), natural gas clothes dryers (0.05 quad), electric clothes dryers (0.59 quad) and dishwashers (0.29 quad). Does not include water heating energy. 10) Includes residential small electric devices, heating elements, motors, swimming pool heaters, hot tub heaters, outdoor grills, and natural gas outdoor lighting. Includes commercial service station equipment, ATMs, telecommunications equipment, medical equipment, pumps, emergency electric generators, combined heat and power in commercial buildings, and manufacturing performed in commercial buildings. 11) Energy adjustment EIA uses to relieve discrepancies between data sources. Energy attributable to the residential and commercial buildings sector, but not directly to specific end-uses.

Source(s): EIA, Annual Energy Outlook 2011 Early Release, Dec. 2010, Summary Reference Case Tables, Tables A2, p. 3-5, Table A4, p. 9-10, Table A5, p. 11-12, and Table A17, p. 34-35; EIA, National Energy Modeling System (NEMS) for AEO 2011 Early Release, Dec. 2010; BTS/A.D. Little, Electricity Consumption by Small End-Uses in Residential Buildings, Aug. 1998, Appendix A for residential electric end-uses; BTS/A.D. Little, Energy Consumption Characteristics of Commercial Building HVAC Systems, Volume II: Thermal Distribution, Auxiliary Equipment, and Ventilation, Oct. 1999, p. 1-2 and 5-25 - 5-26; EIA, Annual Energy Outlook 1998, Dec. 1997, Table A5, p. 108-109 for 1995 ventilation; BTP/Navigant Consulting, U.S. Lighting Market Characterization, Volume I, Sept. 2002, Table 8-2, p. 63; and EIA, Supplement to the AEO 2011 Early Release, Dec. 2010, Table 32.

1-2

Buildings Energy Data Book: 1.1 Buildings Sector Energy Consumption
1.1.5 2010 U.S. Buildings Energy End-Use Splits, by Fuel Type (Quadrillion Btu) Natural Fuel Other Renw. Site Gas Oil (1) LPG Fuel(2) En.(3) Electric 4.90 0.68 0.26 0.09 0.54 0.60 1.69 0.04 0.51 1.80 0.12 0.08 0.03 0.53 0.83 1.73 0.13 0.39 0.05 0.60 0.40 0.03 0.31 0.30 0.01 0.30 0.04 0.01 1.55 0.58 0.15 0.69 8.08 0.96 0.67 0.14 0.58 9.57 Site Total Percent 7.07 35.4% 1.69 8.5% 0.55 2.8% 2.55 12.8% 0.83 4.2% 1.73 8.6% 0.13 0.7% 0.39 2.0% 0.65 3.3% 0.74 3.7% 2.22 11.1% 1.42 7.1% 20.00 100% Primary Electric (4) | 1.89 | 5.42 | 5.31 | 1.67 | 2.61 | 1.89 | 1.60 | 1.22 | 0.97 | 0.41 | 4.85 | 2.15 | 29.98

March 2011

Space Heating (5) Lighting Space Cooling Water Heating Refrigeration (6) Electronics (7) Ventilation (8) Computers Wet Cleaning (9) Cooking Other (10) Adjust to SEDS (11) Total
Note(s):

Primary Total Percent 8.36 20.7% 5.42 13.4% 5.35 13.2% 3.69 9.1% 2.61 6.5% 1.89 4.7% 1.60 4.0% 1.22 3.0% 1.02 2.5% 0.83 2.1% 5.52 13.7% 2.89 7.2% 40.40 100%

1) Includes distillate fuel oil (0.92 quad) and residual fuel oil (0.04 quad). 2) Kerosene (0.03 quad) and coal (0.07 quad) are assumed attributable to space heating. Motor gasoline (0.04 quad) assumed attributable to other end-uses. 3) Comprised of wood space heating (0.42 quad), biomass (0.11), solar water heating (0.03 quad), geothermal space heating (0.01 quad), solar photovoltaics (PV) (0.01 quad), and wind (less than 0.01 quad). 4) Site-to-source electricity conversion (due to generation and transmission losses) = 3.13. 5) Includes furnace fans (0.14 quad). 6) Includes refrigerators (2.37 quad) and freezers (0.25 quad). Includes commercial refrigeration. 7) Includes color television (1.07 quad). 8) Commercial only; residential fan and pump energy use included proportionately in space heating and cooling. 9) Includes clothes washers (0.10 quad), natural gas clothes dryers (0.05 quad), electric clothes dryers (0.58 quad) and dishwashers (0.28 quad). Does not include water heating energy. 10) Includes residential small electric devices, heating elements, motors, swimming pool heaters, hot tub heaters, outdoor grills, and natural gas outdoor lighting. Includes commercial service station equipment, ATMs, telecommunications equipment, medical equipment, pumps, emergency electric generators, combined heat and power in commercial buildings, and manufacturing performed in commercial buildings. 11) Energy adjustment EIA uses to relieve discrepancies between data sources. Energy attributable to the residential and commercial buildings sector, but not directly to specific end-uses.

Source(s): EIA, Annual Energy Outlook 2011 Early Release, Dec. 2010, Summary Reference Case Tables, Tables A2, p. 3-5, Table A4, p. 9-10, Table A5, p. 11-12, and Table A17, p. 34-35; EIA, National Energy Modeling System (NEMS) for AEO 2011 Early Release, Dec. 2010; and EIA, Supplement to the AEO 2011 Early Release, Dec. 2010, Table 32.

1-3

Buildings Energy Data Book: 1.1 Buildings Sector Energy Consumption
1.1.6 2020 U.S. Buildings Energy End-Use Splits, by Fuel Type (Quadrillion Btu) Natural Fuel Other Renw. Site Gas Oil (1) LPG Fuel(2) En.(3) Electric 5.04 0.62 0.22 0.10 0.56 0.63 1.62 0.04 1.40 1.95 0.08 0.05 0.03 0.58 0.78 0.70 0.60 0.36 0.05 0.30 0.44 0.03 0.15 0.39 0.01 0.33 0.05 0.06 2.02 0.63 0.11 0.80 8.54 0.83 0.63 0.14 0.65 9.95 Site Total Percent 7.17 34.6% 1.62 7.8% 1.43 6.9% 2.70 13.0% 0.78 3.8% 0.70 3.4% 0.60 2.9% 0.36 1.8% 0.35 1.7% 0.61 3.0% 2.86 13.8% 1.54 7.4% 20.73 100% Primary Electric (4) | 1.93 | 4.97 | 4.27 | 1.79 | 2.40 | 2.15 | 1.83 | 1.11 | 0.92 | 0.45 | 6.17 | 2.44 | 30.44

March 2011

Space Heating (5) Lighting Space Cooling Water Heating Refrigeration (6) Electronics (7) Ventilation (8) Computers Wet Cleaning (9) Cooking Other (10) Adjust to SEDS (11) Total
Note(s):

Primary Total Percent 8.47 20.5% 4.97 12.1% 4.31 10.5% 3.90 9.5% 2.40 5.8% 2.15 5.2% 1.83 4.4% 1.11 2.7% 0.97 2.4% 0.92 2.2% 7.01 17.0% 3.18 7.7% 41.22 100%

1) Includes distillate fuel oil (0.76 quad) and residual fuel oil (0.06 quad). 2) Kerosene (0.03 quad) and coal (0.07 quad) are assumed attributable to space heating. Motor gasoline (0.05 quad) assumed attributable to other end-uses. 3) Comprised of wood space heating (0.42 quad), biomass (0.11), solar water heating (0.03 quad), geothermal space heating (0.03 quad), solar photovoltaics (PV) (0.05 quad), and wind (less than 0.01 quad). 4) Site-to-source electricity conversion (due to generation and transmission losses) = 3.06. 5) Includes furnace fans (0.51 quad). 6) Includes refrigerators (2.15 quad) and freezers (0.24 quad). Includes commercial refrigeration. 7) Includes color television (1.03 quad). 8) Commercial only; residential fan and pump energy use included proportionately in space heating and cooling. 9) Includes clothes washers (0.08 quad), natural gas clothes dryers (0.05 quad), electric clothes dryers (0.55 quad) and dishwashers (0.28 quad). Does not include water heating energy. 10) Includes residential small electric devices, heating elements, motors, swimming pool heaters, hot tub heaters, outdoor grills, and natural gas outdoor lighting. Includes commercial service station equipment, ATMs, telecommunications equipment, medical equipment, pumps, emergency electric generators, combined heat and power in commercial buildings, and manufacturing performed in commercial buildings. 11) Energy adjustment EIA uses to relieve discrepancies between data sources. Energy attributable to the residential and commercial buildings sector, but not directly to specific end-uses.

Source(s): EIA, Annual Energy Outlook 2011 Early Release, Dec. 2010, Summary Reference Case Tables, Tables A2, p. 3-5, Table A4, p. 9-10, Table A5, p. 11-12, and Table A17, p. 34-35; EIA, National Energy Modeling System (NEMS) for AEO 2011 Early Release, Dec. 2010,

1-4

Buildings Energy Data Book: 1.1 Buildings Sector Energy Consumption
1.1.7 2030 U.S. Buildings Energy End-Use Splits, by Fuel Type (Quadrillion Btu) Natural Fuel Other Renw. Site Gas Oil (1) LPG Fuel(2) En.(3) Electric 5.05 0.53 0.20 0.10 0.58 0.67 1.72 0.04 1.53 1.98 0.06 0.04 0.03 0.59 0.83 0.82 0.68 0.39 0.05 0.32 0.47 0.03 0.16 0.63 0.02 0.36 0.05 0.06 2.66 0.49 0.11 0.88 8.71 0.72 0.63 0.14 0.67 11.26 Site Total Percent 7.12 32.2% 1.72 7.8% 1.57 7.1% 2.70 12.2% 0.83 3.7% 0.82 3.7% 0.68 3.1% 0.39 1.8% 0.38 1.7% 0.66 3.0% 3.77 17.0% 1.48 6.7% 22.13 100% Primary Electric (4) | 2.04 | 5.24 | 4.66 | 1.78 | 2.51 | 2.49 | 2.06 | 1.19 | 0.99 | 0.49 | 8.07 | 2.67 | 34.19

March 2011

Space Heating (5) Lighting Space Cooling Water Heating Electronics (6) Refrigeration (7) Ventilation (8) Computers Wet Cleaning (9) Cooking Other (10) Adjust to SEDS (11) Total
Note(s):

Primary Total Percent 8.50 18.9% 5.24 11.6% 4.70 10.4% 3.89 8.6% 2.51 5.6% 2.49 5.5% 2.06 4.6% 1.19 2.6% 1.04 2.3% 0.99 2.2% 9.18 20.4% 3.27 7.3% 45.06 100%

22.13 1) Includes distillate fuel oil (0.65 quad) and residual fuel oil (0.07 quad). 2) Kerosene (0.03 quad) and coal (0.07 quad) are assumed attributable to space heating. Motor gasoline (0.05 quad) assumed attributable to other end-uses. 3) Comprised of wood space heating (0.54 quad), biomass (0.11 quad), solar water heating (0.03 quad), geothermal space heating (0.04 quad), solar photovoltaics (PV) (0.05 quad), and wind (less than 0.01 quad). 4) Site-to-source electricity conversion (due to generation and transmission losses) = 3.04. 5) Includes furnace fans (0.58 quad). 6) Includes color television (1.18 quad) and other office equipment (2.53 quad). 7) Includes refrigerators (2.24 quad) and freezers (0.26 quad). Includes commercial refrigeration. 8) Commercial only; residential fan and pump energy use included proportionately in space heating and cooling. 9) Includes clothes washers (0.09 quad), natural gas clothes dryers (0.05 quad), electric clothes dryers (0.58 quad) and dishwashers (0.32 quad). Does not include water heating energy. 10) Includes residential small electric devices, heating elements, motors, swimming pool heaters, hot tub heaters, outdoor grills, and natural gas outdoor lighting. Includes commercial service station equipment, ATMs, telecommunications equipment, medical equipment, pumps, emergency electric generators, combined heat and power in commercial buildings, and manufacturing performed in commercial buildings. 11) Energy adjustment EIA uses to relieve discrepancies between data sources. Energy attributable to the residential and commercial buildings sector, but not directly to specific end-uses.

Source(s): EIA, Annual Energy Outlook 2011 Early Release, Dec. 2010, Summary Reference Case Tables, Tables A2, p. 3-5, Table A4, p. 9-10, Table A5, p. 11-12, and Table A17, p. 34-35; EIA, National Energy Modeling System (NEMS) for AEO 2011 Early Release, Dec. 2010,

1.1.8

Shares of U.S. Buildings Generic Quad (Percent) (1) Renewables (2) Other 4% 4% 4% 4% 3% 3% 4% 4% 6% 6% 6% 7% 7%

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2008 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035
Note(s):

Natural Gas 37% 33% 31% 33% 32% 31% 33% 34% 34% 33% 32% 32% 32%

Petroleum 18% 12% 11% 8% 8% 8% 6% 5% 5% 5% 4% 4% 4%

Coal 29% 34% 35% 35% 37% 38% 38% 36% 34% 34% 36% 37% 37%

Hydroelectric 7% 7% 6% 6% 5% 5% 5% 4% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5%

Total 10% 11% 10% 10% 8% 8% 8% 9% 11% 11% 12% 12% 12%

Nuclear 6% 9% 13% 14% 14% 15% 15% 16% 16% 17% 16% 16% 15%

Total 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%

1) A generic quad is primary energy apportioned between the various primary fuels according to their relative consumption. 2) Electric imports included in renewables.

Source(s): EIA, State Energy Data 2008: Consumption, June 2010, Tables 8-12, p. 24-28 for 1980-2007; and EIA, Annual Energy Outlook 2011 Early Release, Dec. 2010, Summary Reference Case Tables, Table A2, p. 3-5 for 2008-2035 data and Table A17, p. 34-35 for non-marketed renewable energy.

1-5

Buildings Energy Data Book: 1.1 Buildings Sector Energy Consumption
1.1.9 Buildings Share of U.S. Electricity Consumption (Percent) Buildings Commercial 27% 30% 31% 32% 34% 35% 36% 36% 37% 38% 40% 41% 42%

March 2011

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2008 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035
Note(s):

Residential 34% 34% 34% 35% 35% 37% 37% 39% 35% 35% 35% 36% 36%

| | | | | | | | | | | | |

Total 61% 64% 65% 66% 69% 72% 73% 75% 73% 73% 75% 77% 78%

Industry 39% 36% 35% 34% 31% 28% 27% 25% 27% 26% 25% 23% 21%

Transportation 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%

Total 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%

| | | | | | | | | | | | | |

Delivered Total (quads) 7.15 7.93 9.26 10.28 11.67 12.49 12.73 12.79 12.97 13.54 14.11 14.70 15.27

1) Buildings accounted for 80.9% (or $295 billion) of total U.S. electricity expenditures.

Source(s): EIA, State Energy Data 2008: Consumption, June 2010, Tables 8-12, p. 24-28 for 1980-2007; and EIA, Annual Energy Outlook 2011 Early Release, Dec. 2010, Summary Reference Case Tables, Table A2, p. 3-5 for 2008-2035 consumption, Table A3, p. 4-6 for 2008 expenditures.

1.1.10

Buildings Share of U.S. Natural Gas Consumption (Percent) U.S. Natural Gas Primary Consumption Total Buildings Industry Transportation (quads) 48% 49% 3% 20.38 51% 46% 3% 17.84 47% 49% 3% 19.75 48% 49% 3% 22.83 50% 47% 3% 23.80 55% 42% 3% 22.63 55% 42% 3% 23.85 56% 41% 3% 24.52 53% 45% 3% 25.53 53% 44% 3% 25.81 53% 44% 3% 25.61 54% 43% 3% 26.37 55% 41% 3% 27.15

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2008(1) 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035
Note(s):

Buildings 37% 40% 37% 35% 35% 36% 34% 33% 33% 33% 34% 33% 32%

Site Consumption Industry Electric Gen. Transportation 41% 19% 3% 40% 18% 3% 43% 17% 3% 42% 19% 3% 40% 22% 3% 35% 27% 3% 34% 29% 3% 33% 31% 3% 37% 27% 3% 37% 27% 3% 37% 26% 3% 36% 28% 3% 35% 29% 3%

| | | | | | | | | | | | |

1) Buildings accounted for 64% (or $215.5 billion) of total U.S. natural gas expenditures.

Source(s): EIA, State Energy Data 2008: Consumption, June 2010, Tables 8-12, p. 24-28 for 1980-2007; and EIA, Annual Energy Outlook 2011 Early Release, Dec. 2010, Summary Reference Case Tables, Table A2, p. 3-5 for 2008-2035 consumption, Table A3, p. 4-6 for 2008 expenditures.

1-6

Buildings Energy Data Book: 1.1 Buildings Sector Energy Consumption
1.1.11 Buildings Share of U.S. Petroleum Consumption (Percent)

March 2011

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2008 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035
Note(s):

Buildings 9% 8% 7% 6% 6% 5% 5% 5% 4% 4% 4% 4% 3%

Site Consumption Industry Electric Gen. Transportation 28% 8% 56% 25% 4% 63% 25% 4% 64% 25% 2% 67% 24% 3% 67% 24% 3% 68% 23% 1% 71% 22% 1% 72% 24% 1% 71% 23% 1% 72% 23% 1% 72% 22% 1% 73% 22% 1% 74%

| | | | | | | | | | | | |

Primary Consumption Buildings Industry Transportation 14% 31% 56% 11% 26% 63% 10% 26% 64% 8% 26% 67% 8% 25% 67% 8% 25% 68% 6% 23% 71% 6% 22% 72% 5% 24% 71% 5% 24% 72% 5% 23% 72% 4% 22% 73% 4% 22% 74%

U.S. Petroleum Total (quads) 34.2 30.9 33.6 34.6 38.4 40.7 38.5 37.0 39.1 39.4 39.9 40.6 41.8

1) Buildings accounted for an estimated 5.2% (or $37.6 billion) of total U.S. petroleum expenditures.

Source(s): EIA, State Energy Data 2008: Consumption, June 2010, Tables 8-12, p. 24-28 for 1980-2007; and EIA, Annual Energy Outlook 2011 Early Release, Dec. 2010, Summary Reference Case Tables, Table A2, p. 3-5 for 2008-2035 consumption, Table A3, p. 4-6 for 2008 expenditures.

1.1.12

Buildings Share of U.S. Petroleum Consumption (Million Barrels per Day) Buildings Commercial 0.93 0.67 0.66 0.49 0.59 0.58 0.38 0.34 0.33 0.34 0.34 0.34 0.35

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2008 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035

Residential 1.28 0.98 0.93 0.86 1.04 1.01 0.65 0.61 0.57 0.54 0.52 0.50 0.41

l l l l l l l l l l l l l

Total 2.22 1.65 1.60 1.35 1.63 1.59 1.03 0.95 0.91 0.88 0.86 0.84 0.75

Industry 5.29 4.24 4.50 4.71 5.06 5.25 4.29 3.91 4.47 4.44 4.40 4.32 4.25

Transportation 9.55 9.84 10.89 11.67 13.01 13.96 12.87 12.61 13.12 13.32 13.59 14.03 14.61

Total 19.27 17.38 18.59 19.07 21.33 22.39 19.21 18.43 19.41 19.52 19.70 20.04 20.37

Source(s): EIA, Annual Energy Review 2009, August 2010, Table 5.13a for 1980-2007 buildings, Table 5.13b for 1980 to 2007 industry, Table 5.13c for 1980-2007 transportation, and Table 5.13d for 1980-2007 electricity generators; and EIA, Annual Energy Outlook 2011 Early Release, Dec. 2010, Summary Reference Case Tables, Table A2, p. 3-5 for 2008-2035 consumption; EIA, State Energy Data 2008: Consumption, June 2010, Tables 8-12, p. 24-28 for 1980-2007.

1-7

Buildings Energy Data Book: 1.1 Buildings Sector Energy Consumption
1.1.13 World Primary Energy Consumption and Population, by Country/Region

March 2011

Energy Consumption (Quad) Region/Country 1990 2000 2008 United States 84.9 99.3 99.5 20.2% China 27.0 36.4 85.1 17.3% OECD Europe 52.2 76.8 81.2 16.5% Other Non-OECD Asia 12.6 26.3 35.7 7.3% Russia (1) 61.0 27.2 30.4 6.2% Central & S. America 14.5 20.8 25.8 5.2% Middle East 11.2 17.3 25.5 5.2% Japan 19.6 22.8 22.3 4.5% India 7.9 13.5 20.0 4.1% Canada 11.0 13.1 14.0 2.8% Oth. Non-OECD Europe 24.1 12.0 13.2 3.3% Africa 9.5 12.0 16.1 2.7% South Korea 3.8 7.8 9.9 2.0% Mexico 4.7 6.4 7.3 1.5% Australia & N. Zealand 4.4 5.7 6.6 1.3% Total World 348.4 397.4 492.6 100%
Note(s):

Population (million) 1990 2000 2008 250 282 304 4.5% 1,148 1,264 1,317 19.7% 402 522 545 8.1% 781 1,014 1,142 17.0% 288 147 141 2.1% 359 422 469 7.0% 135 173 205 3.1% 124 127 127 1.9% 838 1,006 1,141 17.0% 28 31 33 0.5% 154 128 124 1.9% 631 804 970 14.5% 43 47 48 0.7% 85 100 110 1.6% 20 23 25 0.4% 5,287 6,089 6,701 100%

Annual Growth Rate 1990-2000 2000-2008 Energy Pop. Energy Pop. 1.6% 1.2% 0.0% 1.0% 3.0% 1.0% 11.2% 0.5% 3.9% 2.6% 0.7% 0.5% 7.7% 2.6% 3.9% 1.5% -7.7% -6.5% 1.4% -0.5% 3.7% 1.6% 2.7% 1.3% 4.5% 2.5% 4.9% 2.1% 1.5% 0.3% -0.3% 0.1% 5.5% 1.8% 5.0% 1.6% 1.8% 1.1% 0.9% 0.8% -6.8% -1.8% 1.2% -0.4% 2.4% 2.4% 3.7% 2.4% 7.4% 0.9% 2.9% 0.4% 3.1% 1.6% 1.7% 1.2% 2.5% 1.2% 2.0% 1.2% 1.3% 1.4% 2.7% 1.2%

1) 1990 Values for Russia approximated by Former USSR. 2) EIA predicts that in 2015, China's primary energy consumption will be approximately equal to that of the U.S. (101.6 quads for the U.S., and 101.4 quads for China).

Source(s): EIA, Country Energy Profiles, available at http://www.eia.gov/country/index.cfm, accessed 2/3/2011; and EIA, International Energy Outlook 2010, July 2010, Table A1, p, 145 for note 2.

1-8

Buildings Energy Data Book: 1.2 Building Sector Expenditures
1.2.1 Building Energy Prices, by Year and Major Fuel Type ($2009 per Million Btu) Residential Buildings Natural Gas Petroleum (1) 8.28 16.63 10.59 14.49 8.56 13.17 7.93 10.25 9.46 14.07 13.55 18.77 13.62 26.75 11.14 23.23 10.31 25.07 10.95 28.08 11.91 29.95 12.63 31.09 13.51 31.66 Commercial Buildings Natural Gas Petroleum (2) 7.64 12.96 9.52 11.58 7.15 9.24 6.65 6.98 8.12 10.35 12.05 15.02 11.99 22.62 9.04 18.91 8.59 21.04 9.05 23.78 9.84 25.50 10.41 26.40 11.10 26.85

March 2011

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2008 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035
Note(s):

Electricity 36.11 38.61 34.90 33.16 29.89 30.39 33.16 33.59 32.00 31.43 31.22 31.18 31.67

Avg. 17.43 19.88 18.44 17.32 17.89 21.31 23.50 22.52 21.21 21.62 22.31 22.90 23.78

Electricity 36.92 37.98 32.23 30.01 26.65 27.89 30.50 28.49 27.01 26.62 26.70 26.59 27.03

Avg. 18.31 21.18 18.42 17.33 17.49 20.74 22.83 20.44 19.45 19.71 20.33 20.67 21.31

Building Avg. (3) 17.77 20.40 18.43 17.32 17.72 21.07 23.21 21.62 20.41 20.73 21.38 21.83 22.56

1) Residential petroleum products include distillate fuel, LPG, and kerosene. 2) Commercial petroleum products include distillate fuel, LPG, kerosene, motor gasoline, and residual fuel. 3) In 2008, buildings average electricity price was $30.23/10^6 Btu or ($0.10/kWh), average natural gas price was $12.11/10^6 Btu ($12.47/1000 CF), and petroleum was $19.65/10^6 Btu ($1.94/gal.). Averages do not include wood or coal prices. Source(s): EIA, State Energy Data 2008: Prices and Expenditures, June 2010, Tables 2-3, p. 24-25 for 1980-2007 and prices for note, Tables 8-9, p. 24-25 for 19802007 consumption; EIA, Annual Energy Outlook 2011 Early Release, Dec. 2010, Summary Reference Case Tables, Table A2, p. 3-5, Table A3, p. 6-8, Table A12, p. 25-26, and Table A13, p. 27-28 for 2008-2030 consumption and prices; and EIA, Annual Energy Review 2009, August 2010, Appendix D, p. 383 for price deflators.

1.2.2

Building Energy Prices, by Year and Fuel Type ($2009) Residential Buildings Natural Gas Distillate Oil (¢/therm) ($/gal) 82.84 1.54 105.94 1.37 85.58 1.41 79.32 1.23 94.60 1.51 135.50 1.91 136.20 2.52 111.44 2.27 103.13 2.55 109.52 2.76 119.08 2.91 126.28 2.99 135.11 3.00 Commercial Buildings Natural Gas Distillate Oil (¢/therm) ($/gal) 76.39 1.42 95.19 1.20 71.46 0.78 66.45 0.63 81.20 0.83 120.48 1.23 119.95 2.37 90.41 2.07 85.88 1.98 90.46 2.27 98.41 2.55 104.08 2.65 111.04 2.72

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2008 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035

Electricity (¢/kWh) 12.32 13.17 11.91 11.31 10.20 10.37 11.31 11.46 10.92 10.72 10.65 10.64 10.80

LPG ($/gal) 2.22 1.94 1.68 1.21 1.69 2.34 3.40 2.84 2.91 3.34 3.57 3.70 3.79

Electricity (¢/kWh) 12.60 12.96 11.00 10.24 9.09 9.51 10.41 9.72 9.22 9.08 9.11 9.07 9.22

Residual Oil ($/gal) 2.04 1.55 1.25 0.87 1.27 2.06 3.00 2.51 2.65 3.08 3.31 3.44 3.51

Source(s): EIA, State Energy Data 2008: Prices and Expenditures, June 2010, p. Tables 2-3, p. 24-25 for 1980-2007; EIA, Annual Energy Outlook 2010, May 2010, Table G1, p. 221 for fuels' heat content; EIA, Annual Energy Outlook 2011 Early Release, Dec. 2010, Summary Reference Case Tables, Table A3, p. 6-8 for 2008-2030; and EIA, Annual Energy Review 2009, August 2010, Appendix D, p. 383 for price deflators.

1-9

Buildings Energy Data Book: 1.2 Building Sector Expenditures
1.2.3 Buildings Aggregate Energy Expenditures, by Year and Major Fuel Type ($2009 Billion) (1) Residential Buildings Natural Gas Petroleum (2) 37.8 26.9 45.5 21.1 36.4 17.0 37.2 13.0 45.4 20.1 63.2 25.1 68.1 32.2 54.6 26.6 50.8 26.8 54.4 27.9 59.0 28.1 62.4 27.9 66.1 27.4 Commercial Buildings Natural Gas Petroleum (3) 19.2 16.0 22.4 11.7 18.1 8.6 19.5 5.0 24.9 7.8 34.9 10.7 38.6 14.5 28.7 10.5 29.6 11.5 32.3 12.7 35.9 13.5 39.2 14.0 43.3 14.2

March 2011

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2008 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035
Note(s):

Electricity 83.2 98.4 103.5 110.9 114.4 132.6 156.1 166.8 147.0 149.3 155.6 163.7 174.3

Total 147.9 165.0 156.9 161.2 179.9 220.9 256.4 248.0 224.6 231.6 242.7 254.0 267.8

Electricity 66.2 84.0 86.7 91.8 99.2 114.1 139.0 131.2 130.3 138.4 148.9 159.7 173.9

Total Building Total Expenditures 101.4 249.3 118.1 283.1 113.4 270.3 116.3 277.4 131.8 311.7 159.7 380.6 192.1 448.5 170.4 418.4 171.3 395.9 183.4 415.0 198.4 441.1 212.9 466.9 231.4 499.2

1) Expenditures exclude wood and coal. 2008 U.S. energy expenditures were 1.51 trillion. 2) Residential petroleum products include distillate fuel oil, LPG, and kerosene. 3) Commercial petroleum products include distillate fuel oil, LPG, kerosene, motor gasoline, and residual fuel.

Source(s): EIA, State Energy Data 2008: Prices and Expenditures, June 2010, Table 1, p. 23 for U.S. energy expenditures and Tables 2-3, p. 24-25 for 1980-2007; EIA, Annual Energy Outlook 2011 Early Release, Dec. 2010, Summary Reference Case Tables, Table A2, p. 3-5 and Table A3, p. 6-8 for 2008-2030; and EIA, Annual Energy Review 2009, August 2010, Appendix D, p. 383 for price deflators.

1.2.4

FY 2006 Federal Buildings Energy Prices and Expenditures, by Fuel Type ($2009) Average Fuel Prices ($/million BTU) 24.16 (1) 14.46 11.05 16.30 3.38 21.41 15.70 17.50 Total Total Expenditures ($ million) (2) 3960.63 1326.63 433.98 64.86 307.56 38.54 42.54 6177.93

Fuel Type Electricity Natural Gas Fuel Oil Coal Purchased Steam LPG/Propane Other Average
Note(s):

Prices and expenditures are for Goal-Subject buildings. 1) $0.078/kWh. 2) Energy used in Goal-Subject buildings in FY 2006 accounted for 32.8% of the total Federal energy bill.

Source(s): DOE/FEMP, Annual Report to Congress on FEMP, Nov. 2010, Table A-4, p. 74 for prices and expenditures, and Table A-9, p. 78 for total energy expenditures; EIA, Annual Energy Review 2009, August 2010, Appendix D, p. 383 for price deflators

1-10

Buildings Energy Data Book: 1.2 Building Sector Expenditures
1.2.5 2008 Buildings Energy End-Use Expenditure Splits, by Fuel Type ($2009 Billion) (1) Natural Gas 65.0 23.3 0.4 Petroleum Distil. Resid. LPG Oth(2) Total 17.1 1.2 7.6 0.6 26.4 3.1 2.5 5.6

March 2011

Space Heating (3) Lighting Water Heating (4) Space Cooling Refrigeration (5) Electronics (6) Ventilation (7) Cooking Computers Wet Cleaning (8) Other (9) Adjust to SEDS (10) Total
Note(s):

Coal 0.2

4.9 0.7 3.4 8.8 106.7

0.9

0.9

0.3 4.0 24.5

8.2 1.2 19.2

1.2 1.8

9.7 4.0 46.7

0.2

Electricity 22.8 63.2 18.6 55.7 27.4 25.1 16.2 8.4 12.5 10.4 24.4 10.5 295.2

Total 114.4 63.2 47.6 56.1 27.4 25.1 16.2 14.2 12.5 11.1 37.6 23.3 448.7

Percent 25.5% 14.1% 10.6% 12.5% 6.1% 5.6% 3.6% 3.2% 2.8% 2.5% 8.4% 5.2% 100%

1) Expenditures include coal and exclude wood. 2) Includes kerosene space heating ($0.6 billion) and motor gasoline other uses ($1.2 billion). 3) Includes furnace fans ($4.5 billion). 4) Includes residential recreation water heating ($1.4 billion). 5) Includes refrigerators ($24.8 billion) and freezers ($2.6 billion). 6) Includes color televisions ($11.0 billion) and other electronics ($14.1 billion). 7) Commercial only; residential fan and pump energy use included proportionately in space heating and cooling. 8) Includes clothes washers ($1.1 billion), natural gas clothes dryers ($0.7 billion), electric clothes dryers ($6.2 billion) and dishwashers ($3.1 billion). 9) Includes residential small electric devices, heating elements, motors, swimming pool heaters, hot tub heaters, outdoor grills, and natural gas outdoor lighting. Includes commercial services station equipment, ATMs, telecommunications equipment, medical equipment, pumps, lighting, emergency electric generators, manufacturing performed in commercial buildings. 10) Expenditures related to an energy adjustment EIA uses to relieve discrepancies between data sources. Energy attributable to the residential and commercial buildings sectors, but not directly to specific enduses.

Source(s): EIA, Annual Energy Outlook 2011 Early Release, Dec. 2010, Summary Reference Case Tables, Table A2, p. 3-5, Table A3, p. 6-8 for prices, Table A4, p. 910 for residential energy consumption, and Table A5, p. 11-12 for commercial energy consumption; EIA, National Energy Modeling System (NEMS) for AEO 2011 Early Release, Dec. 2010; EIA, State Energy Data 2008: Prices and Expenditures, June 2010, p. 24-25 for coal prices; EIA, Annual Energy Review 2009, August 2010, Appendix D, p. 383 for price deflators; BTS/A.D. Little, Electricity Consumption by Small End-Uses in Residential Buildings, Aug. 1998, Appendix A for residential Auxiliary Equipment, and Ventilation, Oct. 1999, p. 1-2, 5-25 and 5-26 for commercial ventilation; and BTP/Navigant Consulting, U.S. Lighting Market Characterization, Volume I, Sept. 2002, Table 8-2, p. 63 for commercial lighting.

1-11

Buildings Energy Data Book: 1.2 Building Sector Expenditures
1.2.6 2010 Buildings Energy End-Use Expenditure Splits, by Fuel Type ($2009 Billion) (1) Natural Gas 51.2 0.4 19.1 Petroleum Distil. Resid. LPG Oth(2) Total 12.9 0.6 6.8 0.4 20.7

March 2011

Space Heating (3) Space Cooling Lighting Water Heating Refrigeration (4) Electronics (5) Ventilation (6) Computers Wet Cleaning (7) Cooking Other (8) Adjust to SEDS (9) Total
Note(s):

Coal 0.2

2.4

2.1

4.4

0.6 4.0 2.7 5.3 83.4

0.3 2.8 18.2

0.8 7.2 0.6 16.9

1.0 1.4

0.8 8.5 2.8 37.1

0.2

Electricity 19.3 54.0 52.9 17.4 26.0 18.9 14.6 12.1 10.4 4.3 48.7 19.6 298.0

Total 91.4 54.4 52.9 40.9 26.0 18.9 14.6 12.1 11.0 9.1 59.8 27.6 418.6

Percent 21.8% 13.0% 12.6% 9.8% 6.2% 4.5% 3.5% 2.9% 2.6% 2.2% 14.3% 6.6% 100%

1) Expenditures include coal and exclude wood. 2) Includes kerosene space heating ($0.4 billion) and motor gasoline other uses ($1.0 billion). 3) Includes furnace fans ($4.7 billion). 4) Includes refrigerators ($23.4 billion) and freezers ($2.6 billion). 5) Includes color televisions ($11.4 billion). 6) Commercial only; residential fan proportionately in space heating and cooling. 7) Includes clothes washers ($1.1 billion), natural gas clothes dryers ($0.6 billion), electric clothes dryers ($6.2 billion) and dishwashers ($3.0 billion). 8) Includes residential small electric devices, heating elements, motors, swimming pool heaters, hot tub heaters, outdoor grills, and natural gas outdoor lighting. Includes commercial services station equipment, ATMs, telecommunications equipment, medical equipment, pumps, lighting, emergency electric generators, and manufacturing performed in commercial buildings. 10) Expenditures related to an energy adjustment EIA uses to relieve discrepancies between data sources. Energy attributable to the residential and commercial buildings sectors, but not directly to specific enduses.

Source(s): EIA, Annual Energy Outlook 2011 Early Release, Dec. 2010, Summary Reference Case Tables, Table A2, p. 3-5, Table A3, p. 6-8 for prices, Table A4, p. 910 for residential energy consumption, and Table A5, p. 11-12 for commercial energy consumption; EIA, National Energy Modeling System (NEMS) for AEO 2011 Early Release, Dec. 2010; EIA, State Energy Data 2008: Prices and Expenditures, June 2010, p. 24-25 for coal prices; and EIA, Annual Energy Review 2009, August 2010, Appendix D, p. 383 for price deflators.

1.2.7

2020 Buildings Energy End-Use Expenditure Splits, by Fuel Type ($2009 Billion) (1) Natural Gas 51.9 20.3 0.3 Petroleum Distil. Resid. LPG Oth(2) Total 13.2 1.0 7.1 0.6 21.9 1.9 1.6 3.5

Space Heating (3) Water Heating (4) Lighting Space Cooling Refrigeration (5) Electronics (6) Computers Wet Clean (7) Cooking Ventilation (8) Other (9) Adjust to SEDS (10) Total
Note(s):

Coal 0.2

0.6 4.4 3.5 5.7 86.7 0.3 2.6 18.0

0.9 10.2 1.0 19.8 1.3 1.9

0.9 11.8 2.6 40.7

0.2

Electricity 19.0 17.9 45.8 41.3 22.9 20.4 10.5 9.4 4.5 15.9 58.7 21.2 287.6

Total 93.0 41.7 45.8 41.6 22.9 20.4 10.5 10.0 9.8 15.9 74.1 29.5 415.2

Percent 22.4% 10.0% 11.0% 10.0% 5.5% 4.9% 2.5% 2.4% 2.4% 3.8% 17.9% 7.1% 100%

1) Expenditures include coal and exclude wood. 2) Includes kerosene space heating ($0.6 billion) and motor gasoline other uses ($1.3 billion). 3) Includes furnace fans ($5.2 billion). 5) Includes refrigerators ($20.4 billion) and freezers ($2.5 billion). 6) Includes color televisions ($10.6 billion). 7) Includes clothes washers ($0.8 billion), natural gas clothes dryers ($0.6 billion), electric clothes dryers ($5.7 billion) and dishwashers ($2.9 billion). 8) Commercial only; residential fan and pump energy use included proportionately in space heating and cooling. 9) Includes residential small electric devices, heating elements, motors, swimming pool heaters, hot tub heaters, outdoor grills, and natural gas outdoor lighting. Includes commercial services station equipment, ATMs, telecommunications equipment, medical equipment, pumps, lighting, emergency electric generators, and manufacturing performed in commercial buildings. 10) Expenditures related to an energy adjustment EIA uses to relieve discrepancies between data sources. Energy attributable to the residential and commercial buildings sectors, but not directly to specific end-uses.

Source(s): EIA, Annual Energy Outlook 2011 Early Release, Dec. 2010, Summary Reference Case Tables, Table A2, p. 3-5, Table A3, p. 6-8 for prices, Table A4, p. 910 for residential energy consumption, and Table A5, p. 11-12 for commercial energy consumption; EIA, National Energy Modeling System (NEMS) for AEO 2011 Early Release, Dec. 2010; EIA, State Energy Data 2008: Prices and Expenditures, June 2010, p. 24-25 for coal prices; and EIA, Annual Energy Review 2009, August 2010, Appendix D, p. 383 for price deflators.

1-12

Buildings Energy Data Book: 1.2 Building Sector Expenditures
1.2.8 2030 Buildings Energy End-Use Expenditure Splits, by Fuel Type ($2009 Billion) (1) Natural Gas 59.9 23.6 0.4 Petroleum Distil. Resid. LPG Oth(2) Total 12.2 1.2 7.0 0.7 21.1 1.7 1.3 3.0

March 2011

Space Heating (3) Water Heating (4) Lighting Space Cooling Refrigeration (5) Electronics (6) Computers Cooking Wet Clean (7) Ventilation (8) Other (9) Adjust to SEDS (10) Total
Note(s):

Coal 0.2

5.4 0.7 6.5 5.1 101.6 0.4 2.8 17.1

0.9

0.9

12.2 1.2 21.4

1.5 2.1

14.1 2.8 41.8

0.2

Electricity 20.2 33.3 48.3 45.2 23.9 23.8 11.3 5.0 10.1 2.5 76.6 23.4 323.5

Total 101.4 59.9 48.3 45.5 23.9 23.8 11.3 11.3 10.8 2.5 97.2 31.2 467.1

Percent 21.7% 12.8% 10.3% 9.7% 5.1% 5.1% 2.4% 2.4% 2.3% 0.5% 20.8% 6.7% 100%

1) Expenditures include coal and exclude wood. 2) Includes kerosene space heating ($0.7 billion) and motor gasoline other uses ($1.5 billion). 3) Includes furnace fans ($5.9 billion). 5) Includes refrigerators ($21.3 billion) and freezers ($2.6 billion). 6) Includes color televisions ($12.1 billion). 7) Includes clothes washers ($0.9 billion), natural gas clothes dryers ($0.7 billion), electric clothes dryers ($5.9 billion) and dishwashers ($3.3 billion). 8) Commercial only; residential fan and pump energy use included proportionately in space heating and cooling. 9) Includes residential small electric devices, heating elements, motors, swimming pool heaters, hot tub heaters, outdoor grills, and natural gas outdoor lighting. Includes commercial services station equipment, ATMs, telecommunications equipment, medical equipment, pumps, lighting, emergency electric generators, manufacturing performed in commercial buildings. 10) Expenditures related to an energy adjustment EIA uses to relieve discrepancies between data sources. Energy attributable to the residential and commercial buildings sectors, but not directly to specific end-uses.

Source(s): EIA, Annual Energy Outlook 2011 Early Release, Dec. 2010, Summary Reference Case Tables, Table A2, p. 3-5, Table A3, p. 6-8 for prices, Table A4, p. 910 for residential energy consumption, and Table A5, p. 11-12 for commercial energy consumption; EIA, National Energy Modeling System (NEMS) for AEO 2011 Early Release, Dec. 2010; EIA, State Energy Data 2008: Prices and Expenditures, June 2010, p. 24-25 for coal prices; and EIA, Annual Energy Review 2009, August 2010, Appendix D, p. 383 for price deflators.

1.2.9 Year 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989

Implicit Price Deflators (2000 = 1.00) Implicit Price Deflator 0.48 0.52 0.55 0.58 0.60 0.62 0.63 0.65 0.67 0.70 Year 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 Implicit Price Deflator 0.72 0.75 0.77 0.78 0.80 0.82 0.83 0.85 0.86 0.87 Year 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Implicit Price Deflator 0.89 0.91 0.92 0.94 0.97 1.00 1.03 1.06 1.08 1.10

Source(s): EIA, Annual Energy Review 2009, August 2010, Appendix D, p. 383.

1-13

Buildings Energy Data Book: 1.3 Value of Construction and Research
1.3.1 Estimated Value of All U.S. Construction Relative to the GDP ($2009)

March 2011

- 2007 estimated value of all U.S. construction was $1.81 trillion (including renovation; heavy construction; public works; residential, commercial, and industrial new construction; and non-contract work). - Compared to the $14.5 trillion 2007 U.S. gross domestic product (GDP), all construction held a 12.4% share. - In 2007, residential and commercial building renovation (valued at $451 billion) and new building construction (valued at $755 billion) was estimated to account for over 67% (approximately $1.21 trillion) of the $1.81 trillion.
Source(s): National Science and Technology Council, Construction & Building: Interagency Program for Technical Advancement in Construction and Building, 1999, p. 5; DOC, 1997 Census of Construction Industries: Industry Summary, Jan. 2000, Table 7, p. 15; DOC, Annual Value of Construction Put in Place, August 2010; DOC, Expenditures for Residential Improvements and Repairs by Property Type, Table S2, May 2008; and EIA, Annual Energy Review 2009, August 2010, Appendix D, p. 383 for price deflators and GDP.

1.3.2

Value of New Building Construction Relative to GDP, by Year ($2009 Billion) Value of New Construction Put in Place Residential Commercial (1) All Bldgs. (1) 164.6 158.5 323.1 211.7 224.5 436.2 206.7 225.4 432.1 236.0 202.2 438.3 331.9 310.2 642.1 533.9 299.7 833.7 504.8 332.0 836.8 373.5 380.5 754.0 240.4 396.9 637.3 141.5 327.5 469.1 Bldgs. Percent of Total U.S. GDP 5.0% 5.8% 4.9% 4.4% 5.2% 6.0% 5.9% 5.2% 4.4% 3.3%

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Note(s):

GDP 6,409 7,518 8,819 9,982 12,323 13,873 14,244 14,549 14,613 14,256

1) New buildings construction differs from Table 1.3.2 by excluding industrial building construction.

Source(s): DOC, Current Construction Reports: Value of New Construction Put in Place, C30, Aug. 2003, Table 1 for 1980-1990; DOC, Annual Value of Private Construction Put in Place, August 2008 for 1995-2000; DOC, Annual Value of Private Construction Put in Place, August 2010 for 2002-2009; DOC, Annual Value of Public Construction Put in Place, August 2008 for 1995-2000; DOC, Annual Value of Public Construction Put in Place, August 2010 for 2002-2009; and EIA, Annual Energy Review 2009, August 2010, Appendix D, p. 383 for GDP and price deflators.

1.3.3

Value of Building Improvements and Repairs Relative to GDP, by Year ($2009 Billion) (1) Value of Improvements and Repairs Residential Commercial All Bldgs. 106.5 N.A. N.A. 146.4 139.1 (2) 285.5 175.5 141.2 (3) 316.7 168.2 149.7 317.9 196.4 135.3 331.7 242.6 222.8 465.4 233.9 216.6 450.6 Bldgs. Percent of Total U.S. GDP N.A. 4.2% 3.9% 3.5% 3.0% 3.6% 3.4%

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2006 2007
Note(s):

GDP 5,839.0 6,849.3 8,033.9 9,093.7 11,226.0 12,976.2 13,254.1

1) Improvements includes additions, alterations, reconstruction, and major replacements. Repairs include maintenance. 2) 1986. 3) 1989.

Source(s): DOC, Expenditures for Residential Improvements and Repairs by Property Type, Quarterly, May 2005 for 1980-1990; DOC, Expenditures for Residential Improvements and Repairs by Property Type, Table S2, May 2008 for 1994-2007; DOC, Current Construction Reports: Expenditures for Nonresidential Improvements and Repairs: 1992, CSS/92, Sept. 1994, Table A, p. 2 for 1986-1990 expenditures; DOC, 1997 Census of Construction Industries: Industry Summary, Jan. 2000, Table 7, p. 15; DOC, Annual Value of Private Construction Put in Place, July 2008 and DOC, Annual Value of Public Construction Put in place, July 2008 for 1995-2000; DOC, Annual Value of Private Construction Put in Place, August 2010 and DOC, Annual Value of Public Construction Put in Place, August 2010 for 2003-2007; and EIA, Annual Energy Review 2007, June 2008, Appendix D, p. 383 for GDP and price deflators.

1-14

Buildings Energy Data Book: 1.3 Value of Construction and Research
1.3.4 2003 U.S. Private Investment into Construction R&D Percent of Sales 1.2 2.0 0.2 3.2 3.1 3.3

March 2011

Sector Average Construction R&D (1) Heavy Construction Special Trade Construction U.S. Average of All Private R&D (2) Manufacturing Average Service Industry Average

Percent of Sales Building Technology Appliances 2.0 Lighting 1.2 HVAC 1.5 Fans, Blowers, & Air Cleaning Equipment 1.6 Lumber and Wood Products 0.3 Commercial Building Operations 2.2

Note(s):

1) Includes all construction (e.g., bridges, roads, dams, buildings, etc.).

Source(s): National Science Foundation, Research and Development in Industry: 2003, Table 27, p. 76-77; and Schonfeld & Associates, R&D Ratios & Budgets, June 2003, p. 219-222.

1.3.5

2006/2007 International Investment into Construction and Energy R&D Construction Percent of Private R&D to Total Private R&D 0.1 0.3 1.1 0.1 0.4 0.2 0.9 0.3 0.1 0.2 1.1 Electricity, Gas, and Water Percent of Private R&D to Total Private R&D 0.6 1.3 2.3 0.2 1.6 1.1 0.5 0.1 0.5 0.8 0.7

United States Canada China Germany France Italy Japan United Kingdom Russian Federation Sweden Finland
Note(s):

Includes all construction (e.g., bridges, roads, dams, buildings, etc.).

Source(s): National Science Board, Science and Engineering Indicators: 2010, Volume 1, Jan. 2010, Appendix Table 4-53.

1.3.6

FY2003-2005 Green Building R&D, as Share of Federal Budget and by Organization Percent of U.S. Federal Budget 57.2% 23.1% 8.0% 6.3% 1.5% 1.5% 0.7% 0.2% 1.6% 100% Average Annual Funding ($1,000s) 123,170 25,317 22,940 11,100 7,500 5,800 5,000 3,000 2,400

Budget Function National Defense Health Other energy, general science, natural resources, and environment Space research and technology Transportation Agriculture Veterans' benefits and services research Green building Other functions (2) Total
Note(s):

| | | | | | | | |

Organization DOE EPA NSF PIER (1) DOC-NIST NYSERDA HUD GSA ASHRAE

1) PIER = Public Interest Energy Research. 2) Includes education, training, employment, and social services; income security; and commerce.

Source(s): U.S. Green Building Council, Green Building Research Funding: An Assessment of Current Activity in the United States, 2006, Chart 1, p. 3, Chart 2, p. 3.

1-15

Buildings Energy Data Book: 1.3 Value of Construction and Research
1.3.7 Buildings Design and Construction Trades, by Year | | | | | | | | | |

March 2011

1980 1990 2000 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Note(s):

(4)

Employees, in thousands Architects Construction (1) N.A. 3,065 N.A. 3,861 215 5,183 235 7,336 221 7,691 240 7,630 233 7,162 204 6,037

1982 1987 1992 1997 2002 2007

Number of Residential Builder Establishments with Payrolls, in thousands (2) New Construction Remodeling Both Total (3) 14.4 21.7 57.5 93.6 38.4 32.8 48.1 119.3 36.3 43.3 51.0 130.6 46.6 33.6 52.1 134.1 95.4 28.0 47.7 167.4 52.4 49.8 69.8 163.1

Source(s): DOC, Statistical Abstract of the U.S. 2001, May 2002, Table 593, p. 380 for 2000 architect employment, Table 609, p. 393 for construction employment; Statistical Abstract of the U.S. 2007, 2006, Table 602, p. 388 for 2005 architect employment; DOC, Statistical Abstract of the U.S. 2008, 2007, Table 598, p. 388 for 2006 architect employment; DOC, Statistical Abstract of the U.S. 2009, 2008, Table 596, p. 384 for 2007 architect employment; DOC, Statistical Abstract of the U.S. 2010, 2009, Table 603 for 2008 architect employment; DOC, Statistical Abstract of the U.S. 2011, 2010, Table 629 for 2005-2009 construction employment and Table 615, p. 393 for architect employment; DOC, 1992 Census of Construction Activities: U.S. Summary, CC92-I-27, Jan. 1996, p. 27-5 for construction employees; DOC, 1997 Economic Census: Construction - Industry Summary, EC97C23IS, Jan. 2000, Table 2, p. 8 for industrial builders; DOC, 1997 Economic Census: Construction - Single-Family Housing Construction, EC97C-2332A, Nov. 1999, Table 10, p. 14 for 1997 builder establishments; DOC, 2002 Economic Census: Construction - New Single-Family Housing Construction, EC02-231-236115, Dec. 2004, New Housing Operatives, ECO2-231-236118, Dec. 2004, Residential Remodelers, EC02-231-236119, Dec. 2004, Industrial Building Construction, 231-236210, residential builder establishments; NAHB, Housing Economics, May 1995, Table 2, p. 14 for 1982-1992 builder establishments; National Science and Technology Council, Construction & Building: Federal Research and Development in Support of the U.S. Construction industry for construction employees in Note 1; NAHB, Housing at the Millennium: Facts, Figures, and Trends, May 2000, p. 21 for Note 2; and NAHB, 1997 Housing Facts, Figures and Trends, 1997, p. 35 for Note 3, and p. 13 for Note 4.

1) Does not include industrial building or heavy construction (e.g., dam and bridge building). In 1999, 76% of the employment shown is considered for "production." The entire U.S. construction industry employs an estimated 10 million people, including manufacturing. 2) In 2000, NAHB report having 200,000 members, one-third of which were builders. 3) Excludes homebuilding establishments without payrolls, estimated by NAHB at an additional 210,000 in 1992. 4) NAHB reports that 2,448 full-time jobs in construction and related industries are generated from the construction of every 1,000 single-family homes and 1,030 jobs are created from the construction of every 1,000 multifamily units.

1-16

Buildings Energy Data Book: 1.3 Value of Construction and Research
1.3.8 Number of Construction Employees and Total Employees for Select Building Envolope Industries (Thousand Employees) 2002 2004 2006 2008 Poured Concrete Foundation and Structure Contractors (NAICS 238110) -Total Employment 197.5 221.5 254.0 236.2 -Construction/Extraction Occupations 165.5 187.3 213.1 198.2 -Construction/Extraction % of Total 83.8% 84.5% 83.9% 83.9% Masonry Contractors (NAICS 238140) -Total Employment -Construction/Extraction Occupations -Construction/Extraction % of Total Roofing Contractors (NAICS 238160) -Total Employment -Construction/Extraction Occupations -Construction/Extraction % of Total Drywall and Insulation Contractors (NAICS 238310) -Total Employment -Construction/Extraction Occupations -Construction/Extraction % of Total Painting and Wall Covering Contractors (NAICS 238320) -Total Employment -Construction/Extraction Occupations -Construction/Extraction % of Total

March 2011

2009

188.7 157.6 83.5%

228.9 199 87.0%

238.4 208 87.1%

255.1 224 87.8%

229.4 198 86.4%

183.6 158 85.9%

183.2 145.2 79.2%

188.0 152.7 81.2%

201.5 161.9 80.4%

196.1 155.9 79.5%

178.5 141.0 79.0%

321.4 279.5 87.0%

342.8 299.2 87.3%

367.7 322.0 87.6%

329.9 286.1 86.7%

269.1 231.0 85.8%

223.1 191.0 85.8%

224.6 193.7 86.2%

245.1 213.0 86.9%

233.6 202.4 86.7%

196.7 168.8 85.8%

Source(s): Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates: 2002 OES Estimates for 2002 Data, November 2004 OES Estimates for 2004 Data, May 2006 Estimates for 2006 Data, May 2008 Estimates for 2008 Data, May 2009 Estimates for 2009 Data. Available at http://www.bls.gov/oes/oes_data.htm.

1.3.9

Number of Construction Employees and Total Employees for Select Building Equipment Industries (Thousand Employees) 2002 2004 2006 2008

2009

Electrical Contractors and Other Wiring Installation Contractors (NAICS 238210) -Total Employment -Construction/Extraction Occupations -Construction/Extraction % of Total Plumbing, Heating, and Air-Conditioning Contractors (NAICS 238220) -Total Employment -Construction/Extraction Occupations -Construction/Extraction % of Total Other Building Equipment Contractors (NAICS 238290) -Total Employment -Construction/Extraction Occupations -Construction/Extraction % of Total

894.3 585.7 65.5%

852.7 562.1 65.9%

890.4 601.1 67.5%

915.2 620.7 67.8%

830.8 557.4 67.1%

837.7 495.6 59.2%

896.8 505.1 56.3%

977.7 542.6 55.5%

996.2 543.0 54.5%

904.0 485.7 53.7%

107.0 46.4 43.3%

106.8 49.0 45.8%

119.4 54.0 45.2%

132.2 59.7 45.2%

128.8 58.9 45.7%

Source(s): Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates: 2002 OES Estimates for 2002 Data, November 2004 OES Estimates for 2004 Data, May 2006 Estimates for 2006 Data, May 2008 Estimates for 2008 Data, May 2009 Estimates for 2009 Data. Available at http://www.bls.gov/oes/oes_data.htm.

1-17

Buildings Energy Data Book: 1.4 Environmental Data
1.4.1 Carbon Dioxide Emissions for U.S. Buildings, by Year (Million Metric Tons) (1) Buildings Site Fossil 1980 630 1985 569 1990 566 1995 599 2000 608 2005 570 2008 (3) 572 2010 553 2015 562 2020 565 2025 564 2030 567 2035 569
Note(s):

March 2011

Electricity 933 1026 1179 1312 1592 1720 1715 1719 1552 1630 1766 1883 1986

Total 1562 1595 1745 1912 2199 2289 2287 2272 2114 2195 2330 2450 2555

Growth Rate 2008-Year -0.3% -1.1% -0.3% 0.1% 0.3% 0.4%

Total 4723 4559 5021 5333 5857 5950 5820 5639 5679 5774 5931 6110 6315

U.S. Growth Rate 2008-Year -1.6% -0.3% -0.1% 0.1% 0.2% 0.3%

Buildings % Buildings % of Total U.S. of Total Global 33% 8.5% 35% 8.2% 35% 8.1% 36% 8.6% 38% 9.2% 38% 8.1% 39% 7.5% 40% 7.4% 37% 6.7% 38% 6.5% 39% 6.4% 40% 6.2% 40% 6.0%

1) Excludes emissions of buildings-related energy consumption in the industrial sector. Emissions assume complete combustion from energy consumption and exclude energy production activities such as gas flaring, coal mining, and cement production. 2) Carbon emissions calculated from EIA, Assumptions to the AEO 2010 and difffers from EIA, AEO 2011 Early Release, Table A18. Buildings sector total varies by 0.2% from EIA, AEO 2011 Early Release. 3) U.S. buildings emissions approximately equal the combined carbon emissions of Russia and the United Kingdom. Source(s): EIA, Emissions of Greenhouse Gases in the U.S. 2008, Dec. 2009, Tables 7-10 for 1980-2007 greenhouse gas emissions; EIA, Assumptions to the Annual
Energy Outlook 2010, May 2010, Table 1.2, p. 12 for carbon coefficients; EIA, Annual Energy Outlook 2011 Early Release, Dec. 2010, Summary Reference Case Tables, Table A2, p. 3-5 for 2008-2035 energy consumption and Table A18, p. 36 for 2008-2035 emissions; EIA, International Energy Outlook 2010, July 2010, Table A10, p. 155 for 2004-2030 global emissions; and EIA, Country Energy Profiles for global emissions (1980-2007), available at http://www.eia.gov/country/index.cfm, accessed 2/3/2011.

1-18

Buildings Energy Data Book: 1.4 Environmental Data
1.4.2

March 2011

2008 Buildings Energy End-Use Carbon Dioxide Emissions Splits, by Fuel Type (Million Metric Tons) (1) Natural Gas 263.2 1.8 93.7 Petroleum Distil. Resid. LPG Oth(2) Total 51.7 5.8 16.3 1.8 75.7

Space Heating (4) Lighting Space Cooling Water Heating Refrigeration (5) Electronics (6) Ventilation (7) Computers Cooking Wet Cleaning (8) Other (9) Adjust to SEDS (10) Total
Note(s):

Coal 7.7

9.3

5.4

14.7

20.3 2.8 15.3 38.9 436.0

1.9 1.0 13.5 75.5 18.3 5.8 42.0 3.2

1.9 22.6 13.5 5.1 128.4

7.7

Electricity (3) 131.4 396.7 322.6 106.2 158.9 143.6 98.3 73.0 47.2 58.1 145.2 36.4 1717.6

Total 477.9 396.7 324.3 214.7 158.9 143.6 98.3 73.0 69.5 60.8 183.0 88.8 2289.7

Percent 20.9% 17.3% 14.2% 9.4% 6.9% 6.3% 4.3% 3.2% 3.0% 2.7% 8.0% 3.9% 100%

1) Emissions assume complete combustion from energy consumption, excluding gas flaring, coal mining, and cement production. Emissions exclude wood since it is assumed that the carbon released from combustion is reabsorbed in a future carbon cycle. Carbon emissions calculated from EIA, Assumptions to the AEO 2010 and differs from EIA, AEO 2011 Early Release, Table A18. Buildings sector total varies by 0.2% from EIA, AEO 2011 Early Release. 2) Includes kerosene space heating (1.8 MMT) and motor gasoline other uses (3.2 MMT). 3) Excludes electric imports by utilities. 4) Includes residential furnace fans (25.4 MMT). 5) Includes refrigerators (144.2 MMT) and freezers (14.7 MMT). 6) Includes color television (61.6 MMT) and other office equipment. 7) Commercial only; residential fan and pump energy use included proportionately in space heating and cooling. 8) Includes clothes washers (6.3 MMT), natural gas clothes dryers (2.8 MMT), electric clothes dryers (34.8 MMT), and dishwashers (17.0 MMT). Does not include water heating energy. 9) Includes residential small electric devices, heating elements, motors, swimming pool heaters, hot tub heaters, outdoor grills, and natural gas outdoor lighting. Includes commercial service station equipment, ATMs, telecommunications equipment, medical equipment, pumps, emergency electric generators, and manufacturing performed in commercial buildings. 10) Emissions related to a discrepancy between data sources. Energy attributable to the buildings sector, but not directly to specific end-uses.

Source(s): EIA, Annual Energy Outlook 2011 Early Release, Dec. 2010, Summary Reference Case Tables, Table A2, p. 3-5, Table A4, p. 9-10 and Table A5, p. 11-12 for energy consumption, and Table A18, p. 36 for emissions; EIA, National Energy Modeling System (NEMS) for AEO 2011 Early Release, Dec. 2010; EIA, Assumptions to the Annual Energy Outlook 2010, May 2010, Table 1.2, p. 12 for carbon coefficients; BTS/A.D. Little, Electricity Consumption by Small EndUses in Residential Buildings, Aug. 1998, Appendix A for residential electric end-uses; BTS/A.D. Little, Energy Consumption Characteristics of Commercial Building HVAC Systems, Volume II: Thermal Distribution, Auxiliary Equipment, and Ventilation, Oct. 1999, p. 1-2; BTP/Navigant Consulting, U.S. Lighting Market Characterization, Volume I, Sept. 2002, Table 8-2, p.63; and EIA, AEO 1999, Dec. 1998, Table A4, p. 118-119 and Table A5, p. 120-121 for 1996 data.

1-19

Buildings Energy Data Book: 1.4 Environmental Data
1.4.3

March 2011

2010 Buildings Energy End-Use Carbon Dioxide Emissions Splits, by Fuel Type (Million Metric Tons) (1) Natural Gas 260.1 2.3 95.4 Petroleum Distil. Resid. LPG Oth(2) Total 46.7 3.2 16.2 2.1 68.1

Space Heating (4) Lighting Space Cooling Water Heating Refrigeration (5) Electronics (6) Ventilation (7) Computers Wet Cleaning (8) Cooking Other (9) Adjust to SEDS (10) Total
Note(s):

Coal 6.2

8.6

4.9

13.4

2.8 21.0 16.0 31.0 428.7

0.9 11.0 67.2

1.9 19.1 3.2 42.2

1.9 23.1 11.0 5.1 117.6 3.1

6.2

Electricity (3) 108.2 310.7 304.4 95.5 149.8 108.1 91.7 70.2 55.5 23.4 277.9 123.5 1719.0

Total 442.7 310.7 306.8 204.3 149.8 108.1 91.7 70.2 58.3 46.3 317.0 165.6 2271.6

Percent 19.5% 13.7% 13.5% 9.0% 6.6% 4.8% 4.0% 3.1% 2.6% 2.0% 14.0% 7.3% 100%

1) Emissions assume complete combustion from energy consumption, excluding gas flaring, coal mining, and cement production. Emissions exclude wood since it is assumed that the carbon released from combustion is reabsorbed in a future carbon cycle. 2) Includes kerosene space heating (2.1 MMT) and motor gasoline other uses (3.1 MMT). 3) Excludes electric imports by utilities. 4) Includes residential furnace fans (25.0 MMT). 5) Includes refrigerators (135.8 MMT) and freezers (14.1 MMT). 6) Includes color television (61.1 MMT) and other office equipment (117.3 MMT). 7) Commercial only; residential fan and pump energy use included proportionately in space heating and cooling. 8) Includes clothes washers (5.8 MMT), natural gas clothes dryers (2.8 MMT), electric clothes dryers (33.4 MMT), and dishwashers (16.3 MMT). Does not include water heating energy. 9) Includes residential small electric devices, heating elements, motors, swimming pool heaters, hot tub heaters, outdoor grills, and natural gas outdoor lighting. Includes commercial service station equipment, ATMs, telecommunications equipment, medical equipment, pumps, emergency electric generators, and manufacturing performed in commercial buildings. 10) Emissions related to a discrepancy between data sources. Energy attributable to the buildings sector, but not directly to specific end-uses.

Source(s): EIA, Annual Energy Outlook 2011 Early Release, Dec. 2010, Summary Reference Case Tables, Table A2, p. 3-5, Table A4, p. 9-10 and Table A5, p. 11-12 for energy consumption, and Table A18, p. 36 for emissions; EIA, National Energy Modeling System (NEMS) for AEO 2011 Early Release, Dec. 2010; EIA, Assumptions to the Annual Energy Outlook 2010, May 2010, Table 1.2, p. 12 for carbon coefficients.

1-20

Buildings Energy Data Book: 1.4 Environmental Data
1.4.4

March 2011

2020 Buildings Energy End-Use Carbon Dioxide Emissions Splits, by Fuel Type (Million Metric Tons) (1) Natural Gas 267.6 1.9 103.4 Petroleum Distil. Resid. LPG Oth(2) Total 40.3 5.1 13.9 2.0 61.3

Space Heating (4) Lighting Space Cooling Water Heating Refrigeration (5) Electronics (6) Ventilation (7) Computers Wet Cleaning (8) Cooking Other (9) Adjust to SEDS (10) Total
Note(s):

Coal 6.4

5.9

3.1

9.0

2.8 23.2 20.7 33.2 453.0

1.0 8.4 55.6

1.7 21.0 5.1 39.7

1.7 25.2 8.4 5.3 105.7 3.3

6.4

Electricity (3) 103.5 266.2 228.8 95.6 128.3 115.3 98.0 59.6 49.1 24.1 330.5 130.7 1629.7

Total 438.9 266.2 230.7 208.0 128.3 115.3 98.0 59.6 51.9 49.1 376.4 172.3 2194.8

Percent 20.0% 12.1% 10.5% 9.5% 5.8% 5.3% 4.5% 2.7% 2.4% 2.2% 17.2% 7.9% 100%

1) Emissions assume complete combustion from energy consumption, excluding gas flaring, coal mining, and cement production. Emissions exclude wood since it is assumed that the carbon released from combustion is reabsorbed in a future carbon cycle. 2) Includes kerosene space heating (2.0 MMT) and motor gasoline other uses (3.3 MMT). 3) Excludes electric imports by utilities. 4) Includes residential furnace fans (27.3 MMT). 5) Includes refrigerators (115.2 MMT) and freezers (13.1 MMT). 6) Includes color television (55.3 MMT) and other office equipment (139.1 MMT). 7) Commercial only; residential fan and pump energy use included proportionately in space heating and cooling. 8) Includes clothes washers (4.4 MMT), natural gas clothes dryers (2.8 MMT), electric clothes dryers (29.5 MMT), and dishwashers (15.2 MMT). Does not include water heating energy. 9) Includes residential small electric devices, heating elements, motors, swimming pool heaters, hot tub heaters, outdoor grills, and natural gas outdoor lighting. Includes commercial service station equipment, ATMs, telecommunications equipment, medical equipment, pumps, emergency electric generators, and manufacturing performed in commercial buildings. 10) Emissions related to a discrepancy between data sources. Energy attributable to the buildings sector, but not directly to specific end-uses.

Source(s): EIA, Annual Energy Outlook 2011 Early Release, Dec. 2010, Summary Reference Case Tables, Table A2, p. 3-5, Table A4, p. 9-10 and Table A5, p. 11-12 for energy consumption, and Table A18, p. 36 for emissions; EIA, National Energy Modeling System (NEMS) for AEO 2011 Early Release, Dec. 2010; EIA, Assumptions to the Annual Energy Outlook 2010, May 2010, Table 1.2, p. 12 for carbon coefficients.

1-21

Buildings Energy Data Book: 1.4 Environmental Data
1.4.5

March 2011

2030 Buildings Energy End-Use Carbon Dioxide Emissions Splits, by Fuel Type (Million Metric Tons) (1) Natural Gas 267.9 1.9 105.0 Petroleum Distil. Resid. LPG Oth(2) Total 33.8 5.3 12.7 2.0 53.7

Space Heating (4) Lighting Space Cooling Water Heating Electronics (5) Refrigeration (6) Ventilation (7) Computers Wet Cleaning (8) Cooking Other (9) Adjust to SEDS (10) Total
Note(s):

Coal 6.4

4.7

2.3

7.0

2.9 25.0 33.2 26.1 462.0

1.0 8.1 47.6

1.6 23.1 5.3 39.7

3.4 5.4

1.6 27.5 8.1 98.0

6.4

Electricity (3) 112.6 288.4 256.7 98.0 138.3 137.4 113.5 65.5 54.3 27.2 444.5 146.9 1883.4

Total 440.7 288.4 258.6 210.0 138.3 137.4 113.5 65.5 57.2 53.9 505.2 181.1 2449.7

Percent 18.0% 11.8% 10.6% 8.6% 5.6% 5.6% 4.6% 2.7% 2.3% 2.2% 20.6% 7.4% 100%

1) Emissions assume complete combustion from energy consumption, excluding gas flaring, coal mining, and cement production. Emissions exclude wood since it is assumed that the carbon released from combustion is reabsorbed in a future carbon cycle. 2) Includes kerosene space heating (2.0 MMT) and motor gasoline other uses (3.4 MMT). 3) Excludes electric imports by utilities. 4) Includes residential furnace fans (31.7 MMT). 5) Includes color television (64.6 MMT) and other office equipment (139.1 MMT). 6) Includes refrigerators (123.2 MMT) and freezers (14.2 MMT). 7) Commercial only; residential fan and pump energy use included proportionately in space heating and cooling. 8) Includes clothes washers (4.7 MMT), natural gas clothes dryers (2.9 MMT), electric clothes dryers (31.9 MMT), and dishwashers (17.7 MMT). Does not include water heating energy. 9) Includes residential small electric devices, heating elements, motors, swimming pool heaters, hot tub heaters, outdoor grills, and natural gas outdoor lighting. Includes commercial service station equipment, ATMs, telecommunications equipment, medical equipment, pumps, emergency electric generators, and manufacturing performed in commercial buildings. 10) Emissions related to a discrepancy between data sources. Energy attributable to the buildings sector, but not directly to specific end-uses.

Source(s): EIA, Annual Energy Outlook 2011 Early Release, Dec. 2010, Summary Reference Case Tables, Table A2, p. 3-5, Table A4, p. 9-10 and Table A5, p. 11-12 for energy consumption, and Table A18, p. 36 for emissions; EIA, National Energy Modeling System (NEMS) for AEO 2011 Early Release, Dec. 2010; EIA, Assumptions to the Annual Energy Outlook 2010, May 2010, Table 1.2, p. 12 for carbon coefficients.

1-22

Buildings Energy Data Book: 1.4 Environmental Data
1.4.6 World Carbon Dioxide Emissions Emissions (million metric tons) 2000 2008 2850 6804 22% 5862 5833 19% 4192 4333 14% 1686 2281 7% 1556 1698 6% 1094 1659 5% 1003 1474 5% 992 1229 4% 1201 1215 4% 887 1158 4% 694 772 3% 573 598 2% 439 522 2% 391 465 2% 383 452 1% 23804 30493 100% Annual Growth Rate 1990-2000 2000-2008 2.3% 11.5% 1.5% -0.1% 3.6% 0.4% 7.4% 3.9% -8.6% 1.1% 4.1% 5.3% 5.7% 4.9% 3.3% 2.7% 1.4% 0.1% 2.0% 3.4% -8.0% 1.3% 2.0% 0.5% 6.1% 2.2% 0.0% 0.0% 2.4% 2.1% 1.0% 3.1%

March 2011

Nation/Region China United States OECD Europe Other Non-OECD Asia Russia (1) Middle East India Central & S. America Japan Africa Oth. Non-OECD Europe Canada South Korea Australia & N. Zealand Mexico Total World
Note(s):

1990 2270 5041 2941 829 3821 730 579 717 1047 726 1604 471 242 296 302 21616

1) 1990 Values for Russia approximated by estimates for the former USSR.

Source(s): EIA, Country Energy Profiles, available at http://www.eia.gov/country/index.cfm, accessed 2/3/2011.

1.4.7

2008 Methane Emissions for U.S. Buildings Energy Production, by Fuel Type (MMT CO2 Equvalant) (1) Residential 0.9 38.0 0.0 2.9 47.1 88.9 Commercial 0.5 24.4 0.3 0.4 45.6 71.2 Buildings Total 1.4 62.4 0.3 3.3 92.7 160.1

Fuel Type Petroleum Natural Gas Coal Wood Electricity (2) Total
Note(s):

1) Sources of emissions include oil and gas production, processing, and distribution; coal mining; and utility and site combustion. Carbon Dioxide equivalent units are calculated by converting methane emissions to carbon dioxide emissions (methane's global warming potential is 23 times that of carbon dioxide). 2) Emissions of electricity generators attributable to the buildings sector.

Source(s): EIA, Emissions of Greenhouse Gases in the U.S. 2008, Dec. 2009, Table 17, p. 30 for energy production emissions; EPA, Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990-2008, April 2010, Table 3-10, p. 3-9 for stationary combustion emissions; and EIA, Annual Energy Outlook 2011 Early Release, Dec. 2010, Summary Reference Case Tables, Table A2, p. 3-5 for energy consumption.

1-23

Buildings Energy Data Book: 1.4 Environmental Data
1.4.8 2008 Carbon Dioxide Emission Coefficients for Buildings (MMT CO2 per Quadrillion Btu) (1) All Buildings Coal Average (2) Natural Gas Average (2) Petroleum Products Distillate Fuel Oil/Diesel Kerosene Motor Gasoline Liquefied Petroleum Gas Residual Fuel Oil Average (2) Electricity Consumption (3) Average - Primary (4) Average - Site (5) New Generation Gas Combined Cycle - Site (6) Gas Combustion Turbine - Site (6) Stock Gas Generator - Site (7) All Fuels (3) Average - Primary Average - Site
Note(s):

March 2011

Residential Buildings 95.35

Commercial Buildings 95.35

95.35

53.06

53.06

53.06

73.15 72.31 70.88 63.01 78.80 69.64

68.77

71.28

58.73 186.2 114.8 172.8 140.6

58.73 187.3 114.8 172.8 140.6

58.73 185.6 114.8 172.8 140.6

57.16 114.7

56.64 113.2

57.77 123.9

1) Emissions assume complete combustion from energy consumption, excluding gas flaring, coal mining, and cement production. The combustion of fossil fuels produces carbon in the form of carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide; however, carbon monoxide emissions oxidize in a relatively short time to form carbon dioxide. 2) Coefficients do not match total emissions reported in the AEO 2011 Early Release and were adjusted using Assumptions to the AEO 2010. 3) Excludes electricity imports from utility consumption. Includes nuclear and renewable (including hydroelectric) generated electricity. 4) Use this coefficient to estimate CO2 emissions resulting from the consumption of energy by electric generators. 5) Use this coefficient to estimate CO2 emissions resulting from the consumption of electricity by endusers. 6) Use this coefficient to estimate emissions of the next-built (2010) natural gas-fired, electric generator resulting from the consumption of electricity by end-users. 7) Use this coefficient to estimate emissions of existing natural gas-fired, electric generators resulting from the consumption of electricity by end-users.
EIA, Annual Energy Outlook 2011 Early Release, Dec. 2010, Summary Reference Case Tables, Table A2, p. 3-5, Table A8, p. 18-19, Table A17, p. 34-35 for consumption and Table A18, p. 36 for emissions; EIA, Assumptions to the AEO 2008, June 2008, Table 2, p. 10 for coefficients and Table 38, p. 76 for generator efficiencies; EIA, Annual Energy Review 2009, August 2010, Diagram 8, p. 225 for Transmission and Distribution (T&D) losses.

Source(s):

1-24

Buildings Energy Data Book: 1.4 Environmental Data
1.4.9

March 2011

Average Carbon Dioxide Emissions from a Generic Quad in the Buildings Sector with Stock Fuel Mix and Projected Fuel Mix of New Marginal Utility Capacity and Site Energy Consumption (Million Metric Tons)(1) Stock 2008 Resid. Comm. 40.45 45.68 3.84 2.47 12.31 9.24 0.00 0.00 0.04 0.37 56.64 57.77

Electricity (2) Petroleum Natural Gas Renew. En. (3) Coal Total
Note(s):

Bldgs. 42.86 3.21 10.89 0.00 0.19 57.16

1) Electricity imports from utility consumptionwere not included since this energy was produced outside of the U.S. "Average" means the weighted average of different fuels (e.g., petroleum is the average of residual and distillate fuel oils, LPG, kerosene, and motor gasoline). The combustion of fossil fuels produces carbon in the form of carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide; however, carbon monoxide emissions oxidize in a relatively short time to form carbon dioxide. 2) Includes renewables. 3) Emissions exclude wood since it is assumed that the carbon released from combustion is reabsorbed in a future carbon cycle.

Source(s): EIA, Annual Energy Outlook 2011 Early Release, Dec. 2010, Summary Reference Case Tables, Table A2, p. 3-5 and Table A17, p. 34-35 for energy consumption and Table A18, p. 36 for 'carbon emissions; and EIA, Assumptions to the AEO 2008, June 2008, Table 2, p. 9.

1.4.10

2008 Emissions Summary Table for U.S. Buildings Energy Consumption (Thousand Short Tons) (1) Buildings Electricity 6,996 (2) 2,609 493 37 364 450 Buildings Percent of U.S. Total 55% 18% 4% 8% 16% 5%

SO2 NOx CO VOCs PM-2.5 PM-10
Note(s):

Wood/SiteFossil 561 723 3,265 1,364 388 439

Total 7,557 3,332 3,758 1,401 752 889

U.S. Total 13,770 18,226 100,552 17,383 4,574 18,420

1) VOCs = volatile organic compounds; PM-10 = particulate matter less than 10 micrometers in aerodynamic diameter. PM-2.5 = particulate matter less than 2.5 micrometers in aerodynamic diameter. CO and VOCs site fossil emissions mostly from wood burning. 2) Emissions of SO2 are 28% lower for 2002 than 1994 estimates since Phase II of the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments began in 2000. Buildings Energy Consumption related to SO2 emissions dropped 27% from 1994 to 2002.

Source(s): EIA, Annual Energy Outlook 2011 Early Release, Dec. 2010, Summary Reference Case Tables, Table A2, p. 3-5; and EPA, 1970-2006 National Emissions Inventory, Average Annual Emissions, All Criteria Pollutants, July 2007.

1.4.11

EPA Criteria Pollutant Emissions Coefficients (Million Short Tons/Delivered Quadrillion Btu, unless otherwise noted)

All Buildings Electricity (1) 0.755 0.282 0.053 Site Fossil Fuel (2) 0.053 0.068 0.306 | | | | Electricity (per primary quad) (1) 0.239 0.089 0.017

SO2 Nox CO
Note(s):

1) Emissions of SO2 are 28% lower for 2002 than 1994 estimates since Phase II of the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments began in 2000. Buildings energy consumption related SO2 emissions dropped 27% from 1994 to 2002. 2) Includes natural gas, petroleum liquid fuels, coal, and 2006 Source(s): EPA,wood.Average Annual Emissions, All Criteria Pollutants, July 2007; and EIA, Annual Energy Outlook 2011 Early Release, Dec. 2010, Summary
Reference Case Tables, Table A2, p. 3-5 for energy consumption.

1-25

Buildings Energy Data Book: 1.4 Environmental Data
1.4.12 Characteristics of U.S. Construction Waste

March 2011

-

Two to seven tons of waste (a rough average of 4 pounds of waste per square foot) are generated during the construction of a new single-family detached house. 15 to 70 pounds of hazardous waste are generated during the construction of a detached, single-family house. Hazardous wastes include paint, caulk, roofing cement, aerosols, solvents, adhesives, oils, and greases. Each year, U.S. builders produce between 30 and 35 million tons of construction, renovation, and demolition (C&D) waste. Annual C&D debris accounts for roughly 24% of the municipal solid waste stream. Wastes include wood (27% of total) and other (73% of total, including cardboard and paper; drywall/plaster; insulation; siding; roofing; metal; concrete, asphalt, masonry, bricks, and dirt rubble; waterproofing materials; and landscaping material). As much as 95% of buildings-related construction waste is recyclable, and most materials are clean and unmixed.

Source(s): First International Sustainable Construction Conference Proceedings, Construction Waste Management and Recycling Strategies in the U.S., Nov. 1994, p. 689; Fine Homebuilding, Construction Waste, Feb./Mar. 1995, p. 70-75; NAHB, Housing Economics, Mar. 1995, p. 12-13; and Cost Engineering, CostEffective Waste Minimization for Construction Managers, Vol. 37/No. 1, Jan. 1995, p. 31-39.

1.4.13

"Typical" Construction Waste Estimated for a 2,000-Square-Foot Home (1) Weight (pounds) 1,600 20% 1,400 18% 2,000 25% 600 8% 150 2% 150 2% 1,000 13% 50 1% 1,050 13% 8,000 100% Volume (cu. yd.) (2) 6 5 6 20 1 1 1 11 50

Material Solid Sawn Wood Engineered Wood Drywall Cardboard (OCC) Metals Vinyl (PVC) (3) Masonry (4) Hazardous Materials Other Total (5)
Note(s):

1) See Table 2.2.7 for materials used in the construction of a new single-family home. 2) Volumes are highly variable due to compressibility and captured air space in waste materials. 3) Assuming 3 sides of exterior clad in vinyl siding. 4) Assuming a brick veneer on home's front facade. 5) Due to rounding, sum does not add up to total.

Source(s): NAHB's Internet web site, www.nahb.org, Residential Construction Waste: From Disposal to Management, Oct. 1996.

1.4.14

2003 Construction and Demolition Debris Generated from Construction Activities Debris (million tons) Residential Commercial Buildings 10.0 5.0 15.0 38.0 33.0 71.0 19.0 65.0 84.0 67.0 103.0 170.0 | | | | | | Debris (percent of total buildings sector) Residential Commercial Buildings 6% 3% 9% 22% 19% 42% 11% 38% 49% 39% 61% 100%

Construction Demolition Renovation Total
Note(s):

170 million tons of construction and demolition debris represents approximately 3.2 pounds of debris per person per day in the U.S.

Source(s): EPA/OSW, Estimating 2003 Building-Related Construction and Demolition Materils Amounts, March 2009, Table 2-7, p. 17.

1-26

Buildings Energy Data Book: 1.4 Environmental Data
1.4.15 Disposal and Recovery of Construction and Demolition (C&D) Materials in 2003

March 2011

Reporting State (1) Florida Maryland Massachusetts New Jersey North Carolina Utah Virignia Washington Total
Note(s):

Tons of C&D Materials (2) Disposed Recovered (3) 5,277,259 1,998,256 1,913,774 2,270,100 720,000 3,360,000 1,519,783 5,582,336 1,844,409 20,002 1,054,296 46,461 3,465,548 95,131 1,780,356 2,640,560 17,575,425 16,012,846

Recovery Rate 27% 54% 82% 79% 1% 4% 3% 60% 48%

1) Only eight states reported recovery and disposal amounts 2003, representing approximately 21% of the US population. 2) State definitions vary regarding what constitutes C&D materials. Some states may include concrete, asphalt pavement, and metals from nonbuilding sources. 3) Recovered materials may include those used for purposes that do not meet state definitions for recycling, such as landfill cover and energy generation.

Source(s): EPA, Estimating 2003 Building-Related Construction and Demolition Materials Amounts, Table 3-1

1-27

Buildings Energy Data Book: 1.5 Generic Fuel Quad and Comparison
1.5.1 Key Definitions

March 2011

Quad: Quadrillion Btu (10^15 or 1,000,000,000,000,000 Btu) Generic Quad for the Buildings Sector: One quad of primary energy consumed in the buildings sector (includes the residential and commercial sectors), apportioned between the various primary fuels used in the sector according to their relative consumption in a given year. To obtain this value, electricity is converted into its primary energy forms according to relative fuel contributions (or shares) used to produce electricity in the given year. Electric Quad (Generic Quad for the Electric Utility Sector): One quad of primary energy consumed at electric utility power plants to supply electricity to end-users, shared among various fuels according to their relative contribution in a given year. (Note: The consumption of an electric quad results in the delivery of just under 1/3 the electric quad due to generation and transmission losses.) Primary Energy: The total energy consumed by an end-user, including the energy used in the generation and transmission of electricity. Also referred to as "source" energy. Delivered Energy: The energy consumed by an end-user on site, not including electricity generation and transmission losses. 1.5.2 Consumption Comparisons in 2008

One quad equals: 49.5 million short tons of coal = enough coal to fill a train of railroad cars 4,066 miles long (about one and a half times across the U.S.) 972.8 billion cubic feet natural gas 8.2 billion gallons of gasoline = 21.3 days of U.S. gasoline use = 22. million passenger cars each driven 12,400 miles = 19.2 million light-duty vehicles each driven 12,200 miles = all new passenger cars and light-duty trucks sold, each driven 40,000 miles = 14. million stock passenger cars, each driven 11,500 miles = 10% of all passenger cars, each driven 11,500 miles = all new passenger cars each making 9 round-trips from New York to Los Angeles 172.4 million barrels of crude oil = 14.26 days of U.S. imports = 167 days of oil flow in the Alaska pipeline at full capacity = the amount of crude oil transported by 483 supertankers 17.8 hours of world energy use the electricity delivered from 238 coal-fired power plants (200-MW each) in one year the electricity delivered from 37 nuclear power plants (1000-MW each) in one year average annual per capita consumption of 3.06 million people in the U.S. the approximate annual primary consumption of any one of the following states: Arkansas, Iowa, Kansas, Maryland Massachusetts, Mississippi, South Carolina, Utah, Washington, or Wyoming (1)
Note(s): 1) All states listed have annual energy consumption that is within 20% off one quad.

Source(s): EIA, Annual Energy Outlook 2011 Early Release, Dec. 2010, Summary Reference Case Tables, Table A1, p. 1-2, Table A2, p. 3-5, Table A7, p. 34-35, Table A8, p. 18-19, Table A9, p. 20-21, and Table A11, p. 23-24 for consumption; EIA, Annual Energy Outlook 2010, May 2010, Table G1, p. 215 for heat rates; EIA, State Energy Data 2008: Consumption, June 2010, Table S3, p. 5, Table R1, p. 15, and Table R2, p. 16; EIA, Electric Power Annual 2009, January 2011, Table 1.1, p. 14; DOC, Statistical Abstract of the United States 2008, May 2008, No. 1080 p. 690; DOC, Statistical Abstract of the United States 2011, 2010, No. 1031, p. 658, and No. 1074, p. 686; and Newport News Shipbuilding Web site.

1-28

Buildings Energy Data Book: 1.5 Generic Fuel Quad and Comparison
1.5.3 Carbon Emission Comparisons

March 2011

One million metric tons of carbon dioxide-equivalent emissions equals: the combustion of 525 thousand short tons of coal the coal input to 1 coal plant (200-MW) in ten and a half months the combustion of 18 billion cubic feet of natural gas the combustion of 118 million gallons of gasoline = the combustion of gasoline for 7 hours in the U.S. = 310 thousand new cars, each driven 12,400 miles = 272 thousand new light-duty vehicles, each driven 12,200 miles = 260 thousand new light trucks, each driven 11,000 miles = 0.14 million new passenger cars, each making 5 round trips from New York to Los Angeles the combustion of 190 million gallons of LPG the combustion of 107 million gallons of kerosene the combustion of 102 million gallons of distillate fuel the combustion of 87 million gallons of residual fuel 17 minutes of world energy emissions 90 minutes of U.S energy emissions 3.9 hours of U.S. buildings energy emissions 7 hours of U.S. residential energy emissions 8 hours of U.S. commercial energy emissions 1 day of U.S. buildings lighting energy emissions average annual per capita emissions of 52,000 people in the U.S.
Source(s): EIA, Annual Energy Outlook 2011 Early Release, Dec. 2010, Summary Reference Case Tables, Table A2, p. 3-5, Table A7, p. 16-17 for consumption and Table A18, p. 36 for emissions; EIA, Annual Energy Outlook 2010, May 2010, Table G1, p. 221 for heat rates; EIA, Electric Power Annual 2009, January 2011, Table 1.2, page 17; EIA, Country Energy Profiles for global emissions, available at http://www.eia.gov/country/index.cfm, accessed 2/3/2011; EIA, Assumptions to the Annual Energy Outlook 2010, May 2010, Table 1.2, p. 12 for carbon coefficients; and DOC, Statistical Abstract of the United States 2008, Jan. 2008, No. 2, p. 8 and No. 1084, p. 715.

1.5.4

Average Annual Carbon Dioxide Emissions for Various Functions Annual Unit Energy Consumption 1,359 kWh - Electricity 2,814 kWh - Electricity 24 million Btu - Natural Gas 32 million Btu - Fuel Oil 108 70 54 85 2,125 1,376 60,152 million Btu million Btu million Btu million Btu million Btu million Btu million Btu Carbon Emissions (MMT CO2) (lb CO2) 0.9 1,900 1.8 3,900 1.3 2,800 2.3 5,100 12.3 8.0 6.2 9.6 263.3 170.5 7,453.4 27,000 17,600 13,600 21,200 580,600 375,900 16,434,700

Stock Refrigerator (1) Stock Electric Water Heater Stock Gas Water Heater Stock Oil Water Heater Single-Family Home Mobile Home Multi-Family Unit in Large Building Multi-Family Unit in Small Building School Building Office Building Hospital, In-Patient Stock Vehicles Passenger Car Van, Pickup Truck, or SUV Heavy Truck Tractor Trailer Truck
Note(s):

522 605 1,456 12,100

gallons - Gasoline gallons - Gasoline gallons - Diesel Fuel gallons - Diesel Fuel

4.6 5.3 13.2 110.0

10,127 11,738 29,181 242,476

1) Stock refrigerator consumption is per household refrigerator consumption, not per refrigerator.

Source(s): EIA, Annual Energy Outlook 2011 Early Release, Dec. 2010, Summary Reference Case Tables, Table A2, p. 3-5 for consumption and Table A18, p. 36 for emissions; EIA, Annual Energy Outlook 2008, Mar. 2008, Table G1, p. 215 for gasoline heat rate; EIA, A Look at Residential Energy Consumption in 2005, January 2009, Tables WH6 and WH7 for water heater energy consumption, Table AP2 for refrigerators energy, and Table US9 for household consumption; EIA, 2003 Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey, June 2006, Table C3, p. 247 for commercial buildings; ORNL, Transportation Energy Data Book: Edition 29, 2010, Table 4.1, p. 4-2, Table 4.2, p. 4-3, Table 5.1, p. 5-2 and Table 5.2, p. 5-3 for vehicles; and EIA, Assumptions to the AEO 2008, June 2008, Table 2, p. 9 for carbon coefficients.

1-29

Buildings Energy Data Book: 1.5 Generic Fuel Quad and Comparison
1.5.5 Cost of a Generic Quad Used in the Buildings Sector ($2009 Billion) (1) Residential 9.96 10.90 9.81 9.22 9.35 10.83 10.73 9.43 9.22 9.30 9.51 9.63 9.89 Commercial 10.18 10.95 9.03 8.39 8.14 9.49 10.36 9.27 9.02 9.04 9.23 9.33 9.59 Buildings 10.05 10.92 9.47 8.86 8.80 10.23 10.56 9.36 9.12 9.17 9.37 9.48 9.74

March 2011

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2008 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035
Note(s):

1) See Table 1.5.1 for generic quad definition. This table provides the consumer cost of a generic quad in the buildings sector. Use this table to estimate the average consumer cost savings resulting from the savings of a generic (primary) quad in the buildings sector.

Source(s): EIA, Annual Energy Outlook 2011 Early Release, Dec. 2010, Summary Reference Case Tables, Table A2, p. 3-5 and Table A17, p. 34-35 for energy consumption and Table A3, p. 6-8 for energy prices(2008-2030). EIA, State Energy Data 2008: Consumption, June 2010, Tables 8-9, p. 24-25 for 19802007; EIA, State Energy Data 2008: Prices and Expenditures, June 2010, Tables 2 and 3 (1980-2007); and EIA, Annual Energy Review 2009, August 2010, Appendix D, p. 383 for price deflators.

1.5.6

Shares of U.S. Buildings Generic Quad (Percent) (1) Renewables Hydro. Other Total 7% 4% 11% 7% 4% 11% 7% 4% 11% 6% 4% 10% 5% 3% 8% 5% 3% 8% 5% 3% 8% 5% 4% 9% 6% 6% 11% 6% 6% 12% 6% 6% 12% 5% 7% 12%

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2008 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030
Note(s):

Natural Gas 40% 34% 32% 33% 32% 32% 30% 31% 31% 30% 29% 29%

Petroleum 12% 10% 8% 7% 6% 6% 5% 4% 4% 4% 4% 3%

Coal 30% 35% 36% 36% 38% 39% 41% 39% 36% 37% 39% 39%

Nuclear 7% 10% 13% 14% 15% 15% 17% 17% 17% 18% 17% 17%

Total 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%

1) See Table 1.5.1 for generic quad definition. 2) The total 2008 Buildings sector primary energy consumption was 40.02 quads.

Source(s): EIA, Annual Energy Outlook 2011 Early Release, Dec. 2010, Summary Reference Case Tables, Table A2, p. 3-5 and Table A17, p. 34-35 for energy consumption; and EIA, State Energy Data 2008: Consumption, June 2010, Tables 8-9, p. 24-25 for 1980-2007.

1-30

Buildings Energy Data Book: 1.6 Embodied Energy of Building Assemblies

March 2011

Embodied energy is defined as the energy used during the entire life cycle of a product including the energy used for manufacturing, transporting, and disposing of the product. For example, the embodied energy in dimensional lumber includes the energy used to grow, harvest and process the trees into boards, transport the lumber to its final destination, and ultimately dispose of the wood at the end of its useful life. Embodied energy, also called life cycle assessment (LCA), is a useful tool for evaluating the relative environmental impact of various building materials because it takes production, transportation and disposal into account, all things that can have a pronounced environmental impact but are not necessarily reflected in the price.
Due to the complexity of calculations and the wide range of production methods, transportation distances and other variables for some building products, exact figures for embodied energy vary from study to study. Fortunately, precise figures are not necessary. Builders, designers, purchasers and others can make informed decisions based on the embodied energy of a given product relative to its substitutes. It should be noted that when considering the embodied energy of an entire building, the energy embodied in the building materials is small relative to the energy it takes to operate that building over its lifetime. Looking at the embodied energy of a typical home, for example, only 15 percent of that energy is embodied in the materials used to make the home; the other 85 percent is in the operation of the home over its lifetime(1) . Thus, building for efficiency is the best way to lower the embodied energy of a building.

1.6.1

Embodied Energy of Commercial Windows in the U.S. Embodied Energy (MMBtu/SF) (1) 0.973 0.447 0.435 0.557 0.233 CO2 Equivalent Emissions (lbs/SF) 190.1 88.3 90.9 111.7 66.1

Window Type Aluminium PVC-clad Wood Wood Vinyl (PVC) Curtainwall Viewable Glazing

Note(s):

1) Embodied Energy: Energy use includes extraction, processing, transportation, construction, and disposal of each material. Assumptions: Low rise building. Values are general estimations for the U.S. 60 year building lifetime. Low-e, double-pane, argon-filled glazing. All assemplies are insulated to IECC 2009 minimums for zones 3 and 6.

Source(s): Athena Institute. Athena EcoCalculator for Assemblies v3.5.2. 2010. Available at www.athenasmi.org/tools/ecoCalculator/index.html

1-31

Buildings Energy Data Book: 1.6 Embodied Energy of Building Assemblies
1.6.2 Embodied Energy of Commercial Studded Exterior Walls in the U.S. Embodied Energy (MMBtu/SF) (1) U.S. North (2) U.S. South (3) 2x4 Steel Stud Wall (4) 16" OC with brick cladding 24" OC with brick cladding 16" OC with wood cladding 24" OC with wood cladding 16" OC with steel cladding (26 ga) 2x6 Wood Stud Wall (5) 16" OC with brick cladding 16" OC with PVC cladding 24" OC with steel cladding 24" OC with stucco cladding 24" OC with wood cladding Structural Insulated Panel (SIP) (6) with brick cladding with steel cladding with stucco cladding with PVC cladding with wood cladding
Note(s):

March 2011

Exterior Wall Type

CO2 Equivalent Emissions (lbs/SF) U.S. North (2) U.S. South (3) 14.46 13.47 8.71 7.69 38.65 14.04 13.03 8.27 7.28 38.23

0.10 0.10 0.07 0.06 0.24

0.10 0.09 0.07 0.06 0.24

0.09 0.09 0.23 0.07 0.05

0.09 0.08 0.23 0.07 0.05

11.29 7.98 36.29 8.66 5.34

10.91 7.61 35.91 8.29 4.96

0.15 0.30 0.14 0.14 0.12

0.14 0.29 0.13 0.13 0.11

15.98 41.18 13.58 12.70 10.23

15.06 40.23 12.63 11.75 9.30

Source(s): Athena Institute. Athena EcoCalculator for Assemblies v.3.5.2. 2010. Available at www.athenasmi.org/tools/ecoCalculator/index.html

Assumptions: Low rise building. 60 year building lifetime. All assemplies are insulated to IECC 2009 minimums for zones 3 and 6. 1) Embodied Energy: Energy use includes extraction, processing, transportation, construction, and disposal of each material. 2) Northern values represent ASHRAE climate zone 6. 3) Southern Values represent ASHRAE climate zone 3. 4) Includes cladding, continuous insulation sheathing, cavity insulation, polyethylene membrane, gypsum board, and latex paint. 5) Includes cladding, wood structural panel (WSP) sheathing, cavity insulation, polyethylene membrane, gypsum board, and latex paint. 6) Includes cladding, builder's paper, gypsum board, and latex paint.

1-32

Buildings Energy Data Book: 1.6 Embodied Energy of Building Assemblies
1.6.3 Embodied Energy of Commercial Concrete Exterior Walls in the U.S. Embodied Energy (MMBtu/SF) (1) U.S. North (2) U.S. South (3) 8" Concrete Block (4) Brick Cladding Stucco Cladding Steel Cladding 2x4 Steel Stud Wall (16" OC) 6" Cast-In-Place Concrete (3) Brick Cladding Stucco Cladding Steel Cladding 2x4 Steel Stud Wall (16" OC) 8" Concrete Tilt-Up (4) Brick Cladding Stucco Cladding Steel Cladding 2x4 Steel Stud Wall (16" OC) Insulated Concrete Forms (5) Brick Cladding Stucco Cladding Steel Cladding 0.26 0.25 0.41 0.24 0.26 0.25 0.41 0.24

March 2011

CO2 Equivalent Emissions (lbs/SF) U.S. North (2) U.S. South (3) 42.59 40.17 67.77 39.46 42.37 39.95 67.57 39.24

0.13 0.11 0.28 0.11

0.13 0.11 0.27 0.11

24.43 22.00 49.60 21.30

24.21 21.78 49.41 21.08

0.14 0.12 0.29 0.12

0.14 0.12 0.28 0.12

28.26 25.84 53.44 25.13

28.04 25.62 53.24 24.91

0.16 0.14 0.30

0.16 0.14 0.30

29.45 27.03 54.63

29.45 27.03 54.63

Note(s):

Assumptions: 60 year building lifetime. Low rise building. Values are general estimations for the U.S. All assemplies are insulated to IECC 2009 minimums for zones 3 and 6. 1) Embodied Energy: Energy use includes extraction, processing, transportation, construction, and disposal of each material. 2) Northern values represent ASHRAE climate zone 6. 3) Southern Values represent ASHRAE climate zone 3. 4) Includes continuous insulation, polyethylene membrane, gypsum board, and latex paint. 5) Includes gypsum board and latex paint.

Source(s): Athena Institute. Athena EcoCalculator for Assemblies v.3.5.2. 2010. Available at www.athenasmi.org/tools/ecoCalculator/index.html

1-33

Buildings Energy Data Book: 1.6 Embodied Energy of Building Assemblies
1.6.4 Embodied Energy of Commercial Wood-Based Roof Assemblies in the U.S. Embodied Energy (MMBtu/SF) (1) Glulam Joist with Plank Decking with EPDM membrane with PVC membrane with Modified bitumen membrane with 4-Ply built-up roofing with Steel Roofing Wood I-Joist with WSP Decking with EPDM membrane with PVC membrane with Modified bitumen membrane with 4-Ply built-up roofing with Steel Roofing Solid Wood Joist with WSP Decking with EPDM membrane with PVC membrane with Modified bitumen membrane with 4-Ply built-up roofing with Steel Roofing Wood Chord/Steel Web Truss with WSP Decking with EPDM membrane with PVC membrane with Modified bitumen membrane with 4-Ply built-up roofing with Steel Roofing Wood Truss (Flat) with WSP Decking with EPDM membrane with PVC membrane with Modified bitumen membrane with 4-Ply built-up roofing with Steel Roofing Wood Truss (4:12 Pitch) with WSP Decking with 30-yr. fiberglass shingles with 30-yr. organic shingles with Clay tile roof with Steel roof 0.16 0.25 0.25 0.43 0.10 CO2 Equivalent Emissions (lbs/SF) 11.05 20.70 21.78 41.49 10.05

March 2011

0.14 0.23 0.24 0.42 0.09

10.10 19.75 20.81 40.54 9.11

0.15 0.24 0.24 0.43 0.10

10.36 20.02 21.10 40.81 9.39

0.17 0.26 0.26 0.44 0.11

14.09 23.74 24.80 44.53 13.10

0.15 0.24 0.24 0.42 0.09

10.71 20.37 21.43 41.16 9.72

0.11 0.12 0.16 0.09

7.80 8.38 19.36 9.19

Note(s):

Assumptions: 60 year building lifetime. Low rise building. Values are general estimations for the U.S. All roof assemplies include R-20 continuous insulation, polyethylene membrane, latex paint, and gypsum board. All assemplies are insulated to IECC 2009 minimums for zones 3 and 6. 1) Embodied Energy: Energy use includes extraction, processing, transportation, construction, and disposal of each material.

Source(s): Athena Institute. Athena EcoCalculator for Assemblies v.3.5.2. 2010. Available at www.athenasmi.org/tools/ecoCalculator/index.html

1-34

Buildings Energy Data Book: 1.6 Embodied Energy of Building Assemblies
1.6.5 Embodied Energy of Other Commercial Roof Assemblies in the U.S. Embodied Energy (MMBtu/SF) (1) Precast Hollow-Core Concrete EPDM Membrane PVC Membrane Modified Bitumen Membrane 4-Ply Built-Up Roofing System Steel Roofing System Precast Double-T EPDM Membrane PVC Membrane Modified Bitumen Membrane 4-Ply Built-Up Roofing System Steel Roofing System Suspended Concrete Slab EPDM Membrane PVC Membrane Modified Bitumen Membrane 4-Ply Built-Up Roofing System Steel Roofing System Open-Web Steel Joist, Steel Decking (2) EPDM Membrane PVC Membrane Modified Bitumen Membrane 4-Ply Built-Up Roofing System Steel Roofing System 0.17 0.26 0.26 0.44 0.11 CO2 Equivalent Emissions (lbs/SF) 21.23 30.89 31.94 51.68 20.24

March 2011

0.15 0.24 0.25 0.43 0.10

17.42 27.05 28.13 47.86 16.42

0.24 0.33 0.33 0.51 0.18

37.32 46.96 48.04 67.75 36.33

0.17 0.26 0.26 0.45 0.12

15.28 24.93 26.01 45.72 14.29

Assumptions: 60 year building lifetime. Low rise building. Values are general estimations for the U.S. All roof assempblies include R-20 continuous insulation, polyethylene membrane, and latex paint. All assemplies are insulated to IECC 2009 minimums for zones 3 and 6. 1) Embodied Energy: Energy use includes extraction, processing, transportation, construction, and disposal of each material. 2) Includes gypsum board. Source(s): Athena Institute. Athena EcoCalculator for Assemblies v.3.5.2. 2010. Available at www.athenasmi.org/tools/ecoCalculator/index.html Note(s):

1.6.6

Embodied Energy of Commercial Interior Wall Assemblies in the U.S. Embodied Energy (MMBtu/SF) (1) 0.03 0.03 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.05 0.21 0.19 0.05 CO2 Equivalent Emissions (lbs/SF) 2.84 2.78 4.45 3.99 3.64 5.31 34.02 32.34 6.97

Interior Wall Type (2) 2x4 wood stud (16" OC) + gypsum board (3) 2x4 wood stud (24" OC) + gypsum board (3) 2x4 wood stud (24" OC) + 2 gypsum boards (4) Steel stud (16" OC) + gypsum board (4) Steel stud (24" OC) + gypsum board (4) Steel stud (24" OC) + 2 gypsum boards 6" Concrete block + gypsum board 6" Concrete block Clay brick (4") unpainted

Note(s):

Assumptions: Values are general estimations for the U.S. 60 year building lifetime. Low rise building. 1) Embodied Energy: Energy use includes extraction, processing, transportation, construction, and disposal of each material. 2) All interior walls include two coats of latex paint unless noted otherwise. 3) Rounding obscures difference in embodied energy figures: wood stud with 16" OC is 3.6% higher than wood stud with 24" OC. 4) Rounding obscures difference in embodied energy figure: wood stud wall is 19.9% higher than steel stud wall with 16" OC and 27.6% higher than steel stud wall with 24" OC.

Source(s): Athena Institute. Athena EcoCalculator for Assemblies v.3.5.2. 2010. Available at www.athenasmi.org/tools/ecoCalculator/index.html

1-35

Buildings Energy Data Book: 1.6 Embodied Energy of Building Assemblies
1.6.7 Embodied Energy of Floor Structures in the U.S.

March 2011

Floor Structure with Interior Ceiling Finish of Gypsum Board, Latex PaintEmbodied Energy (MMBtu/SF) (1) Glulam joist and plank decking 0.04 Precast Hollowcore 0.05 Wood I-joist 0.02 Open-web Steel Joist 0.06 Open-web Steel Joist with concrete topping 0.07 Precast Double-T 0.04 Precast Double-T with concrete topping 0.06 Steel Joist 0.06 Steel Joist with plywood decking 0.06 Suspended Concrete Slab 0.12 Wood Joist 0.02 Wood Joist with plywood decking 0.03 Wood Chord and Steel Web truss 0.05 Wood Truss 0.03 Floor Structure without Interior Ceiling Finish Glulam joist and plank decking Precast Hollowcore Wood I-joist Open-web Steel Joist Open-web Steel Joist with concrete topping Precast Double-T Precast Double-T with concrete topping Steel Joist Steel Joist with plywood decking Suspended Concrete Slab Wood Joist Wood Joist with plywood decking Wood Chord and Steel Web truss Wood Truss
Note(s):

CO2 Equivalent Emissions (lbs/SF) 3.06 13.43 2.03 7.94 12.30 11.38 16.45 8.82 9.28 29.19 1.65 2.38 5.91 2.71

0.05 0.06 0.04 0.07 0.09 0.05 0.07 0.07 0.08 0.13 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.04

4.32 14.68 3.26 9.19 13.54 12.61 17.70 10.08 10.54 30.42 2.91 3.64 7.17 3.95

Assumptions: Values are general estimations for the U.S. 60 year building lifetime. Low rise building. 1) Embodied Energy: Energy use includes extraction, processing, transportation, construction, and disposal of each material.

Source(s): Athena Institute. Athena EcoCalculator for Assemblies v.3.5.2. 2010. Available at www.athenasmi.org/tools/ecoCalculator/index.html

1-36

Buildings Energy Data Book: 1.6 Embodied Energy of Building Assemblies
1.6.8 Embodied Energy of Column and Beam Assemblies in the U.S.

March 2011

Assumes Non-Load-Bearing Exterior Wall: Column Type Concrete Concrete Hollow structural steel Hollow structural steel Glulam Glulam Steel I-beam Steel I-beam Built-up softwood Built-up softwood Beam Type Concrete Steel I-beam Glulam Laminated veneer lumber Glulam Laminated veneer lumber Steel I-beam Laminated veneer lumber Glulam Laminated veneer lumber

Embodied Energy (MMBtu SF) (1) 0.101 0.091 0.022 0.019 0.019 0.016 0.054 0.018 0.019 0.016

CO2 Equivalent Emissions (lbs/SF) 17.57 11.24 2.07 1.81 1.68 1.39 5.51 1.61 0.62 0.49

Assumes Load-Bearing Exterior Wall: Column Type Concrete Concrete Hollow structural steel Hollow structural steel Glulam Glulam Steel I-beam Steel I-beam Built-up softwood Built-up softwood Beam Type Concrete Steel I-beam Glulam Laminated veneer lumber Glulam Laminated veneer lumber Steel I-beam Laminated veneer lumber Glulam Laminated veneer lumber

0.076 0.069 0.017 0.015 0.015 0.013 0.044 0.014 0.015 0.013

13.49 8.31 1.63 1.41 1.34 1.15 4.48 1.28 1.34 1.12

Assumptions: Values are general estimations for the U.S. Low rise building. 60 year building lifetime. Bay size: 30 by 30 feet. Column Height: 10 feet. 1) Embodied Energy: Energy use includes extraction, processing, transportation, construction, and disposal of each material. Source(s): Athena Institute. Athena EcoCalculator for Assemblies v.3.5.2. 2010. Available at www.athenasmi.org/tools/ecoCalculator/index.html Note(s):

1-37

Buildings Energy Data Book: 2.1 Residential Sector Energy Consumption
2.1.1

March 2011

Residential Primary Energy Consumption, by Year and Fuel Type (Quadrillion Btu and Percent of Total) Electricity Renewable(2) Sales Losses Total 0.85 5% 2.45 5.91 8.35 53% 1.01 6% 2.71 6.24 8.95 56% 0.64 4% 3.15 7.30 10.45 61% 0.58 3% 3.56 8.08 11.64 63% 0.49 2% 4.07 9.26 13.32 65% 0.49 2% 4.64 10.14 14.78 68% 0.45 2% 4.71 10.17 14.88 69% 0.44 2% 4.97 10.59 15.56 71% 0.47 2% 4.59 9.46 14.05 68% 0.51 2% 4.75 9.78 14.53 69% 0.52 2% 4.98 10.24 15.22 70% 0.52 2% 5.25 10.69 15.95 71% 0.53 2% 5.50 11.12 16.62 73% Growth Rate 2008-Year 1.2% -0.7% -0.2% 0.0% 0.2% 0.2%

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2008 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035
Note(s):

Natural Gas Petroleum (1) 4.86 31% 1.72 11% 4.57 28% 1.55 10% 4.52 27% 1.37 8% 4.98 27% 1.35 7% 5.10 25% 1.52 7% 4.96 23% 1.42 7% 5.00 23% 1.20 6% 4.90 22% 1.15 5% 4.93 24% 1.07 5% 4.97 24% 0.99 5% 4.96 23% 0.94 4% 4.95 22% 0.90 4% 4.89 21% 0.87 4%

Coal 0.03 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01

0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%

TOTAL (2) 15.81 100% 16.11 100% 17.01 100% 18.57 100% 20.45 100% 21.66 100% 21.54 100% 22.05 100% 20.52 100% 21.01 100% 21.64 100% 22.32 100% 22.91 100%

1) Petroleum includes distillate oil, LPG, and kerosene. 2) Includes site-marketed and non-marketed renewable energy. 3) 2008 site-tosource electricity conversion = 3.16.

Source(s): EIA, State Energy Data 2008: Consumption, Jun. 2010, Tables 8-12, p. 18-22 for 1980-2000; and EIA, Annual Energy Outlook 2011 Early Release, Dec. 2010, Summary Reference Case Tables,Table A2, p. 2-5 for 2006-2035 consumption and Table A17, p. 34-35 for non-marketed renewable energy.

2.1.2

Shares of U.S. Residential Buildings Generic Quad (Percent) (1) Renewables Hydro. Other Total 7% 6% 13% 6% 7% 13% 6% 5% 11% 6% 5% 11% 5% 4% 9% 5% 4% 9% 4% 4% 8% 4% 5% 9% 5% 6% 11% 5% 7% 12% 5% 7% 12% 5% 7% 12% 4% 8% 12%

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2008 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035
Note(s):

Natural Gas 41% 36% 34% 35% 35% 34% 35% 36% 37% 36% 35% 35% 38%

Petroleum 12% 10% 8% 8% 8% 7% 6% 6% 6% 6% 5% 5% 5%

Coal 28% 32% 34% 33% 35% 36% 35% 34% 31% 31% 33% 33% 31%

Nuclear 6% 9% 13% 13% 14% 14% 14% 15% 15% 15% 15% 14% 13%

Total (quad) 14.91 15.75 16.61 18.36 20.11 21.33 21.31 21.49 19.57 19.94 20.43 20.91 18.29

1) See Table 1.5.1 for generic quad definition.

Source(s): EIA, Annual Energy Outlook 2011 Early Release, Dec. 2010, Table A2, p. 2-5 and Table A17, p. 34-35 for energy consumption; and EIA, State Energy Data Report 2008, Jun. 2010, Table 8 and 9, pages 22-24.

2-1

Buildings Energy Data Book: 2.1 Residential Sector Energy Consumption
2.1.3 Residential Site Renewable Energy Consumption (Quadrillion Btu) (1) Wood 0.846 1.010 0.582 0.520 0.430 0.428 0.445 0.418 0.405 0.419 0.423 0.425 0.421 Solar Thermal 0.000 0.000 0.056 0.065 0.061 0.061 0.003 0.004 0.004 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.006 Solar PV N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. 0.002 0.008 0.036 0.043 0.044 0.046 0.047 GSHP 0.000 0.000 0.006 0.007 0.009 0.016 0.004 0.008 0.023 0.031 0.037 0.042 0.046 Total 0.846 1.010 0.643 0.591 0.500 0.505 0.454 0.438 0.468 0.498 0.509 0.517 0.520

March 2011
Growth Rate 2008-Year -1.8% 0.4% 0.8% 0.7% 0.6% 0.5%

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2008 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035
Note(s):

1) Does not include renewable energy consumed by electric utilities (including hydroelectric).

Source(s): EIA, State Energy Data 2008: Consumption, Jun. 2010, Tables 8-12, p. 18-22 for 1980-2007; and EIA, Annual Energy Outlook 2011 Early Release, Dec. 2010, Table A17, p. 34-35 for 2008-2035.

2.1.4

Residential Delivered and Primary Energy Consumption Intensities, by Year Number of Households (millions) 79.6 87.9 94.2 98.7 105.7 108.2 112.8 114.7 121.3 128.1 134.8 141.2 146.9 Percent Post-2000 Households (1) N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. 9.0% 12.9% 15.3% 22.2% 28.2% 33.2% 37.8% 52.4% Delivered Energy Consumption Total Per Household (10^15 Btu) (10^6 Btu/Hhold) 9.90 124.3 9.87 112.3 9.72 103.2 10.50 106.4 11.20 105.9 11.53 106.5 11.36 100.8 11.44 99.7 11.00 90.7 11.14 86.9 11.31 83.9 11.52 81.6 11.69 79.6 Primary Energy Consumption Total Per Household (10^15 Btu) (million Btu/Hhold) 15.81 198.5 16.11 183.3 17.02 180.6 18.58 188.3 20.46 193.5 21.68 200.3 21.54 191.1 22.05 192.2 20.52 169.2 21.01 164.0 21.64 160.5 22.32 158.1 22.91 156.0

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2008 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035
Note(s):

1) Percent of houses built after Dec. 31, 2000.

Source(s): EIA, State Energy Data 2008: Consumption, Jun. 2010, Tables 8-12, p. 18-22 for 1980-2007; EIA, Annual Energy Outlook 2011 Early Release, Dec. 2010, Table A2, p. 3-5, Table A4, p. 9-10, and Table A17, p. 34-35 for 2005-2035, and Table A19, p. 37-38 for households; and DOC, Statistical Abstract of the United States 2007, Jan. 2007, Table No. 948, p. 606 for 1980-2005 households.

2-2

Buildings Energy Data Book: 2.1 Residential Sector Energy Consumption
2.1.5 2008 Residential Energy End-Use Splits, by Fuel Type (Quadrillion Btu) Natural Fuel Gas Oil 3.40 0.56 0.00 1.33 0.11 Other Renw. Site LPG Fuel(1) En.(2) Electric 0.26 0.03 0.45 0.43 0.97 0.09 0.00 0.48 0.74 0.54 0.45 0.31 0.03 0.23 0.17 0.14 0.00 0.19 0.19 0.52 0.03 0.45 4.71 Site Total Percent 5.12 45.0% 0.97 8.5% 2.00 17.6% 0.74 6.5% 0.54 4.7% 0.45 4.0% 0.37 3.2% 0.48 4.2% 0.17 1.5% 0.34 3.0% 0.19 1.7% 11.37 100% Primary Electric (3) 1.35 3.07 1.50 2.34 1.70 1.43 0.99 0.73 0.55 0.61 0.60 14.88

March 2011

Space Heating (4) Space Cooling Water Heating Lighting Electronics (5) Refrigeration (6) Wet Cleaning (7) Cooking Computers Other (8) Adjust to SEDS (9) Total
Note(s):

0.05 0.22 0.00 5.00 0.66

| | | | | | | | | | | |

Primary Total Percent 6.04 28.1% 3.07 14.3% 3.03 14.1% 2.34 10.9% 1.70 7.9% 1.43 6.7% 1.04 4.8% 0.98 4.5% 0.55 2.5% 0.76 3.5% 0.60 2.8% 21.54 100%

1) Kerosene and coal are assumed attributable to space heating. 2) Comprised of wood space heating (0.44 quad), solar water heating (less than 0.01 quad), geothermal space heating (less than 0.01 quad), and solar PV (less than 0.01 quad). 3) Site-to-source electricity conversion (due to generation and transmission losses) = 3.16. 4) Includes furnace fans (0.14 quad). 5) Includes color television (0.33 quad). 6) Includes refrigerators (1.32 quad) and freezers (0.42 quad). 7) Includes clothes washers (0.03 quad), natural gas clothes dryers (0.05 quad), electric clothes dryers (0.19 quad), and dishwashers (0.09 quad). Does not include water heating energy. 8) Includes small electric devices, heating elements, motors, swimming pool heaters, hot tub heaters, outdoor grills, and natural gas outdoor lighting. 9) Energy adjustment EIA uses to relieve discrepancies between data sources. Energy attributable to the residential buildings sector, but not directly to specific end-uses.

Source(s): EIA, Annual Energy Outlook 2011 Early Release, Dec. 2010, Table A2, p. 2-5, Table A4, p. 9-12 and Table A17, p. 34-35; and BTS/A.D. Little, Electricity Consumption by Small End-Uses in Residential Buildings, Aug. 1998, Appendix A, for residential electric end-uses.

2.1.6

2010 Residential Energy End-Use Splits, by Fuel Type (Quadrillion Btu) Natural Fuel Gas Oil 3.29 0.50 0.00 1.34 0.10 Other Renw. Site LPG Fuel(1) En.(2) Electric 0.26 0.03 0.43 0.43 1.11 0.08 0.00 0.44 0.71 0.44 0.34 0.31 0.03 0.11 0.18 0.16 0.01 0.90 0.52 0.03 0.44 4.97 Site Total Percent 4.93 43.0% 1.11 9.7% 1.96 17.1% 0.71 6.2% 0.44 3.9% 0.34 3.0% 0.36 3.2% 0.35 3.1% 0.18 1.6% 1.07 9.3% 11.46 100% Primary Electric (3) 1.34 3.49 1.38 2.22 1.39 1.07 0.97 0.34 0.56 2.82 15.56 Primary Total Percent 5.84 26.5% 3.49 15.8% 2.90 13.2% 2.22 10.0% 1.39 6.3% 1.07 4.8% 1.02 4.6% 0.58 2.6% 0.56 2.5% 2.99 13.5% 22.05 100%

Space Heating (4) Space Cooling Water Heating Lighting Refrigeration (5) Electronics (6) Wet Cleaning (7) Cooking Computers Other (8) Total
Note(s):

0.05 0.22 0.00 4.90

0.60

| | | | | | | | | | |

1) Kerosene and coal are assumed attributable to space heating. 2) Comprised of wood space heating (0.42 quad), solar water heating (less than 0.01 quad), geothermal space heating (less than 0.01 quad), and solar PV (less than 0.01 quad). 3) Site-to-source electricity conversion (due to generation and transmission losses) = 3.13. 4) Includes furnace fans (0.14 quad). 5) Includes refrigerators (0.36 quad) and freezers (0.08 quad). 6) Includes color television (0.34 quad). 7) Includes clothes washers (0.03 quad), natural gas clothes dryers (0.05 quad), electric clothes dryers (0.03 quad), and dishwashers (0.09 quad). Does not include water heating energy. 8) Includes small electric devices, heating elements, motors, swimming pool heaters, hot tub heaters, outdoor grills, and natural gas outdoor lighting.

Source(s): EIA, Annual Energy Outlook 2011 Early Release, Dec. 2010, Table A2, p. 2-5, Table A4, p. 9-12 and Table A17, p. 34-35.

2-3

Buildings Energy Data Book: 2.1 Residential Sector Energy Consumption
2.1.7 2020 Residential Energy End-Use Splits, by Fuel Type (Quadrillion Btu) Natural Fuel Gas Oil 3.29 0.43 1.40 0.06 0.00 Other Renw. Site LPG Fuel(1) En.(2) Electric 0.22 0.03 0.45 0.46 0.05 0.00 0.49 0.85 0.54 0.43 0.34 0.30 0.03 0.12 0.17 0.18 0.04 1.05 0.48 0.03 0.50 4.75 Site Total Percent 4.88 43.5% 2.00 17.9% 0.85 7.6% 0.54 4.8% 0.43 3.8% 0.34 3.0% 0.35 3.1% 0.38 3.4% 0.17 1.5% 1.28 11.4% 11.21 100% Primary Electric (3) 1.41 1.50 2.61 1.64 1.31 1.03 0.92 0.38 0.53 3.21 14.53

March 2011

Space Heating (4) Water Heating Space Cooling Lighting Refrigeration (5) Electronics (6) Wet Cleaning (7) Cooking Computers Other (8) Total
Note(s):

0.05 0.23 0.00 4.97

0.50

| | | | | | | | | | |

Primary Total Percent 5.83 27.8% 3.01 14.3% 2.61 12.4% 1.64 7.8% 1.31 6.2% 1.03 4.9% 0.97 4.6% 0.63 3.0% 0.53 2.5% 3.43 16.4% 21.00 100%

1) Kerosene and coal are assumed attributable to space heating. 2) Comprised of wood space heating (0.42 quad), solar water heating (less than 0.01 quad), geothermal space heating (0.03 quad), and solar PV (0.04 quad). 3) Site-to-source electricity conversion (due to generation and transmission losses) = 3.06. 4) Includes furnace fans (0.17 quad). 5) Includes refrigerators (0.35 quad) and freezers (0.08 quad). 6) Includes color television (0.34 quad). 7) Includes clothes washers (0.03 quad), natural gas clothes dryers (0.05 quad), electric clothes dryers (0.18 quad), and dishwashers (0.09 quad). Does not include water heating energy. 8) Includes small electric devices, heating elements, motors, swimming pool heaters, hot tub heaters, outdoor grills, and natural gas outdoor lighting.

Source(s): EIA, Annual Energy Outlook 2011 Early Release, Dec. 2010, Table A2, p. 2-5, Table A4, p. 9-12 and Table A17, p. 34-35.

2.1.8

2030 Residential Energy End-Use Splits, by Fuel Type (Quadrillion Btu) Natural Fuel Gas Oil 3.29 0.36 1.37 0.05 0.00 Other Renw. Site LPG Fuel(1) En.(2) Electric 0.20 0.02 0.47 0.50 0.04 0.01 0.49 0.95 0.53 0.45 0.39 0.32 0.03 0.14 0.19 0.21 0.05 1.30 0.48 0.02 0.52 5.25 Site Total Percent 4.83 41.6% 1.95 16.7% 0.95 8.2% 0.53 4.5% 0.45 3.9% 0.39 3.3% 0.38 3.3% 0.40 3.5% 0.19 1.6% 1.56 13.4% 11.61 100% Primary Electric (3) 1.51 1.49 2.88 1.60 1.36 1.17 0.99 0.42 0.56 3.95 15.95 Primary Total Percent 5.84 26.2% 2.95 13.2% 2.88 12.9% 1.60 7.2% 1.36 6.1% 1.17 5.3% 1.04 4.7% 0.69 3.1% 0.56 2.5% 4.21 18.9% 22.31 100%

Space Heating (4) Water Heating Space Cooling Lighting Refrigeration (5) Electronics (6) Wet Cleaning (7) Cooking Computers Other (8) Total
Note(s):

0.05 0.24 0.00 4.95

0.40

| | | | | | | | | | |

1) Kerosene and coal are assumed attributable to space heating. 2) Comprised of wood space heating (0.42 quad), solar water heating (less than 0.01 quad), geothermal space heating (0.04 quad), solar PV (0.05 quad), and wind (less than 0.01 quad). 3) Site-to-source electricity conversion (due to generation and transmission losses) = 3.04. 4) Includes furnace fans (0.19 quad). 5) Includes refrigerators (0.36 quad) and freezers (0.08 quad). 6) Includes color television (0.39 quad). 7) Includes clothes washers (0.03 quad), natural gas clothes dryers (0.05 quad), electric clothes dryers (0.19 quad), and dishwashers (0.11 quad). Does not include water heating energy. 8) Includes small electric devices, heating elements, motors, swimming pool heaters, hot tub heaters, outdoor grills, and natural gas outdoor lighting.

Source(s): EIA, Annual Energy Outlook 2011 Early Release, Dec. 2010, Table A2, p. 2-5, Table A4, p. 9-12 and Table A17, p. 34-35.

2-4

Buildings Energy Data Book: 2.1 Residential Sector Energy Consumption
2.1.9 2005 Delivered Energy End-Uses for an Average Household, by Region (Million Btu per Household) Northeast 70.3 3.6 21.1 5.4 23.0 122.2 Midwest 56.6 5.6 20.4 7.0 25.9 113.5 South 20.4 13.9 15.8 6.6 25.0 79.9 West 23.8 4.0 21.2 5.7 24.1 77.4 National 38.7 7.9 19.0 6.3 24.7 95.0

March 2011

Space Heating Space Cooling Water Heating Refrigerator Other Appliances & Lighting Total (1)
Note(s):

1) Due to rounding, sums do not add up to totals.

Source(s): EIA, A Look at Residential Energy Consumption in 2005, October 2008, Table US-14.

2.1.10

2005 Residential Delivered Energy Consumption Intensities, by Census Region Per Square Foot (thousand Btu) (1) 73.5 77.0 72.2 58.9 61.1 54.0 51.5 47.4 56.6 56.6 56.6 54.4 58.0 58.7 Per Household (million Btu) 122.2 129.4 119.7 113.5 117.7 104.1 79.8 76.1 87.3 82.4 77.4 89.8 71.8 94.9 Per Household Members (million Btu) 47.7 55.3 45.3 46.0 47.3 42.9 31.6 30.4 36.1 31.4 28.1 33.7 25.7 37.0 Percent of Total Consumption 24% 7% 17% 28% 20% 8% 31% 16% 6% 9% 18% 6% 11% 100%

Region Northeast New England Middle Atlantic Midwest East North Central West North Central South South Atlantic East South Central West South Central West Mountain Pacific U.S. Average
Note(s):

1) Energy consumption per square foot was calculated using estimates of average heated floor space per household. According to the 2005 Residential Energy Consumption Survey (RECS), the average heated floor space per household in the U.S. was 1,618 square feet. Average total floor space, which includes garages, attics and unfinished basements, equaled 2,309 square feet.

Source(s): EIA, A Look at Residential Energy Consumption in 2005, October 2008.

2.1.11

2005 Residential Delivered Energy Consumption Intensities, by Housing Type Per Square Foot (thousand Btu) (1) 55.4 55.0 60.5 78.3 94.3 69.8 74.6 58.7 Per Household (million Btu) 106.6 108.4 89.3 64.1 85.0 54.4 70.4 95.0 Per Household Members (million Btu) 39.4 39.8 36.1 29.7 35.2 26.7 28.5 37.0 Percent of Total Consumption 80.5% 73.9% 6.6% 14.9% 6.3% 8.6% 4.6% 100%

Type Single-Family: Detached Attached Multi-Family: 2 to 4 units 5 or more units Mobile Homes All Housing Types
Note(s):

1) Energy consumption per square foot was calculated using estimates of average heated floor space per household. According to the 2005 Residential Energy Consumption Survey (RECS), the average heated floor space per household in the U.S. was 1,618 square feet. Average total floor space, which includes garages, attics and unfinished basements, equaled 2,309 square feet.

Source(s): EIA, A Look at Residential Energy Consumption in 2005, October 2008.

2-5

Buildings Energy Data Book: 2.1 Residential Sector Energy Consumption
2.1.12 2005 Residential Delivered Energy Consumption Intensities, by Vintage Per Square Foot (thousand Btu) (1) 74.5 66.0 59.4 51.9 48.2 44.7 58.7 Per Household (million Btu) 114.9 96.6 83.4 81.4 94.4 94.7 95.0 Per Household Member (million Btu) 46.8 38.1 33.5 32.3 33.7 34.3 40.0

March 2011

Year Built Prior to 1950 1950 to 1969 1970 to 1979 1980 to 1989 1990 to 1999 2000 to 2005 Average
Note(s):

Percent of Total Consumption 24% 23% 15% 14% 16% 8%

1) Energy consumption per square foot was calculated using estimates of average heated floor space per household. According to the 2005 Residential Energy Consumption Survey (RECS), the average heated floor space per household in the U.S. was 1,618 square feet. Average total floor space, which includes garages, attics and unfinished basements, equaled 2,309 square feet.

Source(s): EIA, A Look at Residential Energy Consumption in 2005, October 2008.

2.1.13

2005 Residential Delivered Energy Consumption Intensities, by Principal Building Type and Vintage Per Square Foot (thousand Btu) (1) Pre-1995 1995-2005 38.4 44.9 37.9 44.7 43.8 55.5 63.8 58.7 69.0 55.1 61.5 59.6 82.4 57.1 Per Household (million Btu) Pre-1995 1995-2005 102.7 106.2 104.5 107.8 86.9 85.1 58.3 49.2 70.7 59.4 53.6 47.2 69.6 74.5 Per Household Member (million Btu) Pre-1995 1995-2005 38.5 35.5 38.8 35.4 34.2 37.6 27.2 24.3 29.5 25.0 26.3 24.2 29.7 25.2

Building Type Single-Family Detached Attached Multi-Family 2 to 4 units 5 or more units Mobile Homes
Note(s):

1) Energy consumption per square foot was calculated using estimates of average heated floor space per household. According to the 2005 Residential Energy Consumption Survey (RECS), the average heated floor space per household in the U.S. was 1,618 square feet. Average total floor space, which includes garages, attics and unfinished basements, equaled 2,309 square feet.

Source(s): EIA, 2005 Residential Energy Consumption Survey,

2.1.14

2005 Residential Delivered Energy Consumption Intensities, by Ownership of Unit Per Household (million Btu) 104.5 71.7 62.7 73.0 Per Household Members (million Btu) 40.3 28.4 28.7 28.4 Percent of Total Consumption 78% 22% 2% 19% 100%

Per Square Ownership Foot (thousand Btu) (1) Owned 54.9 Rented 77.4 Public Housing 75.7 Not Public Housing 77.7

Note(s):

1) Energy consumption per square foot was calculated using estimates of average heated floor space per household. According to the 2005 Residential Energy Consumption Survey (RECS), the average heated floor space per household in the U.S. was 1,618 square feet. Average total floor space, which includes garages, attics and unfinished basements, equaled 2,309 square feet.

Source(s): EIA, 2005 Residential Energy Consumption Survey.

2-6

Buildings Energy Data Book: 2.1 Residential Sector Energy Consumption
2.1.15 Aggregate Residential Building Component Loads as of 1998 (1) Loads (quads) and Percent of Total Loads Heating Cooling -0.65 12% 0.16 14% -1.00 19% 0.11 10% -0.76 15% -0.07 -1.47 28% 0.19 16% -1.34 26% 0.01 1% 0.43 0.37 32% 0.79 0.31 27% -3.99 100% 1.08 100%

March 2011

Component Roof Walls Foundation Infiltration Windows (conduction) Windows (solar gain) Internal Gains Net Load
Note(s):

1) "Loads" represents the thermal energy losses/gains that when combined will be offset by a building's heating/cooling system to maintain a set interior temperature (which then equals site energy). Source(s): LBNL, Residential Heating and Cooling Loads Component Analysis, Nov. 1999, Figure P-1 and Appendix C: Component Loads Data

2-7

Buildings Energy Data Book: 2.1 Residential Sector Energy Consumption
2.1.16 Operating Characteristics of Electric Appliances in the Residential Sector Annual Usage (hours/year) Active Idle Off 38 229 8,493 365 (4) 70 8,690 37

March 2011

Power Draw (W) (1) Active Idle Off Kitchen Coffee Maker Dishwasher (3) Microwave Oven Toaster Oven Refrigerator-Freezer Freezer Lighting 18-W Compact Fluorescent 60-W Incandescent Lamp 100-W Incandescent Lamp Torchiere Lamp-Halogen Bedroom and Bathroom Hair Dryer Waterbed Heater Laundry Room Clothes Dryer Clothes Washer (3) Home Electronics Desktop PCs Notebook PCs Desktop Computer Monitors Stereo Systems Televisions Analog, <40" Analog, >40" Digital, ED/HD TV, <40" Digital, ED/HD TV, >40" Set-top Boxes DVD/VCR Video Game Systems Heating and Cooling Dehumidifier Furnace Fan Ceiling Fan (only fan motor) Space Heater Water Heating Water Heater-Family of 4 Water Heater-Family of 2 Portable Spa Miscellaneous Rechargeable Power Tool Vacuum Pool Pump Well Pump Lawn Sprinkler Aquarium Equipment
Note(s):

Annual Consumption (kWh/year) 58 120 131 54 660 470 20 40 70 440 40 1,070 1,000 110 (3)

Annual Cost ($) (2) 5.6 11.6 12.6 5.2 63.1 45.0 2.1 3.9 6.4 42.0 3.4 102.7 96.0 10.4 22.8 6.9 8.2 11.4 21.3 17.7 30.0 28.9 43.7 17.1 7.5 3.9 93.3 38.2 7.8 30.1 458.3 224.3 242.4 3.6 5.3 76.0 8.0 3.1 14.6

1,000 1,500 1,051

70

0 3

18 60 100 300 710 350

1,189 672 672 1,460 50 3,051 359 (4) 392 (4)

75 25 42 33 97 86 156 150 234 20 17 36 600 295 35 1,320 4,500 4,500 4,350 13 542 1,000 725 11 24

4 2 1 30

2 2 1 3 4

0 13 36

20 3 1

2,990 2,368 1,865 1,510 1,860 1,095 1,825 1,095 1,825 6,450 170 405 1,620 1,350 2,310 584

330 935 875 1,810 (5) (5) (5) (5)

5,440 5,457 6,020 5,440 6,900

0 2,310 5,150 3,430 560 7,795

237 72 85 119 222 (7) 184 312 301 455 178 78 41 970 400 81 314 4,770 2,340 2,525 38 55 790 80 32 153

1

275 4

64 (6) 32 (6) 25 8,735 73 37 792 115 0 6,534

1) Power draw will vary due to appliance components and modes of operation. 2) $0.096/kWh. 3) Excludes electricity for water heating and drying. 4) Cycles/year. 5) TVs <40" are estimated on 3 hours/day and TVs >40" are estimated on 5 hours/day. 6) Gallons/day. 7) Power, usage and annual consumption values for televisions are weighted averages of multiple usage types and screen sizes.

Source(s): BTS/A.D. Little, Electricity Consumption by Small End Uses in Residential Buildings, Aug. 1998, Exhibit 6-8, p. 6-10 for clothes washer, computer, dehumidifier, dishwasher, furnace fan, pool pump, torchiere lamp-halogen, waterbed heater, and well pump; LBNL, Energy Data Sourcebook for the U.S. Residential Sector, LBNL-40297, Sept. 1997, p. 100-102 for clothes dryers, Table 10.2, p. 108 for lighting, and p. 62-67 for water heaters; LBNL, Miscellaneous Electricity Use in the U.S. Residential Sector, LBNL-40295, Apr. 1998, Appendix D for hair dryers; EIA, Supplement to AEO 2008, June 2008, Table 21 for refrigerator and freezer; GAMA, Consumers' Directory of Certified Efficiency Ratings for Heating and Water Heating Equipment, Apr. 2000 for water heater power draw; EIA/TIAX, Commercial and Residential Sector Miscellaneous Electricity Consumption: FY2005 and Projections to 2030, Sept. 2006, p. 41-60 for coffee maker, microwave oven, stereo systems, TVs, DVD/VCR, ceiling fan, and portable spa; TIAX, Energy Consumption by Consumer Electronics in U.S. Residences, Final Report to the Consumer Electronics Association, Jan. 2007, p. 69-72 for desktop and notebook PCs, p. 62-63 for monitors, p. 85-90 for TVs, p. 76-81 for set-top boxes, and p. 103-105 for video game systems; and Energy Center of Wisconsin, Electricitiy Savings Opportunities for Home Electronics and Other Plug-In Devices in Minnesota Homes, May 2010, pp. 52-57 for toaster ovens, spaceheaters, power tools, vacuums, lawn sprinklers, and acquarium equipment.

2-8

Buildings Energy Data Book: 2.1 Residential Sector Energy Consumption
2.1.17 Operating Characteristics of Natural Gas Appliances in the Residential Sector Average Capacity (thousand Btu/hr) 10 Annual Consumption (million Btu/year) 4 (2) 4 (3) (3) 26 12

March 2011

Appliance Usage 359

Range Clothes Dryer Water Heating Water Heater-Family of 4 Water Heater-Family of 2
Note(s):

Annual Cost ($) (1) 52 53 320 152

40 40

64 32

1) $1.24/therm. 2) Cycles/year. 3) Gallons/day.

Source(s): A.D. Little, EIA-Technology Forecast Updates - Residential and Commercial Building Technologies - Reference Case, Sept. 2, 1998, p. 30 for range and clothes dryer; LBNL, Energy Data Sourcebook for the U.S. Residential Sector, LBNL-40297, Sept. 1997, p. 62-67 for water heating; GAMA, Consumers' Directory of Certified Efficiency Ratings for Heating and Water Heating Equipment, Apr. 2002, for water heater capacity; and American Gas Association, Gas Facts 1998, December 1999, www.aga.org for range and clothes dryer consumption.

2.1.18

2009 Annual Natural Gas Consumption per Appliance by Census Division Furnaces million Btu 72,095 85,241 72,506 46,831 54,226 47,858 33,891 58,334 44,675 Water Heaters million Btu 24,853 24,032 22,902 24,443 20,232 20,129 24,648 26,702 20,232 Ranges million Btu 6,367 5,238 8,832 4,416 4,108 4,416 3,595 3,389 3,286 Clothes Dryers million Btu 4,930 4,930 8,216 4,622 5,135 5,135 3,081 3,389 3,286 Fireplaces million Btu 8,216 9,448 13,248 3,903 5,957 9,038 5,135 6,162 29,064

Census Division New England Middle Atlantic East North Central West North Central South Atlantic East South Central West South Central Mountain Pacific United States Average Total

61,928 515,657

23,005 208,173

5,238 43,648

5,135 42,723

10,270 90,171

Source(s): American Gas Association, Residential Natural Gas Market Survey, Table 10-1, January 2011

2-9

Buildings Energy Data Book: 2.1 Residential Sector Energy Consumption
2.1.19 Residential Buildings Share of U.S. Natural Gas Consumption (Percent)

March 2011

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2008 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035
Note(s):

Residential 24% 26% 23% 22% 21% 22% 21% 20% 19% 19% 19% 19% 18%

Site Consumption Industry Electric Gen. Transportation 41% 19% 3% 40% 18% 3% 43% 17% 3% 42% 19% 3% 40% 22% 3% 35% 27% 3% 34% 29% 3% 33% 31% 3% 37% 27% 3% 37% 27% 3% 37% 26% 3% 36% 28% 3% 35% 29% 3%

| | | | | | | | | | | | |

U.S. Natural Gas Primary Consumption Total Residential Industry Transportation (quads) 30% 49% 3% 20.38 32% 46% 3% 17.84 29% 49% 3% 19.75 28% 49% 3% 22.83 29% 47% 3% 23.80 32% 42% 3% 22.63 32% 42% 3% 23.85 32% 41% 3% 24.52 29% 45% 3% 25.53 29% 44% 3% 25.81 29% 44% 3% 25.61 29% 43% 3% 26.37 29% 41% 3% 27.15

1) Residential sector accounted for 35% (or $91.5 billion) of total U.S. natural gas expenditures.

Source(s): EIA, State Energy Data 2008: Consumption, Jun. 2010, Tables 8-12, p. 18-22 for 1980-2007; and EIA, Annual Energy Outlook 2011 Early Release, Dec. 2010, Table A2, 2-5 for 2008-2035 consumption, Table A3, p. 6-8 for 2008 expenditures.

2.1.20

Residential Buildings Share of U.S. Petroleum Consumption (Percent) U.S. Petroleum Total (quads) 34.2 30.9 33.6 34.6 38.4 40.7 38.5 37.0 39.1 39.4 39.9 40.6 41.8

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2008 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035

Residential 5% 5% 4% 4% 4% 3% 3% 3% 3% 3% 2% 2% 2%

Site Consumption Industry Electric Gen. Transportation 28% 8% 56% 25% 4% 63% 25% 4% 64% 25% 2% 67% 24% 3% 67% 24% 3% 68% 23% 1% 71% 22% 1% 72% 24% 1% 71% 23% 1% 72% 23% 1% 72% 22% 1% 73% 22% 1% 74%

| | | | | | | | | | | | |

Primary Consumption Residential Industry Transportation 8% 31% 56% 6% 26% 63% 5% 26% 64% 5% 26% 67% 5% 25% 67% 5% 25% 68% 4% 23% 71% 4% 22% 72% 3% 24% 71% 3% 24% 72% 3% 23% 72% 3% 22% 73% 2% 22% 74%

Source(s): EIA, State Energy Data 2008: Consumption, Jun. 2010, Tables 8-12, p. 18-22 for 1980-2000; and EIA, Annual Energy Outlook 2011 Early Release, Dec. 2010, Table A2, p. 2-5 for 2008-2035 consumption, Table A3, p. 6-8 for 2008 expenditures.

2-10

Buildings Energy Data Book: 2.2 Residential Sector Characteristics
2.2.1 Total Number of Households and Buildings, Floorspace, and Household Size, by Year Households (millions) 80 88 94 99 106 108 113 115 121 128 135 141 Percent Post2000 Households (1) N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. 9% 13% 13% 20% 26% 32% 37% Floorspace (billion SF) 142 N.A. 169 N.A. N.A. 256 N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. U.S. Population (millions) 227 238 250 266 282 297 304 309 322 336 349 364

March 2011

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2008 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030
Note(s):

Average Household Size (2) 2.9 2.7 2.6 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.6 2.6 2.6

1) Percent built after Dec. 31, 2000. 2) Number of residents. 3) Number of buildings and floorspace in 1997; for comparison, 1997 households = 101.5 million; percentage of floorspace: 85% single-family, 11% multi-family, and 4% manufactured housing. 2001 households = 107.2 million; percentage of floorspace: 83% single-family, 13% multi-family, and 4% manufactured housing.

Source(s): DOC, Statistical Abstract of the U.S. 2008, Oct. 2007, No. 948, p. 626, 1980-2000 households, No. 2-3, p. 7-8 for population; EIA, Annual Energy Outlook 2011 Early Release, Dec. 2010, Table A4, p. 9-10 for 2005-2030 households and Table A19, p. 37-38 for housing starts; EIA, Buildings and Energy in the 1980's, June 1995, Table 2.1, p. 23 for residential buildings and floorspace in 1980 and 1990; EIA, 1997 Residential Energy Consumption Survey for 1997 buildings and floorspace; EIA, 2001 Residential Energy Consumption Survey for 2001 households and floorspace; and EIA, 2005 Residential Energy Consuption Survey for 2005 floorspace.

2-11

Buildings Energy Data Book: 2.2 Residential Sector Characteristics
2.2.2 Share of Households, by Housing Type and Type of Ownership, as of 2005 (Percent) Owned 61.5% 57.7% 3.8% 3.7% 1.6% 2.1% 5.1% 70.3% Rented 10.3% 7.2% 3.1% 18.3% 5.3% 13.0% 1.1% 29.6% Total 71.7% 64.9% 6.8% 22.0% 6.9% 15.0% 6.2% 100%

March 2011

Housing Type Single-Family: Detached Attached Multi-Family: 2 to 4 units 5 or more units Mobile Homes Total
Source(s):

EIA, A Look at Residential Energy Consumption in 2005, July 2008, Table HC3-1 and HC4-1.

2.2.3

Share of Total U.S. Households, by Census Region, Division, and Vintage, as of 2005 Prior to 1950 6.7% 2.1% 4.6% 5.7% 4.3% 1.4% 4.0% 2.0% 0.9% 1.2% 3.4% 0.7% 2.8% 19.9% 1950 to 1969 5.2% 1.2% 4.0% 5.8% 3.9% 1.9% 6.9% 3.4% 1.3% 2.3% 4.6% 1.2% 3.4% 22.5% 1970 to 1979 2.4% 0.5% 1.9% 3.6% 2.7% 0.9% 6.4% 3.5% 0.9% 4.7% 4.5% 1.3% 3.3% 17.0% 1980 to 1989 2.1% 0.5% 1.6% 2.5% 1.8% 0.7% 7.5% 4.2% 1.0% 2.2% 4.6% 1.5% 3.1% 16.7% 1990 to 1999 1.3% 0.3% 1.0% 3.7% 2.1% 1.6% 7.5% 4.3% 1.3% 1.8% 3.1% 1.3% 1.8% 15.6% 2000 to 2005 0.8% 0.3% 0.5% 1.7% 1.1% 0.6% 4.3% 2.2% 0.7% 1.4% 1.5% 0.9% 0.6% 8.3%

Region Northeast New England Middle Atlantic Midwest East North Central West North Central South South Atlantic East South Central West South Central West Mountain Pacific United States

All Vintages 18.5% 4.9% 13.6% 23.0% 16.0% 7.1% 36.6% 17.4% 6.2% 13.6% 21.8% 6.8% 15.0% 100%

Source(s): EIA, A Look at Residential Energy Consumption in 2005, July 2008, Table HC10-1.

2-12

Buildings Energy Data Book: 2.2 Residential Sector Characteristics
2.2.4 Characteristics of U.S. Housing by Census Division and Region, as of 2005 Share of U.S. Housing Stock 19% 5% 14% 23% 16% 7% 37% 20% 6% 11% 22% 7% 15% 100% Average Home Size (1) (total square feet) 2,423 2,552 2,376 2,566 2,628 2,424 2,295 2,370 2,254 2,184 1,963 2,149 1,878 2,309 Average Home Size (heated square feet) 1,664 1,680 1,658 1,927 1,926 1,930 1,551 1,607 1,544 1,455 1,366 1,649 1,238 1,618

March 2011

Census Division Northeast New England Middle Atlantic Midwest East North Central West North Central South South Atlantic East South Central West South Central West Mountain Pacific Total
Note(s):

1) Total Square footage includes attic, garage, and basement square footage.

Source(s): EIA, A Look at Residential Energy Consumption in 2005, July 2008.

2.2.5

Characteristics of U.S. Housing by Vintage, as of 2005 Share of US Housing Stock 20% 23% 17% 17% 16% 8% 111.1 Average Home Size (square feet) (1) Single Family Multi-Family Mobile Home 2,677 1,021 775 2,433 927 775 2,666 869 948 2,853 909 1,008 3,366 940 1,245 3,680 1,047 1,425 U.S. Average 2,838 941 1,062

Vintage Prior to 1950 1950 to 1969 1970 to 1979 1980 to 1989 1990 to 1999 2000 to 2005

Total U.S. Homes (millions)
Note(s):

1) Average home sizes include both heated and unheated floor space, including garages.

Source(s): EIA, A Look at Residential Energy Consumption in 2005, July 2008.

2-13

Buildings Energy Data Book: 2.2 Residential Sector Characteristics
2.2.6 Residential Floorspace (Heated Square Feet), as of 2005 (Percent of Total Households)

March 2011

Floorspace Fewer than 500 500 to 999 1,000 to 1,499 1,500 to 1,999 2,000 to 2,499 2,500 to 2,999 3,000 or more Total

6% 26% 24% 16% 9% 7% 11% 100%

Source(s): EIA, A Look at Residential Energy Consumption in 2005, July 2008, Table HC1-3.

2.2.7

Characteristics of a Typical Single-Family Home (1) mid 1970s 3 1,934 1,495 2-Car 1 Concrete Slab 6 3 3 2 0 222 15 Double-Pane | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Building Equipment Space Heating Water Heating Space Cooling Type Fuel Central Warm-Air Furnace Natural Gas 49 Gallons Natural Gas Central Air Conditioner Age (5) 12 8 8

Year Built Occupants Floorspace Heated Floorspace (SF) Cooled Floorspace (SF) Garage Stories Foundation Total Rooms (2) Bedrooms Other Rooms Full Bathroom Half Bathroom Windows Area (3) Number (4) Type Insulation: Well or Adequate
Note(s):

Appliances Refrigerator Clothes Dryer Clothes Washer Range/Oven Microwave Oven Dishwasher Color Televisions Ceiling Fans Computer Printer

Type / Fuel / Number 2-Door Top and Bottom Electric Top-Loading Electric

Size 19 Cubic Feet

Age (5) 8

3 3 2

1) This is a weighted-average house that has combined characteristics of the Nation's stock homes. Although the population of homes with similar traits may be few, these are likely to be the most common. 2) Excludes bathrooms. 3) 11.5% of floorspace. 4) Based on a nominal 3' X 5' window. 5) Years.

Source(s): EIA, 2005 Residential Energy Consumption Survey: Characteristics, April 2008, Tables HC 1.1.1, HC1.1.3, HC 2.1, HC 2.2, HC 2.3, HC 2.4,

2-14

Buildings Energy Data Book: 2.2 Residential Sector Characteristics
2.2.8 Presence of Air-Conditioning and Type of Heating System in New Single-Family Homes Type of Primary Heating System Hot Water Heat pump or steam (1) 24% 4% 25% 3% 26% 4% 29% 4% 30% 4% 30% 5% 29% 7% 27% 7% 26% 7% 24% 6% 23% 6% 22% 6% 24% 6% 24% 5% 24% 5% 25% 5% 23% 5% 23% 5% 21% 4% 22% 4% 23% 4% 23% 4% 23% 4% 24% 3% 26% 3% 29% 3% 33% 3% 34% 2% 34% 3% 37% 3%

March 2011

Year 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Note(s)

Total Homes (thousands) 957 819 632 924 1,025 1,072 1,120 1,123 1,085 1,026 966 838 964 1,039 1,160 1,066 1,129 1,116 1,160 1,270 1,242 1,256 1,325 1,386 1,532 1,636 1,654 1,218 819 520

Warm-Air furnace 57% 56% 53% 56% 55% 54% 54% 57% 60% 63% 64% 65% 66% 67% 67% 66% 70% 70% 72% 72% 71% 71% 71% 71% 70% 67% 63% 62% 60% 56%

Other or none (2) 15% 16% 17% 12% 11% 11% 10% 9% 8% 7% 6% 7% 5% 5% 4% 4% 2% 2% 3% 2% 2% 1% 2% 2% 1% 1% 2% 2% 3% 4%

| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

Air-Conditioning 62% 65% 66% 69% 71% 70% 69% 71% 75% 77% 76% 75% 77% 78% 79% 79% 81% 82% 83% 84% 85% 86% 87% 88% 90% 89% 89% 90% 89% 88%

1) Includes both air source and geothermal (ground source) versions. 2) Includes electric baseboard, panel, radiant heat, space heater, floor or wall furnace, solar, and other types.

Source(s): DOC, 2009 Characteristics of New Housing, June 2010, "Type of Heating System Used in New Single-Family Houses Completed" and "Presence of AirConditioning in New Single-Family Houses Completed"

2-15

Buildings Energy Data Book: 2.3 Residential Sector Expenditures
2.3.1 Residential Energy Prices, by Year and Major Fuel Type ($2009 per Million Btu) Electricity 36.11 38.61 34.90 33.16 29.89 30.39 33.16 33.59 32.00 31.43 31.22 31.18 31.67 Natural Gas Petroleum (1) 8.28 16.63 10.59 14.49 8.56 13.17 7.93 10.25 9.46 14.07 13.55 18.77 13.62 26.75 11.14 23.23 10.31 25.07 10.95 28.08 11.91 29.95 12.63 31.09 13.51 31.66 Avg. 17.43 19.88 18.44 17.32 17.89 21.31 23.50 22.52 21.21 21.62 22.31 22.90 23.78

March 2011

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2008 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035
Note(s):

1) Residential petroleum products include distillate fuel, LPG, and kerosene.

Source(s): EIA, State Energy Data 2008: Prices and Expenditures, Jun. 2010, Tables 2-3, p. 24-25 for 1980-2007 and prices for note, Tables 8-9, p. 18-19 for 19802007 consumption; EIA, Annual Energy Outlook 2011 Early Release, Dec. 2010, Table A2, p. 3-5 Table A3, p. 6-8, Table A12, p. 25-26, and Table A13, p. 27-28 for 2008-2035 consumption and prices; and EIA, Annual Energy Review 2009, Aug. 2010, Appendix D, p. 383 for price deflators.

2.3.2

Residential Energy Prices, by Year and Fuel Type ($2009) Electricity Natural Gas (cents/kWh) (cents/therm) 12.32 82.84 13.17 105.94 11.91 85.58 11.31 79.32 10.20 94.60 10.37 135.50 11.31 136.20 11.46 111.44 10.92 103.13 10.72 109.52 10.65 119.08 10.64 126.28 Distillate Oil LPG ($/gal) ($/gal) 1.54 2.24 1.37 1.96 1.41 1.69 1.23 1.22 1.51 1.70 1.91 2.36 2.53 3.43 2.27 2.87 2.56 2.93 2.76 3.37 2.91 3.60 2.99 3.73

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2008 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030

Source(s): EIA, State Energy Data 2008: Prices and Expenditures, Jun. 2010, p. Tables 2-3, p. 24-25 for 1980-2007; EIA, Annual Energy Outlook 2011 Early Release, Dec. 2010, Table A3, p. 6-8 for 2006-2035 and Table G1, p. 215 for fuels' heat content; and EIA, Annual Energy Review 2009, Aug. 2010, Appendix D, p. 383 for price deflators.

2-16

Buildings Energy Data Book: 2.3 Residential Sector Expenditures
2.3.3 Residential Aggregate Energy Expenditures, by Year and Major Fuel Type ($2009 Billion) (1) Electricity 38.5 58.7 72.4 87.6 98.2 128.4 156.1 166.8 147.0 149.3 155.6 163.7 174.3 Natural Gas Petroleum (2) 17.5 12.5 27.1 12.6 25.4 11.9 29.4 10.3 39.0 17.3 61.2 24.3 68.1 32.2 54.6 26.6 50.8 26.8 54.4 27.9 59.0 28.1 62.4 27.9 66.1 27.4 Total 68.4 98.4 109.7 127.3 154.5 213.9 256.4 248.0 224.6 231.6 242.7 254.0 267.8

March 2011

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2008 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035
Note(s):

1) Residential petroleum products include distillate fuel oil, LPG, and kerosene.

Source(s): EIA, State Energy Data 2008: Prices and Expenditures, Jun. 2010, p. 24-25 for 1980-2007; EIA, Annual Energy Outlook 2011 Early Release, Dec. 2010, Table A2, p. 3-5 and Table A3, p. 6-8 for 2008-2035; and EIA, Annual Energy Review 2009, Aug. 2010, Appendix D, p. 383 for price deflators.

2.3.4

Cost of a Generic Quad Used in the Residential Sector ($2009 Billion) (1)

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2008 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035
Note(s):

Residential 10.51 11.61 10.17 9.49 9.60 11.17 11.78 10.36 10.12 10.21 10.44 10.57 10.85
1) See Table 1.5.1 for generic quad definition. This table provides the consumer cost of a generic quad in the buildings sector. Use this table to estimate the average consumer cost savings resulting from the savings of a generic (primary) quad in the buildings sector.

Source(s): EIA, Annual Energy Outlook 2011 Early Release, Dec. 2010, Table A2, p. 3-5 and Table A17, p. 34-35 for energy consumption and Table A3, p. 6-8 for energy prices (2008-2035). EIA, State Energy Data Report 2008, Jun. 2010, Tables 8-12 pages 22-24 and EIA, State Energy Prices and Expenditures 2008, Tables 2 and 3(1980-2005); EIA, Annual Energy Review 2009, Aug. 2010, Appendix D, p. 383 for price inflators.

2-17

Buildings Energy Data Book: 2.3 Residential Sector Expenditures
2.3.5 2008 Residential Energy End-Use Expenditure Splits, by Fuel Type ($2009 Billion) (1) Natural Gas 46.3 18.1 0.0 Petroleum Distil. LPG Kerosene 13.7 7.6 0.5 2.7 2.5

March 2011

Space Heating (2) Water Heating (3) Space Cooling (4) Lighting Refrigeration (5) Electronics (6) Cooking Wet Cleaning (7) Computers Other (8) Adjust to SEDS (9) Total
Note(s):

Total 21.9 5.2

Coal 0.0

2.9 0.7 0.0 68.1 16.4

0.9

0.9

4.2 15.3 0.5

4.2 32.2 0.0

Electricity 14.2 14.0 32.2 24.5 19.4 17.9 7.7 10.4 5.7 6.5 1.7 156.1

Total 82.4 37.3 32.2 24.5 19.4 17.9 11.6 11.1 5.7 10.7 1.7 256.4

Percent 32.1% 14.6% 12.6% 9.6% 7.6% 7.0% 4.5% 4.3% 2.2% 4.2% 0.7% 100%

1) Expenditures include coal and exclude wood. 2) Includes furnace fans ($4.6 billion). 3) Includes residential recreational water heating ($1.4 billion). 4) Fan energy use included. 5) Includes refrigerators ($15.2 billion) and freezers ($4.4 billion). 6) Includes color televisions ($11.2 billion) and other electronics ($6.9 billion). 7) Includes clothes washers ($1.1 billion), natural gas clothes dryers ($0.7 billion), electric clothes dryers ($6.3 billion), and dishwashers ($3.1 billion). 8) Includes small electric devices, heating elements, motors, swimming pool heaters, hot tub heaters, outdoor grills, and natural gas outdoor lighting. 9) Expenditures related to an energy adjustment EIA uses to relieve discrepancies between data sources. Energy attributable to the residential building sector, but not directly to specific end-uses.

Source(s): EIA, Annual Energy Outlook 2011 Early Release, Dec. 2010, Table A2, p. 3-5 and Table A4, p. 9-10 for energy, Table A3, p. 6-8 for prices; EIA, State Energy Data 2008, Prices and Expenditures, Jun. 2010, p. 24 for coal price; EIA, Annual Energy Review 2009, Aug. 2010, Appendix D, p. 383 for price deflators; and BTS/A.D. Little, Electricity Consumption by Small End-Uses in Residential Buildings, Aug. 1998, Appendix A for residential electric end-uses.

2.3.6

2010 Residential Energy End-Use Expenditure Splits, by Fuel Type ($2009 Billion) (1) Natural Gas 36.7 0.0 15.0 Petroleum Distil. LPG Kerosene 10.3 6.8 0.4 2.1 2.1

Space Heating (2) Space Cooling (3) Water Heating Lighting Refrigeration (4) Electronics (5) Wet Cleaning (6) Cooking Computers Other (7) Total
Note(s):

Total 17.5 4.1

Coal 0.0

0.6 2.4 0.0 54.6

0.8 4.2 13.9

0.8 4.2 26.6

12.4

0.4

0.0

Electricity 14.3 37.4 14.8 23.8 14.9 11.4 10.4 3.6 6.0 30.2 166.8

Total 68.5 37.4 33.8 23.8 14.9 11.4 11.0 6.8 6.0 34.4 248.0

Percent 27.6% 15.1% 13.6% 9.6% 6.0% 4.6% 4.4% 2.7% 2.4% 13.9% 100%

1) Expenditures include coal and exclude wood. 2) Includes furnace fans ($4.7 billion). 3) Fan energy use included. 4) Includes refrigerators ($12.4 billion) and freezers ($2.7 billion). 5) Includes color televisions ($11.6 billion). 6) Includes clothes washers ($1.1 billion), natural gas clothes dryers ($0.6 billion), electric clothes dryers ($6.3 billion), and dishwashers ($3.1 billion). 7) Includes small electric devices, heating elements, motors, swimming pool heaters, hot tub heaters, outdoor grills, and natural gas outdoor lighting.

Source(s): EIA, Annual Energy Outlook 2011 Early Release, Dec. 2010, Table A2, p. 3-5 and Table A4, p. 9-10 for energy, Table A3, p. 6-8 for prices; EIA, State Energy Data 2008, Prices and Expenditures, Jun. 2010, p. 24 for coal price; EIA, Annual Energy Review 2009, Aug. 2010, Appendix D, p. 383 for price deflators; and BTS/A.D. Little, Electricity Consumption by Small End-Uses in Residential Buildings, Aug. 1998, Appendix A for residential electric end-uses.

2-18

Buildings Energy Data Book: 2.3 Residential Sector Expenditures
2.3.7 2020 Residential Energy End-Use Expenditure Splits, by Fuel Type ($2009 Billion) (1) Natural Gas 36.0 15.3 0.0 Petroleum Distil. LPG Kerosene 10.5 7.1 0.4 1.6 1.6

March 2011

Space Heating (2) Water Heating Space Cooling (3) Lighting Refrigeration (4) Electronics (5) Wet Cleaning (6) Cooking Computers Other (7) Total
Note(s):

Total 18.0 3.1

Coal 0.0

0.6 2.5 0.0 54.4

0.9 5.9 15.5

0.9 5.9 28.0

12.0

0.4

0.0

Electricity 14.5 15.4 26.8 16.9 13.4 10.6 9.4 3.9 5.4 33.0 149.3

Total 68.6 33.8 26.8 16.9 13.4 10.6 10.0 7.3 5.4 38.9 231.6

Percent 29.6% 14.6% 11.6% 7.3% 5.8% 4.6% 4.3% 3.1% 2.3% 16.8% 100%

1) Expenditures include coal and exclude wood. 2) Includes furnace fans ($5.3 billion). 3) Fan energy use included. 4) Includes refrigerators ($11.0 billion) and freezers ($2.5 billion). 5) Includes color televisions ($10.7 billion). 6) Includes clothes washers ($0.9 billion), natural gas clothes dryers ($0.6 billion), electric clothes dryers ($5.7 billion), and dishwashers ($0.9 billion). 7) Includes small electric devices, heating elements, motors, swimming pool heaters, hot tub heaters, outdoor grills, and natural gas outdoor lighting.

Source(s): EIA, Annual Energy Outlook 2011 Early Release, Dec. 2010, Table A2, p. 3-5 and Table A4, p. 9-10 for energy, Table A3, p. 6-8 for prices; EIA, State Energy Data 2008, Prices and Expenditures, Jun. 2010, p. 24 for coal price; EIA, Annual Energy Review 2009, Aug. 2010, Appendix D, p. 383 for price deflators; and BTS/A.D. Little, Electricity Consumption by Small End-Uses in Residential Buildings, Aug. 1998, Appendix A for residential electric end-uses.

2.3.8

2030 Residential Energy End-Use Expenditure Splits, by Fuel Type ($2009 Billion) (1) Natural Gas 41.5 17.2 0.0 Petroleum Distil. LPG Kerosene 9.6 7.0 0.5 1.3 1.3

Space Heating (2) Water Heating Space Cooling (3) Lighting Refrigeration (4) Electronics (5) Wet Cleaning (6) Cooking Computers Other (7) Total
Note(s):

Total 17.1 2.5

Coal 0.0

0.7 3.0 0.0 62.4

0.9 7.4 16.6

0.9 7.4 27.9

10.8

0.5

0.0

Electricity 15.5 15.3 29.6 16.4 14.0 12.1 10.1 4.4 5.8 40.6 163.7

Total 74.1 35.1 29.6 16.4 14.0 12.1 10.8 8.2 5.8 48.0 254.1

Percent 29.2% 13.8% 11.6% 6.5% 5.5% 4.7% 4.3% 3.2% 2.3% 18.9% 100%

1) Expenditures include coal and exclude wood. 2) Includes furnace fans ($6.0 billion). 3) Fan energy use included. 4) Includes refrigerators ($11.5 billion) and freezers ($2.7 billion). 5) Includes color televisions ($12.2 billion). 6) Includes clothes washers ($0.9 billion), natural gas clothes dryers ($0.7 billion), electric clothes dryers ($6.0 billion), and dishwashers ($3.3 billion). 7) Includes small electric devices, heating elements, motors, swimming pool heaters, hot tub heaters, outdoor grills, and natural gas outdoor lighting.

Source(s): EIA, Annual Energy Outlook 2011 Early Release, Dec. 2010, Table A2, p. 3-5 and Table A4, p. 9-10 for energy, Table A3, p. 6-8 for prices; EIA, State Energy Data 2008, Prices and Expenditures, Jun. 2010, p. 24 for coal price; EIA, Annual Energy Review 2009, Aug. 2010, Appendix D, p. 383 for price deflators; and BTS/A.D. Little, Electricity Consumption by Small End-Uses in Residential Buildings, Aug. 1998, Appendix A for residential electric end-uses.

2-19

Buildings Energy Data Book: 2.3 Residential Sector Expenditures
2.3.9 Year 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2008 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 Average Annual Energy Expenditures per Household, by Year ($2009) Average Expenditure 2,032 1,955 1,788 1,789 1,894 2,156 2,269 2,158 1,848 1,804 1,797 1,796 1,820

March 2011

Source(s): EIA, State Energy Data 2008: Prices and Expenditures, Jun. 2010, p. 24 for 1980-2007; EIA, Annual Energy Outlook 2011 Early Release, Dec. 2010, Table A2, p. 3-5, Table A4, p. 9-10 for consumption, Table A3, p. 6-8 for prices 2008-2035; EIA, Annual Energy Review 2009, Aug. 2010, Appendix D, p. 383 for price deflators; and DOC, Statistical Abstract of the United States Historical Data for 1980-2007 occupied units.

2.3.10

2005 Energy End-Use Expenditures for an Average Household, by Region ($2009) Northeast 1,042 198 370 192 820 2,533 Midwest 716 173 292 144 660 1,959 South 368 452 311 145 709 1,954 West 349 260 315 153 710 1,642 National 571 308 317 156 719 1,987

Space Heating Air-Conditioning Water Heating Refrigerators Other Appliances and Lighting Total (1)
Note(s):

1) Due to rounding, end-uses do not sum to totals.

Source(s): EIA, A Look at Residential Energy Consumption in 2005, October 2008, Table US-15; EIA, Annual Energy Review 2009, August 2010, Appendix D, p. 383 for price deflators.

2.3.11

2005 Energy Expenditures per Household, by Housing Type and Square Footage ($2009) Per Household 2,212 2,261 1,754 1,348 1,708 1,182 1,648 1,987 Per Square Foot (1) 1.15 1.15 1.19 1.65 1.89 1.51 1.75 1.12

Single-Family Detached Attached Multi-Family 2 to 4 units 5 or more units Mobile Home All Homes

Note(s): 1) Energy expenditures per square foot were calculated using estimates of average heated floor space per household. According to the 2005 Residential Energy Consumption Survey (RECS), the average heated floor space per household in the U.S. was 1,618 square feet. Average total floor space, which includes garages, attics and unfinished basements, equaled 2,309 square feet.
Source(s): EIA, A Look at Residential Energy Consumption in 2005, Oct. 2008, Table US-1 part1; and EIA, Annual Energy Review 2009, August 2010, Appendix D, p. 383 for price inflators.

2-20

Buildings Energy Data Book: 2.3 Residential Sector Expenditures
2.3.12 2005 Household Energy Expenditures, by Vintage ($2009) | | | | | | | | | |

March 2011

Year Prior to 1950 1950 to 1969 1970 to 1979 1980 to 1989 1990 to 1999 2000 to 2005 Average
Note(s):

Per Square Foot (1) 1.41 1.33 1.30 1.17 1.06 1.01 1.23

Per Household 2,160 1,940 1,816 1,850 2,093 2,129 1,987

Per Household Member 880 765 730 735 746 771 774

Percent of Residential Sector Expenditures 22% 22% 16% 16% 16% 9% Total 100%

1) Energy expenditures per square foot were calculated using estimates of average heated floor space per household. According to the 2005 Residential Energy Consumption Survey (RECS), the average heated floor space per household in the U.S. was 1,618 square feet. Average total floor space, which includes garages, attics and unfinished basements, equaled 2,309 square feet.

Source(s): EIA, A Look at Residential Energy Consumption in 2005, October 2008 for 2005 expenditures; and EIA, Annual Energy Review 2009, August 2010, Appendix D, p. 383 for price inflators.

2.3.13

2005 Average Household Expenditures, by Census Region ($2009) Northeast 2,533 11,055 7,130 Midwest 1,959 8,656 6,316 South 1,954 7,867 6,027 West 1,642 12,445 6,958 United States 1,987 9,665 6,510

Item Energy (1) Shelter (2) Food Telephone, water and other public services Household supplies, furnishings and equipment (3) Transportation (4) Healthcare Education Personal taxes (5) Other expenditures Average Annual Income

1,423

1,463

1,614

1,653

1,552

2,389 8,487 2,833 1,523 2,371 13,073 69,230

2,577 8,510 3,119 1,096 2,553 13,132 62,136

2,436 8,771 2,861 740 2,486 11,912 58,519

3,121 11,052 2,906 1,016 3,225 14,127 72,380

2,610 9,159 2,924 1,032 2,643 12,903 64,448

Note(s):

1) Average household energy expenditures are calculated from the Residential Energy Consumption Survey (RECS), while average expenditures for other categories are calculated from the Consumer Expenditure Survey (CE). RECS assumed total US households to be 111,090,617 in 2005, while the CE data is based on 117,356,000 "consumer units," which the Bureau of Labor Statistics defines to be financially independent persons or groups of people that use their incomes to make joint expenditure decisions, including all members of a particular household who are related by blood, marriage, or other legal arrangements. CE calculated average annual energy expenditures for the United States to be $1,943. 2) Shelter includes both owned and rented dwellings, including any expenses for mortgage interest, property taxes, maintenance, repairs, insurance, and other expenses. 3) Household supplies, furnishings and equipments includes the following: laundry and cleaning supplies, postage and stationary, household textiles, furniture, floor coverings, appliances, and other household equipment. 4) Transportation expenditures include public transportation as well as the following vehicle-related expenses: net outlay of vehical purchases, gasoline and motor oil, vehicle finance, maintenance and repairs, insurance, licenses, rental fees, and other charges. CE estimated public transportation to comprise 5.4% of total transportation spending. 5) Personal taxes include federal, state and local income taxes, as well as $177 per year for "other taxes."

Source(s): EIA, A Look at Residential Energy Consumption in 2005, Oct. 2008, Tables US-1 part 1 for energy expenditures; Bureau of Labor Statistics, Consumer Expenditure Survey 2005, Table 8, Oct. 2010; and EIA, Annual Energy Review 2009, August 2010, Appendix D, p. 383 for price inflators.

2-21

Buildings Energy Data Book: 2.3 Residential Sector Expenditures
2.3.14 2005 Average Household Expenditures as Percent of Annual Income, by Census Region ($2009) Northeast 3.7% 16.0% 10.3% Midwest 3.2% 13.9% 10.2% South 3.3% 13.4% 10.3% West 2.3% 17.2% 9.6%

March 2011

Item Energy (1) Shelter (2) Food Telephone, water and other public services Household supplies, furnishings and equipment (3) Transportation (4) Healthcare Education Personal taxes (5) Average Annual Expenditures Average Annual Income

United States 3.1% 15.0% 10.1%

2.1%

2.4%

2.8%

2.3%

2.4%

3.5% 12.3% 4.1% 2.2% 3.4% 76.0% 69,230

4.1% 13.7% 5.0% 1.8% 4.1% 79.5% 62,136

4.2% 15.0% 4.9% 1.3% 4.2% 79.7% 58,519

4.3% 15.3% 4.0% 1.4% 4.5% 80.2% 72,380

4.1% 14.2% 4.5% 1.6% 4.1% 79.0% 64,448

Note(s):

1) Average household energy expenditures are calculated from the Residential Energy Consumption Survey (RECS), while average expenditures for other categories are calculated from the Consumer Expenditure Survey (CE). RECS assumed total US households to be 111,090,617 in 2005, while the CE data is based on 117,356,000 "consumer units," which the Bureau of Labor Statistics defines to be financially independent persons or groups of people that use their incomes to make joint expenditure decisions, including all members of a particular household who are related by blood, marriage, or other legal arrangements. CE calculated average annual energy expenditures for the United States to be $1,943 while RECS calculated it to be $1,987. 2) Shelter includes both owned and rented dwellings, including any expenses for mortgage interest, property taxes, maintenance, repairs, insurance, and other expenses. 3) Household supplies, furnishings and equipments includes the following: laundry and cleaning supplies, postage and stationary, household textiles, furniture, floor coverings, appliances, and other household equipment. 4) Transportation expenditures include public transportation as well as the following vehiclerelated expenses: net outlay of vehical purchases, gasoline and motor oil, vehicle finance, maintenance and repairs, insurance, licenses, rental fees, and other charges. CE estimated public transportation to comprise 5.4% of total transportation spending. 5) Personal taxes include federal, state and local income taxes, as well as $177 per year for "other taxes."

Source(s): EIA, A Look at Residential Energy Consumption in 2005, Oct. 2008, Tables US-1 part 1 for energy expenditures; Bureau of Labor Statistics, Consumer Expenditure Survey 2005, Table 8, Oct. 2010; and EIA, Annual Energy Review 2009, August 2010, Appendix D, p. 383 for price inflators.

2-22

Buildings Energy Data Book: 2.3 Residential Sector Expenditures
2.3.15 2005 Households and Energy Expenditures, by Income Level ($2009) Energy Expenditures by Household Household Member 1,357 706 1,419 685 1,462 668 1,580 645 1,677 641 1,821 685 1,916 695 2,220 773 2,528 828

March 2011

Household Income Less than $9,999 $10,000 to $14,999 $15,000 to $19,999 $20,000 to $29,999 $30,000 to $39,999 $40,000 to $49,999 $50,000 to $74,999 $75,000 to $99,999 $100,000 or more Total
Note(s):

Households (10^6) 9.9 9% 8.5 8% 8.4 8% 15.1 14% 13.6 12% 11.0 10% 19.8 18% 10.6 10% 14.2 13% 111.1 100%

Mean Individual Energy Burden (1) 21% 11% 8% 6% 5% 4% 3% 3% 3% 6%

1) See Table 2.3.15 for more on energy burdens. 2) A household is defined as a family, an individual, or a group of up to nine unrelated individuals occupying the same housing unit.

Source(s): EIA, A Look at Residential Energy Consumption in 2005, Oct. 2008, Table US-1 part 2; and EIA, Annual Energy Review 2009, August 2010, Appendix D, p. 383 for price inflators.

2.3.16

Energy Burden Definitions and Residential Energy Burdens, by Weatherization Eligibility and Year (1)

Energy burden is an important statistic for policy makers who are considering the need for energy assistance. Energy burden can be defined broadly as the burden placed on household incomes by the cost of energy, or more simply the ratio of energy expenditures to income for a household. However, there are different ways to compute energy burden, and different interpretations and uses of the energy burden statistics. DOE Weatherization primarily uses mean individual burden and mean group burden since these statistics provide data on how an "average" individual household fares against an "average" group of households (that is, how burdens are distributed for the population). DOE Weatherization (and HHS) also uses the median individual burden which shows the burden of a "typical" individual. 1987 Mean Group 4.0% 13.0% 4.0% 13.0% 1990 Mean Mean Indvdl Group 6.8% 3.2% 14.4% 10.1% 3.5% N.A. N.A. N.A. FY 2000 (2) Mean Mdn Mean Indvdl Indvdl Group 6.1% 3.5% 2.4% 12.1% 7.9% 7.7% 3.0% 2.6% 2.0% N.A. N.A. N.A. FY 2005 (3) Mean Mdn Mean Indvdl Indvdl Group 6.8% 3.7% 2.9% 14.6% 8.6% 9.1% 3.2% 2.8% 2.3% 20.2% 13.7% 12.8%

Total U.S. Households Federally Eligible Federally Ineligible Below 125% Poverty Line
Note(s):

1) See Section 2.7.1 for more on low-income housing. 2) Data are derived from RECS 1997, adjusted to reflect FY 2000, HDD, CDD. 3) Data are derived from RECS 2001, adjusted to reflect FY 2005, HDD, CDD, and fuel prices.

Source(s): HHS, LIHEAP Home Energy Notebook for Fiscal Year 2005, May 2007, Tables A-2a, A-2b, and A-2c, p. 59-61 for FY 2005; HHS, LIHEAP Home Energy Notebook for FY 2000, April 2002, Tables A-2a, A-2b, and A-2c, p. 48-50 for FY 2000; HHS, LIHEAP Report to Congress FY 1995, Aug. 1997, p. 55 for energy burden definitions; HHS, Characterizing the Impact of Energy Expenditures on Low-Income Households: An Analysis of Alternative National Energy Burden Statistics, November 1994, p. vii-ix for burdens; ORNL, Scope of the of the Weatherization Assistance Program: Profile of the Population in Need, Mar. 1994, p. xii for mean individual and mean group burdens and p. xi for 1990 Federally ineligible mean individual burden; and EIA, Household Energy Consumption and Expenditures 1987, Oct. 1989, Table 13, p. 48-50 for 1987 mean group burdens.

2-23

Buildings Energy Data Book: 2.4 Residential Environmental Data
2.4.1 Carbon Dioxide Emissions for U.S. Residential Buildings, by Year (million metric tons) (1) Residential Site Fossil 385 351 340 362 380 365 349 339 335 332 327 324 319 Electricity 525 549 618 674 799 890 872 892 757 778 833 878 916 Total 909 901 959 1035 1180 1255 1220 1231 1092 1110 1161 1202 1234 Growth Rate 2008-Year (2) 0.9% -0.9% -0.5% -0.1% 0.1% 0.1% Total 4723 4559 5020 5302 5850 5974 5820 5639 5679 5774 5931 6110 6315

March 2011

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2008 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035
Note(s):

U.S. Growth Rate Res.% Res.% 2008-Year of Total U.S. of Total Global 19% 4.9% 20% 4.6% 19% 4.4% 20% 4.7% 20% 5.0% 21% 4.4% (3) 21% 4.0% -1.1% 22% 4.0% -0.4% 19% 3.5% -0.1% 19% 3.3% 0.0% 20% 3.2% 0.2% 20% 3.1% 0.2% 20% 2.9%

1) Excludes emissions of buildings-related energy consumption in the industrial sector. Emissions assume complete combustion from energy consumption and exclude energy production activities such as gas flaring, coal mining, and cement production. 2) Carbon emissions calculated from EIA, Assumptions to the AEO 2008 and differs from EIA, AEO 2011 Early Release, Table A18. Residential buildings sector total varies by 0.2% for year 2008 from EIA, AEO 2011 Early Release. 3) U.S. buildings emissions approximately equal the combined carbon emissions of Japan, France, and the United Kingdom.

Source(s): EIA, Emissions of Greenhouse Gases in the U.S. 2008, Dec. 2009, Tables 7-10 for 1980-2007 greenhouse gas emissions; EIA, Assumptions to the Annual Energy Outlook 2010, May 2010, Table 2, p. 9 for carbon coefficients; EIA, AEO 2011 Early Release, Dec. 2010, Table A2, p. 3-5 for 2008-2030 energy consumption and Table A18, p. 36 for 2008-2035 emissions; EIA, International Energy Outlook 2010, May 2009, Table A10, p. 93 for 2008-2035 global emissions; and EIA, International Energy Annual 2007, July 2008, Table H1, www.eia.doe.gov for 1980-2000 global emission.

2.4.2

2005 End-Use Carbon Dioxide Emissions Splits for an Average Household, by Region (Pounds of CO2) Northeast 9,992 2,113 3,520 2,544 8,854 27,024 Midwest 7,544 2,916 3,489 3,335 10,645 27,929 South 3,893 6,799 3,964 3,154 10,958 28,768 West 3,759 3,326 3,429 2,723 9,413 22,650 National 5,862 4,472 3,676 2,989 10,159 27,158

Space Heating Space Cooling Water Heating Refrigerator Other Appliances & Lighting Total

Source(s): EIA, A Look at Residential Energy Consumption in 2005, Jul. 2008, Tables CE(2-5)-(9-12)c; EIA, Annual Energy Outlook 2011 Early Release, Dec. 2011, Table A2, p. 3-4, Table A17, p. 34-35 for consumption data, and Table A18, p. 36 for emissions data; and EIA, Assumptions to the AEO 2010, May 2010, Table 2, p. 12 for coefficients.

2-24

Buildings Energy Data Book: 2.4 Residential Environmental Data
2.4.3 2008 Residential Buildings Energy End-Use Carbon Dioxide Emissions Splits, by Fuel Type (Million Metric Tons) (1) Natural Gas 180.4 0.0 70.5 Petroleum Distil. Resid. LPG Oth(2) Total 40.6 16.3 1.5 58.5 7.9 5.4 13.4

March 2011

Space Heating (4) Space Cooling Water Heating Lighting Electronics (5) Refrigeration (6) Wet Cleaning (7) Cooking Computers Other (8) Adjust to SEDS (9) Total
Note(s):

Coal 0.8

2.8 11.5

1.9 9.0

1.9 9.0 1.5 82.8 0.8

265.2

48.5

32.7

Electricity (3) 79.1 179.8 88.7 137.0 99.6 84.0 58.1 42.9 31.9 36.0 34.3 871.5

Total 318.8 179.8 172.6 137.0 99.6 84.0 60.8 56.3 31.9 45.0 34.3 1,220.2

Percent 26.1% 14.7% 14.1% 11.2% 8.2% 6.9% 5.0% 4.6% 2.6% 3.7% 2.8% 100%

1) Emissions assume complete combustion from energy consumption, excluding gas flaring, coal mining, and cement production. Emissions exclude wood since it is assumed that the carbon released from combustion is reabsorbed in a future carbon cycle. Carbon emissions calculated from EIA, Assumptions to the AEO 2010 and differs from AEO 2011 Early Release, Table A18. Residential buildings sector total varies by 0.2% from AEO 2011 Early Release. 2) Includes kerosene space heating (1.5 MMT). 3) Excludes electric imports by utilities. 4) Includes residential furnace fans (25.4 MMT). 5) Includes color television (61.6 MMT) and other office equipment(11.8 MMT). 6) Includes refrigerators (69.3 MMT) and freezers (14.7 MMT). 7) Includes clothes washers (6.3 MMT), natural gas clothes dryers (2.8 MMT), electric clothes dryers (34.8 MMT), and dishwashers (17.1 MMT). Does not include water heating energy. 8) Includes residential small electric devices, heating elements, motors, swimming pool heaters, hot tub heaters, outdoor grills, and natural gas outdoor lighting. 9) Emissions related to a discrepancy between data sources. Energy attributable to the residential sector, but not directly to specific end-uses.

Source(s): EIA, Annual Energy Outlook 2011 Early Release, Dec. 2010, Table A2, p. 3-5, Table A4, p. 9-10 and Table A5, p. 11-12 for energy consumption, and Table A18, p. 36 for emissions; EIA, Assumptions to the AEO 2010, May 2010, Table 2, p. 10 for emission coefficients; BTS/A.D. Little, Electricity Consumption by Small End-Uses in Residential Buildings, Aug. 1998, Appendix A for residential electric end-uses; EIA, AEO 1999, Dec. 1998, Table A4, p. 118-119.

2.4.4

2010 Residential Buildings Energy End-Use Carbon Dioxide Emissions Splits, by Fuel Type (Million Metric Tons) (1) Natural Gas 174.5 0.0 71.2 Petroleum Distil. Resid. LPG Oth(2) Total 36.5 16.2 1.7 54.5 7.3 4.9 12.1

Space Heating (4) Space Cooling Water Heating Lighting Refrigeration (5) Electronics (6) Wet Cleaning (7) Cooking Computers Other (8) Total
Note(s):

Coal 0.7

2.8 11.5

1.9 10.0 33.0

1.9 10.0 78.5

260.0

43.8

1.7

0.7

Electricity (3) 76.6 200.2 79.0 127.1 79.5 61.1 55.5 19.2 32.2 161.8 892.2

Total 306.3 200.2 162.4 127.1 79.5 61.1 58.3 32.6 32.2 171.7 1,231.4

Percent 24.9% 16.3% 13.2% 10.3% 6.5% 5.0% 4.7% 2.7% 2.6% 13.9% 100%

Source(s): EIA, Annual Energy Outlook 2011 Early Release, Dec. 2010, Table A2, p. 3-5, Table A4, p. 9-10 and Table A5, p. 11-12 for energy consumption,and Table A18, p. 36 for emissions; EIA, Assumptions to the AEO 2010, May 2010, Table 2, p. 12 for emission coefficients.

1) Emissions assume complete combustion from energy consumption, excluding gas flaring, coal mining, and cement production. Emissions exclude wood since it is assumed that the carbon released from combustion is reabsorbed in a future carbon cycle. 2) Includes kerosene space heating (1.7 MMT). 3) Excludes electric imports by utilities. 4) Includes residential furnace fans (25.0 MMT). 5) Includes refrigerators (65.5 MMT) and freezers (14.1 MMT). 6) Includes color television (61.1 MMT). 7) Includes clothes washers (5.8 MMT), natural gas clothes dryers (2.8 MMT), electric clothes dryers (33.4 MMT), and dishwashers (16.3 MMT). Does not include water heating energy. 8) Includes residential small electric devices, heating elements, motors, swimming pool heaters, hot tub heaters, outdoor grills, and natural gas outdoor lighting.

2-25

Buildings Energy Data Book: 2.4 Residential Environmental Data
2.4.5 2020 Residential Buildings Energy End-Use Carbon Dioxide Emissions Splits, by Fuel Type (Million Metric Tons) (1) Natural Gas 174.6 74.1 0.0 Petroleum Distil. Resid. LPG Oth(2) Total 31.5 13.9 1.4 46.8 4.7 3.1 7.8

March 2011

Space Heating (4) Water Heating Space Cooling Lighting Refrigeration (5) Electronics (6) Wet Cleaning (8) Cooking Computers Other (9) Total
Note(s):

Coal 0.6

2.8 12.0

1.7 11.6 30.3

1.7 11.6 67.9

263.5

36.2

1.4

0.6

Electricity (3) 75.6 80.1 139.9 87.9 70.0 55.3 49.1 20.3 28.3 171.8 778.2

Total 297.6 161.9 139.9 87.9 70.0 55.3 51.9 34.1 28.3 183.3 1,110.1

Percent 26.8% 14.6% 12.6% 7.9% 6.3% 5.0% 4.7% 3.1% 2.6% 16.5% 100%

Source(s): EIA, Annual Energy Outlook 2011 Early Release, Dec. 2010, Table A2, p. 3-5, Table A4, p. 9-10 and Table A5, p. 11-12 for energy consumption,and Table A18, p. 36 for emissions; EIA, Assumptions to the AEO 2010, May 2010, Table 2, p. 12 for emission coefficients.

1) Emissions assume complete combustion from energy consumption, excluding gas flaring, coal mining, and cement production. Emissions exclude wood since it is assumed that the carbon released from combustion is reabsorbed in a future carbon cycle. 2) Includes kerosene space heating (1.4 MMT). 3) Excludes electric imports by utilities. 4) Includesresidential furnace fans (27.3 MMT). 5) Includes refrigerators (56.8 MMT) and freezers (13.1 MMT). 6) Includes color television (55.3 MMT). 8) Includes clothes washers (4.4 MMT), natural gas clothes dryers (2.8 MMT), electric clothes dryers (29.5 MMT), and dishwashers (15.2 MMT). Does not include water heating energy. 9) Includes residential small electric devices, heating elements, motors, swimming pool heaters, hot tub heaters, outdoor grills, and natural gas outdoor lighting.

2.4.6

2030 Residential Buildings Energy End-Use Carbon Dioxide Emissions Splits, by Fuel Type (Million Metric Tons) (1) Natural Gas 174.4 72.5 0.0 Petroleum Distil. Resid. LPG Oth(2) Total 26.0 12.7 1.3 40.0 3.4 2.3 5.7

Space Heating (4) Water Heating Space Cooling Electronics (5) Refrigeration (6) Lighting Wet Cleaning (7) Cooking Computers Other (8) Total
Note(s):

Coal 0.5

2.9 12.6

1.6 13.4 30.0

1.6 13.4 60.7

262.4

29.5

1.3

0.5

Electricity (3) 83.2 82.1 158.7 64.6 75.0 88.2 54.3 23.4 31.1 217.7 878.3

Total 298.2 160.3 158.7 64.6 75.0 88.2 57.2 37.6 31.1 231.1 1,201.9

Percent 24.8% 13.3% 13.2% 5.4% 6.2% 7.3% 4.8% 3.1% 2.6% 19.2% 100%

Source(s): EIA, Annual Energy Outlook 2011 Early Release, Dec. 2010, Table A2, p. 3-5, Table A4, p. 9-10 and Table A5, p. 11-12 for energy consumption,and Table A18, p. 36 for emissions; EIA, Assumptions to the AEO 2010, May 2010, Table 2, p. 12 for emission coefficients.

1) Emissions assume complete combustion from energy consumption, excluding gas flaring, coal mining, and cement production. Emissions exclude wood since it is assumed that the carbon released from combustion is reabsorbed in a future carbon cycle. 2) Includes kerosene space heating (1.3 MMT). 3) Excludes electric imports by utilities. 4) Includes residential furnace fans (31.7 MMT). 5) Includes color television (64.6 MMT). 6) Includes refrigerators (60.8 MMT) and freezers (14.2 MMT). 7) Includes clothes washers (4.7 MMT), natural gas clothes dryers (2.9 MMT), electric clothes dryers (31.9 MMT), and dishwashers (17.7 MMT). Does not include water heating energy. 8) Includes residential small electric devices, heating elements, motors, swimming pool heaters, hot tub heaters, outdoor grills, and natural gas outdoor lighting.

2-26

Buildings Energy Data Book: 2.4 Residential Environmental Data
2.4.7 2006 Methane Emissions for U.S. Residential Buildings Energy Production, by Fuel Type MMT CO2 Equivalent (1) 0.9 34.2 0.0 2.3 38.2 75.7

March 2011

Fuel Type Petroleum Natural Gas Coal Wood Electricity (2) Total
Note(s):

1) Sources of emissions include oil and gas production, processing, and distribution; coal mining; and utility and site combustion. Carbon Dioxide equivalent units are calculated by converting methane emissions to carbon dioxide emissions (methane's global warming potential is 23 times that of carbon dioxide). 2) Emissions of electricity generators attributable to the buildings sector.

Source(s): EIA, Emissions of Greenhouse Gases in the U.S. 2006, Nov. 2007, Table 15, p. 22 for energy production emissions; EPA, Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990-2006, April 2008, Table 3-16, p. 3-25 for stationary combustion emissions; and EIA, Annual Energy Outlook 2011 Early Release, Dec. 2010, Table A2, p. 3-5 for energy consumption.

2-27

Buildings Energy Data Book: 2.5 Residential Construction and Housing Market
2.5.1 Construction Statistics of New Homes Completed/Placed Single-Family Thousand Units Average SF 957 1,700 819 1,710 632 1,690 924 1,740 1,025 1,790 1,072 1,760 1,120 1,810 1,123 1,900 1,085 1,960 1,026 2,000 966 2,050 838 2,050 964 2,060 1,039 2,060 1,160 2,050 1,066 2,050 1,129 2,090 1,116 2,140 1,160 2,170 1,270 2,221 1,242 2,265 1,256 2,282 1,325 2,301 1,386 2,315 1,532 2,366 1,636 2,414 1,654 2,456 1,218 2,521 819 2,519 520 2,438 Multi-Family Thousand Units Average SF 545 979 447 980 374 N.A. 467 N.A. 627 N.A. 631 922 636 911 546 N.A. 445 990 397 1,000 342 1,005 253 1,020 194 1,040 153 1,065 187 1,035 247 1,080 284 1,070 284 1,095 314 1,065 334 1,104 332 1,114 315 1,171 323 1,166 292 1,173 310 1,173 296 1,247 325 1,277 284 1,300 301 1,250 274 N.A. Mobile Homes Thousand Units 234 229 234 278 288 283 256 239 224 203 195 174 212 243 291 319 338 336 374 338 281 196 174 140 124 123 112 95 81 52

March 2011

Year 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

Total Thousand Units 1,736 1,495 1,240 1,669 1,940 1,986 2,012 1,908 1,754 1,626 1,503 1,265 1,370 1,435 1,638 1,632 1,751 1,736 1,848 1,942 1,855 1,767 1,822 1,818 1,966 2,055 2,091 1,597 1,201 846

Source(s): DOC, 2009 Characteristics of New Housing, June 2010, "Median and Average Square Feet of Floor Area in New Single-Family Houses Completed by Location" for average SF of single-family homes and "Presence of Air-Conditioning in New Single Family Houses" for total new single-family homes completed; NAHB, Housing Economics, Mar. 1995; NAHB, Facts, Figures and Trends, 1997, Characteristics of New Multi-Family Homes, 1971-1995, p. 7; DOC, Current Construction Reports, Characteristics of New Housing, C25/98-A, Table 18, p. 44; DOC, Placements of New Manufactured Homes by Region and Size of Home, 1974-1988; and DOC, Placements of New Manufactured Homes by Region and Size of Home, 1980-2009.

2-28

Buildings Energy Data Book: 2.5 Residential Construction and Housing Market
2.5.2 2006 Five Largest Residential Homebuilders Number of Home Closings (1) 53,410 49,568 41,487 37,539 32,124 214,128 4,862 Gross Revenue ($million) 15,016 16,267 14,274 14,400 11,004 70,961 357 Market Share of Total New Home Closings (%) (2) 5.0% 4.7% 3.9% 3.5% 3.0% 20.2% 0.5%

March 2011

Homebuilder D.R. Horton Pulte Homes Lennar Homes Centex Corporation KB Home Total of Top Five Habitat for Humanity (3)
Note(s):

1) 2006 total U.S. new home closings were 1.06 million (only single-family). 2) Total share of closings of top 20 builders was 35%. Total share of the top 100 builders was 47%. 3) Habitat for Humanity built more than 400 homes during the week of May 31, 2007; Habitat for Humanity has built over 1,000 homes in the New Orleans area since Hurricane Katrina. Habitat for Humanity's 2,100 worldwide affiliates have completed more than 200,000 homes since 1976, providing more than 1,000,000 with housing.

Source(s): Builder Magazine, May 2007, Builder 100; e-mail correspondence with Habitat for Humanity for relevant data, Aug. 2007; and Habitat for Humanity, http://www.habitat.org/, for note 3.

2.5.3

Value of New Building Construction, by Year ($2009 Billion) Residential 164.6 211.7 206.7 236.0 331.9 521.3 384.2 245.6 240.4 141.5 GDP 6,409 7,518 8,819 9,982 12,323 13,873 14,244 14,549 14,613 14,256

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

Source(s): DOC, Current Construction Reports: Value of New Construction Put in Place, C30, Aug. 2003, Table 1 for 1980-1990; DOC, Annual Value of Private Construction Put in Place, August 2008 for 1995-2000; DOC, Annual Value of Private Construction Put in Place, August 2010 for 2002-2009; DOC, Annual Value of Public Construction Put in Place, August 2008 for 1995-2000; DOC, Annual Value of Public Construction Put in Place, August 2010 for 2002-2009; and EIA, Annual Energy Review 2009, August 2010, Appendix D, p. 383 for GDP and price deflators.

2-29

Buildings Energy Data Book: 2.5 Residential Construction and Housing Market
2.5.4 2009 New Homes Completed/Placed, by Census Region (Thousand Units and Percent of Total Units) Single-Family Units 54 10% 89 17% 259 50% 118 23% 520 100% Multi-Family Units 40 15% 30 11% 135 49% 69 25% 274 100% Mobile Homes Units 4 7% 5 10% 36 69% 7 13% 52 100% Total 98 12% 125 15% 430 51% 195 23% 847 100%

March 2011

Region Northeast Midwest South West Total

Source(s): DOC, Manufacturing, Mining and Construction Statistics: New Residential Construction: New Privately Owned Housing Units Completed, for single- and multifamily; and DOC, Manufacturing, Mining and Construction Statistics: Manufactured Homes Placements by Region and Size of Home, Oct. 2010 for mobile home placements.

2.5.5

2009 Construction Method of Single-Family Homes, by Region (Thousand Units and Percent of Total Units) Stick-Built Units 49 10% 83 17% 248 50% 117 24% 497 100% Modular Units 3 30% 3 30% 4 40% 0 0% 10 100% Panelized/Precut Units 1 9% 3 27% 6 55% 1 9% 11 100% Total 53 89 259 118 519

Region Northeast Midwest South West Total

Source(s): DOC, Manufacturing, Mining and Construction Statistics, New Residential Construction: Type of Construction Method of New One-Family Houses Completed, June 2010.

2.5.6 Region Northeast Midwest South West Total

2009 Mobile Home Placements, by Census Region and Top Five States (Percent of National Total) Top Five States Texas Louisiana North Carolina Florida Mississippi

7% 10% 69% 13% 100%

15% 8% 6% 5% 5%

Source(s): DOC, Manufactured Housing Statistics, "New Manufactured Homes Placed by State - 2009" and "Placements of New Manufactured Homes by Region and Size of Home: 1980-2009".

2-30

Buildings Energy Data Book: 2.5 Residential Construction and Housing Market
2.5.7 Materials Used in the Construction of a 2,272 Square-Foot Single-Family Home, 2000 13,837 board-feet of lumber 13,118 square feet of sheathing 19 tons of concrete 3,206 square feet of exterior siding material 3,103 square feet of roofing material 3,061 square feet of insulation 6,050 square feet of interior wall material 2,335 square feet of interior ceiling material 226 linear feet of ducting 19 windows 4 exterior doors (3 hinged, 1 sliding) 2,269 square feet of flooring material

March 2011

12 interior doors 6 closet doors 2 garage doors 1 fireplace 3 toilets, 2 bathtubs, 1 shower stall 3 bathroom sinks 15 kitchen cabinets, 5 other cabinets 1 kitchen sink 1 range, 1 refrigerator, 1 dishwasher, 1 garbage disposal, 1 range hood 1 washer, 1 dryer 1 heating and cooling system

Source(s): NAHB, 2004 Housing Facts, Figures and Trends, Feb. 2004, p. 7; D&R International for appliances and HVAC.

2.5.8

1998 Cost Breakdown of a 2,150-Square-Foot, New Single-Family Home ($2009) (1) Cost 64,622 24% 4,223 30,925 10,271 11,304 16,130 28,210 7,210 2% 11% 4% 4% 6% 10% 3%

Finished Lot Construction Cost Inspection/Fees Shell/Frame Framing Windows/Doors Exterior Finish Foundation Wall/Finish Trim Flooring Equipment Plumbing Electrical Wiring Lighting Fixtures HVAC Appliances Property Features Financing Overhead & General Expenses Marketing Sales Commission Profit Total
Note(s):

8,837 3% 5,638 2% 1,560 1% 6,170 2% 2,165 1% 17,566 6% 5,151 2% 15,644 6% 3,840 1% 9,238 3% 25,161 9% 273,865 100%

1) Based on a NAHB Survey asking builders to provide a detailed breakdown of the cost of constructing a 2,150 SF house with 3 or 4 bedrooms on a 7,500- to 10,000SF lot. Average sales price of a new home in 42 surveyed markets was $226,680 (in $1998).

Source(s): NAHB, The Truth About Regulatory Barriers to Housing Affordability, 1999, p. 4; and EIA, Annual Energy Review 2009, August, Appendix D, p. 383 for price inflators.

2-31

Buildings Energy Data Book: 2.5 Residential Construction and Housing Market
2.5.9 Annual Sales of Existing Homes, by Region Existing Home Sales (in thousands) Midwest South West 501 568 292 583 735 389 630 788 473 674 847 446 645 839 434 701 862 543 881 1,033 712 1,101 1,231 803 1,144 1,416 911 1,061 1,353 887 806 1,092 671 632 917 516 490 780 366 709 1,035 481 755 1,073 529 866 1,172 554 991 1,261 610 959 1,282 600 929 1,350 642 886 1,075 694 861 1,090 651 863 1,067 624 967 1,126 674 1,027 1,262 740 1,031 1,321 812 1,010 1,315 810 1,060 1,394 941 1,088 1,474 997 1,228 1,724 1,115 1,246 1,850 1,177 1,222 1,866 1,174 1,271 1,967 1,184 1,346 2,064 1,269 1,468 2,283 1,405 1,550 2,540 1,575 1,588 2,702 1,617 1,483 2,563 1,346 1,327 2,235 1,084 1,129 1,865 1,070 1,163 1,914 1,211

March 2011

1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

Northeast 251 311 361 367 354 370 439 515 516 526 403 353 354 493 511 622 703 685 673 635 583 591 666 709 723 717 772 812 898 910 911 912 952 1,019 1,113 1,169 1,086 1,006 849 868

United States 1,612 2,018 2,252 2,334 2,272 2,476 3,065 3,650 3,987 3,827 2,972 2,418 1,990 2,718 2,868 3,214 3,565 3,526 3,594 3,290 3,185 3,145 3,433 3,738 3,887 3,852 4,167 4,371 4,965 5,183 5,173 5,334 5,631 6,175 6,778 7,076 6,478 5,652 4,913 5,156

Source(s): HUD, US Housing Market Conditions: 3rd Quarter 2010, November 2010, Exhibit 7. Existing Home Sales 1970-Present, p. 68.

2-32

Buildings Energy Data Book: 2.5 Residential Construction and Housing Market
2.5.10 Home Price Index (HPI), All-Transactions, by Region (1) Northeast 69.13 71.15 76.03 83.99 97.60 104.34 110.08 115.18 124.97 144.24 169.55 202.56 238.94 258.91 262.75 256.35 248.36 249.01 249.81 247.00 248.39 254.18 260.25 273.62 291.18 319.54 351.81 389.41 425.79 477.41 534.36 562.61 563.07 545.89 524.21 Midwest 64.37 68.44 76.53 87.75 97.69 102.14 103.04 101.41 105.22 108.32 112.71 118.57 125.61 131.53 137.18 141.75 146.24 151.63 156.90 165.05 173.28 182.08 190.70 199.77 210.25 223.09 237.43 250.13 261.45 277.34 294.20 302.53 305.50 301.14 293.17 United States 63.62 69.52 78.47 89.40 99.00 105.55 109.83 113.31 117.81 123.62 131.38 140.49 149.28 157.66 164.13 167.72 171.25 175.23 179.11 183.85 189.93 196.78 205.35 215.56 227.84 244.06 261.25 277.93 299.95 331.26 361.54 377.18 374.21 360.69 311.33

March 2011

1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Note(s):

South 65.54 68.07 73.46 82.57 93.65 101.27 107.78 113.77 117.83 120.21 124.21 130.10 135.04 138.15 142.05 145.39 147.59 152.34 156.40 161.56 166.16 173.39 178.90 187.72 195.38 203.84 217.46 227.71 239.44 255.81 282.38 308.11 320.33 318.00 311.67

West 50.54 56.86 67.64 80.01 93.09 103.31 111.85 115.90 117.87 120.09 124.02 129.83 135.71 145.04 162.03 172.32 175.89 178.97 181.23 186.00 192.24 198.88 206.53 218.89 229.83 248.21 270.75 289.70 311.93 356.65 420.81 467.33 471.96 432.54 396.74

(2)

(1) The HPI is a broad measure of the movement of single-family house prices. It serves as a timely, accurate indicator of house price trends at various geographic levels (Federal Housing Finance Agency, "Frequently Asked Questions"). The Federal Housing Finance Agency (FHFA) calculated quarterly HPI for each census division using sales prices and appraisal data that were not seasonally adjusted; DOE estimated the average annual HPI for each census region using publicly-available data from FHFA. (2) HPI was indexed to the first quarter of 1980 separately for each region, i.e. the HPI=100 for 1980 Q1 in all regions. As a result, the values for each region are only comparable to one another with regard to the magnitude of the change in home prices over time.

Source(s): Federal Housing Finance Agency, Housing Price Indexes, data for 'All-Transactions Indexes, U.S. and Census Divisions (Not Seasonally Adjusted)'.
Accessed January 20, 2011 at <http://www.fhfa.gov/weblink/hpi_reg.txt>

2-33

Buildings Energy Data Book: 2.5 Residential Construction and Housing Market
2.5.11 Yearly Average Historic Mortgage Rates

March 2011

1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Note(s):

30-Year Fixed 8.04 9.19 9.05 8.87 8.85 9.64 11.20 13.74 16.63 16.04 13.24 13.88 12.43 10.19 10.21 10.34 10.32 10.13 9.25 8.39 7.31 8.38 7.93 7.81 7.60 9.64 7.44 8.05 6.97 6.54 5.83 5.84 5.87 6.41 6.34 6.03 5.04

15-Year Fixed N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 7.96 6.83 7.86 7.48 7.32 7.13 6.59 7.06 7.72 6.50 5.98 5.17 5.21 5.42 6.07 6.03 5.62 4.57

1-Year ARM N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 11.51 10.05 8.43 7.83 7.90 8.80 8.36 7.09 5.62 4.58 5.36 6.06 5.67 5.61 5.58 5.99 7.04 5.82 4.62 3.76 3.90 4.49 5.54 5.56 5.17 4.70

(1)

1) To calculate adjustable-rate mortgage (ARM) rates, Freddie Mac indexes the products to US Treasury yields and asks lenders for both the initial coupon rate as well as the margin on the ARM products.

Source(s): US Department of Housing and Urban Development, US Housing Market Conditions: 3rd Quarter 2010, November 2010, Exhibit 14. Mortgage Interest Rates, Average Commitment Rates, and Points 1973-Present.

2-34

Buildings Energy Data Book: 2.5 Residential Construction and Housing Market
2.5.12

March 2011

Annual Home Improvement Loan Origination Volumes and Values, by Housing Vintage of Loan Applicant Volume (thousands) 2002 2003 2004 N/A 49 74 86 117 190 186 144 270 134 97 172 96 147 249 84 (1) (1) 502 553

Housing Vintage 1990-2000 1980-1989 1970-1979 1960-1969 1950-1959 1949 or earlier Total Volume

1999 N/A 105 242 178 135 126 660

2000 N/A 103 231 165 123 113 622

2001 N/A 95 214 153 113 100 575

2005 93 224 306 191 268 (1)

2006 95 235 320 200 279 (1)

2007 2008 74 36 196 113 277 173 168 102 234 139 (1) (1) 949 563

2009 23 75 123 70 93 (1) 383

955 1,083 1,128

Housing Vintage 1990-2000 1980-1989 1970-1979 1960-1969 1950-1959 1949 or earlier Total Value
Note(s):

1999 N/A 3.5 7.0 5.2 3.9 3.5 23.1

2000 N/A 3.7 7.2 5.3 4.0 3.5 23.7

2001 N/A 3.7 7.5 5.6 4.2 3.6 24.7

Value (in $2009 billion) 2002 2003 2004 2005 N/A 2.5 7.5 11.7 4.0 5.5 16.0 23.0 7.6 6.6 21.2 28.7 5.9 4.7 15.3 20.2 4.3 6.8 22.1 27.8 3.5 (1) (1) (1) 25.3 26.1

2006 10.5 21.9 27.7 19.4 26.9 (1)

2007 2008 7.3 3.1 16.2 8.0 21.0 11.2 14.4 7.3 20.6 10.1 (1) (1) 79.5 39.6

2009 2.3 6.4 9.2 5.9 7.9 (1) 31.8

82.2 111.4 106.5

1) After 2002, category represent 1959 and earlier vintage homes.

Source(s): The Federal Financial Institution Examination Council, Home Mortgage Disclosure Act, National Aggregate Report, Years: 1999-2009.

2-35

Buildings Energy Data Book: 2.6 Residential Home Improvement
2.6.1 Value of Residential Building Improvements and Repairs, by Sector ($2009 Billion) (1) Improvements 71.6 81.6 90.7 104.9 137.1 154.9 167.8 177.5 185.8 177.4 Maintenance and Repairs 34.9 64.8 84.8 63.3 52.3 51.4 57.4 59.2 56.8 56.6 Total 106.5 146.4 175.5 168.2 189.4 206.4 225.2 236.7 242.6 233.9

March 2011

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
Note(s):

(2)

1) Improvements includes additions, alterations, reconstruction, and major replacements. Repairs include maintenance. 2) The US Census Bureau discontinued the Survey of Residential Alterations and Repairs (SORAR) after 2007.

Source(s): DOC, Historic Expenditures for Residential Properties by Property Type: Quarterly 1962-2003 (Old structural purposes) for 1980-2000; DOC, 1997 Census of Construction Industries: Industry Summary, Jan. 2000, Table 7, p. 15; DOC, Historic Expenditures for residential Proerties by Property Type: Quarterly 2003-2007 (New structural purposes) for 2003-2007; and EIA, Annual Energy Review 2009, August 2010, Appendix D, p. 383 for GDP and price deflators.

2.6.2

2007 Professional and Do-It-Yourself Improvements, by Project ($2009) Professional Installation Total Mean Projects Expenditures Expenditures (thousand) ($million) ($) 3,957 1,349 1,602 276 730 11,708 2,885 1,602 2,936 4,285 6,216 2,707 776 2,733 6,207 727 4,836 644 728 4,447 33,263 65,158 21,426 14,514 10,551 18,667 23,384 4,599 2,834 12,313 3,638 32,340 16,255 5,350 10,735 21,959 1,683 16,415 3,862 10,157 32,303 185,301 16,466 15,883 9,060 38,228 25,571 1,997 1,594 1,769 4,194 849 5,203 6,005 6,895 3,928 3,538 2,314 3,394 5,997 13,952 7,264 Do-It-Yourself Installation Total Mean Projects Expenditures Expenditures (thousand) ($million) ($) 3,986 1,110 1,611 415 850 7,156 2,888 936 556 2,776 2,986 677 428 1,881 4,721 918 3,467 336 187 3,580 22,616 21,643 7,550 4,979 3,316 5,798 4,918 1,786 684 1,289 1,160 5,749 1,880 1,298 2,571 6,728 794 4,707 1,227 3,278 8,323 50,639 5,430 6,801 3,091 7,991 6,821 687 618 731 2,318 418 1,925 2,777 3,033 1,367 1,425 865 1,358 3,651 17,530 2,325

Repair/Improvement Room Additions, Alterations, and Remodelings Kitchen Bathroom Bedroom Other Systems and Equipment Plumbing (Pipes and Fixtures) Electrical System HVAC Appliance/Major Equipment Exterior Additions and Replacements Roof Siding Windows/Doors Interior Additions and Replacements Insulation Flooring/Paneling/Ceiling Other Interior Disaster Repair Other Additions and Replacements (1) Total
Note(s):

(2)

1) Other additions and replacements include porches, carports, swimming pools and other major improvements or repairs to lot or yard. 2)Total expenditures (professional installation plus do-it-yourself installation) are $1.8 billion higher compared to Table 2.6.1. This discrepancy is due to sampling methods used by HUD for the American Housing Survey and DOC in the Survey of Expenditures for Residential Improvements and Repairs. Individual households may report projects in multiple categories.

Source(s): Joint Center for Housing Studies of Harvard University, The Remodeling Market in Transition: Improving America's Housing 2009, 2009, Table A-2, p. 30; and EIA, Annual Energy Review 2009, August 2010, Appendix D, p. 383 for GDP and price deflators.

2-36

Buildings Energy Data Book: 2.6 Residential Home Improvement
2.6.3 2007 and 2009 Professional Home Improvements, by Project ($2009) 2007 Professional Installation Total Mean Projects Expenditures Expenditures (thousand) ($million) ($) 3,957 1,349 1,602 276 730 11,708 2,885 1,602 2,936 4,285 6,216 2,707 776 2,733 6,207 727 4,836 644 728 4,447 33,263 65,158 21,426 14,514 10,551 18,667 23,365 4,599 2,815 12,313 3,638 32,340 16,255 5,350 10,735 15,029 1,286 11,811 1,933 9,847 32,303 178,042 16,466 15,883 9,060 38,228 25,571 1,996 1,594 1,757 4,194 849 5,203 6,005 6,895 3,928 2,421 1,768 2,442 3,001 13,526 7,264

March 2011

Repair/Improvement Room Additions, Alterations, and Remodelings Kitchen Bathroom Bedroom Other Systems and Equipment Plumbing (Pipes and Fixtures) Electrical System HVAC Appliance/Major Equipment Exterior Additions and Replacements Roof Siding Windows/Doors Interior Additions and Replacements Insulation Flooring/Paneling/Ceiling Other Interior Disaster Repair Other Additions and Replacements (1) Total
Note(s):

2009 Professional Installation Total Mean Projects Expenditures Expenditures (thousand) ($million) ($) 3,322 1,109 1,401 255 557 11,262 2,700 1,523 2,824 4,215 6,163 2,698 780 2,685 5,479 861 4,081 537 806 3,732 30,764 38,182 16,081 12,085 8,712 1,304 20,666 3,743 2,055 11,752 3,116 28,684 15,122 4,181 9,381 14,542 1,244 11,428 1,870 9,063 24,262 135,399 11,494 14,500 8,626 34,165 2,341 1,835 1,386 1,349 4,161 739 4,654 5,605 5,360 3,494 2,654 1,445 2,800 3,482 11,244 6,501

1) Other additions and replacements include porches, carports, swimming pools and other major improvements or repairs to lot or yard.

Source(s): Joint Center for Housing Studies of Harvard University, The Remodeling market in Transition, 2009, Table A.2, p. 30 for 2007; Joint Center for Housing Studies of Harvard University, A New Decade of Growth for Remodeling: Improving America's Housing, 2011, Table A-2, p. 28 for 2009; and EIA, Annual Energy Review 2009, August 2010, Appendix D, p. 383 for GDP and price deflators.

2-37

Buildings Energy Data Book: 2.6 Residential Home Improvement
2.6.4 2007 and 2009 Do-It-Yourself Home Improvements, by Project ($2009) 2007 DIY Installation Total Mean Projects Expenditures Expenditures (thousand) ($million) ($) 3,986 1,110 1,611 415 850 7,156 2,888 936 556 2,776 2,986 677 428 1,881 4,721 918 3,467 336 187 3,580 22,616 21,643 7,550 4,979 3,316 5,798 4,918 1,786 684 1,289 1,160 5,749 1,880 1,298 2,571 6,728 794 4,707 1,227 3,278 8,323 50,639 5,430 6,801 3,091 7,991 6,821 687 618 731 2,318 418 1,925 2,777 3,033 1,367 1,425 865 1,358 3,651 17,530 2,325

March 2011

Repair/Improvement Room Additions, Alterations, and Remodelings Kitchen Bathroom Bedroom Other Systems and Equipment Plumbing (Pipes and Fixtures) Electrical System HVAC Appliance/Major Equipment Exterior Additions and Replacements Roof Siding Windows/Doors Interior Additions and Replacements Insulation Flooring/Paneling/Ceiling Other Interior Disaster Repair Other Additions and Replacements (1) Total
Note(s):

2009 DIY Installation Total Mean Projects Expenditures Expenditures (thousand) ($million) ($) 3,372 898 1,465 299 710 6,994 2,890 843 532 2,729 2,714 671 357 1,686 4,411 922 3,174 315 257 3,313 21,061 15,563 5,354 3,847 2,636 3,726 4,198 1,335 385 1,400 1,078 4,418 1,686 666 2,066 4,777 564 3,611 602 1,445 7,419 37,820 4,615 5,962 2,626 8,816 5,248 600 462 457 2,632 395 1,628 2,513 1,866 1,225 1,083 612 1,138 1,911 5,623 2,239

1) Other additions and replacements include porches, carports, swimming pools and other major improvements or repairs to lot or yard.

Source(s): Joint Center for Housing Studies of Harvard University, The Remodeling market in Transition, 2009, Table A.2, p. 30 for 2007; Joint Center for Housing Studies of Harvard University, A New Decade of Growth for Remodeling: Improving America's Housing, 2011, Table A-2, p. 28 for 2009; and EIA, Annual Energy Review 2009, August 2010, Appendix D, p. 383 for GDP and price deflators.

2.6.5

Single-Family Residential Renovations, by Project and Vintage Year Home was Built 1961-73 1974-80 54% 60% 59% 55% 14% 24% 15% 16% 6% 12% 11% 10% 6% 7% 3% 4%

Kitchen Remodeled Bathroom Remodeled Add Room(s) Exterior Improvement Basement Room Finished Redesign/Restructure Bathroom Added Sun room Added
Note(s):

Pre-1946 60% 59% 29% 21% 14% 14% 8% 4%

1946-60 57% 52% 18% 15% 10% 8% 7% 6%

1981-98 44% 40% 21% 9% 16% 5% 6% 5%

1999 or later 8% 4% 15% 4% 65% 4% 27% 8%

Data based on a nationwide study of 819 consumers who remodeled their homes in the past 12 months or will in the next 12 months.

Source(s): Professional Remodeler, Consumer Research: What Consumers Want, Sept. 2002, p.44-50.

2-38

Buildings Energy Data Book: 2.6 Residential Home Improvement
2.6.6 2007 National Professional Remodeling Cost and Amount Recouped in Resale Value ($2009) Job Cost ($ thousand) 10.2 12.5 13.7 10.8 11.8 18.6 34.3 Resale Value ($ thousand) 8.5 10.0 12.0 8.6 9.6 12.6 22.5

March 2011

Envelope Siding Replacement - Vinyl Siding Replacement - Foam-backed vinyl Siding Replacement - Fiber-cement Window Replacement - Vinyl Window Replacement - Wood Roofing Replacement - Asphalt Roofing Replacement - Steel Remodel Minor Kitchen Remodel Major Kitchen Remodel Bathroom Remodel Attic Bedroom Remodel Basement Remodel Home Office Remodel Additions Deck Addition - Wood Deck Addition - Composite Bathroom Addition Garage Addition Sunroom Addition Family Room Addition Master Suite Addition Two-Story Addition Back-Up Power Generator
Note(s):

Cost Recouped 83% 80% 88% 79% 81% 67% 66%

21.9 57.4 16.3 48.3 61.4 28.1

18.2 44.8 12.8 37.0 46.2 16.0

83% 78% 78% 77% 75% 57%

10.7 15.5 38.4 55.7 72.2 81.6 102.2 144.0 13.8

9.1 12.1 25.4 38.7 42.6 56.0 70.5 106.5 8.0

85% 78% 66% 70% 59% 69% 69% 74% 58%

Job cost includes labor, material, subtrades, contractor overhead and profit. Resale value based on a survey of appraisers, sales agents, and brokers. The survey asked for the estimated increase in resale value of standardized remodeling projects. Definitions of remodeling projects are available at costvalue.remodelingmagazine.com. Costs and resale values inflated from $2007 to $2009.

Source(s): © 2007 Hanley Wood, LLC. Reproduced by permission. Complete regional and city data from the Remodeling 2007 Cost vs. Value Report can be downloaded for free at costvalue.remodelingmagazine.com; and EIA, Annual Energy Review 2009, August 2010, Appendix D, p. 383 for GDP and price deflators.

2.6.7

Home Improvement Spending by Household Income Number of Homeowners (000s) 24,675 23,178 14,051 13,005 Homeowners Reporting Projects (000s) 6,113 6,545 2,499 4,097 Average Expenditure ($) 5,643 6,776 9,102 16,375 Total Expenditures (Millions of $) 34,496 44,350 39,132 67,092

Income (2009 dollars) Under $40,000 $40-79,999 $80-119,999 120,000 and Over
Note(s):

Home improvements include room additions, remodeling, replacements of household systems and appliances, porches and garages, additions and replacements of roofing, siding, window/doors, insulation, flooring/paneling/ceiling, and disaster repairs.

Source(s): Joint Center for Housing Studies, A New Decade of Growth for Remodeling, Table A-3, pg. 29.

2-39

Buildings Energy Data Book: 2.1 Residential Sector Energy Consumption
2.7.1 Delivered Energy Consumption Intensities of Public Multi-Family Buildings, by Fuel and Region (Thousand Btu/SF) Electricity 27.7 22.5 53.5 22.0 33.0 Natural Gas 45.9 49.9 27.9 25.3 43.4 Fuel Oil 39.9 N.A. N.A. N.A. Total 71.5 70.3 65.9 46.2 68.3

March 2011

Region Northeast Midwest South West National Average

Source(s): HUD, Benchmarking Utility Usage in Public Housing, December 2007, http://www.hud.gov/offices/pih/programs/ph/phecc/finbnchrpt.doc.

2.7.2

Delivered Energy Consumption Intensities of Public Multi-Family Buildings, by Fuel and Region (Million Btu/Household) Electricity 21.2 16.6 39.4 16.6 24.6 Natural Gas 34.9 36.6 20.0 19.3 32.2 Fuel Oil 36.2 N.A. N.A. N.A. Total 54.7 51.8 48.5 34.8 51.0

Region Northeast Midwest South West National Average

Source(s): HUD, Benchmarking Utility Usage in Public Housing, December 2007, http://www.hud.gov/offices/pih/programs/ph/phecc/finbnchrpt.doc.

2-40

Buildings Energy Data Book: 2.7 Industrialized Housing (IH)
2.8.1 2007 Top Five Manufacturers of Factory-Built Housing Units (1) Gross Sales Volume ($million) 1,327.8 1,286.6 679.1 600.0 376.4 Market Share of Top 25 Company Sales (2) 20% 19% 10% 9% 6%

March 2011

Company CMH Manufacturing Champion Enterprises, Inc. Palm Harbor Homes, Inc. Fleetwood Enterprises, Inc. Skyline Corporation
Note(s):

Units Produced 31,100 21,126 8,911 15,137 8,207

1) Data based on mail-in surveys from manufacturers which may not be entirely complete. 2) Market shares based on total gross sales volume of the factory-built home producers included in the list of the top 25 factory-built producers responding to the survey. In 2007, surveyed factory-built home sales were estimated at $6.6 billion and 133,361 units.

Source(s): HousingZone.com, 2007 Factory Built Housing Results, http://www.housingzone.com/factory.html.

2.8.2

2007 Top Five Manufacturers of Modular/3D Housing Units (1) Gross Sales Volume ($million) 438.7 228.8 165.4 162.9 110.6 Market Share of Top 25 Company Sales (2) 27% 14% 10% 10% 7%

Company Champion Enterprises, Inc. CMH Manufacturing All American Homes, LLC Palm Harbor Homes, Inc. Excel Homes LLC
Note(s):

Units Produced 4,653 3,200 1,689 1,614 1,200

1) Data based on mail-in surveys from manufacturers, which may not be entirely complete. 2) Market shares based on total gross sales volume of the Modular/3D home producers included in the list of the top 25 factory-built producers responding to the survey. In 2007, surveyed Modular/3D home sales were estimated at $1.6 billion and 20,601 units.

Source(s): HousingZone.com, 2007 Factory Built Housing Results, http://www.housingzone.com/factory.html.

2.8.3

2007 Top Five Manufacturers of HUD-Code (Mobile) Homes (1) Gross Sales Volume ($million) 1,099 848 600 516 376 Market Share of Top 25 Company Sales (2) 23% 18% 12% 11% 8%

Company CMH Manufacturing Champion Enterprises, Inc. Fleetwood Enterprises, Inc. Palm Harbor Homes Skyline Corporation
Note(s):

Units Produced 27,900 16,473 15,137 7,297 8,207

1) Data based on mail-in surveys from manufacturers, which may not be entirely complete. 2) Market shares based on total gross sales volume of the HUD-Code home producers included in the list of the top 25 factory-built producers responding to the survey. In 2007, surveyed HUD-Code home sales were estimated at $4.83 billion and 109,320 units.

Source(s): HousingZone.com, 2007 Factory Built Housing Results, http://www.housingzone.com/factory.html.

2-41

Buildings Energy Data Book: 2.7 Industrialized Housing (IH)
2.8.4 2004 Top Five Manufacturers of Factory-Fabricated Components (Trusses, Wall Panels, Doors) (1) Gross Sales Volume ($million) 175.0 102.5 45.0 25.9 25.1 Market Share of Top 26 Company Sales (2) 26% 15% 7% 4% 4% Number of Employees (3) 1,130 702 425 180 260

March 2011

Company Carpenter Contractors Automated Building Company Landmark Truss Southern Building Products Dolan Lumber & Truss
Note(s):

1) Data based on mail-in surveys from manufacturers, which may not be entirely complete. 2) Market shares based on total gross sales volume of producers of only components included in the list of the top 26 IH producers responding to the survey. In 2004, surveyed component sales was estimated at $665.1 million. 3) The top 26 companies employ over 4,970 people at their plants.

Source(s): Automated Builder Magazine, Sept. 2005, p. 40-41.

2.8.5

2004 Number of Industrialized Housing Manufacturers Versus Production Companies (Stick-Builders) Number of Companies 3,500 200 90 7,000 2,200 170

Type Panelized Modular (1) HUD-Code Production Builders Component Manufacturers Special (Commercial) Units
Note(s):

1) 170 of these companies also produce panelized homes.

Source(s): Automated Builder Magazine, Mar. 2005, p. 34-35; Automated Builder Magazine, Jan. 2004, p. 16 for Note 1.

2-42

Buildings Energy Data Book: 2.7 Industrialized Housing (IH)
2.8.6 Manufactured Home Shipments, Estimated Retail Sales and Average Sales Prices (1980-2008) Estimated Retail Sales (2009$ Million) 10,064 10,051 9,321 11,809 11,648 11,017 9,558 9,344 8,985 8,516 7,953 6,944 8,586 10,882 13,114 15,179 16,596 17,377 19,956 18,531 16,140 11,618 10,655 8,953 8,213 8,446 7,608 6,408 5,208 Average Sales Price (2009$) Single Section $36,781 $35,101 $34,073 $33,539 $32,509 $31,732 $31,045 $31,187 $30,479 $30,949 $30,103 $29,219 $29,546 $30,732 $32,297 $34,734 $35,670 $36,220 $36,970 $37,067 $37,396 $36,812 $36,821 $37,212 $37,320 $37,432 $38,377 $38,549 $38,552 Multi-Section $65,516 $61,375 $56,260 $58,122 $55,835 $53,659 $53,719 $54,916 $55,059 $56,371 $55,644 $54,180 $53,355 $55,570 $57,722 $60,044 $61,036 $62,444 $63,928 $64,646 $66,372 $66,843 $66,850 $69,642 $71,917 $75,412 $75,797 $76,684 $77,003

March 2011

Year 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

Manufactured Home Shipments 221,091 240,313 238,808 295,079 294,993 283,489 244,660 232,598 218,429 198,254 188,172 170,713 210,787 254,276 303,932 339,601 363,411 353,377 372,843 348,671 250,550 193,229 168,491 130,937 130,802 146,744 117,373 95,769 81,889

Note(s):

Manufactured Housing Institute compiled data from the Institute for Building Technology and Safety (IBTS) and the US Census Bureau.

Source(s): Manufactured Housing Institute, "Manfuctured Home Shipments, Estimated Retail Sales amd Average Sales Prices (1980-2008). Accessed January 20, 2011 at <http://www.factorybuilthousing.com/admin/template/subbrochures/399temp.pdf>; and EIA, Annual Energy Review 2009, August 2010, Appendix D, p. 383 for GDP and price deflators.

2-43

Buildings Energy Data Book: 2.9 Low-Income Housing
2.9.1 Program Definitions

March 2011

DOE Weatherization: Department of Energy's Weatherization Assistance Program DOE Weatherization Eligible Households: Households with incomes at or below 125% of the Federal poverty level, which varies by family size; however, a State may instead elect to use the LIHEAP income standard if its State LIHEAP income standard is at least 125% of the Federal poverty level. Data listed in this chapter include previously weatherized units. DOE Weatherization Eligible Households are a subset of Federally Eligible Households. DOE Weatherization Recipient Households: Households that have received weatherization under DOE Weatherization funding. Federally Eligible Households: Households with incomes below the Federal maximum standard of 150% to 200% of the poverty line or 60% of the State median income, whichever is higher. HHS: Department of Health and Human Services LIHEAP: HHS's Low-Income Home Energy Assistance Program LIHEAP Eligible Households: Households with incomes below the Federal maximum poverty income level, i.e., 150% of the Federal poverty guidelines or 75% of State median income, whichever is higher. LIHEAP Recipient Households: Households that received fuel subsidies for home heating, cooling, or energy crisis benefits in the year previous to a particular household survey.
Source(s): ORNL, Scope of the Weatherization Assistance Program: Profile of the Population in Need, Mar. 1994, p. 1.2 for Weatherization eligible, Weatherization recipient, and LIHEAP eligible households; EIA, Housing Characteristics 1993, June 1995, p. 336 for Federally eligible for weatherization; HHS, LIHEAP Report to Congress FY 2001, Feb. 2003, Table E-1, p. 105 and Figure 1, p. iii for LIHEAP recipient household; Department of Energy, What is the Weatherization Program, p. 2, February 2009; U.S Department of Health and Human Services, Low Income Home Energy Assistance Program Guidance, Policy, and Procedures, February 2009.

2.9.2

Energy Burden Definitions

Energy burden is an important statistic for policy makers who are considering the need for energy assistance. Energy burden can be defined broadly as the burden placed on household incomes by the cost of energy, or more simply, the ratio of energy expenditures to household income. However, there are different ways to compute energy burden, and different interpretations and uses of the energy burden statistics. DOE Weatherization primarily uses mean individual burden and mean group burden since these statistics provide data on how an "average" individual household fares against an "average" group of households (that is, how burdens are distributed for the population). DOE Weatherization (and HHS) also uses the median individual burden which shows the burden of a "typical" individual. Mean Individual Burden: This statistic is calculated by first computing the energy burden for each household using RECS data and then taking a mean of the household-level energy burden estimates. It furnishes the most complete information about how a burden is distributed for the population. Mean Group Burden: This statistic calculates energy expenditures for all households in the group and divides by the average of all incomes for the group. This statistic is calculated as the ratio between aggregate energy expenditures of a group (from RECS and CPS) and aggregate group income (from CPS). Median Individual Burden: This statistic is computed by taking a median of the RECS household-level energy burden estimates (the point at which 50% of households have a higher burden value and 50% have a lower value).
Source(s): HHS, LIHEAP Report to Congress FY 2000, Apr. 2002, p. 45 for energy burden definition; HHS, Characterizing the Impact of Energy Expenditures on LowIncome Households: An Analysis of Alternative National Energy Burden Statistics, Nov. 1994, p. vii and ix for burdens; and ORNL, Scope of the Weatherization Assistance Program: Profile of the Population in Need, Mar. 1994, p. xii for mean individual and mean group burdens.

2-44

Buildings Energy Data Book: 2.9 Low-Income Housing
2.9.3 Households, by Weatherization Eligibility and Year (Million) (1) Federally Eligible (2) N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. 27.9 N.A. N.A. 30.7 N.A. N.A. N.A. 34.1 N.A. N.A. N.A. 33.8 N.A. N.A. N.A. 29.6 N.A. N.A. N.A. Federally Ineligible N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. 66.1 N.A. N.A. 65.9 N.A. N.A. N.A. 67.4 N.A. 73.2 N.A. 73.2 N.A. N.A. N.A. 81.5 N.A. N.A. N.A. Below 125% Poverty Line N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. 18.2 N.A. N.A. 19.4 N.A. N.A. N.A. 19.7 N.A. N.A. N.A. 20.1 N.A. N.A. N.A. 19.4 N.A. N.A. N.A. Below 150% Poverty Line N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. 26.5 N.A. N.A. N.A. 26.6 N.A. N.A. N.A. Total Households 74.8 79.6 87.9 90.5 94.2 95.3 96.4 96.6 98.7 100.0 101.0 101.0 102.5 103.9 104.7 108.2 109.3 111.3 112.0 113.3 114.4 116.0 N.A.

March 2011

1977 1980 1985 1987 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 1977-2007
Note(s):

DOE 0.03 0.18 0.13 0.10 0.09 0.11 0.11 0.09 0.10 0.10 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.08 0.08 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.09 0.10 0.10 3.21

1) Year of receiving funding follows DOE Weatherization's Program Year of Apr. 1-Mar. 31. 2) Federally eligible for DOE and HHS (LIHEAP) Weatherization. Includes previously weatherized units.

Source(s): DOE for weatherization recipients; EIA, Housing Characteristics 1987, May 1989, Table 9, p. 20 for 1987 data; EIA, Housing Characteristics 1990, May 1992, Table 17, p. 54-55 for 1990 data; EIA, Housing Characteristics 1993, June 1995, Table 3.3a, p. 38-42 for 1993 data; EIA, A Look at Residential Energy Consumption in 1997, Nov. 1999, Table HC1-3a, p. 38-39; EIA, 1997 Residential Energy Consumption Survey for eligible households; EIA, 2001 Residential Energy Consumption Survey, Apr. 2004, Table HC2-3a for 2001 eligible households; National Association for State Community Services programs: Weatherization Assistance Program PY 2005 Funding Survey for 2005 data; EIA, 2001 Residential Energy Consumption Survey for eligible households; and DOC, Income, Poverty, and Valuation of Noncash Benefits: 1994, Apr. 1996, Table B-1, for 1991 households; DOC, The 2011 Statistical Abstract, Table 62, p. 55 for 1990-2007 households.

2.9.4

Weatherization Population Facts - Roughly 25% of Federally eligible households move in and out of poverty "classification" each year. - The average income of Federally eligible households in FY 2005 was $16,264, based on RECS and Bureau of the Census' Current Population Survey (CPS) data. - States target the neediest, especially the elderly, persons with disabilities, and families with children. - Since the inception of the Weatherization Assistance Program in 1976, over 3.2 million households have received DOE funded weatherization services. - In PY 2007, the energy burden on Federally eligible households was more than four and a quater times the burden on Federally ineligible households (17% versus 4%). - DOE weatherization saves an average of 32% on natural gas bills. This equates to $1.65 in energy benefits being produced for every $1.00 invested. These services reduce average annual energy costs by $413 per household.

Note(s):

For weatherization eligibility terminology, see Table 7.1.10. For acronyms, see Key Terminology.

Source(s): ORNL, Weatherization Works: Final Report on the National Weatherization Evaluation, Sept. 1994, p. 1 for migrating poor; ORNL, 1996 for targeting; HHS, LIHEAP Home Energy Notebook for FY 2005, May 2007, Table A-2a, p. 59 for Federally eligible average income and Table A-2b, p. 60 for energy burdens; ORNL, Progress Report of the National Weatherization Assistance Program, Sept. 1997, DOE, Weatherization Works, Progress Report of the National Weatherization Assistance Program, Feb. 1998; and EERE/OWIP, Weatherization Assistance Program Briefing Book, May 2006 for weatherization savings; Weatherization Assistance Program Briefing Book, August 2008.

2-45

Buildings Energy Data Book: 2.9 Low-Income Housing
2.9.5 Weatherization Program Facts

March 2011

- PY 2009 weatherization funding breakdown: DOE 40.1%, LIHEAP 43.4%, others 16.5%.(1) - The Federal Government's outlay for fuel subsidies runs from $4.0 to 4.4 billion per year. The major two agencies dispensing fuel subsidies are HUD and HHS (through LIHEAP). - HUD spends over $1.48 billion annually to pay all or part of the total utility bills (including water/sewer) for 1.2 million low-income households. Approximately 22% of public housing authorities' expenditures are for utilities (including water). In addition, HUD estimates tenant expenditures on utilities (excluding water) at about $278 million in 1997. - LIHEAP spends 85% of its funding on direct fuel subsidies and weatherization. Up to 15% can be spent for weatherization activities and the remainder is spent on fuel subsidies. A maximum of 25% of funding is available for weatherization activities if HHS approves a waiver. LIHEAP weatherization funding has ranged from 8-19% of total LIHEAP funds. Since 2002, LIHEAP weatherization funding has been about 12% of total funds.
Note(s): 1) Program year is Apr. 1 - Mar. 31.

Source(s): National Association for State Community Services programs: Weatherization Assistance Program PY 2009 Funding Survey for spending; HHS, LIHEAP Report to Congress FY 1995, Aug. 1997, p. vii for LIHEAP weatherized households and Table 5, p. 15 for LIHEAP cost splits; HUD, Public Housing Operating Cost Study, June 2003, p. 67-68 for public housing utility costs; and HUD, Congressional Justifications for 2007 Estimates: Public Housing Operating Fund, Mar. 2006 for HUD spending.

2.9.6

Weatherization Costs and Savings - DOE Weatherization program requires that States spend no more than an average of $6,572 per household in PY 2011. All States are using energy audits or priority lists to determine the most cost-effective weatherization measures. - For PR 2007, DOE weatherization created an average energy savings of $413 per household, reduced household annual gas heating consumption 32% with a benefit-cost ratio of 1.65.

Source(s): ORNL, Weatherization Plus Progress Report: Poised to Move Forward, June 2001; EERE/OWIP, Weatherization Assistance Program Briefing Book, August 2008; EERE/OWIP, Weatherization Program Notice 11-1, page 6, December, 2010.

2.9.7

Residential Energy Burdens, by Weatherization Eligibility and Year 1987 Mean Group 4.0% 13.0% 4.0% 13.0% 1990 Mean Mean Indvdl Group 6.8% 3.2% 14.4% 10.1% 3.5% N.A. N.A. N.A. FY 2000 (1) Mean Mdn Mean Indvdl Indvdl Group 6.1% 3.5% 2.4% 12.1% 7.9% 7.7% 3.0% 2.6% 2.0% N.A. N.A. N.A. FY 2007 (2) Mean Mdn Mean Indvdl Indvdl Group 7.0% 4.2% 3.0% 3.6% 3.1% 2.5% 13.5% 9.3% 9.9% N.A. N.A. N.A.

Total U.S. Households Federally Eligible Federally Ineligible Below 125% Poverty Line
Note(s):

1) Data are derived from RECS 1997, adjusted to reflect FY 2000 HDD, CDD, and fuel prices. 2) Data are derived from RECS 2005, adjusted to reflect FY 2007 HDD, CDD, and fuel prices.

Source(s): EIA, Household Energy Consumption and Expenditures 1987, Oct. 1989, Table 13, p. 48-50 for 1987 mean group burdens; ORNL, The Scope of the Weatherization Program: Profile of the Population in Need, Mar. 1994, p. xi. for 1990 Federally ineligible mean individual burden; HHS, Characterizing the Impact of Energy Expenditures on Low-Income Households: An Analysis of Alternative National Energy Burden Statistics, Nov. 1994, p. viii for 1990 total U.S. Households and Federally eligible burdens; HHS, LIHEAP Home Energy Notebook for FY 2000, Apr. 2000, Tables A-2a, A-2b, and A-2c, p. 48-50 for FY 2000; and HHS, LIHEAP Home Energy Notebook for FY 2007, June 2009, Tables A-3a, A-3b, and A-3c, p. 69-71.

2-46

Buildings Energy Data Book: 2.9 Low-Income Housing
2.9.8 FY 2005 Residential Energy Burdens, by Region (1) Northeast Mean Mdn Mean Indvdl Indvdl Group 8.8% 5.3% 3.4% 15.7% 10.5% 11.4% 4.3% 3.8% 2.8% South Mean Mdn Mean Indvdl Indvdl Group 7.5% 4.6% 3.2% 14.7% 9.9% 10.8% 3.8% 3.3% 2.6% Midwest Mean Mdn Mean Indvdl Indvdl Group 7.0% 4.3% 3.0% 12.9% 9.8% 9.9% 3.4% 3.0% 2.5%

March 2011

Total U.S. Households Federally Eligible Federally Ineligible
Note(s):

West Mean Mdn Mean Indvdl Indvdl Group 4.8% 3.0% 2.3% 9.6% 6.1% 6.9% 2.7% 2.3% 1.9%

1) Data are derived from RECS 2005, adjusted to reflect FY 2007 HDD, CDD, and fuel prices.

Source(s): HHS, LIHEAP Home Energy Notebook for FY 2007, June 2009, Tables A-3a, A-3b, and A-3c, p. 69-71.

2.9.9

2005 Housing Unit Ownership, by Income Level and Weatherization Eligibility (in Millions) Single-Family Own Rent 6.1 2.4 11.0 3.0 15.7 2.5 68.2 10.9 57.3 5.3 10.7 4.5 6.2 2.4 Multi-Family Unit Own Rent 0.3 7.1 0.4 5.8 N.A 3.9 4.2 1.1 3.1 0.7 20.1 9.4 10.7 6.1 Mobile Home Own Rent 1.6 N.A. 2.2 0.3 1.2 N.A. 5.7 2.5 3.2 1.5 1.0 0.6 0.4 0.3

2005 Household Income Less than $15,000 $15,000 to $30,000 $30,000 to $49,999 All Households Federally Eligible Federally Ineligible Below 100% Poverty Line

Source(s): EIA, 2005 Residential Energy Consumption Survey: Housing Characteristics Tables, June 2008, Table HC 3-3 and Table HC 4-3.

2.9.10

2005 Average Energy Expenditures per Household Member and per Square Foot, by Weatherization Eligibility ($2009) Members/ Hhold 2.6 2.7 2.5 2.7 Square Feet/ Hhold 2,309 1,532 2,590 1,442

Total U.S. Households Federally Eligible Federally Ineligible Below 100% Poverty Line

$ Per Household Member 774 612 837 598

$ Per Square Foot 0.86 1.09 0.81 1.13

Source(s): EIA, 2005 Residential Energy Consumption Survey: Household Energy Consumption and Expenditures Tables, Oct. 2008, Table US1 part2; EIA, Annual Energy Review 2009, Aug. 2010, Appendix D, p. 383 for price deflators.

2-47

Buildings Energy Data Book: 3.1 Commercial Sector Energy Consumption
3.1.1

March 2011

Commercial Primary Energy Consumption, by Year and Fuel Type (Quadrillion Btu and Percent of Total) Electricity Coal Renewable(2) Sales Losses Total 0.12 1.1% 0.02 0.2% 1.91 4.60 6.50 61.2% 0.14 1.2% 0.02 0.2% 2.35 5.42 7.77 67.5% 0.12 0.9% 0.10 0.7% 2.86 6.62 9.48 70.8% 0.12 0.8% 0.12 0.8% 3.25 7.39 10.64 72.1% 0.09 0.5% 0.13 0.7% 3.96 9.00 12.95 75.2% 0.10 0.5% 0.12 0.7% 4.35 9.52 13.87 77.4% 0.07 0.4% 0.12 0.7% 4.56 9.82 14.37 78.0% 0.06 0.3% 0.14 0.8% 4.60 9.82 14.42 78.6% 0.06 0.3% 0.14 0.8% 4.82 9.93 14.75 77.9% 0.06 0.3% 0.15 0.7% 5.20 10.71 15.90 78.7% 0.06 0.3% 0.15 0.7% 5.58 11.46 17.04 79.5% 0.06 0.3% 0.15 0.7% 6.01 12.24 18.25 80.2% 0.06 0.3% 0.15 0.6% 6.43 12.99 19.42 80.7% Growth Rate 2008-Year -0.2% 0.4% 0.8% 0.9% 1.0% 1.0%

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2008 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035
Note(s):

Natural Gas Petroleum (1) 2.67 25.1% 1.31 12.4% 2.50 21.7% 1.08 9.4% 2.70 20.2% 0.99 7.4% 3.12 21.1% 0.76 5.2% 3.25 18.9% 0.80 4.6% 3.08 17.2% 0.75 4.2% 3.22 17.5% 0.64 3.5% 3.18 17.3% 0.56 3.0% 3.44 18.2% 0.55 2.9% 3.57 17.7% 0.54 2.6% 3.65 17.0% 0.53 2.5% 3.76 16.5% 0.53 2.3% 3.90 16.2% 0.53 2.2%

Total(2) 10.62 11.51 13.39 14.75 17.22 17.92 18.43 18.35 18.94 20.22 21.43 22.75 24.06

1) Petroleum includes distillate and residual fuels, liquefied petroleum gas, kerosene, and motor gasoline. 2) Includessite-marketed and nonmarketed renewable energy. 3) 2008 site-to-source electricity conversion = 3.16.

Source(s): EIA, State Energy Data 2008: Consumption, June 2010, Tables 8-12, p. 24-28 for 1980-2008; and EIA, Annual Energy Outlook 2011 Early Release, Dec. 2010, Summary Reference Case Tables, Table A2, p. 3-5 for 2009-2035 and Table A17, p. 34-35 for non-marketed renewable energy.

3.1.2

Commercial Site Renewable Energy Consumption (Quadrillion Btu) (1) Wood (2) 0.021 0.024 0.094 0.113 0.119 0.105 0.107 0.111 0.111 0.111 0.111 0.111 0.111 Solar Thermal (3) N.A N.A N.A N.A N.A N.A 0.025 0.026 0.028 0.029 0.029 0.029 0.030 Solar PV(3) N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. 0.003 0.004 0.005 0.005 0.006 0.008 0.010 GHP 0.000 0.000 0.003 0.005 0.008 0.014 N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. Total 0.021 0.024 0.097 0.117 0.127 0.118 0.135 0.140 0.144 0.145 0.146 0.148 0.151 Growth Rate 2008-Year 2.1% 1.0% 0.6% 0.5% 0.4% 0.4%

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2008 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035
Note(s):

1) Does not include renewable energy consumed by electric utilities (including hydroelectric). 2) Includes wood and wood waste, municipal solid waste, and other biomass used by the commercial sector to cogenerate electricity. 3) Includes only solar energy.

Source(s): EIA, State Energy Data 2008: Consumption, June 2010, Tables 8-9, p. 24-25 for 1980-2007; and EIA, Annual Energy Outlook 2011 Early Release, Dec. 2010, Summary Reference Case Tables,Table A17, p. 34-35 for 2008-2030.

3-1

Buildings Energy Data Book: 3.1 Commercial Sector Energy Consumption
3.1.3 Commercial Delivered and Primary Energy Consumption Intensities, by Year Percent Floorspace Post-2000 (million SF) Floorspace (1) 50.9 N.A. 64.3 N.A. 68.5 N.A. 78.8 18% 81.2 26% 85.5 35% 91.5 45% 97.4 54% 103.5 62% 109.8 70% Delivered Energy Consumption Total Consumption per (10^15 Btu) SF (thousand Btu/SF) 6.02 118.3 6.76 105.2 8.22 120.0 8.62 109.5 8.54 105.1 9.02 105.5 9.51 104.0 9.96 102.3 10.51 101.5 11.07 100.8

March 2011

1980 1990 2000 2008 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035
Note(s):

(2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2)

Primary Energy Consumption Total Consumption per (10^15 Btu) SF (thousand Btu/SF) 10.62 208.7 13.39 208.3 17.22 251.4 18.47 234.4 18.35 226.0 18.94 221.7 20.22 221.0 21.43 220.1 22.75 219.7 24.02 218.8

1) Percent built after Dec. 31, 2000. 2) Excludes parking garages and commercial buildings on multi-building manufacturing facilities.

Source(s): EIA, State Energy Data 2008: Consumption, June 2010, Tables 8-12, p. 24-28 for 1980-2000; DOE for 1980 floorspace; EIA, Annual Energy Outlook 1994, Jan. 1994, Table A5, p. 62 for 1990 floorspace; EIA, AEO 2003, Jan. 2003, Table A5, p. 127 for 2000 floorspace; and EIA, Annual Energy Outlook 2011 Early Release, Dec. 2010, Summary Reference Case Tables, Table A2, p. 3-5, Table A5, p. 11-12, and Table A17, p. 34-35 for 2008-2035.

3.1.4

2008 Commercial Energy End-Use Splits, by Fuel Type (Quadrillion Btu) Natural Fuel Other Renw. Site Gas Oil (1) LPG Fuel(2) En.(3) Electric 1.27 1.56 0.23 0.08 0.11 0.28 0.03 0.77 0.53 0.40 0.44 0.02 0.02 0.09 0.24 0.22 0.17 0.02 0.29 0.01 0.15 0.05 0.00 0.59 0.73 0.18 0.14 3.22 0.44 0.15 0.12 0.13 4.56 Site Total Percent 1.27 14.7% 2.25 26.1% 0.80 9.3% 0.53 6.2% 0.40 4.7% 0.58 6.7% 0.24 2.8% 0.22 2.6% 0.19 2.2% 1.09 12.6% 1.05 12.2% 8.62 100% Primary Electric (4) 4.00 0.89 2.44 1.68 1.28 0.30 0.75 0.70 0.07 1.86 0.43 14.41 Primary Total Percent 4.00 21.7% 2.86 15.5% 2.47 13.4% 1.68 9.1% 1.28 6.9% 0.78 4.2% 0.75 4.1% 0.70 3.8% 0.24 1.3% 2.36 12.8% 1.35 7.3% 18.47 100%

Lighting Space Heating Space Cooling Ventilation Refrigeration Water Heating Electronics Computers Cooking Other (5) Adjust to SEDS (6) Total
Note(s):

| | | | | | | | | | | |

Source(s): EIA, Annual Energy Outlook 2011 Early Release, Dec. 2010, Summary Reference Case Tables, Tables A2, p. 3-5, Table A5, p. 11-12, and Table A17, p. 3435; EIA, National Energy Modeling System (NEMS) for AEO 2011 Early Release, Dec. 2010; BTS/A.D. Little, Energy Consumption Characteristics of Commercial Building HVAC Systems, Volume II: Thermal Distribution, Auxiliary Equipment, and Ventilation, Oct. 1999, p. 1-2 and 5-25 - 5-26; EIA, AEO 1998, Dec. 1997, Table A5, p. 108-109 for 1995 ventilation; and BTP/Navigant Consulting, U.S. Lighting Market Characterization, Volume I, Sept. 2002, Table 8-2, p. 63; EIA, Supplement to the AEO 2011 Early Release, Dec. 2010, Table 32.

1) Includes (0.37 quad) distillate fuel oil and (0.07 quad) residual fuel oil. 2) Kerosene (0.01 quad) and coal (0.07 quad) are assumed attributable to space heating. Motor gasoline (0.05 quad) assumed attributable to other end-uses. 3) Comprised of (0.11 quad) biomass, (0.02 quad) solar water heating, (less than 0.01 quad) solar PV, and (less than 0.01 quad) wind. 4) Site-to-source electricity conversion (due to generation and transmission losses) = 3.16. 5) Includes service station equipment, ATMs, telecommunications equipment, medical equipment, pumps, emergency electric generators, combined heat and power in commercial buildings, and manufacturing performed in commercial buildings. 6) Energy adjustment EIA uses to relieve discrepancies between data sources. Energy attributable to the commercial buildings sector, but not directly to specific end-uses.

3-2

Buildings Energy Data Book: 3.1 Commercial Sector Energy Consumption
3.1.5 2010 Commercial Energy End-Use Splits, by Fuel Type (Quadrillion Btu) Natural Fuel Other Renw. Site Gas Oil (1) LPG Fuel(2) En.(3) Electric 1.02 1.61 0.18 0.06 0.11 0.18 0.04 0.58 0.51 0.39 0.26 0.46 0.02 0.03 0.09 0.21 0.18 0.02 0.30 0.01 0.15 0.04 0.00 0.65 0.58 0.15 0.69 3.11 0.36 0.15 0.11 0.14 4.60 Site Total Percent 1.02 12.0% 2.14 25.1% 0.62 7.3% 0.51 6.0% 0.39 4.6% 0.26 3.1% 0.59 6.9% 0.21 2.5% 0.20 2.4% 1.15 13.5% 1.42 16.7% 8.54 100% Primary Electric (4) 3.20 0.55 1.82 1.60 1.23 0.82 0.29 0.66 0.07 2.03 2.15 14.42

March 2011

Lighting Space Heating Space Cooling Ventilation Refrigeration Electronics Water Heating Computers Cooking Other (5) Adjust to SEDS (6) Total
Note(s):

| | | | | | | | | | | |

Primary Total Percent 3.20 17.4% 2.52 13.7% 1.86 10.1% 1.60 8.7% 1.23 6.7% 0.82 4.5% 0.79 4.3% 0.66 3.6% 0.25 1.4% 2.53 13.8% 2.89 15.7% 18.35 100%

Source(s): EIA, Annual Energy Outlook 2011 Early Release, Dec. 2010, Summary Reference Case Tables, Tables A2, p. 3-5, Table A5, p. 11-12, and Table A17, p. 3435; EIA, National Energy Modeling System (NEMS) for AEO 2011 Early Release, Dec. 2010; EIA, Supplement to the AEO 2011 Early Release, Dec. 2010, Table 32.

1) Includes (0.32 quad) distillate fuel oil and (0.04 quad) residual fuel oil. 2) Kerosene (0.01 quad) and coal (0.06 quad) are assumed attributable to space heating. Motor gasoline (0.04 quad) assumed attributable to other end-uses. 3) Comprised of (0.11 quad) biomass, (0.03 quad) solar water heating, (less than 0.01 quad) solar PV, and (less than 0.01 quad) wind. 4) Site-to-source electricity conversion (due to generation and transmission losses) = 3.13. 5) Includes service station equipment, ATMs, telecommunications equipment, medical equipment, pumps, emergency electric generators, combined heat and power in commercial buildings, and manufacturing performed in commercial buildings. 6) Energy adjustment EIA uses to relieve discrepancies between data sources. Energy attributable to the commercial buildings sector, but not directly to specific end-uses.

3.1.6

2020 Commercial Energy End-Use Splits, by Fuel Type (Quadrillion Btu) Natural Fuel Other Renw. Site Gas Oil (1) LPG Fuel(2) En.(3) Electric 1.09 1.75 0.18 0.07 0.11 0.17 0.60 0.04 0.54 0.37 0.36 0.55 0.02 0.03 0.09 0.19 0.21 0.02 0.39 0.01 0.15 0.05 0.01 0.97 0.63 0.11 0.80 3.57 0.33 0.15 0.12 0.15 5.20 Site Total Percent 1.09 11.4% 2.29 24.1% 0.60 6.3% 0.58 6.1% 0.37 3.9% 0.36 3.7% 0.69 7.3% 0.19 2.0% 0.23 2.5% 1.58 16.6% 1.54 16.2% 9.51 100% Primary Electric (4) 3.33 0.52 1.83 1.66 1.12 1.09 0.29 0.58 0.07 2.96 2.44 15.90 Primary Total Percent 3.33 16.5% 2.64 13.1% 1.83 9.0% 1.70 8.4% 1.12 5.5% 1.09 5.4% 0.89 4.4% 0.58 2.9% 0.28 1.4% 3.57 17.7% 3.18 15.7% 20.22 100%

Lighting Space Heating Ventilation Space Cooling Electronics Refrigeration Water Heating Computers Cooking Other (5) Adjust to SEDS (6) Total
Note(s):

| | | | | | | | | | | |

Source(s): EIA, Annual Energy Outlook 2011 Early Release, Dec. 2010, Summary Reference Case Tables, Tables A2, p. 3-5, Table A5, p. 11-12, and Table A17, p. 3435; EIA, National Energy Modeling System (NEMS) for AEO 2011 Early Release, Dec. 2010; EIA, Supplement to the AEO 2011 Early Release, Dec. 2010, Table 32.

1) Includes (0.27 quad) distillate fuel oil and (0. quad) residual fuel oil. 2) Kerosene (0.01 quad) and coal (0.06 quad) are assumed attributable to space heating. Motor gasoline (0.05 quad) assumed attributable to other end-uses. 3) Comprised of (0.11 quad) biomass, (0.03 quad) solar water heating, (0.01 quad) solar PV, and (less than 0.01 quad) wind. 4) Site-to-source electricity conversion (due to generation and transmission losses) = 3.06. 5) Includes service station equipment, ATMs, telecommunications equipment, medical equipment, pumps, emergency electric generators, combined heat and power in commercial buildings, and manufacturing performed in commercial buildings. 6) Energy adjustment EIA uses to relieve discrepancies between data sources. Energy attributable to the commercial buildings sector, but not directly to specific end-uses.

3-3

Buildings Energy Data Book: 3.1 Commercial Sector Energy Consumption
3.1.7 2030 Commercial Energy End-Use Splits, by Fuel Type (Quadrillion Btu) Natural Fuel Other Renw. Site Gas Oil (1) LPG Fuel(2) En.(3) Electric 1.20 1.76 0.17 0.07 0.11 0.18 0.68 0.04 0.59 0.44 0.37 0.61 0.02 0.03 0.10 0.21 0.23 0.02 0.63 0.02 0.15 0.05 0.01 1.36 0.49 0.11 0.88 3.76 0.32 0.15 0.12 0.15 6.01 Site Total Percent 1.20 11.4% 2.29 21.8% 0.68 6.5% 0.62 5.9% 0.44 4.2% 0.37 3.6% 0.75 7.2% 0.21 2.0% 0.26 2.4% 2.21 21.0% 1.48 14.1% 10.51 100% Primary Electric (4) 3.63 0.53 2.06 1.78 1.34 1.13 0.29 0.62 0.07 4.12 2.67 18.25

March 2011

Lighting Space Heating Ventilation Space Cooling Electronics Refrigeration Water Heating Computers Cooking Other (5) Adjust to SEDS (6) Total
Note(s):

| | | | | | | | | | | |

Primary Total Percent 3.63 16.0% 2.65 11.7% 2.06 9.1% 1.82 8.0% 1.34 5.9% 1.13 5.0% 0.95 4.2% 0.62 2.7% 0.30 1.3% 4.97 21.8% 3.27 14.4% 22.75 100%

Source(s): EIA, Annual Energy Outlook 2011 Early Release, Dec. 2010, Summary Reference Case Tables, Tables A2, p. 3-5, Table A5, p. 11-12, and Table A17, p. 3435; EIA, National Energy Modeling System (NEMS) for AEO 2011 Early Release, Dec. 2010; EIA, Supplement to the AEO 2011 Early Release, Dec. 2010, Table 32.

1) Includes (0.25 quad) distillate fuel oil and (0.07 quad) residual fuel oil. 2) Kerosene (0.01 quad) and coal (0.06 quad) are assumed attributable to space heating. Motor gasoline (0.05 quad) assumed attributable to other end-uses. 3) Comprised of (0.11 quad) biomass, (0.03 quad) solar water heating, (0.01 quad) solar PV, and (less than 0.01 quad) wind. 4) Site-to-source electricity conversion (due to generation and transmission losses) = 3.04. 5) Includes service station equipment, ATMs, telecommunications equipment, medical equipment, pumps, emergency electric generators, combined heat and power in commercial buildings, and manufacturing performed in commercial buildings. 6) Energy adjustment EIA uses to relieve discrepancies between data sources. Energy attributable to the commercial buildings sector, but not directly to specific end-uses.

3.1.8

Commercial Delivered Energy Consumption Intensities, by Vintage Consumption per Square Foot (thousand Btu/SF) 84.4 23% 91.5 12% 97.0 18% 100.0 19% 90.3 19% 81.6 8% 91.0

Year Constructed Prior to 1960 1960 to 1969 1970 to 1979 1980 to 1989 1990 to 1999 2000 to 2003 Average

Source(s): EIA, 2003 Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption and Expenditures: Consumption and Expenditures Tables, Oct. 2006, Table C1a.

3.1.9

2003 Commercial Delivered Energy Consumption Intensities, by Principal Building Type and Vintage (1) | | | | | | | | | | | Consumption (kBtu/SF) Pre-1959 1960-1989 1990-2003 77.7 88.3 80.6 62.4 86.0 74.8 145.2 290.1 361.2 46.6 39.9 43.3 N.A. 101.3 110.6 N.A. 38.9 33.3 61.9 107.6 119.7 21.4 23.1 N.A. 161.3 204.9 125.3

Consumption (kBtu/SF) Building Type Pre-1959 1960-1989 1990-2003 Health Care 178.1 216.0 135.7 Inpatient 230.3 255.3 253.8 Outpatient 91.6 110.4 84.4 Food Sales 205.8 197.6 198.3 Lodging 88.2 111.5 88.1 Office 93.6 94.4 88.0 Mercantile 80.4 91.8 94.4 Retail (Non-Malls) 74.1 63.7 86.4 Retail (Malls) N.A. 103.9 99.5
Note(s):

Building Type Education Service Food Service Religious Worship Public Order & Safety Warehouse & Storage Public Assembly Vacant Other

1) See Table 3.1.3 for primary versus delivered energy consumption.

Source(s): EIA, 2003 Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption and Expenditures: Consumption and Expenditures Tables, Oct. 2006, Table C12a.

3-4

Buildings Energy Data Book: 3.1 Commercial Sector Energy Consumption
3.1.10 2003 Commercial Primary Energy Consumption Intensities, by Principal Building Type Percent of Total Consumption 8% 6% 2% 5% 7% 19% 18% 5% 13% | | | | | | | | | | | Consumption Building Type (thousand Btu/SF) Education 159.0 Service 151.6 Food Service 522.4 Religious Worship 77.0 Public Order and Safety 221.1 Warehouse and Storage 94.3 Public Assembly 180.0 Vacant 33.1 Other 318.8

March 2011

Consumption Building Type (thousand Btu/SF) Health Care 345.9 Inpatient 438.8 Outpatient 205.9 Food Sales 535.5 Lodging 193.1 Office 211.7 Mercantile 223.6 Retail (Non-Malls) 172.6 Enclosed & Strip Malls 255.6

Percent of Total Consumption 11% 4% 6% 2% 2% 7% 5% 1% 4%

Source(s): EIA, 2003 Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption and Expenditures: Consumption and Expenditures Tables, Oct. 2006, Table C1a.

3.1.11

2003 Commercial Delivered Energy Consumption Intensities, by Ownership of Unit (1) Consumption (thousand Btu/SF) 85.1 72% 87.3 35% 88.4 36% 105.3 28% 100%

Ownership Nongovernment Owned Owner-Occupied Nonowner-Occupied Government Owned

Note(s):

1) Mall buildings are no longer included in most CBECs tables; therefore, some data is not directly comparable to past CBECs.

Source(s): EIA, 2003 Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption and Expenditures: Consumption and Expenditures Tables, June 2006, Table C3.

3.1.12

Aggregate Commercial Building Component Loads as of 1998 (1) Loads (quads) and Percent of Total Loads Heating Cooling -0.103 12% 0.014 1% -0.174 21% -0.008 -0.093 11% -0.058 -0.152 18% -0.041 -0.129 15% -0.045 -0.188 22% -0.085 0.114 0.386 32% 0.196 0.048 0.001 0.038 -0.442 100% 0.505 42% 0.207 17% 0.006 1% 0.082 7% 0.963 100%

Component Roof Walls (2) Foundation Infiltration Ventilation Windows (conduction) Windows (solar gain) Internal Gains Lights Equipment (electrical) Equip. (non-electrical) People NET Load
Note(s):

1) Loads represents the thermal energy losses/gains that, when combined, will be offset by a building's heating/cooling system to maintain a set interior temperature (which then equals site energy). 2) Includes common interior walls between buildings.

Source(s): LBNL, Commercial Heating and Cooling Loads Component Analysis, June 1998, Table 24, p. 45 and Figure 3, p. 61.

3-5

Buildings Energy Data Book: 3.1 Commercial Sector Energy Consumption
3.1.13

March 2011

2003 Commercial Buildings Delivered Energy End-Use Intensities, by Building Activity (Thousand Btu per SF) (1) Education 39.4 8.0 8.4 5.8 11.5 0.8 1.6 0.4 3.4 4.0 83.1 Food Sales 28.9 9.8 5.9 2.9 36.7 8.6 94.8 1.6 1.9 9.1 199.7 Food Service 43.1 17.4 14.8 40.4 25.4 63.5 42.1 1.0 1.4 9.5 258.3 Retail (No Mall) 24.8 5.9 3.7 1.1 25.7 0.6 5.0 0.6 1.0 5.6 73.9 Health Care 70.4 14.1 13.3 30.2 33.1 3.5 2.6 1.2 3.4 16.1 187.7 Enclosed and Strip Malls 23.6 12.4 7.5 7.7 28.6 3.4 4.0 0.8 1.1 13.2 102.2 Inpatient 91.8 18.6 20.0 48.4 40.1 5.6 2.0 1.1 3.9 18.1 249.2 Outpatient 38.1 7.2 3.3 2.5 22.6 N.A. 3.5 1.3 2.6 13.2 94.6 Public Assembly 49.7 9.6 15.9 1.0 7.0 0.8 2.2 N.A. N.A. 6.5 93.9 Lodging 22.2 4.9 2.7 31.4 24.3 3.2 2.3 N.A. 1.3 7.0 100.0 Public Order and Safety 49.9 8.9 9.5 14.0 16.5 1.3 2.9 0.6 1.6 10.6 115.8

Space Heating Cooling Ventilation Water Heating Lighting Cooking Refrigeration Office Equipment Computers Other Total

Space Heating Cooling Ventilation Water Heating Lighting Cooking Refrigeration Office Equipment Computers Other Total

Mercantile 24.0 9.9 6.0 5.1 27.5 2.3 4.4 0.7 1.1 10.3 91.3 Religious Worship 26.2 2.9 1.4 0.8 4.4 0.8 1.7 0.1 0.3 4.9 43.5

Service 35.9 3.8 6.0 1.0 15.6 N.A. 2.1 0.3 1.0 11.4 77.0 Warehouse and Storage 19.3 1.3 2.0 0.6 13.1 N.A. 3.5 0.2 0.6 4.8 45.2

Office 32.8 8.9 5.2 2.0 23.1 0.3 2.9 2.6 6.1 9.0 92.9

Space Heating Cooling Ventilation Water Heating Lighting Cooking Refrigeration Office Equipment Computers Other Total
Note(s):

Other 79.4 10.5 6.1 2.1 34.1 N.A. 6.0 N.A. 3.0 18.9 164.4

Vacant 14.4 0.6 0.4 0.1 1.7 N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. 3.1 20.9

1) Due to rounding, end-uses do not sum to total.

Source(s): EIA, 2003 Commercial Building Energy Consumption Survey, Energy End-Uses, Oct 2008, Table E.2A.

3-6

Buildings Energy Data Book: 3.1 Commercial Sector Energy Consumption
3.1.14 Commercial Buildings Share of U.S. Natural Gas Consumption (Percent)

March 2011

Commercial 1980 13% 1985 14% 1990 14% 1995 14% 2000 14% 2005 14% 2008(1) 13% 2010 13% 2015 13% 2020 14% 2025 14% 2030 14% 2035 14%
Note(s):

Site Consumption Industry Electric Gen. Transportation 41% 19% 3% 40% 18% 3% 43% 17% 3% 42% 19% 3% 40% 22% 3% 35% 27% 3% 34% 29% 3% 33% 31% 3% 37% 27% 3% 37% 27% 3% 37% 26% 3% 36% 28% 3% 35% 29% 3%

| | | | | | | | | | | | |

U.S. Natural Gas Primary Consumption Total Commercial Industry Transportation (quads) 18% 49% 3% 20.38 19% 46% 3% 17.84 19% 49% 3% 19.75 20% 49% 3% 22.83 21% 47% 3% 23.80 23% 42% 3% 22.63 24% 42% 3% 23.85 24% 41% 3% 24.52 24% 45% 3% 25.53 24% 44% 3% 25.81 25% 44% 3% 25.61 26% 43% 3% 26.37 27% 41% 3% 27.15

1) Commercial buildings accounted for 15% (or $38.6 billion) of total U.S. natural gas expenditures.

Source(s): EIA, State Energy Data 2008: Consumption, June 2010, Tables 8-12, p. 24-28 for 1980-2007; and EIA, Annual Energy Outlook 2011 Early Release, Dec. 2010, Summary Reference Case Tables, Table A2, p. 3-5 for 2008-2030 consumption, Table A3, p. 4-6 for 2008 expenditures.

3.1.15

Commercial Buildings Share of U.S. Petroleum Consumption (Percent) U.S. Petroleum Total (quads) 34.2 30.9 33.6 34.6 38.4 40.7 37.6 37.0 39.1 39.4 39.9 40.6 41.8

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2008 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035

Commercial 4% 3% 3% 2% 2% 2% 2% 2% 1% 1% 1% 1% 1%

Site Consumption Industry Electric Gen. Transportation 28% 8% 56% 25% 4% 63% 25% 4% 64% 25% 2% 67% 24% 3% 67% 24% 3% 68% 22% 1% 71% 22% 1% 72% 24% 1% 71% 23% 1% 72% 23% 1% 72% 22% 1% 73% 22% 1% 74%

| | | | | | | | | | | | |

Primary Consumption Commercial Industry Transportation 6% 31% 56% 5% 26% 63% 4% 26% 64% 3% 26% 67% 3% 25% 67% 3% 25% 68% 2% 23% 72% 2% 22% 72% 2% 24% 71% 2% 24% 72% 2% 23% 72% 2% 22% 73% 2% 22% 74%

Note(s):

1) Commercial buildings accounted for an estimated 1.6% (or $14.9 billion) of total U.S. petroleum expenditures.

Source(s): EIA, State Energy Data 2008: Consumption, June 2010, Tables 8-12, p. 24-28 for 1980-2008; and EIA, Annual Energy Outlook 2011 Early Release, Dec. 2010, Summary Reference Case Tables, Table A2, p. 3-5 for 2009-2035 consumption; and EIA, State Energy Data 2008: Price and Expenditure, June 2010, Tables 2-6 for 2008 expenditures.

3-7

Buildings Energy Data Book: 3.2 Commercial Sector Characteristics
3.2.1 Total Commercial Floorspace and Number of Buildings, by Year Commercial Sector Floorspace (10^9 square feet) 50.9 (1) 64.3 68.5 78.8 81.2 85.5 91.5 97.4 103.5 109.8 Percent Post2000 Floorspace (2) N.A. N.A. N.A. 15% 26% 35% 45% 54% 62% 70%

March 2011

1980 1990 2000 (4) 2008 (4) 2010 (4) 2015 (4) 2020 (4) 2025 (4) 2030 (4) 2035 (4)
Note(s):

Buildings (10^6) 3.1 (3) 4.5 (3) 4.7 (5) N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A.

1) Based on PNNL calculations. 2) Percent built after Dec. 31, 2000. 3) Actually for previous year. 4) EIA now excludes parking garages and commercial buildings on multi-building manufacturing facilities from the commercial building sector. 5) Data is from 1999. In 1999, commercial building floorspace = 67.3 billion square feet.

Source(s): EIA, Annual Energy Outlook 1994, Jan. 1994, Table A5, p. 62 for 1990 floorspace; EIA, AEO 2003, Jan. 2003, Table A5, p. 127-128 for 2000 floorspace; EIA, Annual Energy Outlook 2011 Early Release, Dec. 2010, Summary Reference Case Tables, Table A5, p. 11-12 for 2008-2035 floorspace; EIA Commercial Building Characteristics 1989, June 1991, Table A4, p. 17 for 1990 number of buildings; EIA, Commercial Building Characteristics 1999, Aug. 2002, Table 3 for 1999 number of buildings and floorspace; and EIA, Buildings and Energy in the 1980s, June 1995, Table 2.1, p. 23 for number of buildings in 1980.

3.2.2

Principal Commercial Building Types, as of 2003 (Percent of Total Floorspace) (1) Total Floorspace 17% 16% 6% 10% 14% 14% 7% 6% 5% 5% 4% 3% 2% 2% 2% 2% 2% 4% 100% Total Buildings 17% 14% 9% 4% 8% 12% 3% 13% 6% 8% 3% 0% 2% 5% 6% 1% 2% 4% 100% Primary Energy Consumption 19% 18% 5% 13% 11% 7% 7% 4% 5% 2% 8% 6% 2% 5% 6% 2% 4% 1% 100%

Office Mercantile Retail Enclosed & Strip Malls Education Warehouse and Storage Lodging Service Public Assembly Religious Worship Health Care Inpatient Outpatient Food Sales Food Service Public Order and Safety Other Vacant Total
Note(s):

1) For primary energy intensities by building type, see Table 3.1.13. Total CBECS 2003 commercial building floorspace is 71.7 billion SF.

Source(s): EIA, 2003 Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey: Consumption and Expenditures Tables, Oct. 2006, Table C1A.

3-8

Buildings Energy Data Book: 3.2 Commercial Sector Characteristics
3.2.3 Number of Floors and Type of Ownership, as of 2003 (Percent of Total Floorspace) Ownership Nongovernment Owned Owner-Occupied Nonowner-Occupied Unoccupied Government Owned Federal State Local Total

March 2011

Floors One Two Three Four to Nine Ten or More Total

40% 25% 12% 16% 8% 100%

76% 36% 37% 3% 24% 3% 5% 15% 100%

Source(s): EIA, Commercial Building Characteristics 2003, June 2006, Table C1.

3.2.4 Region Northeast Midwest South West

Share of Commercial Floorspace, by Census Region and Vintage, as of 2003 (Percent) Prior to 1960 9% 8% 5% 3% 1960 to 1989 8% 11% 18% 9% 1990 to 2003 3% 6% 14% 5% Total 20% 25% 37% 18% 100%

Source(s): EIA, 2003 Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey: Building Characteristics Tables, Oct. 2006, Table A2, p. 3-4.

3.2.5

Commercial Building Size, as of 2003 (Number of Buildings and Percent of Total Floorspace) Number of Buildings (thousands) 2,586 10% 948 10% 810 18% 261 13% 147 14% 74 14% 26 10% 8 11% 4,859 100%

Square Foot Range 1,001 to 5,000 5,001 to 10,000 10,001 to 25,000 25,001 to 50,000 50,001 to 100,000 100,001 to 200,000 (1) 200,001 to 500,000 (1) Over 500,000 (1) Total
Note(s):

1) 35% of commercial floorspace is found in 2.2% of commercial buildings that are larger than 100,000 square feet.

Source(s): EIA, 2003 Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey: Building Characteristics Tables, Oct. 2006, Table A1, p. 1-2.

3.2.6

Commercial Building Vintage, as of 2003 Percent of Total Floorspace 5% 10% 10% 12% 17% 17% 20% 9% 100%

1919 or Before 1920 to 1945 1946 to 1959 1960 to 1969 1970 to 1979 1980 to 1989 1990 to 1999 2000 to 2003 Total

Source(s): EIA, 2003 Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey: Building Characteristics Tables, Oct. 2006, Table A1, p. 1-2.

3-9

Buildings Energy Data Book: 3.2 Commercial Sector Characteristics
3.2.7 Commercial Building Median Lifetimes (Years) 66% Survival (2) 40 45 41 35 42 46 36 41 41 38 44 33% Survival (2) 75 86 74 71 73 92 69 82 82 74 81

March 2011

Building Type Median (1) Assembly 55 Education 62 Food Sales 55 Food Service 50 Health Care 55 Large Office 65 Mercantile & Service 50 Small Office 58 Warehouse 58 Lodging 53 Other 60
Note(s):

1) PNNL estimates the median lifetime of commercial buildings is 70-75 years. 2) Number of years after which the building survives. For example, a third of the office buildings constructed today will survive 103 years later.

Source(s): EIA, Assumptions for the Annual Energy Outlook 2010, April 2010, Table 5.2, p. 32; EIA, Model Documentation Report: Commercial Sector 'Demand Module of the National Energy Modeling System, Apr. 2008, p. 30-35; and PNNL, Memorandum: New Construction in the Annual Energy Outlook 2003, Apr. 24, 2003 for Note 2.

3.2.8

2003 Average Commercial Building Floorspace, by Principal Building Type and Vintage Average Floorspace/Building (thousand SF) 1959 or Prior 1960 to 1989 1990 to 2003 All 27.5 26.9 21.7 25.6 N.A. N.A. N.A. 5.6 6.4 4.4 5.0 5.6 18.5 37.1 N.A. 24.5 N.A. 243.6 N.A. 238.1 N.A. 11.3 11.6 10.4 9.9 36.1 36.0 35.9 6.2 9.3 17.5 9.7 12.4 16.4 14.2 14.8 13.0 13.8 17.3 14.2 N.A. N.A. N.A. 15.4 8.7 9.6 15.6 10.1 6.1 6.5 6.8 6.5 19.7 17.2 15.4 16.9 N.A. N.A. N.A. 22.0 N.A. N.A. N.A. 14.1

Building Type Education Food Sales Food Service Health Care Inpatient Outpatient Lodging Retail (Other Than Mall) Office Public Assembly Public Order and Safety Religious Worship Service Warehouse and Storage Other Vacant

Source(s): EIA, 2003 Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey: Building Characteristics Tables, June 2006, Table B8, p. 63-69, and Table B9, p. 70-76.

3-10

Buildings Energy Data Book: 3.3 Commercial Sector Expenditures
3.3.1 Commercial Energy Prices, by Year and Major Fuel Type ($2009 per Million Btu) Electricity 36.92 37.98 32.23 30.01 26.65 27.89 30.74 28.49 27.01 26.62 26.70 26.59 27.03 Natural Gas Petroleum (1) 7.64 12.96 9.52 11.58 7.15 9.24 6.65 6.98 8.12 10.35 12.05 15.02 12.03 23.58 9.04 18.13 8.59 19.78 9.05 22.42 9.84 24.08 10.41 24.96 11.10 25.41 Average 17.12 19.76 17.23 16.23 16.38 19.40 22.72 20.39 19.37 19.63 20.25 20.60 21.24

March 2011

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2008 (2) 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035
Note(s):

1) Commercial petroleum products include distillate fuel, LPG, kerosene, motor gasoline, and residual fuel. 2) In 2008, buildings average electricity price was $30.23/10^6 Btu or ($0.10/kWh), average natural gas price was $12.11/10^6 Btu ($12.47/1000 CF), and petroleum was $19.65/10^6 Btu ($1.94/gal.). Averages do not include wood or coal prices.

Source(s): EIA, State Energy Data 2008: Prices and Expenditures, June 2010, Tables 2-3, p. 24-25 for 1980-2008 and prices for note, Tables 8-9, p. 24-25 for 19802007 consumption; EIA, Annual Energy Outlook 2011 Early Release, Dec. 2010, Summary Reference Case Tables, Table A2, p. 3-5, Table A3, p. 6-8, Table A12, p. 25-26, and Table A13, p. 27-28 for 2009-2035 consumption and prices; and EIA, Annual Energy Review 2009, August 2010, Appendix D, p. 383 for price deflators.

3.3.2

Commercial Energy Prices, by Year and Fuel Type ($2009) Electricity Natural Gas (cents/kWh) (cents/therm) 12.60 76.39 12.96 95.19 11.00 71.46 10.24 66.45 9.09 81.20 9.51 120.48 10.49 120.29 9.72 90.41 9.22 85.88 9.08 90.46 9.11 98.41 9.07 104.08 9.22 111.04 Distillate Oil ($/gal) 1.42 1.20 0.78 0.63 0.83 1.23 2.00 2.07 1.98 2.27 2.55 2.65 2.72 Residual Oil ($/gal) 2.04 1.55 1.25 0.87 1.27 2.06 3.32 2.51 2.65 3.08 3.31 3.44 3.51

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2008 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035

Source(s): EIA, State Energy Data 2008: Prices and Expenditures, June 2010, p. Tables 2-3, p. 24-25 for 1980-2008; EIA, Annual Energy Outlook 2010, May 2010, Table G1, p. 221 for fuels' heat content; EIA, Annual Energy Outlook 2011 Early Release, Dec. 2010, Summary Reference Case Tables, Table A3, p. 6-8 for 2009-2035; and EIA, Annual Energy Review 2009, August 2010, Appendix D, p. 383 for price deflators.

3-11

Buildings Energy Data Book: 3.3 Commercial Sector Expenditures
3.3.3

March 2011

Commercial Buildings Aggregate Energy Expenditures, by Year and Major Fuel Type ($2009 Billion) (1) Electricity 70.4 89.3 92.2 97.6 105.4 121.3 140.1 131.2 130.3 138.4 148.9 159.7 173.9 Natural Gas Petroleum (2) 20.4 17.0 23.8 12.5 19.3 9.1 20.7 5.3 26.4 8.3 37.1 11.3 38.7 15.1 28.7 10.1 29.6 10.8 32.3 12.0 35.9 12.8 39.2 13.2 43.3 13.5 Total 107.8 125.6 120.6 123.6 140.1 169.8 193.9 170.0 170.7 182.7 197.6 212.1 230.6

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2008 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035
Note(s):

1) Expenditures exclude wood and coal. 2008 U.S. energy expenditures were 1.51 trillion. 2) Commercial petroleum products include distillate fuel oil, LPG, kerosene, motor gasoline, and residual fuel.

Source(s): EIA, State Energy Data 2008: Prices and Expenditures, June 2010, Tables 2-3, p. 24-25 for 1980-2007; EIA, Annual Energy Outlook 2011 Early Release, Dec. 2010, Summary Reference Case Tables, Table A2, p. 3-5 and Table A3, p. 6-8 for 2008-2035; and EIA, Annual Energy Review 2007, August 2010, Appendix D, p. 383 for price deflators.

3.3.4

2008 Commercial Energy End-Use Expenditure Splits, by Fuel Type ($2009 Billion) (1) Natural Gas Petroleum Distil. Resid. LPG Oth(2) Total 3.3 1.2 0.1 4.6

Coal (3) 0.2

Lighting Space Heating Space Cooling Ventilation Refrigeration Water Heating Electronics Computers Cooking Other (4) Adjust to SEDS (5) Total
Note(s):

18.7 0.4

5.2

0.4

0.4

2.0 3.4 8.8 38.6

0.3 4.0 8.0

4.0 1.2 4.0

1.2 1.3

5.5 4.0 14.5

0.2

Electricity 38.6 8.6 23.5 16.2 12.3 2.9 7.2 6.8 0.7 18.0 4.2 139.0

Total 38.6 32.1 23.9 16.2 12.3 8.5 7.2 6.8 2.7 26.9 17.0 192.3

Percent 20.1% 16.7% 12.4% 8.4% 6.4% 4.4% 3.8% 3.5% 1.4% 14.0% 8.8% 100%

1) Expenditures include coal and exclude wood. 2) Includes kerosene space heating ($0.1 billion) and motor gasoline other uses ($1.2 billion). 3) Coal average price is from AEO 2011 Early Release, all users price. 4) Includes service station equipment, ATMs, medical equipment, telecommunications equipment, pumps, lighting, emergency electric generators, and manufacturing performed in commercial buildings. 5) Expenditures related to an energy adjustment EIA uses to relieve discrepancies between data sources. Energy attributable to the commercial buildings sector, but not directly to specific end-uses.

Source(s): EIA, Annual Energy Outlook 2011 Early Release, Dec. 2010, Summary Reference Case Tables, Table A2, p. 3-5, Table A3, p. 6-8 for prices, and Table A5, p. 11-12 for energy consumption; EIA, National Energy Modeling System (NEMS) for AEO 2011 Early Release, Dec. 2010; EIA, Annual Energy Review 2007, August 2010, Appendix D, p. 383 for price deflators; BTS/A.D. Little, Energy Consumption Characteristics of Commercial Building HVAC Systems, Volume II: Thermal Distribution, Auxiliary Equipment, and Ventilation Oct. 1999, p. 1-2, 5-25 and 5-26 for ventilation; and BTP/Navigant Consulting, U.S. Lighting Market Characterization, Volume I, Sept. 2002, Table 8-2, p. 63.; EIA, Supplement to the AEO 2011 Early Release, Dec. 2010, Table 32.

3-12

Buildings Energy Data Book: 3.3 Commercial Sector Expenditures
3.3.5 2010 Commercial Energy End-Use Expenditure Splits, by Fuel Type ($2009 Billion) (1) Natural Gas Lighting Space Heating Space Cooling Ventilation Refrigeration Electronics Water Heating Computers Cooking Other (4) Adjust to SEDS (5) Total
Note(s):

March 2011

Petroleum Distil. Resid. LPG Oth(2) Total 2.5 0.6 0.1 3.2

Coal (3) 0.1

14.6 0.4

4.1 1.6 2.7 5.3 28.7

0.3

0.3

0.2 2.8 5.8

2.6 0.6 2.6

1.0 1.0

3.8 2.8 10.0

0.1

Electricity 29.1 5.0 16.5 14.6 11.2 7.5 2.6 6.0 0.7 18.4 19.6 131.2

Total 29.1 22.9 16.9 14.6 11.2 7.5 7.1 6.0 2.3 25.0 27.6 170.1

Percent 17.1% 13.5% 10.0% 8.6% 6.6% 4.4% 4.2% 3.5% 1.3% 14.7% 16.2% 100%

1) Expenditures include coal and exclude wood. 2) Includes kerosene space heating ($0.1 billion) and motor gasoline other uses ($1.0 billion). 3) Coal average price is from AEO 2011 Early Release, all users price. 4) Includes service station equipment, ATMs, medical equipment, telecommunications equipment, pumps, lighting, emergency electric generators, and manufacturing performed in commercial buildings. 5) Expenditures related to an energy adjustment EIA uses to relieve discrepancies between data sources. Energy attributable to the commercial buildings sector, but not directly to specific end-uses.

Source(s): EIA, Annual Energy Outlook 2011 Early Release, Dec. 2010, Summary Reference Case Tables, Table A2, p. 3-5, Table A3, p. 6-8 for prices, and Table A5, p. 11-12 for energy consumption; EIA, National Energy Modeling System (NEMS) for AEO 2011 Early Release, Dec. 2010; EIA, Annual Energy Review 2007, August 2010, Appendix D, p. 383 for price deflators; and EIA, Supplement to the AEO 2011 Early Release, Dec. 2010, Table 32.

3.3.6

2020 Commercial Energy End-Use Expenditure Splits, by Fuel Type ($2009 Billion) (1) Natural Gas Petroleum Distil. Resid. LPG Oth(2) Total 2.7 1.0 0.2 3.9

Coal (3) 0.2

Lighting Space Heating Electronics Space Cooling Water Heating Computers Refrigeration Ventilation Cooking Other (4) Adjust to SEDS (5) Total
Note(s):

15.9 0.3 5.0

0.4

0.4

1.9 3.5 5.7 32.3

0.3 2.6 5.9

3.6 1.0 3.6

1.3 1.5

5.2 2.6 12.0

0.2

Electricity 29.0 4.5 9.8 14.4 2.5 5.1 9.5 15.9 0.6 25.8 21.2 138.4

Total 29.0 24.4 9.8 14.8 7.9 5.1 9.5 15.9 2.5 34.5 29.5 182.8

Percent 15.9% 13.4% 5.3% 8.1% 4.3% 2.8% 5.2% 8.7% 1.4% 18.9% 16.1% 100%

1) Expenditures include coal and exclude wood. 2) Includes kerosene space heating ($0.2 billion) and motor gasoline other uses ($1.3 billion). 3) Coal average price is from AEO 2011 Early Release, all users price. 4) Includes service station equipment, ATMs, medical equipment, telecommunications equipment, pumps, lighting, emergency electric generators, and manufacturing performed in commercial buildings. 5) Expenditures related to an energy adjustment EIA uses to relieve discrepancies between data sources. Energy attributable to the commercial buildings sector, but not directly to specific end-uses.

Source(s): EIA, Annual Energy Outlook 2011 Early Release, Dec. 2010, Summary Reference Case Tables, Table A2, p. 3-5, Table A3, p. 6-8 for prices, and Table A5, p. 11-12 for energy consumption; EIA, National Energy Modeling System (NEMS) for AEO 2011 Early Release, Dec. 2010; EIA, Annual Energy Review 2007, August 2010, Appendix D, p. 383 for price deflators; and EIA, Supplement to the AEO 2011 Early Release, Dec. 2010, Table 32.

3-13

Buildings Energy Data Book: 3.3 Commercial Sector Expenditures
3.3.7 2030 Commercial Energy End-Use Expenditure Splits, by Fuel Type ($2009 Billion) (1) Natural Gas Lighting Space Heating Water Heating Space Cooling Electronics Refrigeration Computers Cooking Ventilation Other (4) Adjust to SEDS (5) Total
Note(s):

March 2011

Petroleum Distil. Resid. LPG Oth(2) Total 2.7 0.4 1.2 0.2 4.1 0.4

Coal (3) 0.2

18.3 6.4 0.4

2.4 6.5 5.1 39.2 0.4 2.8 6.2 4.1 1.2 4.1 1.5 1.7 5.9 2.8 13.2

0.2

Electricity 31.8 4.7 18.0 15.6 11.7 9.9 5.5 0.6 2.5 36.0 23.4 159.7

Total 31.8 27.3 24.9 16.0 11.7 9.9 5.5 3.1 2.5 48.4 31.2 212.3

Percent 15.0% 12.9% 11.7% 7.5% 5.5% 4.7% 2.6% 1.4% 1.2% 22.8% 14.7% 100%

1) Expenditures include coal and exclude wood. 2) Includes kerosene space heating ($0.2 billion) and motor gasoline other uses ($1.5 billion). 3) Coal average price is from AEO 2011 Early Release, all users price. 4) Includes service station equipment, ATMs, medical equipment, telecommunications equipment, pumps, lighting, emergency electric generators, and manufacturing performed in commercial buildings. 5) Expenditures related to an energy adjustment EIA uses to relieve discrepancies between data sources. Energy attributable to the commercial buildings sector, but not directly to specific end-uses.

Source(s): EIA, Annual Energy Outlook 2011 Early Release, Dec. 2010, Summary Reference Case Tables, Table A2, p. 3-5, Table A3, p. 6-8 for prices, and Table A5, p. 11-12 for energy consumption; EIA, National Energy Modeling System (NEMS) for AEO 2011 Early Release, Dec. 2010; EIA, Annual Energy Review 2007, August 2010, Appendix D, p. 383 for price deflators; and EIA, Supplement to the AEO 2011 Early Release, Dec. 2010, Table 32.

3.3.8 Year 1980(1) 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2008 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035
Note(s):

Average Annual Energy Expenditures per Square Foot of Commercial Floorspace, by Year ($2009) ($/SF) (2) 2.11 2.05 1.85 1.98 1.93 2.15 2.51 2.16 2.06 2.06 2.10 2.12 2.17
1) End of year 1979. 2) Square footage estimated for years in gray.

Source(s): EIA, State Energy Data 2008: Prices and Expenditures, June 2010, Table 3, p. 25 for 1980-2007; EIA, Annual Energy Outlook 2011 Early Release, Dec. 2010, Summary Reference Case Tables, Table A2, p. 3-5 and Table A5, p. 11-12 for consumption, Table A3, p. 6-8 for prices for 2008-2030; EIA, Annual Energy Review 2007, August 2010, Appendix D, p. 383 for price deflators. for price deflators; EIA, AEO 1994, Jan. 1994, Table A5, p. 62 for 1990 floorspace; and PNNL for 1980 floorspace.

3-14

Buildings Energy Data Book: 3.3 Commercial Sector Expenditures
3.3.9

March 2011

2003 Energy Expenditures per Square Foot of Commercial Floorspace and per Building, by Building Type Per Building ($2009 thousand) 26.9 25.8 67.4 31.7 29.5 24.4 61.0 Per Square Foot ($2009) Mercantile 2.22 Education 1.42 Service 1.38 Warehouse and Storage 0.79 Religious Worship 0.76 Vacant 0.34 Other 2.96 Per Building ($2009 thousand) 37.8 36.3 9.0 13.4 7.7 4.8 65.0

Per Square Foot ($2009) Food Service 4.84 Food Sales 4.64 Health Care 2.74 Public Order and Safety 2.05 Office 1.99 Public Assembly 1.71 Lodging 1.70
Note(s):

Mall buildings are no longer included in most CBECs tables; therefore, some data is not directly comparable to past CBECs.

Source(s): EIA, 2003 Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption and Expenditures: Consumption and Expenditures Tables, Oct. 2006, Table 4; and EIA, Annual Energy Review 2007, August 2010, Appendix D, p. 383 for price deflators.

3.3.10

2003 Energy Expenditures per Square Foot of Commercial Floorspace, by Vintage ($2009) ($/SF) 1.43 1.69 1.86 2.07 1.87 1.71 1.76

Vintage Prior to 1960 1960 to 1969 1970 to 1979 1980 to 1989 1990 to 1999 2000 to 2003 Average

Source(s): EIA, 2003 Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption and Expenditures: Consumption and Expenditures Tables, Table C4; and EIA, Annual Energy Review 2007, August 2010, Appendix D, p. 383 for price deflators.

3.3.11

Energy Service Company (ESCO) Industry Activity ($Million Nominal) (1) Estimated Revenue ($Million Nominal) (1) Low High 143 342 218 425 331 544 505 703 722 890 1,105 1,159 1,294 1,396 1,394 1,506 1,551 1,667 1,764 1,925 1,876 2,186 2,447 2,507 2,949 3,004 3,579 3,627 4,087 4,171

2008 Revenue Sources Market Segment MUSH (2) Federal Commercial & Industrial Residential Public Housing Share 69% 15% 7% 6% 3%

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
Note(s):

2008 Revenues by Project/Technology Type Market Segment Energy Efficiency Onsite Renewables Engine/Turbine Generators Consulting/Master Planning Other Share 75% 14% 6% 3% 2%

1) Estimates based on surveys of major ESCOs and input from industry experts. 2) Includes municipal and state governments, universities and colleges, K-12 schools, and hospitals.

Source(s): LBNL, Market Trends in the U.S. ESCO Industry: Results from the NAESCO Database Project, LBNL-49601, May 2002 for 1990-2000; LBNL, A Survey of the U.S. ESCO Industry: Market Growth and Development from 2000 to 2006, LBNL-62679, May 2007 for 2004-2006; and LBNL, A Survey of the U.S. ESCO Industry: Market Growth and Development from 2008 to 2011, LBNL-3479E, June 2010 for 2008.

3-15

Buildings Energy Data Book: 3.4 Commercial Environmental Emissions
3.4.1 Carbon Dioxide Emissions for U.S. Commercial Buildings, by Year (Million Metric Tons) (1) Commercial Site Fossil 1980 245 1985 217 1990 224 1995 229 2000 236 2005 225 2008 (2) 223 2010 213 2015 227 2020 233 2025 237 2030 243 2035 250
Note(s):

March 2011

Electricity 409 477 561 616 777 835 844 827 795 851 933 1,005 1,070

Total 653 695 785 845 1,013 1,060 1,067 1,041 1,022 1,085 1,170 1,248 1,320

Growth Rate 2008-Year 0.3% -0.2% 0.4% 0.7% 0.9% 0.9%

Total 4,723 4,559 5,020 5,302 5,850 5,974 5,820 5,639 5,679 5,774 5,931 6,110 6,315

U.S. Growth Rate 2008-Year -2.2% -0.5% -0.2% 0.0% 0.2% 0.3%

Com.% Com.% of Total U.S. of Total Global 14% 3.5% 15% 3.6% 16% 3.6% 16% 3.8% 17% 4.3% 18% 3.7% 18% (3) 3.5% 18% 3.4% 18% 3.2% 19% 3.2% 20% 3.2% 20% 3.2% 21% 3.1%

1) Excludes emissions of buildings-related energy consumption in the industrial sector. Emissions assume complete combustion from energy consumption and exclude energy production activities such as gas flaring, coal mining, and cement production. 2) Carbon emissions calculated from EIA, Assumptions to the AEO 2010 and differs from EIA, AEO 2011 Early Release, Table A18. Commercial sector total varies by 0.1% from EIA, AEO 2011 Early Release. 3) U.S. commercial buildings emissions approximately equal the combined carbon emissions of Canada and Mexico. Source(s): EIA, Emissions of Greenhouse Gases in the U.S. 1985-1990, Sept. 1993, Appendix B, Tables B1-B5, p. 73-74 for 1980; EIA, Emissions of Greenhouse
Gases in the U.S. 2008, Dec. 2009, Tables 7-11, p. 20-24 for 1990-2007; EIA, Assumptions to the Annual Energy Outlook 2010, May 2010, Table 1.2, p. 12 for carbon coefficients; EIA, Annual Energy Outlook 2011 Early Release, Dec. 2010, Summary Reference Case Tables, Table A2, p. 3-5 for 2008-2035 energy consumption and Table A18, p. 36 for 2008-2035 emissions; EIA, International Energy Outlook 2010, July 2010, Table A10, p. 155 for 2004-2030 global emissions; and EIA, Country Energy Profiles for global emissions (1980-2007), available at http://www.eia.gov/country/index.cfm, accessed 2/3/2011.

3-16

Buildings Energy Data Book: 3.4 Commercial Environmental Emissions
3.4.2 2008 Commercial Buildings Energy End-Use Carbon Dioxide Emissions Splits, by Fuel Type (Million Metric Tons) (1) Natural Gas Lighting Space Heating Space Cooling Ventilation Refrigeration Electronics Water Heating Computers Cooking Other (4) Adjust to SEDS (5) Total
Note(s):

March 2011

Petroleum Distil. Resid. LPG Oth(2) Total 11.1 5.8 0.3 17.2

Coal 6.9

82.8 1.8

23.2 8.8 15.3 38.9 170.8

1.4

1.4

1.0 13.5 27.0

9.3 5.8 9.3

3.2 3.6

13.6 13.5 45.6

6.9

Electricity (3) 259.7 52.2 142.7 98.3 74.9 44.0 17.4 41.0 4.3 109.1 0.0 843.7

Total 259.7 159.2 144.4 98.3 74.9 44.0 42.0 41.0 13.1 137.9 52.4 1,067.0

Percent 24.3% 14.9% 13.5% 9.2% 7.0% 4.1% 3.9% 3.8% 1.2% 12.9% 4.9% 100%

1) Emissions assume complete combustion from energy consumption, excluding gas flaring, coal mining, and cement production. Emissions exclude wood since it is assumed that the carbon released from combustion is reabsorbed in a future carbon cycle. Carbon emissions calculated from EIA, Assumptions to the AEO 2010 and differs from EIA, AEO 2011 Early Release, Table A18. Commercial sector total varies by 0.1% from EIA, AEO 2008. 2) Includes kerosene space heating (0.3 MMT) and motor gasoline other uses (3.2 MMT). 3) Excludes electric imports by utilities. 4) Includes commercial service station equipment, ATMs, telecommunications equipment, medical equipment, pumps, emergency electric generators, and manufacturing performed in commercial buildings. 5) Emissions related to a discrepancy between data sources. Energy attributable to the buildings sector, but not directly to specific end-uses.

Source(s): EIA, Annual Energy Outlook 2011 Early Release, Dec. 2010, Summary Reference Case Tables, Table A2, p. 3-5, Table A4, p. 9-10 and Table A5, p. 11-12 for energy consumption, and Table A18, p. 36 for emissions; EIA, National Energy Modeling System (NEMS) for AEO 2011 Early Release, Dec. 2010; EIA, Assumptions to the Annual Energy Outlook 2010, May 2010, Table 1.2, p. 12 for carbon coefficients; BTS/A.D. Little, Electricity Consumption by Small EndUses in Residential Buildings, Aug. 1998, Appendix A for residential electric end-uses; BTS/A.D. Little, Energy Consumption Characteristics of Commercial Building HVAC Systems, Volume II: Thermal Distribution, Auxiliary Equipment, and Ventilation, Oct. 1999, p. 1-2; BTP/Navigant Consulting, U.S. Lighting Market Characterization, Volume I, Sept. 2002, Table 8-2, p.63; and EIA, AEO 1999, Dec. 1998, Table A4, p. 118-119 and Table A5, p. 120-121 for 1996 data.

3.4.3

2010 Commercial Buildings Energy End-Use Carbon Dioxide Emissions Splits, by Fuel Type (Million Metric Tons) (1) Natural Gas Petroleum Distil. Resid. LPG Oth(2) Total 10.1 3.2 0.3 13.7

Coal 5.6

Lighting Space Heating Space Cooling Ventilation Refrigeration Electronics Water Heating Computers Cooking Other (4) Adjust to SEDS (5) Total
Note(s):

85.6 2.3

24.2 9.5 16.0 31.0 168.7

1.3

1.3

0.9 11.0 23.4

9.2 3.2 9.2

3.1 3.4

13.2 11.0 39.2

5.6

Electricity (3) 183.6 31.5 104.2 91.7 70.3 47.0 16.5 38.0 4.2 116.1 123.5 826.8

Total 183.6 136.4 106.6 91.7 70.3 47.0 42.0 38.0 13.7 145.3 165.6 1,040.2

Percent 17.7% 13.1% 10.2% 8.8% 6.8% 4.5% 4.0% 3.7% 1.3% 14.0% 15.9% 100%

Source(s): EIA, Annual Energy Outlook 2011 Early Release, Dec. 2010, Summary Reference Case Tables, Table A2, p. 3-5, Table A4, p. 9-10 and Table A5, p. 11-12 for energy consumption, and Table A18, p. 36 for emissions; EIA, National Energy Modeling System (NEMS) for AEO 2011 Early Release, Dec. 2010; and EIA, Assumptions to the Annual Energy Outlook 2010, May 2010, Table 1.2, p. 12 for carbon coefficients.

1) Emissions assume complete combustion from energy consumption, excluding gas flaring, coal mining, and cement production. Emissions exclude wood since it is assumed that the carbon released from combustion is reabsorbed in a future carbon cycle. 2) Includes kerosene space heating (0.3 MMT) and motor gasoline other uses (3.1 MMT). 3) Excludes electric imports by utilities. 4) Includes commercial service station equipment, ATMs, telecommunications equipment, medical equipment, pumps, emergency electric generators, and manufacturing performed in commercial buildings. 5) Emissions related to a discrepancy between data sources. Energy attributable to the buildings sector, but not directly to specific end-uses.

3-17

Buildings Energy Data Book: 3.4 Commercial Environmental Emissions
3.4.4 2020 Commercial Buildings Energy End-Use Carbon Dioxide Emissions Splits, by Fuel Type (Million Metric Tons) (1) Natural Gas Lighting Space Heating Ventilation Space Cooling Electronics Refrigeration Computers Water Heating Cooking Other (4) Adjust to SEDS (5) Total
Note(s):

March 2011

Petroleum Distil. Resid. LPG Oth(2) Total 8.8 5.1 0.7 14.5

Coal 5.9

93.0 1.9

29.3 11.2 20.7 33.2 189.5

1.3 1.0 8.4 19.4 9.4 5.1 9.4 3.3 3.9

1.3 13.7 8.4 37.8

5.9

Electricity (3) 178.4 27.9 98.0 88.9 60.1 58.3 31.3 15.4 3.8 158.7 130.7 851.6

Total 178.4 141.3 98.0 90.8 60.1 58.3 31.3 46.0 15.0 193.1 172.3 1,084.7

Percent 16.4% 13.0% 9.0% 8.4% 5.5% 5.4% 2.9% 4.2% 1.4% 17.8% 15.9% 100%

Source(s): EIA, Annual Energy Outlook 2011 Early Release, Dec. 2010, Summary Reference Case Tables, Table A2, p. 3-5, Table A4, p. 9-10 and Table A5, p. 11-12 for energy consumption, and Table A18, p. 36 for emissions; EIA, National Energy Modeling System (NEMS) for AEO 2011 Early Release, Dec. 2010; and EIA, Assumptions to the Annual Energy Outlook 2010, May 2010, Table 1.2, p. 12 for carbon coefficients.

1) Emissions assume complete combustion from energy consumption, excluding gas flaring, coal mining, and cement production. Emissions exclude wood since it is assumed that the carbon released from combustion is reabsorbed in a future carbon cycle. 2) Includes kerosene space heating (0.7 MMT) and motor gasoline other uses (3.3 MMT). 3) Excludes electric imports by utilities. 4) Includes commercial service station equipment, ATMs, telecommunications equipment, medical equipment, pumps, emergency electric generators, and manufacturing performed in commercial buildings. 5) Emissions related to a discrepancy between data sources. Energy attributable to the buildings sector, but not directly to specific end-uses.

3.4.5

2030 Commercial Buildings Energy End-Use Carbon Dioxide Emissions Splits, by Fuel Type (Million Metric Tons) (1) Natural Gas Petroleum Distil. Resid. LPG Oth(2) Total 7.8 5.3 0.7 13.7

Coal 5.9

Lighting Space Heating Ventilation Space Cooling Electronics Refrigeration Water Heating Computers Cooking Other (4) Adjust to SEDS (5) Total
Note(s):

93.5 1.9

32.5 12.4 33.2 26.1 199.6

1.3

1.3

1.0 8.1 18.2

9.7 5.3 9.7

3.4 4.1

14.2 8.1 37.3

5.9

Electricity (3) 200.2 29.4 113.5 98.1 73.7 62.4 15.9 34.4 3.9 226.8 146.9 1,005.1

Total 200.2 142.5 113.5 99.9 73.7 62.4 49.7 34.4 16.3 274.2 181.1 1,247.8

Percent 16.0% 11.4% 9.1% 8.0% 5.9% 5.0% 4.0% 2.8% 1.3% 22.0% 14.5% 100%

Source(s): EIA, Annual Energy Outlook 2011 Early Release, Dec. 2010, Summary Reference Case Tables, Table A2, p. 3-5, Table A4, p. 9-10 and Table A5, p. 11-12 for energy consumption, and Table A18, p. 36 for emissions; EIA, National Energy Modeling System (NEMS) for AEO 2011 Early Release, Dec. 2010; and EIA, Assumptions to the Annual Energy Outlook 2010, May 2010, Table 1.2, p. 12 for carbon coefficients.

1) Emissions assume complete combustion from energy consumption, excluding gas flaring, coal mining, and cement production. Emissions exclude wood since it is assumed that the carbon released from combustion is reabsorbed in a future carbon cycle. 2) Includes kerosene space heating (0.7 MMT) and motor gasoline other uses (3.4 MMT). 3) Excludes electric imports by utilities. 4) Includes commercial service station equipment, ATMs, telecommunications equipment, medical equipment, pumps, emergency electric generators, and manufacturing performed in commercial buildings. 5) Emissions related to a discrepancy between data sources. Energy attributable to the buildings sector, but not directly to specific end-uses.

3-18

Buildings Energy Data Book: 3.4 Commercial Environmental Emissions
3.4.6 2008 Methane Emissions for U.S. Commercial Buildings Energy Production, by Fuel Type (1) MMT CO2 Equivalent 0.6 24.4 0.3 0.4 41.7 67.4

March 2011

Fuel Type Petroleum Natural Gas Coal Wood Electricity (2) Total
Note(s):

1) Sources of emissions include oil and gas production, processing, and distribution; coal mining; and utility and site combustion. Carbon Dioxide equivalent units are calculated by converting methane emissions to carbon dioxide emissions (methane's global warming potential is 23 times that of carbon dioxide). 2) Emissions of electricity generators attributable to the buildings sector.

Source(s): EIA, Emissions of Greenhouse Gases in the U.S. 2008, Dec. 2009, Table 17, p. 30 for energy production emissions; EPA, Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990-2008, April 2010, Table 3-10, p. 3-9 for stationary combustion emissions; and EIA, Annual Energy Outlook 2011 Early Release, Dec. 2010, Summary Reference Case Tables, Table A2, p. 3-5 for energy consumption.

3-19

Buildings Energy Data Book: 3.5 Commercial Builders and Construction
3.5.1 Value of New Commercial Building Construction, by Year ($2009 Billion) Value of New Construction Put in Place 158.5 224.5 225.4 202.2 310.2 299.7 332.0 380.5 396.9 327.5 Comm. Bldgs Percent of Total U.S. GDP 2.5% 3.0% 2.6% 2.0% 2.5% 2.2% 2.3% 2.6% 2.7% 2.3%

March 2011

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

U.S. GDP 6,409 7,518 8,819 9,982 12,323 13,873 14,244 14,549 14,613 14,256

Source(s): DOC, Current Construction Reports: Value of New Construction Put in Place, C30, Aug. 2003, Table 1 for 1980-1990; DOC, Annual Value of Private Construction Put in Place, August 2008 for 1995-2000; DOC, Annual Value of Private Construction Put in Place, August 2010 for 2002-2009; DOC, Annual Value of Public Construction Put in Place, August 2008 for 1995-2000; DOC, Annual Value of Public Construction Put in Place, August 2010 for 2002-2009; and EIA, Annual Energy Review 2009, August 2010, Appendix D, p. 383 for GDP and price deflators.

3.5.2

Value of Building Improvements and Repairs, by Sector ($2009 Billion) (1) Improvements N.A. 88.1 88.2 112.6 151.6 126.9 128.2 134.3 141.4 181.3 196.0 164.4 Maintenance and Repairs N.A. 51.0 53.0 37.1 46.8 39.1 39.5 41.4 43.6 55.9 60.5 50.7 Total N.A. 139.1 (2) 141.2 (3) 149.7 198.4 166.0 167.7 175.8 196.6 237.3 256.5 215.1 Percent of GDP N.A. 2.0% 1.8% 1.6% 1.8% 1.4% 1.4% 1.4% 1.5% 1.8% 1.9% 1.7%

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Note(s):

1) Improvements includes additions, alterations, reconstruction, and major replacements. Repairs include maintenance. 2) 1986. 3) 1989.

Source(s): DOC, Current Construction Reports: Expenditures for Nonresidential Improvements and Repairs: 1992, CSS/92, Sept. 1994, Table A, p. 2 for 1986-1990 expenditures; DOC, 1997 Census of Construction Industries: Industry Summary, Jan. 2000, Table 7, p. 15; DOC, Annual Value of Private Construction Put in Place, May 2008 for 1995-2000; DOC, Annual Value of Private Construction Put in Place, March 2011 for 2003-2009; and EIA, Annual Energy Review 2009, August 2010, Appendix D, p. 383 for GDP and price deflators.

3-20

Buildings Energy Data Book: 3.6 Office Building Markets and Companies
3.6.1 2009 Energy Consumption per Square Foot of Office Floorspace by Vintage (Thousand Btu/SF) (1) Energy Intensity 81.4 74.1 73.1 102.8 71.4 75.5

March 2011

Vintage 2000-2009 1990-1999 1980-1989 1970-1979 1960-1969 Pre-1959
Note(s):

Buildings providing consumption data:

436

1) Commercial office buildings sampled include the following: Class A, B, C.

Source(s): BOMA International, Experience Exchange Report 2010, 2010.

3.6.2

Energy Expenditures per Square Foot of Office Floorspace by Building Age ($2009) (1) Number of Responses 451 582 1,161 416 150 187 3,494 Number of Responses 483 503 939 314 68 128 2,619 Number of Responses 564 848 786 290 57 164 2,939

Age (years) 0-9 10-19 20-29 30-39 40-49 50+ All Buildings
Note(s):

2009 2.1 1.9 2.1 2.4 2.5 2.5 2.2

2006 2.1 2.3 2.4 2.7 3.0 2.5 2.4

2004 1.8 2.0 2.0 2.3 2.9 2.1 1.8

1) Energy includes electric, gas, fuel oil, purchased steam, purchased chilled water, and water/sewage expenditures. BOMA cautions that any data based on fewer than 25 responses may not be a reliable estimate.

Source(s): BOMA International, The Experience Exchange Report 2010, 2010; BOMA International, The Experience Exchange Report 2007, August 2007; BOMA International, The Experience Exchange Report 2005, August 2005; and EIA, Annual Energy Review 2007, August 2010, Appendix D, p. 383 for price deflators.

3.6.3

Energy Consumption and Expenditures per Square Foot of Office Floorspace, by Function and Class (1) 2006 Energy Intensity (thousand Btu/SF) 90.79 N.A. 96.78 81.88 74.87 N.A. 81.1 Energy Expenditures ($2009/SF) 2.54 3.09 2.72 2.42 2.29 2.42 2.40 Energy Intensity (thousand Btu/SF) N.A. N.A. 89.38 78.84 N.A. N.A. 77.83 2004 Energy Expenditures ($2009/SF) 2.34 3.29 2.70 2.06 2.02 1.83 2.08

Medical Offices Financial Offices Corporate Facilities(2) Class A Class B Class C All Buildings
Note(s):

1) Categories are not mutually exclusive. 2) Coporate Facilities are any building that the owner occupies atleast 75% of the rentable space.

Source(s): BOMA International, The Experience Exchange Report 2007, August 2007; BOMA International, The Experience Exchange Report 2005, August 2005; and EIA, Annual Energy Review 2007, August 2010, Appendix D, p. 383 for price deflators.

3-21

Buildings Energy Data Book: 3.6 Office Building Markets and Companies
3.6.4 2009 Energy Consumption Expenditures by Selected City ($2009/SF) (1) Number of Responses 33 22 58 27 13 14 N.A. 14 23 N.A. 64 N.A. 78 24 32 Number of Responses N.A. 78 N.A. 149 42 33 15 75 131 76 46 29 N.A. 29 47

March 2011

New York, NY Los Angeles, CA Chicago, IL Houston, TX Phoenix, AZ Philadelphia, PA San Antonio, TX San Diego, CA Dallas, TX San Jose, CA San Francisco, CA Miami, FL Washington, DC Seattle, WA Boston, MA National Average (2)
Note(s):

Urban 4.32 2.84 1.72 2.16 2.23 2.81 N.A. 2.67 2.27 N.A. 2.55 N.A. 3.29 1.51 3.19 2.33

Suburban N.A. 2.47 N.A. 2.29 1.81 2.87 N.A. 1.69 2.19 1.88 2.19 2.77 N.A. 1.75 2.99 2.08

1) Energy includes electric, gas, fuel oil, purchased steam, purchased chilled water, and water/sewage expenditures. "N/A" indicates that the sample size was not large enough to be assumed representative of a given city. BOMA cautions that any data based on fewer than 25 responses may not be a reliable estimate. 2) Averages based on 1,246 urban respondents and 2,942 suburban respondents across 92 US cities International, Source(s): BOMAand regions. The Experience Exchange Report 2010, 2010.

3.6.5

Top 10 Office Building Owners Globally as of Year End, 2009 (million SF) Floorspace Owned 80.7 68.0 61.5 60.0 58.8 58.3 46.4 41.4 38.1 35.4 548.6

Owner 1. RREEF Americas 2. The Blackstone Group 3. Brookfield Properties Corp. 4. Vornado Realty Trust 5. Hines 6. CB Richard Ellis Investors 7. TIAA-CREF 8. LaSalleInvestment Management 9. Duke Realty Corp. 10. Boston Properties Total for Top 10:

Source(s): National Real Estate Investor, The 2010 Best of The Best Rankings: 2010 Top 25 Office Owners, June 1, 2010. http://nreionline.com/research/2010_top_real_estate_top_office_owners/

3-22

Buildings Energy Data Book: 3.6 Office Building Markets and Companies
3.6.6 Top 10 Property Managers Globally as of Year End, 2009 (million SF) Floorspace Managed 2,500 1,650 1,600 593 479 420 305 272 265 259 8,343

March 2011

Managing Company 1. CB Richard Ellis Group 2. Colliers International 3. Jones Lang LaSalle 4. Cushman & Wakefield 5. ProLogis 6. Cassidy Turley 7. Grubb & Ellis Co. 8. Lincoln Property Co. 9. NAI Global 10. Simon Property Group Total for Top 10:

Source(s): National Real Estate Investor, The 2010 Best of The Best Rankings: 2010 Top 25 Property Managers, June 1, 2010. http://nreionline.com/research/2010_top_real_estate_top_property_managers/

3.6.7

Advanced Energy Design Guide for Small Office Buildings (1)

Shell Percent Glass (WWR) Window U-Factor SHGC Wall R-Value Roof R-Value Attic Insulation Above Deck Wall Material Lighting Average Power Density (Watts/SF) System and Plant System and Plant Packaged Single-Zone Packaged Single-Zone w/ Economizer Heating Plant: Gas Furnace Cooling Plant: Air conditioner (135-240 thousand Btu*hr.) Service Hot Water: Gas Water Heater
Note(s):

20-40% 0.33-0.56 0.31-0.49 7.6-15.2 30-60 15-30 Mass (HC > 7 Btu/ft^2) 0.9

Cooling Capacity > 54 kBtu 80% Combustion Efficiency 10.8 EER/11.2 IPLV - 11.0 EER/11.5 IPLV 90% Thermal Efficiency

1) Guide provides approximate parameters for constructing a building which is 30% more efficient than ASHRAE 90.1-1999. Ranges are because of climate zone dependencies.

Source(s): ASHRAE, Advanced Energy Design Guide for Small Office Buildings, 2004.

3-23

Buildings Energy Data Book: 3.6 Office Building Markets and Companies
3.6.8 Typical Office Building (1) Large (>= 25,000 SF) 8.22 90 - 137 39,240 40 - 50 1.39 - 1.71 0.69 - 0.8 2.5 - 6.0 9.1 - 12.6 masonry built-up 390 - 460 12 5 1 3,580 1.3 - 1.8 4,190 Constant Volume w/ Reheat VAV w/ Economizer Gas Boiler Hermetic Centrifugal Chiller Gas Boiler Small (<25,000 SF) 4.29 5.5 - 6.6 39,084 15 - 20 1.34 - 1.99 0.71 - 0.82 3.9 - 6.3 10.5 - 13.3 masonry built-up 420 - 470 11 4 1 3,360 1.7 - 2.2 3,340

March 2011

Stock Floor Area (billion SF) Floor-Area Weighted Averages Building Area (thousand SF) Floors Shell Percent Glass Window R-Value Window Shading Coefficient Wall R-Value Roof R-Value Wall Material Roof Material Occupancy Average Occupancy (SF/person) Weekday Hours (hrs/day) Weekend Hours (hrs/day) Equipment Average Power Density (W/SF) Full Lighting Hours (hrs/year) Lighting Average Power Density (W/SF) Full Lighting Hours (hrs/year) System and Plant System and Distribution Type Heating Plant Cooling Plant Service Hot Water
Note(s):

Packaged Single-Zone Packaged Single-Zone w/ Economizer Gas Furnace Direct Expansion Gas Water Heater

1) The prototypes are synthetic buildings compiled from statistical data from building surveys or conclusions from previous studies. The physical characteristics, system characteristics, and usage patterns are based upon various surveys, studies, engineering estimates, or engineering judgment. Source(s): LBNL, Commercial Heating and Cooling Loads Component Analysis, Nov. 1999, Table 10, p. 31.

3-24

Buildings Energy Data Book: 3.6 Office Building Markets and Companies
3.6.9 Energy Benchmarks for Newly Constructed Large Office Buildings, by Selected City and End-Use (thousand Btu per square foot) IECC Climate Zone 1A 2A 2B 3A 3B 3B 3C 4A 4B 4C 5A 5B 6A 6B 7 8 Heating 0.2 3.2 2.2 3.1 0.5 1.4 4.2 6.2 3.0 5.7 9.5 5.4 14.4 10.0 17.6 31.7 Cooling 18.7 15.2 13.9 11.1 8.6 8.4 5.0 9.8 5.4 3.8 6.4 4.1 5.8 3.1 3.3 1.7 Water Heating 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.6

March 2011

Miami Houston Phoenix Atlanta Los Angeles Las Vegas San Francisco Baltimore Albuquerque Seattle Chicago Boulder Minneapolis Helena Duluth Fairbanks
Note(s):

Ventilation (1) 2.8 2.5 2.9 2.1 1.9 2.2 1.7 2.1 1.9 1.5 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.5 1.6 1.3

Commercial building energy benchmarks are based off of the current stock of commercial buildings and are designed to provide a consistent baseline to compare building performance in energy-use simulations. The benchmark building had 498,588 square feet and 12 floors. Benchmark interior lighting energy = 10.7 thousand Btu/SF. Interior equipment energy consumption = 15.94 thousand Btu/SF.

Source(s): DOE/EERE/BT, Commercial Building Benchmark Models, Version 1.3_5.0, November 2010, accessed at <http://www1.eere.energy.gov/buildings/commercial_initiative/new_construction.html>.

3.6.10

Energy Benchmarks for Newly Constructed Medium Office Buildings, by Selected City and End-Use (thousand Btu per square foot) IECC Climate Zone 1A 2A 2B 3A 3B 3B 3C 4A 4B 4C 5A 5B 6A 6B 7 8 Heating 0.3 3.2 2.6 4.5 0.9 2.4 5.2 8.5 4.7 7.8 12.0 7.5 17.7 13.3 21.0 38.6 Cooling 14.9 11.8 12.8 7.5 4.8 9.3 2.5 6.5 5.3 2.0 4.4 3.6 3.9 2.4 2.0 0.9 Water Heating 0.4 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.8 Ventilation (1) 1.5 1.3 1.6 1.2 1.0 1.4 1.1 1.2 1.4 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.1

Miami Houston Phoenix Atlanta Los Angeles Las Vegas San Francisco Baltimore Albuquerque Seattle Chicago Boulder Minneapolis Helena Duluth Fairbanks
Note(s):

Commercial building energy benchmarks are based off of the current stock of commercial buildings and are designed to provide a consistent baseline to compare building performance in energy-use simulations. The benchmark building had 53,628 square feet and 3 floors. Benchmark interior lighting energy = 10.7 thousand Btu/SF. Interior equipment energy consumption = 18.85 thousand Btu/SF.

Source(s): DOE/EERE/BT, Commercial Building Benchmark Models, Version 1.3_5.0, November 2010, accessed at <http://www1.eere.energy.gov/buildings/commercial_initiative/new_construction.html>.

3-25

Buildings Energy Data Book: 3.7 Retail Markets and Companies
3.7.1 2009 Top Retail Companies, by Sales 2009 Revenues ($billion) 405.0 76.7 69.9 66.2 65.4 63.3 55.4 49.7 47.2 44.0 % Change over 2008 Revenues 1.0% 0.8% -1.5% -7.2% 0.6% 7.3% 13.0% 10.4% -2.1% -5.8% # Stores 2009 8,416 3,619 566 2,244 1,740 7,496 7,025 4,027 1,710 3,921 % Change over 2008 Stores 7.0% 1.9% 10.5% -1.3% 3.4% 8.1% 1.5% 2.2% 3.7% 0.1%

March 2011

Chain Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. The Kroger Co. Costco The Home Depot Target Corp. Walgreen Co. CVS Caremark Best Buy Lowes Cos. Sears Holdings

Source(s): Chain Store Age. Chain Store Age Top 100: The Nation's Largest Retailers, August/September, 2010.

3.7.2

2009 Top Chain Restaurants, by Sales 2009 Sales ($billion) 31.0 10.0 9.0 8.4 8.3 6.8 5.7 5.0 4.9 3.8 % Change over 2005 Sales 3.2% 4.2% -3.7% 4.7% -4.6% 1.5% 3.6% -9.1% -5.8% 0.7% Franchised Stores 12,402 23,034 6,333 4,622 4,364 4,308 6,566 6,917 4,307 3,069 Company-owned Stores 1,578 0 917 1,255 6,764 1,296 0 649 855 475 Total Stores 13,980 23,034 7,250 5,877 11,128 5,604 6,566 7,566 5,162 3,544

Chain McDonald's Subway (1) Burger King Wendy's (1) Starbucks Coffee (1) Taco Bell (2) Dunkin' Donuts (1) Pizza Hut (2) KFC (2) Sonic
Note(s):
Source(s):

1) Includes figures estimated by Technomic, Inc. 2) Systemwide figure from franchised stores only.
QSR Magazine, 2010 QSR 50 - December, 2010, Available at http://www.qsrmagazine.com/reports/2010-qsr-50.

3.7.3

2009 Top Supermarkets, by Sales No. of Stores (> $2 million in sales) 2,906 2,470 1,486 1,516 708 1,012 1,604 280 408 191 Square Feet Selling Area (thousands) 179,999 105,777 54,399 51,921 29,772 37,353 47,760 13,997 13,619 12,289

2009 All Commodity Supermarket Volume ($millions) Wal-Mart Stores 154.2 Kroger Co. 62.6 Safeway, Inc. 35.0 Supervalu, Inc. 31.5 Ahold USA, Inc. (Stop and Shop, Giant) 24.1 Publix Super Markets, Inc. 21.6 Delhaize America, Inc. (Food Lion) 18.8 H.E. Butt Grocery Co. (HEB) 11.6 Great Atlantic & Pacific Tea Co. (Pathmark) 9.2 Meijer, Inc. 8.6
Note(s):

All commodity volume in this example represents the "annualized range of the estimated retail sales volume of all items sold at a retail site that pass through the retailer's cash registers. TDLinx ACV is an estimate based on best available data- a directional measure to be used as an indicator of store and account size, not an actual retail sales report". (Progressive Grocer)

Source(s): Progressive Grocer, Progressive Grocer Super 50, May 2010, Volume 89, Number 4, p. 15.

3-26

Buildings Energy Data Book: 3.7 Retail Markets and Companies
3.7.4 Advanced Energy Design Guide for Small Retail Buildings (1)

March 2011

Shell Percent Glass Window (U-Factor SHGC Wall R-Value (2) Roof R-Value Attic Insulation Above Deck Lighting Average Power Density (W/ft.^2) System and Plant Heating Plant Gas Furnace(>225 kBtuh) Cooling Plant Air conditioner (>135-240 kBtuh) Service Hot Water Gas Storage Water Heater (>75kBtuh)
Note(s):

0.4 0.38-0.69 0.40-0.44 7.6-15.2 c.i. 30-60 15-25 c.i. 1.3

80% Combustion Efficiency 10.8 EER/11.2 IPLV - 11.0 EER/11.5 IPLV 90% Thermal Efficiency

1) Guide provides approximate parameters for constructing a building which is 30% more efficient than ASHRAE 90.1-1999. Ranges are due to climate zone dependencies. 2) Assumes a wall with heat content greaater than 7 Btu/ft^2.

Source(s): ASHRAE, Advanced Energy Design Guide for Small Retail Buildings, 2008.

3.7.5

Typical Mercantile & Service (Retail) Building (1) Retail (>= 25,000 SF) 5.878 80 2 15 1.39 - 1.71 0.74 - 0.79 3.1 - 6.4 10.6 - 14.0 masonry built-up 390 - 460 12 5 0.4 4,750 - 5,850 1.6 - 2.1 4,500 - 5,245 Constant Volume w/ Reheat VAV w/ Economizer Gas Boiler Hermetic Centrifugal Chiller Gas Boiler Retail (<25,000 SF) 6.528 5.3 - 6.4 1 15 1.24 - 1.71 0.85 2.5 - 6.6 9.5 - 13.2 masonry built-up 1,635 - 2,085 12 4 0.5 3480 1.7 - 2.2 3,786 - 4,412 Packaged Single-Zone Packaged Single-Zone w/ Economizer Gas Furnace Direct Expansion Gas Water Heater

Stock Floor Area (billion SF) Floor-Area Weighted Averages Building Area (thousand SF) Floors Shell Percent Glass Window R-Value Window Shading Coefficient Wall R-Value Roof R-Value Wall Material Roof Material Occupancy Average Occupancy (SF/person) Weekday Hours (hrs/day) Weekend Hours (hrs/day) Equipment Average Power Density (W/SF) Full Equipment Hours (hrs/year) Lighting Average Power Density (W/SF) Full Lighting Hours (hrs/year) System and Plant System and Distribution Type Heating Plant Cooling Plant Service Hot Water
Note(s):

1) The prototypes are synthetic buildings compiled from statistical data from building surveys or conclusions from previous studies. The physical characteristics, system characteristics, and usage patterns are based upon various surveys, studies, engineering estimates, or engineering judgment. Source(s): LBNL, Commercial Heating and Cooling Loads Component Analysis, June 1998, Table 11, p. 32.

3-27

Buildings Energy Data Book: 3.7 Retail Markets and Companies
3.7.6 Energy Benchmarks for Newly Constructed Retail Buildings, by Selected City and End-Use (thousand Btu per square foot) IECC Climate Zone 1A 2A 2B 3A 3B 3B 3C 4A 4B 4C 5A 5B 6A 6B 7 8 Heating 0.2 8.1 6.4 15.3 4.3 11.0 16.1 28.4 20.2 28.8 39.8 29.7 52.3 45.2 68.9 108.9 Cooling 17.0 11.9 13.1 5.8 1.8 7.5 0.4 4.3 3.5 0.6 2.9 2.0 2.4 1.1 0.6 0.1 Ventilation 11.2 10.7 10.2 9.6 8.0 7.8 4.3 9.1 8.5 7.0 8.9 8.4 9.0 8.4 5.6 9.4

March 2011

Miami Houston Phoenix Atlanta Los Angeles Las Vegas San Francisco Baltimore Albuquerque Seattle Chicago Boulder Minneapolis Helena Duluth Fairbanks
Note(s):

Commercial building energy benchmarks are based off of the current stock of commercial buildings and are designed to provide a consistent baseline to compare building performance in energy-use simulations. The benchmark building had 24,962 square feet and 1 floor. Benchmark interior lighting energy = 19.2 thousand Btu/SF. Interior equipment energy consumption = 7.63 thousand Btu/SF.

Source(s): DOE/EERE/BT, Commercial Building Benchmark Models, Version 1.3_5.0, November 2010, accessed at <http://www1.eere.energy.gov/buildings/commercial_initiative/new_construction.html>.

3.7.7

Energy Benchmarks for Newly Constructed Supermarkets, by Selected City and End-Use (thousand Btu per square foot) IECC Climate Zone 1A 2A 2B 3A 3B 3B 3C 4A 4B 4C 5A 5B 6A 6B 7 8 Heating 2.1 19.1 19.7 34.9 23.0 30.7 43.6 53.5 44.9 59.5 67.6 57.7 81.4 74.1 99.8 145.6 Cooling 7.9 6.2 8.2 3.0 0.6 4.7 0.2 2.4 1.8 0.3 1.5 1.1 1.3 0.7 0.6 0.3 Water Heating 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 Ventilation 11.2 10.7 10.2 9.6 8.0 7.8 4.3 9.1 8.5 7.0 8.9 8.4 9.0 8.4 5.6 9.4

Miami Houston Phoenix Atlanta Los Angeles Las Vegas San Francisco Baltimore Albuquerque Seattle Chicago Boulder Minneapolis Helena Duluth Fairbanks
Note(s):

Commercial building energy benchmarks are based off of the current stock of commercial buildings and are designed to provide a consistent baseline to compare building performance in energy-use simulations. The benchmark building had 45,000 square feet and 1 floor. Benchmark interior lighting energy = 19.7 thousand Btu/SF. Interior equipment energy consumption = 20.7 thousand Btu/SF.

Source(s): DOE/EERE/BT, Commercial Building Benchmark Models, Version 1.3_5.0, November 2010, accessed at <http://www1.eere.energy.gov/buildings/commercial_initiative/new_construction.html>.

3-28

Buildings Energy Data Book: 3.7 Retail Markets and Companies
3.7.8 Number of Stores and Average Sales in the Grocery Industry as of 2007 Number of Stores (1,000s) 35.0 145.9 13.7 1.2 0.4 196.2 US Annual Sales ($Billions) 535.4 306.6 18.2 101.5 2.2 963.9

March 2011

Store Type Supermarket Convenience Grocery (<$2million) Wholesale Clubs Military Convenience Stores Total

Source(s): DOE/EERE/Navigant Consulting, Energy Savings Potential and R&D Opportunities for Commercial Refrigeration, Sept. 2009, Table 3-2, p. 27.

3-29

Buildings Energy Data Book: 3.8 Hospitals and Medical Facilities
3.8.1 Medical Offices, Utilities Cost Per Square Foot ($2009) Downtown 2.37 N/A 0.52 0.15 2.51 Suburban 1.79 1.50 0.41 0.22 2.57 All 1.82 1.52 0.41 0.21 2.55

March 2011

Expense HVAC Electricity Non-HVAC Electricity Natural Gas Water/Sewer Overall Utilities (1)
Note(s):

1) Does not equal sum of the other categories. Can also include purchased steam, purchased chilled water, and fuel oil.

Source(s): BOMA International, The Experience Exchange Report 2010, 2010.

3.8.2

Inpatient Medical Facilities Square Footage, Delivered Energy, Energy Intensity, Selected Years Total Square Footage (billion) 1.87 1.91 2.15 2.24 2.45 2.66 2.88 3.09 Energy Use (quadrillion Btus) 0.43 0.48 0.45 0.48 0.52 0.57 0.60 0.64 Energy Intensity (thousand Btus/SF) 229.0 249.3 210.1 213.7 213.6 212.4 209.6 207.3

1999 2003 2008 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035

Source(s): EIA, The Commercial Energy Consumption Survey 2003, Table A2. Census Region, Number of Buildings and Floorspace for All Buildings (Including Malls); EIA, The Commercial Energy Consumption Survey 1999, Table B3. Page 11 Census Region, Number of Buildings and Floorspace; EIA, The Supplement to the Annual Energy Outlook 2011 Early Release, Table 32, Dec. 2010.

3-30

Buildings Energy Data Book: 3.8 Hospitals and Medical Facilities
3.8.3 Typical Hospital Building (1) Pre-1980 1.43 66.2 6 25 1.79 0.71 0.3 12.3 masonry built-up 190 24 24 2.2 6,962 2.1 6,752 4-Pipe Fan-Coil in Rooms Reheat in Lobby & Core Single-Zone Reheat in Kitchen Dual-Duct in Kitchen Gas Boiler Hermetic Centrifugal Chiller Gas Boiler Post-1980 0.21 156 12 25 1.96 0.66 6.9 11.5 masonry built-up 190 24 24 2.2 6,962 2.1 6,752 4-Pipe Fan-Coil in Rooms VAV in Lobby & Core Single-Zone Reheat in Kitchen Dual-Duct in Kitchen Gas Boiler Direct Expansion Gas Boiler

March 2011

Stock Floor Area (billion SF) Floor-Area Weighted Averages Building Area (thousand SF) Floors Shell Percent Glass Window R-Value Window Shading Coefficient Wall R-Value Roof R-Value Wall Material Roof Material Occupancy Average Occupancy (SF/person) Weekday Hours (hrs/day) Weekend Hours (hrs/day) Equipment Average Power Density (W/SF) Full Equipment Hours (hrs/year) Lighting Average Power Density (W/SF) Full Lighting Hours (hrs/year) System and Plant System and Distribution Type

Heating Plant Cooling Plant Service Hot Water
Note(s):

1) The prototypes are synthetic buildings compiled from statistical data from building surveys or conclusions from previous studies. The physical characteristics, system characteristics, and usage patterns are based upon various surveys, studies, engineering estimates, or engineering judgment. Source(s): LBNL, Commercial Heating and Cooling Loads Component Analysis, June 1998, Table 14, p. 35.

3-31

Buildings Energy Data Book: 3.8 Hospitals and Medical Facilities
3.8.4 Energy Benchmarks for Newly Constructed Hospitals, by Selected City and End-Use (thousand Btu per square foot) IECC Climate Zone 1A 2A 2B 3A 3B 3B 3C 4A 4B 4C 5A 5B 6A 6B 7 8 Heating 40.6 47.2 42.5 48.6 47.6 41.8 56.6 55.4 37.9 55.1 58.2 42.3 62.8 50.8 67.0 89.1 Cooling 67.5 68.1 62.3 62.5 55.5 52.0 51.5 60.5 41.7 49.7 51.0 39.3 45.5 36.6 38.5 25.2 Water Heating 1.8 2.1 1.9 2.5 2.4 2.2 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.9 3.0 3.0 3.2 3.2 3.5 3.9

March 2011

Miami Houston Phoenix Atlanta Los Angeles Las Vegas San Francisco Baltimore Albuquerque Seattle Chicago Boulder Minneapolis Helena Duluth Fairbanks
Note(s):

Ventilation (1) 17.4 17.1 17.4 16.4 15.7 16.2 16.1 16.1 15.5 15.2 15.6 15.1 15.1 14.7 14.7 13.5

Commercial building energy benchmarks are based off of the current stock of commercial buildings and are designed to provide a consistent baseline to compare building performance in energy-use simulations. The benchmark building had 241,351 square feet and 5 floors. Benchmark interior lighting energy = 16.36 thousand Btu/SF. Interior equipment energy consumption = 15.15 thousand Btu/SF. Ventilation includes energy used by fans and heat rejection systems.

Source(s): DOE/EERE/BT, Commercial Building Benchmark Models, Version 1.3_5.0, November 2010, accessed at <http://www1.eere.energy.gov/buildings/commercial_initiative/new_construction.html>. Version 1.3_5.0, November 2010.

3.8.5

Energy Benchmarks for Newly Constructed Outpatient Buildings, by Selected City and End-Use (thousand Btu per square foot) IECC Climate Zone 1A 2A 2B 3A 3B 3B 3C 4A 4B 4C 5A 5B 6A 6B 7 8 Heating 49.4 58.9 60.3 66.0 63.8 57.7 72.1 72.1 63.5 74.7 75.3 65.9 81.3 74.3 84.2 99.7 Cooling 49.3 41.4 40.6 31.9 26.4 32.1 19.8 27.4 23.7 17.7 21.3 19.3 19.0 15.6 13.2 8.8 Water Heating 0.7 0.8 0.7 0.9 0.9 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Ventilation 19.5 19.4 19.9 19.3 18.3 19.6 18.5 19.0 21.7 18.5 18.8 21.0 18.9 20.0 18.7 17.7

Miami Houston Phoenix Atlanta Los Angeles Las Vegas San Francisco Baltimore Albuquerque Seattle Chicago Boulder Minneapolis Helena Duluth Fairbanks
Note(s):

Commercial building energy benchmarks are based off of the current stock of commercial buildings and are designed to provide a consistent baseline to compare building performance in energy-use simulations. The benchmark building had 40,946 square feet and 3 floors. Benchmark interior lighting energy = 13.02 thousand Btu/SF. Interior equipment energy consumption = 46.01 thousand Btu/SF.

Source(s): DOE/EERE/BT, Commercial Building Benchmark Models, Version 1.3_5.0, November 2010, accessed at <http://www1.eere.energy.gov/buildings/commercial_initiative/new_construction.html>. Version 1.3_5.0, November 2010.

3-32

Buildings Energy Data Book: 3.9 Educational Facilities
3.9.1

March 2011

2003 Delivered Energy End-Use Intensities and Consumption of Educational Facilities, by Building Activity (1) (10^12 Btu) 389 47% 79 10% 83 10% 57 7% 113 14% 8 1% 16 2% 4 0% 32 4% 39 5% 820 100% (thousand Btu/SF) 39.4 8.0 8.4 5.8 11.5 0.8 1.6 0.4 3.4 4.0 83.1

Space Heating Cooling Ventilation Water Heating Lighting Cooking Refrigeration Office Equipment Computers Other Total
Note(s):

1) Educational facilities include K-12 as well as higher education facilities. 2) Due to rounding, sum does not add up to total.

Source(s): EIA, 2003 Commercial Building Energy Consumption and Expenditures End-Uses, Sept. 2008, Table E1A and E2A.

3.9.2

Number of Elementary and Secondary Schools in the United States, Enrollment, and Students per School, 2007-2008 Number of Schools (thousands) 98.9 67.0 24.4 6.2 1.2 33.7 21.9 2.9 8.9 Average Students per School 505

Public Schools Elementary Secondary Combined Other (1) Private Schools Elementary Secondary Combined

Enrollment (millions) 49.9

5.9

175

Note(s):

1) Includes special education, alternative, and other schools not classified by grade span.

Source(s): U.S. Department of Education/National Center for Educational Statistics (NCES), Digest of Education Statistics: 2009, April 2010, Table 2 for enrollment, Table 5 for number of educational institutions.

3.9.3

National Enrollment and Expenditures for Public K-12 Facilities ($2009) Enrollment (millions) 39.4 41.2 44.8 47.2 49.1 50.0 52.3 53.9 Expenditures ($billion) 239.3 327.6 358.3 431.7 490.3 527.4 611.5 665.1 Expenditures per Pupil 6,071 7,946 7,989 9,147 9,982 10,540 11,682 12,331

School Year Beginning 1986 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2018

Source(s): NCES, Projections of Educational Statistics to 2018, Sept. 2009, Table 34, p. 80 for 1995-2018; NCES, Projections of Educational Statistics to 2015, Sept. 2006, Table 34, p. 78 for 1990; NCES, Projections of Educational Statistics to 2011, Oct. 2001, Table 33, p. 88 for 1986; and EIA, Annual Energy Review 2009, August 2010, Appendix D, p. 383 for price inflators.

3-33

Buildings Energy Data Book: 3.9 Educational Facilities
3.9.4 Total Expenditures for K-12 School Plant Operations and Maintenance, by Function ($2009 Billion) 1990-91 17.5 54% 8.7 27% 5.7 18% 0.5 2% 32.4 100% 1995-96 18.3 53% 10.4 30% 5.7 16% 0.3 1% 34.6 100% 2000-01 21.3 51% 11.9 28% 8.5 20% 0.3 1% 42.1 100% 2005-06 24.0 49% 13.1 27% 11.1 23% 0.4 1% 48.6 100%

March 2011

Salaries and Benefits Purchased Services Supplies Other Total
Note(s):

2006-07 24.6 51% 13.4 28% 11.3 23% 0.4 1% 49.8 100%

1) Operation and maintenance services include salaries, benefits, supplies, and contractual fees for supervision of operations and maintenance, operating buildings (heating, lighting, ventilating, repair and replacement), care and upkeep of grounds and equipment, vehicle operation and maintenance (other than student transportation), security and other operations and maintenance services.

Source(s): NCES, Digest of Educational Statistics 2009, April 2010, Table 180, p. 258-259; EIA, Annual Energy Review 2009, August 2010, Appendix D, p. 383 for price inflators.

3.9.5

New Construction and Renovations Expenditures for Public K-12 Schools ($2009 Billion) New Schools 11.63 12.60 14.79 13.12 13.87 14.05 13.60 13.23 13.12 11.94 Additions 7.59 6.49 6.26 5.90 4.87 5.44 5.26 5.12 3.28 2.12 Renovations 6.98 5.54 4.72 4.26 4.17 4.26 4.12 4.01 3.34 2.32 Total 26.20 24.63 25.77 23.29 22.90 23.74 22.99 22.35 19.73 16.38

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Note(s):

Data includes public school districts only and is presented in calendar years, rather than school years.

Source(s): School Planning & Management, 6th Annual School Construction Report, February 2001 Table 1, p. 28 for 2000; School Planning & Management, 2002 Construction Report, February 2002 Table 1, p. 3 for 2001; School Planning & Management, 2003 Construction Report, February 2003 Table 1, p. 3 for 2002; School Planning & Management, 9th Annual Construction Report, February 2004, Table 1, p. 3 for 2003; School Planning & Management, 10th Annual School Construction Report, February 2005, Table 1, p. C3 for 2004; School Planning & Management, 11th Annual Construction Report, February 2006, Table 1, p. C3 for 2005; School Planning & Management, The 2007 Construction Report, February 2007, Table 1, p. C3 for 2006; School Planning & Management, The 2008 Annual School Construction Report, February 2008, Table 1, p. CR3 for 2007; School Planning & Management, The 2009 Annual School Construction Report, February 2009, Table 1, p. CR3 for 2008; School Planning & Management, 15th Annual School Construction Report, February 2010, Table 1, p. CR3 for 2009; and EIA, Annual Energy Review 2009, August 2010, Appendix D, p. 383 for price inflators.

3.9.6 Region

2009 Regional New Construction and Renovations Expenditures for Public K-12 Schools ($Million) New Schools 498.4 783.9 636.8 1,424.6 1,943.5 1,009.1 661.4 421.0 1,688.0 707.8 1,490.7 678.5 11,943.8 Additions 133.2 335.0 221.0 138.5 550.6 108.1 71.8 137.8 264.7 70.3 41.4 46.5 2,118.9 Renovation 87.2 687.4 252.8 90.6 173.8 203.1 99.0 96.6 337.9 71.8 68.3 152.7 2,321.2 Total 718.8 1,806.4 1,110.6 1,653.7 2,667.8 1,320.3 832.3 655.4 2,290.6 849.9 1,600.4 877.7 16,384.0

Region 1 (CT, MA, ME, NH, RI, VT) Region 2 (NJ, NY, PA) Region 3 (DE, MD, VA, WV) Region 4 (KY, NC, SC, TN) Region 5 (AL, FL, GA, MS) Region 6 (IN, MI, OH) Region 7 (IL, MN, WI) Region 8 (IA, KS, MO, NE) Region 9 (AR, LA, OK, TX) Region 10 (CO, MT, ND, NM, SD, UT, WY) Region 11 (AZ, CA, HI, NV) Region 12 (AK, ID, OR, WA) Total

Source(s): School Planning & Management, 15th Annual School Construction Report, February 2010, p. CR3

3-34

Buildings Energy Data Book: 3.9 Educational Facilities
3.9.7

March 2011

Percentage of Public K-12 Schools with Environmental Factors that Interfere with Classroom Instruction (1)

Lighting, artificial Lighting, natural Heating Air conditioning Ventilation Indoor air quality Acoustincs or noise control Physical condition of buildings Size or configuration of rooms

Permanent Buildings (2) Small Medium Large 5% 6% 6% 6% 6% 4% 14% 11% 12% 16% 16% 17% 11% 12% 12% 8% 11% 9% 12% 13% 12% 10% 11% 10% 14% 12% 13%

Temporary Buildings (3) Small Medium Large 11% 3% 10% 11% 5% 12% 11% 6% 12% 15% 6% 14% 20% 8% 16% 12% 9% 14% 23% 14% 19% 15% 12% 15% 15% 16% 18%

1) Small school is defined as having 1-349 students, medium 350-699 students, and a large school has 700 or more students. 2) Based on the 99% of public schools with classrooms in permanent buildings. 3) Based on the 33% of public schools with classrooms in temporary buildings. Source(s): National Center for Education Statistics, Digest of Educational Statistics 2009, April 2010, Table 101, for 2005 data. Note(s):

3.9.8

Advanced Energy Design Guide for Typical Educational Facilities (1)

Shell Percent Glass Window U-Factor Wall R-Value Roof R-Value Attic Insulation Above Deck Wall Material Lighting Average Power Density(Watts/ft.^2) With Daylighting Without Daylighting System and Plant System and Plant 1 Central System Packaged Multi-Zone w/ Economizer Heating Plant: Cooling Plant: Service Hot Water:
Note(s):

Maximum 35% 0.33 - 0.56 5.7 - 15.2 30.0 - 60.0 25.0 Mass: Heat Capacity > 7 Btu/SF*F

1.2 0.9 - 1.1

Comply with ASHRAE 90.1 80-85 Combustion Efficiency Comply with ASHRAE 90.1 90 Combustion Efficiency

Gas Boiler Water-Cooled Chiller Gas Boiler

1) Guide provides approximate parameters for constructing a building which is 30% more efficient than ASHRAE 90.1-1999. Ranges are because of climate zone dependencies.

Source(s): ASHRAE, Advanced Energy Design Guide for K-12 School Buildings, 2008.

3-35

Buildings Energy Data Book: 3.9 Educational Facilities
3.9.9 Typical School Building (1) Pre-1980 7.482 22 - 47 2 27 1.39 - 1.6 0.80 - 0.83 2.7 - 3.4 10.1 - 10.9 masonry built-up 105 8 2 0.8 1,136 1.8 2,436 6 (Classrooms, Gym, Auditorium, Dining, Kitchen) Unit Ventilators Gas Boiler Hermetic Centrifugal Chiller Gas Boiler Post-1980 0.595 16 - 26 2 18 1.67 - 1.71 0.71 - 0.73 5.3 - 5.7 12.6 - 13.3 masonry built-up 105 8 2 0.8 1,136 1.7 2,436

March 2011

Stock Floor Area (billion SF) Floor-Area Weighted Averages Building Area (thousand SF) Floors Shell Percent Glass Window R-Value Window Shading Coefficient Wall R-Value Roof R-Value Wall Material Roof Material Occupancy Average Occupancy (SF/person) Weekday Hours (hrs/day) Weekend Hours (hrs/day) Equipment Average Power Density (W/SF) Full Equipment Hours (hrs/year) Lighting Average Power Density (W/SF) Full Lighting Hours (hrs/year) System and Plant System and Distribution Type

1 Central System Packaged Multi-Zone w/ Economizer Gas Boiler Hermetic Centrifugal Chiller Gas Boiler

Heating Plant Cooling Plant Service Hot Water
Note(s):

1) The prototypes are synthetic buildings compiled from statistical data from building surveys or conclusions from previous studies. The physical characteristics, system characteristics, and usage patterns are based upon various surveys, studies, engineering estimates, or engineering judgment. Source(s): LBNL, Commercial Heating and Cooling Loads Component Analysis, June 1998, Table 15, p. 36; and D&R International for hours of occupancy.

3-36

Buildings Energy Data Book: 3.9 Educational Facilities
3.9.10 Energy Benchmarks for Newly Constructed Primary Schools, by Selected City and End-Use (thousand Btu per square foot) IECC Climate Zone 1A 2A 2B 3A 3B 3B 3C 4A 4B 4C 5A 5B 6A 6B 7 8 Heating 0.3 4.7 3.3 8.3 2.0 4.7 8.8 15.8 10.3 12.9 21.4 15.2 30.9 24.0 37.0 59.6 Cooling 15.9 11.5 12.4 6.2 3.6 8.5 2.0 5.0 4.2 1.1 3.6 2.6 2.9 1.5 1.2 0.5 Water Heating 1.4 1.7 1.5 2.0 1.9 1.7 2.1 2.2 2.1 2.3 2.4 2.3 2.5 2.5 2.8 3.1

March 2011

Miami Houston Phoenix Atlanta Los Angeles Las Vegas San Francisco Baltimore Albuquerque Seattle Chicago Boulder Minneapolis Helena Duluth Fairbanks
Note(s):

Ventilation 2.7 2.2 2.5 1.8 1.5 2.2 1.7 1.7 2.0 1.3 1.7 1.6 1.7 1.4 1.5 1.4

Commercial building energy benchmarks are based off of the current stock of commercial buildings and are designed to provide a consistent baseline to compare building performance in energy-use simulations. The benchmark building had 73,960 square feet and 1 floor. Benchmark interior lighting energy = 15.80 thousand Btu/SF. Interior equipment energy consumption = 18.77 thousand Btu/SF.

Source(s): DOE/EERE/BT, Commercial Building Benchmark Models, Version 1.3_5.0, November 2010, accessed at <http://www1.eere.energy.gov/buildings/commercial_initiative/new_construction.html>.

3.9.11

Energy Benchmarks for Newly Constructed Secondary Schools, by Selected City and End-Use (thousand Btu per square foot) IECC Climate Zone 1A 2A 2B 3A 3B 3B 3C 4A 4B 4C 5A 5B 6A 6B 7 8 Heating 0.7 8.1 5.8 15.3 4.1 8.6 13.9 27.5 17.9 25.8 36.7 26.3 50.4 40.4 61.0 96.7 Cooling 54.0 41.0 44.4 25.3 15.9 28.2 9.6 20.9 13.8 5.9 15.9 9.5 13.4 6.0 6.1 2.2 Water Heating 1.1 1.4 1.3 1.7 1.6 1.5 1.8 1.9 1.9 2.0 2.1 2.1 2.3 2.3 2.5 2.8 Ventilation 5.5 5.2 5.6 4.9 4.7 5.2 4.7 4.9 5.1 4.5 4.9 4.9 5.0 5.0 5.3 5.5

Miami Houston Phoenix Atlanta Los Angeles Las Vegas San Francisco Baltimore Albuquerque Seattle Chicago Boulder Minneapolis Helena Duluth Fairbanks
Note(s):

Commercial building energy benchmarks are based off of the current stock of commercial buildings and are designed to provide a consistent baseline to compare building performance in energy-use simulations. The benchmark building had 210,887 square feet and 2 floors. Benchmark interior lighting energy = 15.20 thousand Btu/SF. Interior equipment energy consumption = 11.83 thousand Btu/SF.

Source(s): DOE/EERE/BT, Commercial Building Benchmark Models, Version 1.3_5.0, November 2010, accessed at <http://www1.eere.energy.gov/buildings/commercial_initiative/new_construction.html>.

3-37

Buildings Energy Data Book: 3.10 Hotels/Motels
3.10.1 2003 Floorspace and Energy Consumption for Hotels and Motels/Inns (1) Hotels 61.3 50.7 5.4 0.21 110.0 1.90 Motels/Inns 40.5 42.2 36.6 0.08 74.9 1.05

March 2011

Average Electricity Consumption(kBtus/SF): Average Natural Gas Consumption(kBtus/SF): Average Fuel Oil Consumption(kBtus/SF)(2): Total Energy Consumption (quads) Average Energy Consumption (thousand Btu/SF): Total Floorspace (billion SF):
Note(s):

1) Averages for fuel souces include only the floorspace that use a given fuel. 2) For Hotels, fuel oil was often used in buildings that used natural gas as well.

Source(s): EIA, Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey 2003 Public Use Data Files, December 2006, Tables 2, 15, and 16.

3.10.2

Lodging Industy, Sales and Occupancy Rates Guestrooms (thousand) 4,200 4,398 4,416 4,412 4,402 4,389 4,476 4,626 4,762

Year Properties (1) 2001 41,393 2002 47,040 2003 47,584 2004 47,598 2005 47,590 2006 47,135 2007 48,062 2008 49,505 2009 50,800
Note(s):

Sales ($2009 billion) 125.45 122.26 122.84 128.97 134.69 141.81 144.07 142.27 127.20

Avg. Occupancy Rate 60.3% 59.1% 61.1% 61.3% 63.1% 63.3% 63.1% 60.4% 54.7%

Avg. Room Rate ($2009) 106.89 99.55 96.26 97.81 99.76 103.95 107.35 108.11 97.85

1) Based on properties with 15 or more rooms

Source(s): The American Hotel & Lodging Association, 2002 Lodging Industy Profile, p. 2-3; The American Hotel & Lodging Association, 2003 Lodging Industy Profile, p. 2-3, 2002; The American Hotel & Lodging Association, 2004 Lodging Industy Profile, p. 2-4, 2004; The American Hotel & Lodging Association, 2005 Lodging Industy Profile, p. 2, 4, 2005; The American Hotel & Lodging Association, 2006 Lodging Industy Profile, p. 2, 4, 2006; The American Hotel & Lodging Association, 2007 Lodging Industy Profile, p. 2, 4, 2007; The American Hotel & Lodging Association, 2008 Lodging Industry Profile p. 2, 4, 2008; The American Hotel & Lodging Association, 2009 Lodging Industry Profile, available at: http://www.ahla.com/content.aspx?id=28832; The American Hotel & Lodging Association, 2010 Lodging Industry Profile, available at: http://www.ahla.com/content.aspx?id=30505

3-38

Buildings Energy Data Book: 3.10 Hotels/Motels
3.10.3 Lodging Industry Profile (Thousands) 2006 Rooms Properties 15.9 1,577 6.8 452 4.5 691 2.0 275 3.6 567 14.4 827 2007 Rooms Properties 16.3 1,610 6.9 463 4.5 699 2.0 283 3.6 571 14.7 850 2008 Rooms Properties 16.8 1,668 7.1 480 4.7 721 2.1 294 3.7 584 15.1 878

March 2011

Location Suburban Highway Urban Airport Resort Small Metro Rate Under $30 $30-44.99 $45-59.99 $60-85 Over $85 Number of Rooms Under 75 75 - 149 150 - 299 300 - 500 Over 500

2009 Rooms Properties 17.3 1,726 7.3 494 4.8 742 2.2 303 3.8 595 15.4 902

0.9 7.1 14.8 14.2 10.1

58 435 933 1,295 1,668

0.8 6.9 14.7 14.5 11.1

55 424 925 1294 1778

1.2 7.3 15.0 14.5 11.4

54 418 916 1326 1913

0.8 7.0 15.3 14.0 13.7

56 431 952 1195 2128

26.9 14.5 4.1 1.1 0.5

1,147 1,542 824 399 478

27.2 15.1 4.2 1.1 0.5

1159 1595 833 405 484

27.8 15.8 4.3 1.1 0.5

1188 1668 853 416 502

28.2 16.5 4.4 1.1 0.5

1214 1742 878 418 510

Source(s): The American Lodging Association, 2007 Lodging Industy Profile, p. 2, 4, 2007; The American Lodging Association, 2008 Profile p. 2, 4, 2008; The American Hotel & Lodging Association, 2009 Lodging Industry Profile, available at: http://www.ahla.com/content.aspx?id=28832; The American Hotel & Lodging Association, 2010 Lodging Industry Profile, available at: http://www.ahla.com/content.aspx?id=30505

3.10.4

Energy Benchmarks for Newly Constructed Large Hotels, by Selected City and End-Use (thousand Btu per square foot) IECC Climate Zone 1A 2A 2B 3A 3B 3B 3C 4A 4B 4C 5A 5B 6A 6B 7 8 Heating 1.3 5.9 3.8 10.2 3.1 6.0 6.6 17.2 12.3 15.0 24.2 18.4 31.7 27.1 39.6 60.9 Cooling 69.1 53.7 47.4 43.0 34.7 35.4 23.2 37.0 23.9 21.1 31.6 21.7 29.0 18.6 21.9 13.2 Water Heating 29.4 37.1 32.7 44.6 43.1 38.0 49.5 50.5 49.4 53.5 55.6 55.4 60.1 60.9 67.4 76.3 Ventilation 8.7 8.6 8.8 8.7 8.5 8.8 8.9 8.6 8.8 8.5 8.6 8.8 8.6 8.7 8.7 8.4

Miami Houston Phoenix Atlanta Los Angeles Las Vegas San Francisco Baltimore Albuquerque Seattle Chicago Boulder Minneapolis Helena Duluth Fairbanks
Note(s):

Commercial building energy benchmarks are based off of the current stock of commercial buildings and are designed to provide a consistent baseline to compare building performance in energy-use simulations. The benchmark building had 122,120 square feet and 6 floors. Benchmark interior lighting energy = 11.28 thousand Btu/SF. Interior equipment energy consumption = 24.77 thousand Btu/SF.

Source(s): DOE/EERE/BT, Commercial Building Benchmark Models, Version 1.3_5.0, November 2010, accessed at <http://www1.eere.energy.gov/buildings/commercial_initiative/new_construction.html>.

3-39

Buildings Energy Data Book: 3.10 Hotels/Motels
3.10.5 Energy Benchmarks for Newly Constructed Small Hotels, by Selected City and End-Use (thousand Btu per square foot) IECC Climate Zone 1A 2A 2B 3A 3B 3B 3C 4A 4B 4C 5A 5B 6A 6B 7 8 Heating 0.2 2.5 1.8 4.5 1.6 3.0 4.2 8.0 5.1 6.9 11.6 8.2 16.3 12.8 20.7 36.6 Cooling 17.9 13.6 14.1 9.7 7.5 10.5 5.2 7.8 7.1 4.1 6.3 5.4 5.8 4.0 3.9 2.7 Water Heating 5.4 6.5 5.9 7.6 7.4 6.6 8.3 8.4 8.2 8.8 9.1 9.1 9.7 9.9 10.8 12.0

March 2011

Miami Houston Phoenix Atlanta Los Angeles Las Vegas San Francisco Baltimore Albuquerque Seattle Chicago Boulder Minneapolis Helena Duluth Fairbanks
Note(s):

Ventilation 5.3 5.0 5.3 4.8 4.5 4.9 4.3 4.5 5.0 4.1 4.4 4.8 4.4 4.5 4.3 3.9

Commercial building energy benchmarks are based off of the current stock of commercial buildings and are designed to provide a consistent baseline to compare building performance in energy-use simulations. The benchmark building had 43,200 square feet and 4 floors. Benchmark interior lighting energy = 13.79 thousand Btu/SF. Interior equipment energy consumption = 21.98 thousand Btu/SF.

Source(s): DOE/EERE/BT, Commercial Building Benchmark Models, Version 1.3_5.0, November 2010, accessed at <http://www1.eere.energy.gov/buildings/commercial_initiative/new_construction.html>.

3-40

Buildings Energy Data Book: 4.1 Federal Buildings Energy Consumption
4.1.1 FY 2006 Federal Primary Energy Consumption (Quadrillion Btu) 0.86 0.67 (mostly jet fuel and diesel) 1.53

March 2011

Buildings and Facilities Vehicles/Equipment Total Federal Government Consumption

Source(s): DOE/FEMP, Annual Report to Congress on FEMP, Nov. 2007, Table A-1, p. 71 for total consumption and Table A-7, p. 76 for vehicle and equipment operations.

4.1.2

FY 2005 Federal Building Energy Use Shares, by Fuel Type and Agency Site Percent 47.8% 32.8% 8.1% 6.0% 5.2% 100% Primary Percent 76.2% 14.9% 3.7% 2.7% 2.4% 100% | | | | | | | | Primary Percent 57.5% 8.8% 7.9% 6.5% 5.2% 14.1% 100% | | | | | | | | FY 2006 (10^15 Btu) Total Delivered Energy Consumption = Total Primary Energy Consumption = 0.39 0.86

Fuel Type Electricity Natural Gas Fuel Oil Coal Other Total

Agency DOD DOE USPS VA GSA Other Total

Note(s):

See Table 2.3.1 for floorspace.

Source(s): DOE/FEMP, Annual Report to Congress on FEMP, Nov. 2008, Table A-4, p. 74 and Table A-6, p. 75 for fuel types, and Table A-1, p. 71 and Table A-7, p. 76 for agency consumption.

4-1

Buildings Energy Data Book: 4.1 Federal Buildings Energy Consumption
4.1.3 Federal Building Delivered Energy Consumption Intensities, by Year (1) Consumption per Gross Square Foot (10^3 Btu/SF) 123.0 131.3 136.9 136.3 132.6 128.6 122.9 125.5 122.3 120.2 117.3 115.0 Consumption per Gross Year Square Foot (10^3 Btu/SF) FY 1997 111.9 FY 1998 107.7 FY 1999 106.7 FY 2000 104.8 FY 2001 105.9 FY 2002 104.6 FY 2003 105.2 FY 2004 104.9 FY 2005 98.2 FY 2006 (2) 113.9 FY 2015 (3) 89.5

March 2011

Year FY 1985 FY 1986 FY 1987 FY 1988 FY 1989 FY 1990 FY 1991 FY 1992 FY 1993 FY 1994 FY 1995 FY 1996
Note(s):

1) See Table 4.3.1 for floorspace. 2) Increase due to change in categorization of Federal buildings. 3) Executive Order 13423 goal.

Source(s): DOE/FEMP, Annual Report to Congress on FEMP, Sept. 2006, Table A-12, p. 158 for 1985-2005 energy consumption. DOE/FEMP, Annual Report on FEMP, Jan. 2001, Table 7-A, p. 55 for 1999, Dec. 2002, Table 8-A, p. 61 for 2000, Feb. 2004, Table 8-A, p. 66 for 2001, Sep. 2004, Table 8-A, p. 65 for 2002, Aug. 2005, Table 6-A, P. A-10 for 2003, Feb. 2006, Table 6-A, p. A-10 for 2004, Sep. 2006, Table 2, p. 13 for 2005, Nov. 2008, Table 1, p. 12 for 2006 and DOE/FEMP for remaining years for floorspace.

4.1.4

Federal Agency Progress Toward the Renewable Energy Goal (Trillion Btu) (1) Purchased Renewable Energy 5.74 0.55 0.47 0.44 0.37 0.35 0.93 8.86 Total Renewable Energy Usage 9.63 9% 0.56 123% (2) 0.49 3% 0.45 5% 0.37 7% 0.35 33% 1.05 2% 12.89 7% Total Facility Electricity Use 101.65 0.46 16.72 9.90 5.41 1.07 51.54 186.74

DOD EPA DOE GSA NASA DOC Others All Agencies
Note(s):

1) In July 2000, in accordance with Section 503 of Executive Order 13123, the Secretary of Energy approved a goal that the equivalent of energy use is 122.7% of its electricity use due to its purchases and generation of non-electric renewable energy.

Source(s): DOE/FEMP, Annual Report to Congress on FEMP, Nov. 2008, Table 4, p. 16, and p. 16 for note 1.

4-2

Buildings Energy Data Book: 4.2 Federal Buildings and Facilities Characteristics
4.2.1 Federal Building Gross Floorspace, by Year and Agency 2006 Percent of Total Floorspace 63% 11% 6% 5% 3% 12% 100%

March 2011

Fiscal Year FY 1985 FY 1986 FY 1987 FY 1988 FY 1989 FY 1990 FY 1991 FY 1992 FY 1993 FY 1994 FY 1995 FY 1996 FY 1997 FY 1998 FY 1999 FY 2000 FY 2001 FY 2002 FY 2003 FY 2004 FY 2005 FY 2006
Note(s):

Floorspace (10^9 SF) 3.37 3.38 3.40 3.23 3.30 3.40 3.21 3.20 3.20 3.11 3.04 3.03 3.02 3.07 3.07 3.06 3.07 3.03 3.04 2.97 2.96 3.10

Agency DOD USPS GSA VA DOE Other Total

The Federal Government owns/operates over 500,000 buildings, including 422,000 housing structures (for the military) and 51,000 nonresidential buildings.

Source(s): DOE/FEMP, Annual Report to Congress on FEMP, Nov. 2008, Table 1, p. 12 for floorspace by agency. DOE/FEMP, Annual Report on FEMP, Jan. 2001, Table 7-A, p. 55 for 1999, Dec. 2002, Table 8-A, p. 61 for 2000, Feb. 2004, Table 8-A, p. 66 for 2001, Sep. 2004, Table 8-A, p. 65 for 2002, Aug. 2005, Table 6-A, P. A-10 for 2003, Feb. 2006, Table 6-A, p. A-10 for 2004, Sep. 2006, Table 2, p. 13 for 2005, Nov. 2008, Table 1, p. 12 for 2006 and DOE/FEMP for remaining years for floorspace by year.

4-3

Buildings Energy Data Book: 4.3 Federal Buildings and Facilities Expenditures
4.3.1 FY 2006 Federal Buildings Energy Prices and Expenditures, by Fuel Type ($2009) Average Fuel Prices ($/million BTU) $ 24.164 (1) $ 14.458 $ 11.045 $ 16.297 $ 3.381 $ 21.410 $ 15.702 $ 17.505 Total Total Expenditures ($ million) (2) $ 3,960.631 $ 1,326.632 $ 433.977 $ 64.855 $ 307.562 $ 38.545 $ 42.539 $ 6,177.930

March 2011

Fuel Type Electricity Natural Gas Fuel Oil Coal Purchased Steam LPG/Propane Other Average
Note(s):

Prices and expenditures are for Goal-Subject buildings. (1) $0.078/kWh. (2) Energy used in Goal-Subject buildings in FY 2006 accounted for 32.8% of the total Federal energy bill.

Source(s): DOE/FEMP, Annual Report to Congress on FEMP November 2010, Table A-4, p. 74 for prices and expenditures, and Table A-9, p. 78 for total energy expenditures. EIA, Annual Energy Review 2009, August 2010, Appendix D, p. 383 for price deflators.

4.3.2 FY 1985 FY 2000 FY 2001 FY 2002 FY 2003 FY 2004 FY 2005 FY 2006
Note(s):

Annual Energy Expenditures per Gross Square Foot of Federal Floorspace Stock, by Year ($2009) 2.11 1.35 1.57 1.47 1.44 1.53 1.58 1.99 (1)
Total Federal buildings and facilities energy expenditures in FY 2006 were $5.81 billion (in $2009). (1) Increase due to change in FEMP categorization of Federal buildings.

Source(s): DOE/FEMP, Annual Report to Congress on FEMP, Nov. 2008, Table A-9, p. 78 for energy costs, and Table 1, p. 12 for floorspace for 2006. DOE/FEMP, Annual Report to Congress on FEMP, Sep. 2006, Table A-12, p. 158 for energy costs for 1985-2005. DOE/FEMP, Annual Report on FEMP, Dec. 2002, Table 8-A, p. 61 for 2000; Feb. 2004, Table 8-A, p. 66 for 2001; Sep. 2004, Table 8-A, p. 65 for 2002; Aug. 2005, Table 6-A, P. A-10 for 2003; Feb. 2006, Table 6-A, p. A-10 for 2004; Sep. 2006, Table 2, p. 13 for 2005 and 1985.

4.3.3 FY 1985 FY 1986 FY 1987 FY 1988 FY 1989 FY 1990

Direct Appropriations on Federal Buildings Energy Conservation Retrofits and Capital Equipment ($2009 Million) 518,620.38 339,899.96 97,914.53 107,831.23 82,670.09 101,314.30 FY 1991 FY 1992 FY 1993 FY 1994 FY 1995 FY 1996 167,703.17 208,286.30 169,453.67 316,178.31 435,416.64 236,318.06 FY 1997 FY 1998 FY 1999 FY 2000 FY 2001 FY 2002 259,224.65 337,341.54 259,681.04 149,687.43 161,182.46 146,706.56 FY 2003 FY 2004 FY 2005 FY 2006 199,540.36 196,992.17 319,101.28 281,073.00

Source(s): DOE/FEMP, Annual Report to Congress on FEMP, Nov. 2007, Table 9-B, p. 26 for 1985, 1990, 1995, 2000-2006. DOE/FEMP, Annual Report to Congress on FEMP, Sep. 2004, Table 4-B, p. 38 for 1986-1989, 1991-1994, 1996-1999. EIA, Annual Energy Review 2009, August 2010, Appendix D, p. 383 for price deflators.

4-4

Buildings Energy Data Book: 4.4 Legislation Affecting Energy Consumption of Federal Buildings and Facilities 2011 March
4.4.1

Energy Policy Act of 2005, Provisions Affecting Energy Consumption in Federal Buildings

Energy Management Requirements - Amended reduction goals set by the National Energy Conservation Policy Act, and requires increasing percentage reductions in energy consumption through FY 2015, with a final energy consumption reduction goal of 20 percent savings in FY 2015, as compared to the baseline energy consumption of Federal buildings in FY 2003. (These goals were superseded by Section 431 of the Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007.) [Section 102] Energy Use Measurement and Accountability - Requires that all Federal buildings be metered to measure electricity use by 2012. [Section 103] Procurement of Energy Efficient Products - Requires all Federal agencies to procure ENERGY STAR qualified products, for product categories covered by the ENERGY STAR program, or FEMP designated products, unless such products are not available, or if such products are not cost-effective. [Section 104] Federal Building Performance Standards - Requires that new Federal buildings be designed to achieve savings of at least 30% below ASHRAE Standard 90.1-2004 or 2004 IECC if cost-effective. [Section 109] Federal Renewable Energy Purchase Requirement - Requires that the Federal government obtain at least 3 percent of electrical energy consumed in FY 2007, 2008 and 2009 from renewable energy sources. This requirement increases to 5 percent in FY 2010, 2011, and 2012, and to 7.5 percent for FY 2013 and all fiscal years after.
Source(s): Energy Policy Act of 2005, Enacted August 8, 2005

4.4.2

Executive Order 13423, Provisions Affecting Energy Consumption in Federal Buildings

-- Requires Federal agencies to improve energy efficiency and reduce greenhouse gas emissions by either 3 percent annual reductions through FY 2015, or by 30 percent by 2015, as compared to FY 2003. -- Requires Federal agencies to obtain at least half of required renewable energy from new renewable sources.
Source(s): Executive Order 13423, Strengthening Federal Environmental, Energy, and Transportation Management, Issued January 24, 2007

4-5

Buildings Energy Data Book: 4.4 Legislation Affecting Energy Consumption of Federal Buildings and Facilities 2011 March
4.4.3

Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007, Provisions Affecting Energy Consumption in Federal Buildings

Energy Reduction Goals for Federal Buildings - Amended reduction goals set by the National Energy Conservation Policy Act, and requires increasing percentage reductions in energy consumption through FY 2015, with a final energy consumption reduction goal of 30 percent savings in FY 2015, as compared to the baseline energy consumption of Federal buildings in FY 2003. The goals specified in Section 431 of EISA 2007 supersede those from Section 102 of EPACT 2005. [Section 431] Management of Energy and Water Efficiency in Federal Buildings - Requires each Federal agency to designate an energy manager, requires that energy manager to evaluate all facilities of that agency for energy and water saving measures once every four years, and requires agencies. Authorizes the Office of Management and Budget to evaluate progress by each agency on energy and water savings measures through semiannual scorecards. [Section 432] Federal Building Energy Efficiency Performance Standards - Requires that new Federal buildings built after 2010, and Federal building undergoing major renovations after 2010, be designed to reduce fossil fuel consumption, as compared to FY 2003. This reduction requirement increases each 5 years. [Section 433] Management of Federal Building Efficiency - Requires that Federal agencies select the most energy-efficient designs, systems, equipment, and controls that are life-cycle cost effective, when performing any replacement of installed equipment within a Federal building. [Section 434] Leasing - Requires that Federal agencies lease space in buildings that have earned the ENERGY STAR label in the most recent year, unless no available space exists. [Section 435] High Performance Green Federal Buildings - Establishes the Office of Federal High-Performance Green Buildings within the General Services Administration. This office is authorized to coordinate all efforts related to green practices within Federal buildings. [Section 436] Standard Relating to Solar Hot Water - Requires new Federal buildings, or Federal buildings undergoing major renovations, to meet at least 30 percent of hot water demand through the use of solar hot water heaters, if cost-effective. [Section 523] Federally-Procured Appliances with Standby Power - Requires all Federal agencies to procure appliances with standby power consumption of less than 1 watt, if available and cost-effective. [Section 524]
Source(s): Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007, Enacted December 19, 2007

4-6

Buildings Energy Data Book: 5.1 Building Materials/Insulation
5.1.1 U.S. Insulation Demand, by Type (Million Pounds) (1) 1992 2,938 55% 1,223 23% 485 9% 402 8% 309 6% 5,357 100% 2001 3,760 54% 1,775 25% 665 9% 445 6% 370 5% 7,015 100% 2006 (1) 4,085 53% 1,955 26% 730 10% 480 6% 395 5% 7,645 100%

March 2011

Insulation Type Fiberglass Foamed Plastic Cellulose Mineral Wool Other Total
Note(s): 1) Projected.

Source(s): National Insulation Association, www.insulation.org, Aug. 2006.

5.1.2

Industry Use Shares of Mineral Fiber (Glass/Wool) Insulation (1) 1997 70% 27% 3% 100% 1999 71% 26% 3% 100% 2001 72% 25% 3% 100% 2003 65% 28% 7% 100% 2004 64% 30% 6% 100% 2005 63% 31% 5% 100%

Insulating Buildings (2) Industrial, Equipment, and Appliance Insulation Unknown Total
Note(s):

1) Based on value of shipments. 2) Including industrial.

Source(s): DOC, Annual Survey of Manufacturers: Value of Product Shipments 2005, Nov. 2006, Table 1, p. 54 for 2003-2005; and DOC, 2001 Annual Survey of Manufacturers: Value of Product Shipments, Dec. 2002, p. 65 for 1997-2001.

5-1

Buildings Energy Data Book: 5.1 Building Materials/Insulation
5.1.3 Thermal Performance of Insulation R-Value per Inch (1) Fiberglass (2) Batts Loose-Fill Spray-Applied Rock Wool (2) Loose-Fill Cellulose Loose-Fill Spray-Applied
Note(s):

March 2011

3.1 - 4.3 2.5 - 3.7 3.7 - 3.9 2.5 - 3.7 3.1 - 3.7 2.9 - 3.5

(3)

R-Value per Inch (1) Perlite/Vermiculite Loose-Fill 2.1 - 3.7 Foam Boards Expanded Polystyrene 3.9 - 4.4 Polyisocyanurate/Polyurethane 5.6 - 7.0 Phenolic 4.4 - 8.2 Reflective Insulation 2 - 17 Vacuum Powder Insulation 25 - 30 Vacuum Insulation Panel 20 - 100

1) Hr-SF-F/Btu-in. Does not include the effects of aging and settling. 2) Mineral fiber. 3) System R-Value depends on heat-flow direction and number of air spaces.

Source(s): ASHRAE, 1997 ASHRAE Handbook: Fundamentals, p. 24-4, 22-5; DOE, Insulation Fact Sheet, Jan. 1988, p. 6; Journal of Thermal Insulation, 1987, p. 8195; ORNL, ORNL/SUB/88-SA835/1, 1990; ORNL, Science and Technology for a Sustainable Energy Future, Mar. 1995, p. 17; and ORNL for vacuum insulation panel.

5.1.4

"Green Roofs" Completed by Year (Thousand SF) North America Intensive Mixed 406 4.9 488 198.7 1,033 73.8 United States Intensive Mixed 405.8 3.924 476.4 102.9 -

2004 2005 2006 2007

Extensive 917 1,785 1,957 -

Total 1,327 2,472 3,064 2,408

2004 2005 2006
Note(s):

Extensive 777.1 1,570 -

Total 1,187 2,150 -

1) Extensive: soil depth of less than 6 inches. 2) Intensive: soil depth greater than 6 inches. 3) Mixed: at least 25% break up between extensive and intensive. 4) These data are best used as a gauge of activity in this market rather than actual amount of green roofs.

Source(s): Green Roof Industry Survey, Green Roof Infrastructure Monitor

5-2

Buildings Energy Data Book: 5.1 Building Materials/Insulation
5.1.5 Properties of Cool Roofing Materials (1) Solar Reflectance (2) Asphalt Shingles Shasta White Generic White Generic Grey Light Brown Medium Brown Generic Black White Coatings White Coating (1 coat, 8 mil) White Coating (2 coats, 20 mil) Aluminum Coatings Aluminum Fibered on Black Membranes Gray EPDM (4) White EPDM (4) T-EPDM (4) Light Gravel on Built-Up Roof Metal Roof New, Bare Galvanized Steel Tiles Red Clay White Concrete Fiber Cement, Pewter Gray 0.26 0.25 0.22 0.19 0.12 0.05 Infrared Emittance (3) 0.91 0.91 0.91 0.91 0.91 0.91

March 2011

0.80 0.85

0.91 0.91

0.61 0.40

0.25 0.56

0.23 0.69 0.81 0.34

0.87 0.87 0.92 0.90

0.61

0.04

0.33 0.73 0.25

0.90 0.90 0.90

Note(s):

1) A good cool-roofing material has high solar reflectance and high infrared emittance. 2) Solar Relectance is the percentage of incident solar radiation that is reflected by the material. 3) A number between 0 and 1 that describes the ability of a material to shed heat. The lower the value, the more heat the material retains. 4) Ethylene propylene diene monomer rubber material.

Source(s): Lawernce Berkley National Laboratory, Cool Roofing Materials Database, http://eetd.lbl.gov/coolroofs/.

5.1.6

ENERGY STAR Cool Roofing Product Shipments (Billion SF) and Penetration Rate ENERGY STAR Penetration 0.5% 0.4% 0.3% 23.6% 5.4% 7.4% 18.7% 22.5%

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Note(s):

Commercial Roofing 0.0 0.0 0.0 4.4 1.0 1.2 3.5 4.1

Residential Roofing 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.3 0.2 0.5

Total 0.1 0.1 0.1 4.5 1.0 1.4 3.7 4.5

N/A: Year is before date of ENERGY STAR specification.

Source(s): LBNL, Climate Change Action Plan spreadsheet (updated 2007).

5-3

Buildings Energy Data Book: 5.2 Windows
5.2.1 Residential Prime Window Sales, by Frame Type (Million Units) (1) Aluminum (2) New Construction 1990 1995 2000 2005 2007 2009 Remodeling/Replacement 1990 1995 2000 2005 2007 2009 Total Construction 1990 1995 2000 2005 2007 2009
Note(s):

March 2011

Wood (3) 9.4 11.6 12.8 9.2 6.2 2.5

Vinyl 1.2 4.8 9.0 17.4 13.2 6.3

Other 0.1 0.3 0.4 1.0 1.0 0.7

Total (4) 16.6 21.4 25.8 34.1 24.8 11.4

5.9 4.7 3.7 6.5 4.4 1.9

3.6 3.9 4.0 2.4 1.9 1.0

7.6 9.4 10.2 10.0 8.9 6.1

7.1 9.6 14.8 23.2 22.5 19.1

0.1 0.2 0.2 0.9 1.0 1.3

18.4 23.1 29.2 36.4 34.3 27.5

9.5 8.6 7.7 8.9 6.3 2.9

17.0 21.0 23.0 19.2 15.1 8.6

8.3 14.4 23.8 40.6 35.7 25.5

0.2 0.5 0.6 1.9 2.0 1.9

35.0 44.5 55.0 70.5 59.1 38.9

1) Average window life span is 35-45 years. 2) In 1993, 65% of aluminum-framed windows were thermally broken. 3) Includes vinyl-clad and metal-clad units. 4) Due to rounding, sums may not add up to totals.

Source(s): AAMA, Industry Statistical Review and Forecast 1992, 1993 for Note 2; AAMA/NWWDA, Industry Statistical Review and Forecast 1996, 1997, Table 6, p. 6 for 1990; AAMA/WDMA, 2000 AAMA/WDMA Industry Statistical Review and Forecast, Feb. 2001, p. 6 for 1995; 2003 AAMA/WDMA Industry Statistical Review and Forecast, June 2004, p. 6 for 2000 and 2003; and LBNL, Savings from Energy Efficient Windows, Apr. 1993, p. 6 for window life span; AAMA/WDMA, Study of U.S. Market For Windows, Doors, and Skylights, Apr. 2006, p. 41 for 2005; AAMA/WDMA, U.S. Industry Statistical Review and Forecast, Mar. 2008, p. 6 for 2007; AAMA/WDMA, U.S. Industry Statistical Review and Forecast, May 2010, p. 6 for 2009.

5.2.2

Residential Storm Window and Door Shipments, by Frame Type (Million Units) Windows 2000 2005 8 7 0 0 2 2 11 9 Doors 2000 2005 4 4 0 0 1 2 6 6 Total 2000 2005 12 11 0 0 4 4 16 15

Type Aluminum Wood Other (1) Total (2)
Note(s):

1990 10 0 1 11

2008 N/A N/A N/A N/A

1990 2 0 0 2

2008 3 0 1 4

1990 12 0 1 13

2008 N/A N/A N/A N/A

1) Other includes metal over wood/foam core or vinyl, etc. 2) Due to rounding, sums may not add up to totals.

Source(s): AAMA/NWWDA, Industry Statistical Review and Forecast 1996, 1997, Table 7, p. 7 for 1990; 2003 AAMA/WDMA Industry Statistical Review and Forecast, June 2004, p. 6 for 2000; AAMA/WDMA, Study of U.S. Market for Windows, Doors, and Skylights, Apr. 2006, p. 101, Exhibit G.2 for 2005; AAMA/WDMA, U.S. Industry Statistical Review and Forecast, May 2010, p. 7 for 2008.

5-4

Buildings Energy Data Book: 5.2 Windows
5.2.3 Nonresidential Window Sales, by Type and Census Region (Million Square Feet of Vision Area) (1) Northeast 1995 2009 4 3 7 14 15 10 10 36 Midwest 1995 2009 16 6 11 33 22 16 16 53 South 1995 2009 21 16 14 51 58 41 41 140 West 1995 2009 13 8 11 32 25 18 18 60

March 2011

Type New Construction Commercial Windows (2) Curtain Wall Store Front Total (3) Remodeling/Replacement Commercial Windows (2) Curtain Wall Store Front Total (3) Total Commercial Windows (2) Curtain Wall Store Front Total (3)
Note(s):

Total 1995 2009 54 33 43 130 120 84 85 289

18 4 12 34

12 2 5 18

25 6 18 49

17 3 8 27

46 8 24 78

45 7 20 72

27 10 22 59

19 3 9 31

116 28 76 220

93 15 41 148

22 7 19 48

27 12 15 54

41 12 29 82

40 18 23 80

67 24 38 129

103 48 61 211

40 18 33 91

45 21 26 91

170 61 119 350

213 99 125 437

1) Usage is a good indication of sales. 2) Formerly referred to as Architectural. Includes both shop-fabricated (true architectural) and sitefabricated products. 3) Due to rounding, sums may not add up to totals.

Source(s): AAMA/Ducker Research, Industry Statistical Review and Forecast 1996, Mar. 1997, p. 17 for 1995; AAMA/WDMA, U.S. Industry Statistical Review and Forecast, May 2010, p. 17 for 2009.

5.2.4

Insulating Glass Historical Penetration, by Sector (Percent of New Sales) (1) 1985 73% 63% 1990 86% 80% 1995 89% 84% 2000 92% 86% 2005 94% 88% 2009 95% 89%

Sector Residential Nonresidential
Note(s):

1) Usage is a good indication of sales. Includes double- and triple-pane sealed units.

Source(s): Ducker Research, Industry Statistical Review and Forecast 1992-1993 for 1985; AAMA/Ducker Research, Industry Statistical Review and Forecast 1993 for 1990; AAMA/WDMA, 2000 AAMA/WDMA Industry Statistical Review and Forecast, Feb. 2001, p. 12 for 1995; AAMA/WDMA, 2003 AAMA/WDMA Industry Statistical Review and Forecast, June 2004, p.12 for 2000; AAMA/WDMA, U.S. Industry Statistical Review and Forecast, May 2010, p. 12 for 2005 and 2009.

5-5

Buildings Energy Data Book: 5.2 Windows
5.2.5 Residential Prime Window Sales, by Glass Type (Million Units) Double Pane Sealed IG (1) 0.0 0% 12.0 34% 17.2 84% 37.8 85% 55.2 89% 50.9 90% 55.9 89% 63.8 91% 55.0 93% 36.2 93%

March 2011

1980 1990 1993 1995 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009

Single Pane 8.6 34% 4.9 14% 2.8 14% 5.5 12% 4.8 8% 3.9 7% 4.7 7% 4.2 6% 2.7 5% 1.6 4%

Other 16.6 66% 18.7 53% 0.4 2% 1.3 3% 2.0 3% 1.5 3% 2.2 4% 2.5 3% 1.4 2% 1.2 3%

Total 25.2 100% 35.6 100% 20.4 100% 44.5 100% 62.0 100% 56.3 100% 62.8 100% 70.5 100% 59.1 100% 38.9 100%

Note(s):

1) IG = insulated glazing.

Source(s): AAMA/NWWDA, Study of the U.S. Market for Windows and Doors, 1996, Table 22, p.49; AAMA/WDMA, Study of U.S. and Canadian Market for Windows and Doors, Apr. 2000, Exhibit E.7, p. 55; AAMA/WDMA, Study of the Market for U.S. Doors, Windows and Skylights, Apr. 2004, Exhibit D.4, p. 46; AAMA/WDMA, Study of U.S. Market for Windows, Doors, and Skylights, Apr. 2006, Exhibit D.8 Conventional Window Glass Usage, p. 50; AAMA/WDMA, Study of U.S. Market For Windows, Doors, and Skylights, Mar. 2008, Exhibit D.8 Conventional Window Glass Usage, p. 49; AAMA/WDMA/Ducker, Study of the U.S. Market For Windows, Doors, and Skylights, Executive Report, May 2010, Exhibit D.8 Conventional Residential Window Glass Usage, p. 52.

5.2.6

2005 Residential Prime Window Stock (Million Households) Double Pane Single Pane Without Low-e With Low-e 2.1 2.8 0.4 4.7 9.4 0.9 5.6 9.7 2.0 2.9 3.9 0.9 12.3 7.9 1.1 3.4 3.1 0.3 8.0 3.8 0.3 2.8 3.6 0.9 8.9 6.4 1.1 50.7 50.6 7.9

Census Division New England Middle Atlantic East North Central West North Central South Atlantic East South Central West South Central Mountain Pacific United States Selected States New York Florida Texas California

Total 3.2 10.3 11.7 4.8 9.0 3.4 4.1 4.5 7.5 58.5

Total Households (1) 5.3 15.0 17.3 7.7 21.3 6.8 12.1 7.3 16.4 109.2

2.2 5.4 5.1 7.6

4.2 1.3 2.5 3.7

0.6 N.A. N.A. 0.7

4.8 1.3 2.5 4.4

7.0 6.7 7.6 12.0

1) Respondents were shown pictures of different types of window glass and were asked "Which picture best describes the type of glass in the windows of your home/apartment?" 2) An additional 1.3 million households not counted here use other types of windows such as triplepane windows. Source(s): EIA, 2005 Residential Energy Consumption Survey, Tables HC 11.5, HC 12.5, HC 13.5, HC 14.5, and HC 15.5, April 2008. Note(s):

5-6

Buildings Energy Data Book: 5.2 Windows
5.2.7 Nonresidential Window Stock and Sales, by Glass Type Existing U.S. Stock (% of buildings) 53% 47% 100% 65% 28% 7% (2) 100% Vision Area of New Windows (Million Square Feet) 2001 2003 2005 2007 57 48 56 60 415 373 407 476 472 421 463 536 49% 24% 8% 19% 100% 43% 17% 6% 34% 100% 44% 15% 4% 37% 100% 38% 11% 3% 48% 100%

March 2011

Type Single Pane Insulating Glass (1) Total Clear Tinted Reflective Low-e Total
Note(s):

1995 56 294 350 36% 40% 7% 17% 100%

2009 48 389 437 33% 10% 3% 54% 100%

1) Includes double- and triple-pane sealed units and stock glazing with storm windows. 2) Included as part of the Tinted category.

Source(s): EIA, 2003 Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption and Expenditures: Consumption and Expenditures Tables, June 2006, Table B1 for stock data; AAMA/NWWDA, 1996 Study of the U.S. Market for Windows and Doors, Table 27, p. 60 for 1995 usage values; 2003 AAMA/WDMA Study of the U.S. Market for Windows, Doors and Skylights, Exhibits D.31 and D.32 for 2001; AAMA/WDMA/Ducker, Study of U.S. Market For Windows, Doors, and Skylights, Apr. 2006, Exhibit D.31 and Exhibit D.32, p. 73 for 2003 and 2005.; AAMA/WDMA/Ducker, Study of U.S. Market For Windows, Doors, and Skylights, Mar. 2008, Exhibit D.31 and Exhibit D.32, p. 72 for 2007; AAMA/WDMA/Ducker, Study of U.S. Market For Windows, Doors, and Skylights, May 2010, Exhibit D.31 and Exhibit D.32, p. 75 for 2009.

5.2.8

Typical Thermal Performance of Residential Windows, by Type Solar Heat Gain Coefficient 0.64-0.76 0.54-0.65 0.56-0.68 0.47-0.56 0.39-0.47 0.53-0.64 0.44-0.53 0.30-0.37 0.51 0.33 Visual Transmittance 0.65-0.75 0.49-0.56 0.59-0.68 0.44-0.51 0.50-0.57 0.54-0.62 0.55-0.65 0.51-0.59 0.65 0.56

Single-Glazed Clear Single-Glazed with Bronze Tint Double-Glazed Clear Double-Glazed with grey/Bronze Tint Double-Glazed with High Performance Tint Double-Glazed with High-Solar Gain Low-e Glass, Argon/Krypton Gas Double-Glazed with Moderate-Solar Gain Low-e Glass, Argon/Krypton Gas Double-Glazed with Low-Solar Gain Low-e (1) Glass, Argon/Krypton Gas Triple-Glazed (2) with High-Solar Gain Low-e Glass, Argon/Krypton Gas (3) Triple-Glazed (2) with Low-Solar Gain Low-e (1) Glass, Argon/Krypton Gas (3)
Note(s):

U-Factor 0.84-1.16 0.84-1.16 0.44-0.76 0.44-0.76 0.44-0.76 0.29-0.61 0.27-0.60 0.26-0.59 0.15 0.14

1) Spectrally selective. 2) Includes double glazing with suspended film. 3) Center of glass properties, does not include frame or installation

Source(s): The Efficient Windows Collaborative (http://www.efficientwindows.org)

5-7

Buildings Energy Data Book: 5.3 Heating, Cooling, and Ventilation Equipment
5.3.1 U.S. Heating and Air-Conditioning System Manufacturer Shipments, by Type (Including Exports)

March 2011

Equipment Type Air-Conditioners (1) Heat Pumps Air-to-Air Heat Pumps Water-Source Heat Pumps (2) Chillers Reciprocating Centrifugal/Screw Absorption (3) Furnaces Gas-Fired (4) Electric Oil-Fired (5) Boilers (6)
Note(s):

1990 (1,000s) 2,920 809 809 N.A. N.A. N.A. 5 N.A. 2,369 1,950 280 138 316

2000 (1,000s) 5,346 1,539 1,339 200 38 25 8 5 3,681 3,104 455 121 368

2005 (1,000s) 6,472 2,336 2,114 222 37 24 6 7 3,624 3,512 N.A. 111 370

2007 (1,000s) 4,508 1,899 1,899 N.A. N.A. 30 7 N.A. 2,866 2,782 N.A. 84 N.A.

2009 (1,000s) 3,516 1,642 1,642 N.A. N.A. 20 5 N.A. 2,231 2,175 N.A. 56 N.A.

2005 Value of Shipments ($million) (7) 5,837 2,226 1,869 357 1,093 462 566 64 2,144 2,081 N.A. 63 N.A.

1) Includes exports and gas air conditioners (gas units <10,000 units/yr) and rooftop equipment. Excludes heat pumps, packaged terminal air conditioner units, and room air conditioners. Approximately 95% of unitary air conditioners shipped are 5.5 tons or less (65,000 Btu/hr). ~70% residential and ~30% commercial applications. 2) Includes ground-source heat pumps, which numbered around 80,600 units shipped in 2005. 3) DOC did not report absorption chiller shipments for 2007 and 2009. 4) Gas-fired furnace value of shipments are based on Census unit shipment data, which is about 873,500 units higher than the industry data shown. 5) Oil-fired furnace value of shipments are based on Census unit shipment data, which is approximately 33,600 units lower than the industry data shown. 6) 61% of shipments were gas-fired and 39% were oil-fired. 96% of shipments are cast iron and 4% are steel. 7) Total 2005 value of shipments for heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) and refrigeration was $24.7 billion, including industrial and excluding boilers and electric furnaces.

Source(s): ARI, Statistical Profile, Oct. 7, 2004, Table 17, p. 24, Table 18, p. 25, and Table 22, p. 30 for air conditioner, air-to-air heat pump, and 1990 centrifugal/screw chiller shipments; AHRI, ARI Koldfax, Feb. 2005, p. 1 for 2004 air conditioner shipments; GAMA, GAMA Statistical Highlights: Ten Year Summary, 19871996; GAMA, GAMA Statistical Highlights: Ten Year Summary, 1994-2000 for furnace and boiler shipments; GAMA, GAMA News Release, Jan. 2005 for 2004 boiler shipments; GAMA, Statistical Highlights, Mar. 2005, p. 4 for 2004 furnace shipments; Appliance Manufacturer, Feb. 1998 for electric furnace; DOC, Current Industrial Reports: Refrigeration, Air Conditioning and Warm Air Heating Equipment, MA333M(06)-1, July 2007, Table 2, for water-source heat pumps, chillers, and value of shipments; Appliance Magazine Appliance Statistical Review, 54th Annual Report, May 2007, p. S1 - S4 for 2005 boiler data; AHRI, "Historical Statistical Data: Central Air Conditioners and Air-Source Heat Pumps," 2010, accessed March 15, 2011 at <http://www.ahrinet.org/historical+data.aspx> for 2007 and 2009 A/C and heat pump shipments; AHRI, "Historical Statistical Data: Furnaces," 2010, accessed March 15, 2011 at <http://www.ahrinet.org/historical+data.aspx> for 2007 and 2009 furnace shipments; DOC, Current Industrial Reports, MA333M Refrigeration, Air Conditioning, and Warm Air Heating Equipment, 2008 Annual and 2009 Annual reports for 2007 and 2009 shipments of chillers; and GAMA News Release, Jan. 2007 for note 6.

5-8

Buildings Energy Data Book: 5.3 Heating, Cooling, and Ventilation Equipment
5.3.2 Residential Furnace Efficiencies (Percent of Units Shipped) (1) Gas-Fired AFUE Range 75% to 88% 88% or More Total Oil-Fired AFUE Range Below 75% 75% to 80% More Than 80% Total

March 2011

AFUE Range Below 65% 65% to 71% 71% to 80% 80% to 86% More than 86% Total

1985 15% 44% 10% 19% 12% 100%

2006 64% 36% 100%

1985 10% 56% 35% 100%

Average shipped in 1985 (2): Average shipped in 1995: Best Available in 1981: Best Available in 2007:
Note(s):

74% 84% 85% 97%

AFUE AFUE AFUE AFUE

Average shipped in 1985 (2): Average shipped in 1995: Best Available in 1981: Best Available in 2007:

79% 81% 85% 95%

AFUE AFUE AFUE AFUE

1) Federal appliance standards effective Jan. 1, 1992, require a minimum of 78% AFUE for furnaces. 3) Includes boilers.

Source(s): GAMA's Internet Home Page for 2006 AFUE ranges; GAMA News, Feb. 24, 1987, for 1985 AFUE ranges; LBNL for average shipped AFUE; GAMA, Consumer's Directory of Certified Efficiency Ratings, May 2004, p. 12 and 72-73 for 2004 best-available AFUEs; GAMA Consumer's Directory of Certified Efficiency Ratings for Heating and Water Heating Equipment, May 2007; GAMA Tax Credit Eligible Equipment: Gas- and Oil-Fired Furnaces 95% AFUE or Greater, May 2007; and GAMA AFUE press release 2006: U.S. shipments of gas warm-air central furnaces.

5.3.3

Residential Boiler Efficiencies (1) Oil-Fired Boilers Average shipped in 1985 (2): Best Available in 1981: Best Available in 2007:

Gas-Fired Boilers Average shipped in 1985 (2): Best Available in 1981: Best Available in 2007:
Note(s):

74% AFUE 81% AFUE 96% AFUE

79% AFUE 86% AFUE 89% AFUE

1) Federal appliance standards effective Jan. 1, 1992, require a minimum of 80% AFUE (except gas-fired steam boiler, which must have a 75% AFUE or higher). 2) Includes furnaces.

Source(s): GAMA, Consumer's Directory of Certified Efficiency Ratings for Residential Heating and Water Heating Equipment, Aug. 2005, p. 88 and 106 for bestavailable AFUE; and GAMA for 1985 average AFUEs; GAMA Tax Credit Eligible Equipment: Gas- and Oil-Fired Boilers 95% AFUE or Greater, May 2007; and GAMA Consumer's Directory of Certified Efficiency Ratings for Heating and Water Heating Equipment, May 2007.

5.3.4

Residential Air Conditioner and Heat Pump Cooling Efficiencies 2005 Stock Efficiency 10.2 2007 U.S. Average New Efficiency 13.0 2007 Best-Available New Efficiency 21.0

Equipment Type Air Conditioners Heat Pump - Cooling Air-Source Ground-Source Heat Pump - Heating Air-Source Ground-Source

Efficiency Parameter SEER

SEER EER

10.0 13.8

13.0 16.0

17.0 30.0

HSPF COP

6.8 3.4

7.7 3.4

10.6 5.0

Source(s): EIA/Navigant Consulting, EIA - Technology Forecast Updates - Residential and Commercial Buildings Technologies Reference Case, Second Edition (Revised), Sept. 2007, p. 26-31.

5-9

Buildings Energy Data Book: 5.3 Heating, Cooling, and Ventilation Equipment
5.3.5 Commercial Equipment Efficiencies 2003 Stock Efficiency 2.3 2.6 2.3 4.7 1.0 1.0 9.2 9.3 3.1 2007 U.S. Average New Efficiency 2.7 3.0 2.7 5.9 1.0 1.7 10.1 10.3 3.2 2007 Best-Available New Efficiency 2.9 N.A. 3.5 7.3 N.A. N.A. 12.0 11.7 3.4

March 2011

Equipment Type Chiller Screw Scroll Reciprocating Centrifugal Gas-Fired Absorption Gas-Fired Engine Driven Rooftop A/C Rooftop Heat Pump

Efficiency Parameter COP COP COP COP COP COP EER EER (cooling) COP (heating)

Boilers Gas-Fired Oil-Fired Electric Gas-Fired Furnace Water Heater Gas-Fired Electric Resistance Gas-Fired Instantaneous

Thermal Efficiency Thermal Efficiency Thermal Efficiency AFUE Thermal Efficiency Thermal Efficiency Thermal Efficiency

76 79 98 76 77 97 76

80 83 98 80 80 98 84

96 89 98 82 94 98 89

Source(s): EIA/Navigant Consulting, EIA - Technology Forecast Updates - Residential and Commercial Buildings Technologies Reference Case, Second Edition (Revised), Sept. 2007, p. 43-80.

5.3.6

2008 Unitary Air-Conditioner/Heat Pump Manufacturer Market Shares (Percent of Products Produced) Total Units Shipped: 5,833,354 (1)

Company Market Share (%) UTC/Carrier 27% Goodman (Amana) 14% American Standard (Trane) 14% York 12% Nordyne 12% Rheem 9% Lennox 9% Others 3% Total
Note(s):

100%
1) Does not include water-source or ground-source heat pumps.

Source(s): Appliance Magazine, U.S. Appliance Industry: Market Share, Life Expectancy & Replacement Market, and Saturaation Levels, January 2010, p. 5.

5-10

Buildings Energy Data Book: 5.3 Heating, Cooling, and Ventilation Equipment
5.3.7 2008 Gas Furnace Manufacturer Market Shares (Percent of Products Produced) Total Units Shipped: 2,300,000

March 2011

Company Market Share (%) UTC/Carrier 32% Goodman (Amana) 15% Lennox 13% American Standard (Trane) 13% Rheem 12% York 9% Nordyne 5% Others 1% Total 100%

Source(s): Appliance Magazine, U.S. Appliance Industry: Market Share, Life Expectancy & Replacement Market, and Saturaation Levels, January 2010, p. 5.

5.3.8

Major Residential HVAC Equipment Lifetimes, Ages, and Replacement Picture Typical Service Lifetime Range 8 - 14 9 - 15 10 - 20 12 - 17 15 - 19 17 - 24 Average Lifetime 11 12 15 15 17 20 2005 Average Stock Age 8 8 11 11 N.A. 17 Units to be Replaced During 2010 (1,000s) 5,354 1,260 N.A. 2,601 149 204

Equipment Type Central Air Conditioners Heat Pumps Furnaces Electric Gas-Fired Oil-Fired Gas-Fired Boilers (1)
Note(s):

Lifetimes based on use by the first owner of the product, and do not necessarily indicate that the product stops working after this period. A replaced unit may be discarded or used elsewhere. 1) 2005 average stock age is for gas- and oil-fired steam and hot water boilers.

Source(s): Appliance Magazine, U.S. Appliance Industry: Market Share, Life Expectancy & Replacement Market, and Saturation Levels, January 2010, p. 10 for service and average lifetimes, and units to be replaced; ASHRAE, 1999 ASHRAE Handbook: HVAC Applications, Table 3, p. 35.3 for boilers service lifetimes; and EIA, Housing Characteristics 1990, May 1992, Table 7, p. 24 for 1990 average stock ages.

5-11

Buildings Energy Data Book: 5.3 Heating, Cooling, and Ventilation Equipment
5.3.9 Major Commercial HVAC Equipment Lifetimes and Ages Median Lifetime 15 24 15 20 25 23 15 24 18 24 - 35 25 - 30 13 20 22 20 (1)

March 2011

Equipment Type Air Conditioners Through-the-Wall Water-CooledPackage Roof-Top Chillers Reciprocating Centrifugal Absorption Heat Pumps Air-to-Air Water-to-Air Furnaces (gas or oil) Boilers (gas or oil) Hot-Water Steam Unit Heaters Gas-Fired or Electric Hot-Water or Steam Cooling Towers (metal or wood) Metal Wood
Note(s):

(1)

(1)

(1)

1) Data from 2005. All other data is from 1978.

Source(s): ASHRAE, 2007 ASHRAE Handbook: HVAC Applications, Table 4, p. 36.3 for median service lifetimes.

5.3.10

Main Residential Heating Fuel, by Vintage, as of 2005 (Percent of Total Households) 1949 or Before 56% 8% 14% 5% 17% 100% 1950 to 1959 57% 18% 10% 3% 12% 100% 1960 to 1969 55% 26% 7% 2% 10% 100% 1970 to 1979 46% 36% 5% 5% 8% 100% 1980 to 1989 45% 42% 2% 6% 4% 100% 1990 to 1999 45% 42% 2% 8% 3% 100% 2000 to 2005 45% 43% 2% 8% 2% 100%

Heating Fuel Natural Gas Electricity Fuel Oil LPG Other (1) Total
Note(s):

1) Other includes wood and kerosene.

Source(s): EIA, Residential Energy Consumption Survey 2005 , June 2008, Table HC 5.4.

5-12

Buildings Energy Data Book: 5.3 Heating, Cooling, and Ventilation Equipment
5.3.11

March 2011

Main Residential Heating Equipment as of 1987, 1993, 1997, 2001, and 2005 (Percent of Total Households) 1987 55% 35% 10% 6% 4% 20% 8% 5% 6% 1% 12% 7% 4% 1% 13% 100% 1993 53% 36% 9% 4% 3% 26% 10% 8% 7% 1% 11% 6% 5% 0% 11% 100% 1997 53% 38% 7% 4% 4% 29% 11% 10% 7% 2% 9% 5% 4% 0% 9% 100% 2001 55% 42% 7% 3% 3% 29% 12% 10% 6% 2% 7% 4% 3% 0% 8% 100% 2005 52% 40% 7% 2% 3% 30% 14% 8% 5% 1% 7% 4% 3% 0% 10% 100%

Equipment Type Natural Gas Central Warm-Air Furnace Steam or Hot-Water System Floor/Wall/Pipeless Furnace Room Heater/Other Electricity Central Warm-Air Furnace Heat Pump Built-In Electric Units Other Fuel Oil Steam or Hot-Water System Central Warm-Air Furnace Other Other Total
Note(s):

Other equipment includes wood, LPG, kerosene, other fuels, and none.

Source(s): EIA, A Look at Residential Consumption in 2005, June 2008, Table HC2-4; EIA, A Look at Residential Energy Consumption in 2001, Apr. 2004, 'Table HC32a; EIA, A Look at Residential Energy Consumption in 1997, Nov. 1999,Table HC3-2a, p. 55; EIA, Housing Characteristics 1993, June 1995, Table 3.7b, p. 63; and EIA, Housing Characteristics 1987, May 1989, Table 14, p. 33.

5.3.12

Main Commercial Heating and Cooling Equipment as of 1995, 1999, and 2003 (Percent of Total Floorspace) (1) 1995 1999 2003 (2) 29% 38% 28% 29% 29% 32% 29% 26% 19% 25% 21% 30% 10% 13% 14% 10% 8% 8% 11% 6% 5% Cooling Equipment Packaged Air Conditioning Units Individual Air Conditioners Central Chillers Residential Central Air Conditioners Heat Pumps District Chilled Water Swamp Coolers Other 1995 45% 21% 19% 16% 12% 4% 4% 2% 1999 2003 (2) 54% 46% 21% 19% 19% 18% 12% 17% 14% 14% 4% 4% 3% 2% 2% 2%

Heating Equipment Packaged Heating Units Boilers Individual Space Heaters Furnaces Heat Pumps District Heat Other

Note(s):

1) Heating and cooling equipment percentages of floorspace total more than 100% since equipment shares floorspace. 2) Malls are no longer included in most CBECs tables; therefore, some data is not directly comparable to past CBECs.

Source(s): EIA, Commercial Building Characteristics 1995, Oct. 1998, Tables B34 and B36 for 1995, and EIA, Commercial Building Characteristics 1999, Aug. 2002, Tables B33 and B34 for 1999; and EIA, 2003 Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption and Expenditures: Consumption and Expenditures Tables, June 2006, Tables B39 and B41 for 2003.

5-13

Buildings Energy Data Book: 5.3 Heating, Cooling, and Ventilation Equipment
5.3.13 Main Commercial Primary Energy Use of Heating and Cooling Equipment as of 1995 | | | | | | | | | | Cooling Equipment Packaged Air Conditioning Units Room Air Conditioning PTAC (2) Centrifugal Chillers Reciprocating Chillers Rotary Screw Chillers Absorption Chillers Heat Pumps

March 2011

Heating Equipment Packaged Heating Units Boilers Individual Space Heaters Furnaces Heat Pumps District Heat Unit Heater PTHP & WLHP (1)

25% 21% 2% 20% 5% 7% 18% 2% 100%

54% 5% 3% 14% 12% 3% 2% 7% 100%

Note(s):

1) PTHP = Packaged Terminal Heat Pump, WLHP = Water Loop Heat Pump. 2) PTAC = Packaged Terminal Air Conditioner

Source(s): BTS/A.D. Little, Energy Consumption Characteristics of Commercial Building HVAC Systems, Volume 1: Chillers, Refrigerant Compressors, and Heating Systems, Apr. 2001, Figure 5-5, p. 5-14 for cooling and Figure 5-10, p. 5-18 for heating.

5.3.14

Halocarbon Environmental Coefficients and Principal Uses 100-Year Global Warming Potential (CO2 = 1) 4,600 10,600 6,000 9,800 7,200 Ozone Depletion Potential (ODP) (Relative to CFC-11) 1.00 1.00 0.80 1.00 0.60

Compound Chlorofluorocarbons CFC-11 CFC-12 (1) CFC-113 CFC-114 CFC-115 (2)

Principal Uses Blowing Agent, Chillers Auto A/C, Chillers, & Blowing Agent Solvent Solvent Solvent, Refrigerant

Hydrochlorofluorocarbons HCFC-22 (2) HCFC-123 HCFC-124 HCFC-141b HCFC-142b Bromofluorocarbons Halon-1211 Halon-1301 Hydrofluorocarbons HFC-23 HFC-125 HFC-134a HFC-152a (1) HFC-227ea
Note(s):

1,700 120 620 700 2,400

0.06 0.02 0.02 0.11 0.07

Residential A/C Refrigerant Sterilant CFC Replacement CFC Replacement

1,300 6,900

3.00 10.00

Fire Extinguishers Fire Extinguishers

12,000 3,400 1,300 140 2,900

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

HCFC Byproduct CFC/HCFC Replacement Auto A/C, Refrigeration Aerosol Propellant CFC Replacement

1) R-500: 74% CFC-12 and 26% HFC-152a. 2) R-502: 49% HCFC-22 and 51% CFC-115.

Source(s): Intergovernmental Panel for Climate Change, Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis, Jan. 2001, Table 3, p. 47 for global warming potentials and uses; EPA for halon ODPs; AFEAS Internet Homepage, Atmospheric Chlorine: CFCs and Alternative Fluorocarbons, Feb. 1997 for remaining ODPs; and ASHRAE, 1993 ASHRAE Handbook: Fundamental, p. 16.3 for Notes 1 and 2; EPA, Emissions of Greenhouse Gases in the U.S. 2005, Table ES-1, p. ES-3 for GWP of HFCs.

5-14

Buildings Energy Data Book: 5.3 Heating, Cooling, and Ventilation Equipment
5.3.15 Conversion and Replacements of Centrifugal CFC Chillers

March 2011

Pre-1995 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 (2) 2006 (2) 2007 (2) Total
Note(s):

Conversions 2,304 1,198 1,311 815 905 491 913 452 360 334 165 155 130 108 9,641

Replacements 7,208 3,915 3,045 3,913 3,326 3,085 3,235 3,324 3,433 2,549 2,883 2,674 2,860 3,002 #####

Total 9,512 5,113 4,356 4,728 4,231 3,576 4,148 3,776 3,793 2,883 3,048 2,829 2,990 3,110 #####

Cumulative Percent of 1992 Chillers (1) 12% 18% 24% 30% 35% 39% 45% 49% 54% 55% 59% 62% 66% 70%

1) In 1992, approximately 80,000 centrifugal CFC chillers were in service, 82% of which used CFC-11, 12% CFC-12, and 6% CFC-113, CFC-114, or R-500. 2) Projected.

Source(s): ARI, Replacement and Conversion of CFC for a Decade Chillers Slower Than Expected Assuring Steady Demand for Non-CFC Units, Apr. 25, 2005; ARI, New Legislation Would Spur Replacement of CFC Chillers, Mar. 31, 2004; ARI, Economy Affects CFC Chiller Phase-out, Apr. 2, 2003; ARI, Half way Mark in Sight for Replacement and Conversion of CFC Chiller Used for Air Conditioning of Buildings, Apr. 11, 2001; ARI, Replacement and Conversion of CFC Chillers Dipped in 1999 Assuring Steady Demand for Non-CFC Units for a Decade, Mar. 29, 2000; ARI, Survey Estimates Long Use of CFC Chillers Nearly Two-Thirds of Units Still in Place, Apr. 15, 1999; ARI, CFCs Widely Used to Cool Buildings Despite 28-Month Ban on Production, Apr. 8, 1998; ARI, 1997 Chiller Survey, Apr. 9, 1997; Air Conditioning, Heating and Refrigeration News, Apr. 1996, p. 1; and ARI's web site, www.ari.org, Chiller Manufacturer Survey Confirms Slow Pace of Conversion and Replacements of CFC Chillers, Apr. 12, 1995.

5.3.16

Estimated U.S. Emissions of Halocarbons, 1987-2001 (MMT CO2 Equivalent) 1987 391 1,166 498 N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. 116 N.A. 0 N.A. N.A. 48 N.A. N.A. 2,219 1990 246 1,194 158 46 30 1 12 136 0 0 0 0 36 0 1 1,861 1992 207 853 103 29 27 1 12 135 0 0 0 2 36 1 1 1,408 1995 167 549 52 16 22 1 12 123 0 3 14 18 28 2 19 1,024 1998 115 223 0 1 19 1 13 128 0 4 19 22 41 4 35 624 2000 105 182 0 N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. 134 N.A. N.A. 4 26 31 5 44 532 2001 105 226 0 N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. 137 N.A. N.A. 4 26 22 6 41 566

Gas Chlorofluorocarbons CFC-11 CFC-12 CFC-113 CFC-114 CFC-115 Bromofluorocarbons Halon-1211 Halon-1301 Hydrochlorofluorocarbons HCFC-22 HCFC-123 HCFC-124 HCFC-141b HCFC-142b Hydrofluorocarbons HFC-23 HFC-125 HFC-134a Total

Source(s): Intergovernmental Panel for Climate Change, Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis, Jan. 2001, Table 3, p. 47 for GWPs; EIA, Emissions of Greenhouse Gases in the U.S. 2001, Dec. 2002, Table 29, p. 71 and Table D2, p. D-5 for 1990-2001 emissions; EPA, Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Greenhouse Gases in the U.S. 1985-1994, Oct. 1995, Table 34, p. 54 for 1987.

5-15

Buildings Energy Data Book: 5.4 Water Heaters
5.4.1 Water Heater Stock for Residential Buildings, By Fuel Type Households in 2005 (millions) 43.1 58.7 4.0 4.0 0.2 110.0

March 2011

Electric Natural Gas Fuel Oil Propane/LPG Other Total (1)
Note(s):
Souce(s):

Percent 39.2% 53.4% 3.6% 3.6% 0.2% 100.0%

According to RECS, 1.1 million households did not use hot water.The total only includes those households that used hot water.
EIA, Residential Energy Consumption Survey 2005, Table HC 2.8, June 2008.

5.4.2

Water Heater Stock for Residential Buildings, By Storage Type Number and Percent of Households in 2005 Used by One Unit 17.1 17% 52.4 53% 27.1 27% 1.1 1% 1.9 2% 99.6 100% Used by Multiple Units 1.4 14% 2.4 24% 2.8 27% 0.2 2% 3.4 33% 10.2 100% Total 18.5 17% 54.8 50% 29.9 27% 1.3 1% 5.3 5% 109.8 100%

Small (30 gallons or less) Medium (31 to 49 gallons) Large (50 gallons or more) Tankless water heater No Separate Water Heater Total (1)
Note(s):
Souce(s):

According to RECS, 1.1 million households did not use hot water.The total only includes those households that used hot water. EIA, Residential Energy Consumption Survey 2005, Table HC 2.8, June 2008.

5.4.3

Water Heater Manufacturer Market Shares 2006 23% 37% 14% 14% 12% 100% 9,446,076 2008 46% 37% 13% (1) 4% 100% 8,190,043

A.O. Smith/State Industries Rheem Manufacturing Bradford-White American Water Heater Others Total Total Units Shipped (2)
Note(s):

1) Included in A.O. Smith/State Industries. 2) Excludes exports.

Source(s): Appliance Magazine, A Portrait of the U.S. Appliance Industry, Sept. 2007, p. 63 for 2006; Appliance Magazine, U.S. Appliance Industry: Market Share, Life Expectancy & Replacement Market, and Saturation Levels, January 2010, p. 6 for 2008.

5-16

Buildings Energy Data Book: 5.4 Water Heaters
5.4.4 Water Heater Stock for Commercial Buildings, By Fuel Type Percent of Buildings in 2003 (1) 41% 31% 2% 3% 1% 25%

March 2011

Fuel Type Electric Natural Gas Fuel Oil Propane/LPG District Heat No Water Heating
Note(s):
Souce(s):

(1) Percentages add to 103% because some buildings use more than one fuel for water heating.
EIA, 2003 Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey: Buildings Characteristics, June 2006, Table B31, p. 175.

5.4.5

Water Heater Efficiencies 2005 Stock Efficiency 0.88 (3) (3) 0.56 (3) 0.55 N.A.

Residential Type Electric Storage Electric Instantaneous Electric Heat Pump Gas-Fired Storage Gas-Fired Instantaneous Oil-Fired Storage Solar Commercial Type Electric Storage Gas-Fired Storage Oil-Fired Storage
Note(s):

Efficiency Parameter (1) EF EF EF EF EF EF SEF

Minimum New Efficiency (2) 0.92 0.93 0.92 0.59 0.62 0.51 0.70

Best-Available New Efficiency (4) 0.95 1.00 2.51 0.70 0.98 0.68 47

Thermal Efficiency Thermal Efficiency Thermal Efficiency

98% 82% 77%

98% 80% 78%

100% 99% 84%

1) EF = energy factor and SEF = solar energy factor, which is the hot water energy delivered by the solar system divided by the electric or gas energy input to the system. 2) Based on a 40-gallon residential type tank. 3) Included in storage stock efficiency. 4) Based on data from 2011 for electric heat pump, gas-fired storage and instantaneous, and solar water heaters and data from 2005 for the other types.

Source(s): EIA, Supplement to the AEO 2007, Feb. 2007, Table 21 and Table 22 for stock efficiencies; GAMA, Consumer's Directory of Certified Efficiency Ratings for the Residential and Water Heating Equipment, Aug. 2005 for best-available efficiencies for electric storage, electric instantaneous, and oil-fired storage and all minimum efficiencies; EPA, Qualified Product Lists, Mar. 16, 2011 for best-available efficiencies for electric heat pump, gas-fired storage and instantaneous, and solar; and SRCC, Summary of SRCC Certified Solar Collector and Water Heating System Ratings, Apr. 2000, p. S16 - S20 for solar energy factors, Table 2.2, p. 4.

5-17

Buildings Energy Data Book: 5.5 Thermal Distribution Systems
5.5.1 Market Share of Major HVAC Equipment Manufacturers ($2009 Million) Total Market Size 1024 528 330 190 159 122

March 2011

Air-Handling Units Cooling Towers Pumps Central System Terminal Boxes Classroom Unit Ventilator Fan Coil Units

Source(s): BTS/A.D. Little, Energy Consumption Characteristics of Commercial Building HVAC Systems, Volume II: Thermal Distribution, Auxiliary Equipment, and Ventilation, Oct. 1999, Table 4-1, p. 4-4; and EIA, Annual Energy Review 2009, August 2010, Appendix D, p. 383 for price deflators.

5.5.2

U.S. Commercial Buildings Conditioned Floorspace, Building Type and System Type (Million SF) Individual AC 805 0 83 134 1,669 333 1,257 371 119 4,771 Packaged 2,204 534 1,100 557 283 5,820 4,450 3,337 1,482 19,767 Central VAV 551 0 0 401 85 1,081 2,322 847 0 5,287 Central FCU 466 0 0 334 707 831 484 0 0 2,822 Central CAV 212 0 0 802 85 249 1,161 741 102 3,352 Not Cooled 3,522 20 64 159 779 2,507 561 2,168 2,285 12,065 Total 7,760 554 1,247 2,387 3,608 10,821 10,235 7,464 3,988 48,064

Education Food Sales Food Service Health Care Lodging Mercantile and Service Office Public Buildings Warehouse/Storage Total

Source(s): BTS/A.D. Little, Energy Consumption Characteristics of Commercial Building HVAC Systems, Volume II: Thermal Distribution, Auxiliary Equipment, and Ventilation, Oct. 1999, Table A2-12, p. B2-1.

5-18

Buildings Energy Data Book: 5.5 Thermal Distribution Systems
5.5.3 Thermal Distribution Design Load and Electricity Intensities, by Building Activity Design Load Intensity (W/SF) 0.5 1.1 1.5 1.5 0.5 0.9 1.3 1.2 0.4 1.0 End Use Intensity (kWh/SF) 1.3 6.4 6.4 5.6 1.9 2.7 3.3 3.0 1.8 2.8

March 2011

Education Food Sales Food Service Health Care Lodging Mercantile and Service Office Public Assembly Warehouse All Buildings

Source(s): BTS/A.D. Little, Energy Consumption Characteristics of Commercial Building HVAC Systems, Volume II: Thermal Distribution, Auxiliary Equipment, and Ventilation, Oct. 1999, Table 5-11, p. 5-27.

5.5.4

Thermal Distribution Equipment Design Load and Electricity Intensities, by System Type End Use Intensity (kWh/SF) Central VAV Central CAV Packaged CAV 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.3 0.3 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.0 1.2 1.9 1.9 1.7 2.3 4.0

Design Load Intensity (W/SF) Central VAV Central CAV Packaged CAV Condenser Fan 0.3 Cooling Tower Fan 0.2 0.2 Condenser Water Pump 0.2 0.2 Chilled Water Pump 0.2 0.2 Supply & Return Fans 0.7 0.5 0.6 Chiller/Compressor 1.9 1.8 3.3

Source(s): BTS/A.D. Little, Energy Consumption Characteristics of Commercial Building HVAC Systems, Volume II: Thermal Distribution, Auxiliary Equipment, and Ventilation, Oct. 1999, Table 5-11 p. 5-22.

5.5.5

Typical Commercial Building Thermal Energy Distribution Design Load Intensities (Watts per SF) Other Cooling Tower Fan Air-Cooled Chiller Condenser Fan Exhaust Fans (2) Condenser Fans

Distribution System Fans Central System Supply Fans Central System Return Fans Terminal Box Fans Fan-Coil Unit Fans (1) Packaged or Split System Indoor Blower Pumps Chilled Water Pump Condenser Water Pump Heating Water Pump
Note(s):

0.3 - 1.0 0.1 - 0.4 0.5 0.1 - 0.3 0.6 0.1 - 0.3 0.1 - 0.2 0.1 - 0.2

0.1 - 0.3 0.6 0.05 - 0.3 0.6

1) Unducted units are lower than those with some ductwork. 2) Strong dependence on building type.

Source(s): BTS/A.D. Little, Energy Consumption Characteristics of Commercial Building HVAC Systems, Volume II:Thermal Distribution, Auxiliary Equipment, and Ventilation, Oct. 1999, Table 3-1, p. 3-6.

5-19

Buildings Energy Data Book: 5.5 Thermal Distribution Systems
5.5.6 1999 Energy Efficient Motors, Replacements and Sales, by Horsepower Class Existing Units in Use Horsepower (thousands) (10^6) 20,784 59.6 6,927 81.8 2,376 78.2 738 59.6 412 56.5 | | | | | | | | Replacements Energy Efficient Share of New Motors 17% 29% 45% 52% 65%

March 2011

Horsepower Range 1-5 5.1 - 20 21 - 50 51 - 100 101 - 200

% Retired 2.5% 2.0% 1.5% 1.0% 0.8%

Source(s): Electrical Apparatus Service Association, Past Trends and Probably Future Changes in the Electric Motor Industry 1990-1999, 2001, p. 18 for existing stock and retirements and p. 28 for energy efficient motor sales.

5.5.7

1999 AC Adjustable-Speed Drive Population

Horsepower Range 1-5 5.1 - 20 21 - 50 51 - 100 101 - 200 200 + Total

70% 23% 4% 1% 1% 1% 100%

Source(s): Electrical Apparatus Service Association, Past Trends and Probably Future Changes in the Electric Motor Industry 1990-1999, 2001, p. 30.

5-20

Buildings Energy Data Book: 5.6 Lighting
5.6.1 Selected Flourescent and Incandescent Lamp Sales (thousands) 2001 213 164 377 10 8 18 43 4 48 24 1 25 2002 206 164 370 9 7 16 41 5 47 24 1 25 2003 182 172 354 9 7 16 37 5 42 24 0 25 2004 176 196 372 7 9 16 36 6 42 25 1 25 2005 163 216 378 9 9 17 34 5 39 25 0 26

March 2011

Commercial Trends T12 Rapid-Start Fluorescent (Mainly 4') T8 Medium Bi-Pin Fluorescent (Mainly 4') Total (mainly) 4' 2' U-Shaped T12 2' U-Shaped T8 Total 2' U lamp 8' Slimline T12 (Mainly 8') 8' Slimline T8 (Mainly 8') Total Slimline (Mainly 8') 8' HO T12 (Mainly 8') 8' HO T8 (Mainly 8') Total HO (Mainly 8') Residential Trends Incandescent A-line Screw-Based Compact Fluorescent- Census Total Medium Screw-Based Market Commerical and Residential Trends PAR Incandescent R Incandescent PAR 38 Halogen PAR30 and PAR20 Halogen Total Reflector Lamps
Note(s):

1,568 69 1,637

1,526 52 1,577

1,542 66 1,608

1,470 93 1,563

1,410 102 1,512

9 89 41 33 172

7 96 46 27 176

5 103 46 31 185

5 112 50 36 203

15 125 46 40 226

2001-2005 growth rate for A-line Incandescent was -2.62% while Screw-based Compact Fluorescent had a growth rate of 10.17% over the

Source(s): National Electrical Manufactors Association, Special Bulletin for the Lamp Section (2-LL), June 2006, page 1.

5.6.2

Value of Electric Lighting Fixture Shipments ($Million) 1985 787 1,832 389 1,001 906 1990 828 2,380 529 1,621 1,062 1995 984 2,797 676 N.A. 1,473 2000 1,297 3,507 718 N.A. 1,957 2001 984 3,239 628 N.A. 1,923

Lighting Fixture Type Residential Commercial/Institutional (except spotlight) Industrial Vehicular (1) Outdoor
Note(s):

1) Data for vehicular lighting fixtures was discontinued in 1992.

Source(s): DOC, Electric Lighting Fixtures MA 335L(01)-1, Jan. 2003 for 2000 and 2001; DOC, Current Industrial Reports: Electric Lighting Fixtures, MA335L(99)-1, Dec. 2000, Table 1 for 1990-1999; and DOC, Current Industrial Reports: Electric Lighting Fixtures, MA36L, Oct. 1995, Table 1 for 1985.

5-21

Buildings Energy Data Book: 5.6 Lighting
5.6.3 Shipments of Fluorescent Lamp Ballasts Standard Magnetic Type (1) Quantity Value (million) ($million) 70.1 398.9 69.4 396.1 74.6 450.9 78.4 546.3 83.7 537.7 83.5 550.0 67.0 457.8 63.9 401.4 55.4 343.0 40.7 263.3 30.5 218.4 22.2 175.1 Electronic Type Quantity Value (million) ($million) N.A N.A. 0.4 11.8 1.1 25.5 3.0 69.3 13.3 274.6 24.6 390.8 30.3 451.4 39.8 512.8 49.3 555.5 53.8 573.1 59.2 579.4 61.3 594.6 Total Quantity (million) 70.1 69.8 75.7 81.4 97.0 108.1 97.3 103.7 104.8 94.5 89.7 83.5 Value ($million) 398.9 407.9 476.4 615.6 812.3 940.7 909.2 914.3 898.5 836.4 797.8 769.8

March 2011

Year 1985 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2005
Note(s):

Electronic Type as a % of Total Units Shipped N.A. 1% 1% 4% 14% 23% 31% 38% 47% 57% 66% 73%

1) Standard magnetic type includes uncorrected and corrected power-factor type ballasts.

Source(s): DOC Current Industrial Reports: Fluorescent Lamp Ballasts, MQ335C(05)-5, July 2006 for 2000-2005; DOC, Current Industrial Reports: Fluorescent Lamp Ballasts MQ36C(99)-5, July 2000, Table 1 for 1990-1999; and DOC, Current Industrial Reports: Fluorescent Lamp Ballasts, MQ36C(95), 1996, Table 1 for 1985-1989.

5.6.4

2001 Total Lighting Technology Electricity Consumption, by Sector (Billion kWh per Year) (1) Residential Commercial 103.3 21.2 0.3 49.8 157.0 12.6 0.4 26% 5% 0% 13% 40% 3% 0% Industrial 2.2 0.4 0.0 22.7 49.0 0.6 0.1 2% 0% 0% 21% 45% 1% 0% Other (2) 5.3 1.2 N.A. 0.0 0.0 N.A. 0.6 10% 2% Total 287.0 28.3 0.3 72.5 206.0 14.3 19.5 38% 4% 0% 10% 27% 2% 3%

Incandescent Standard Halogen Fluorescent T5 T8 T12 Compact Miscellaneous HID Mercury Vapor Metal Halide HP Sodium LP Sodium Total (3)
Note(s):

176.2 5.5 N.A. N.A. N.A. 1.0 18.4

87% 3%

0% 0% 1%

1% 9%

0.6 0% N.A. 0.1 0% N.A. 201.8 100%

6.5 2% 33.9 9% 5.6 1% 0.1 0% 390.8 100%

3.2 3% 24.7 23% 5.0 5% 0.0 0% 107.9 100%

11.6 21% 3.8 7% 30.2 54% 2.9 5% 55.7 100%

21.9 3% 62.4 8% 41.0 5% 3.1 0% 756.1 100%

1) Lumens-hour is a measure of lighting output; Watt-hour is a measure of electrical input for lighting. A value of zero indicates less than 0.5 billion kWh/year. 2) Includes stationary aviation, billboard, and traffic and street lighting. 3) Lighting consumed 756 10^9 kWh of energy in 2001.This amount is equivalent to 99% of the energy generated by all 104 nuclear power plants in the same year.

Source(s): BTS/Navigant Consulting, U.S. Lighting Market Characterization, Volume I: National Lighting Inventory and Energy Consumption Estimate, September 2002, pg. 32-39; EIA, Annual Energy Review 2003, Table 9.2 Nuclear Power Plant Operations, p. 271, for note 3.

5-22

Buildings Energy Data Book: 5.6 Lighting
5.6.5 2001 Total Lighting Technology Light Output, by Sector (Trillion Lumen-Hour per Year)(1) Residential Incandescent Standard Halogen Fluorescent T5 T8 T12 Compact Miscellaneous HID Mercury Vapor Metal Halide HP Sodium LP Sodium Total
Note(s):

March 2011

Commercial 1,384 392 13 4,208 11,752 735 24 6% 2% 0% 20% 54% 3% 0%

Industrial 22 13 0 1,925 3,781 35 3 0% 0% 0% 24% 47% 0% 0%

Other (2) 87 23 N.A. 1 2 N.A. 39 2% 0%

Total 3,997 530 13 6,134 15,535 827 1,169 10% 1% 0% 16% 41% 2% 3%

2,504 102 N.A. N.A. N.A. 57 1,103

66% 3%

0% 0% 1%

1% 29%

23 1% N.A. 8 0% N.A. 3,797 100%

261 1% 2,202 10% 587 3% 18 0% 21,574 100%

149 2% 1,605 20% 562 7% 4 0% 8,100 100%

532 11% 249 5% 3,381 72% 408 9% 4,722 100%

965 3% 4,055 11% 4,539 12% 430 1% 38,194 100%

1) Lumens-hour is a measure of lighting output; Watt-hour is a measure of electrical input for lighting. A value of zero indicates less than 0.5 billion kWh/year. 2) Includes stationary aviation, billboard, and traffic and street lighting.

Source(s): BTS/Navigant Consulting, U.S. Lighting Market Characterization, Volume I: National Lighting Inventory and Energy Consumption Estimate, September 2002, pg. 32-39.

5.6.6

2001 Lamp Wattage, Number of Lamps, and Hours of Usage (Weighted Average) Lamp Wattage (Watts per lamp) Number of Lamps per Building Res Com Ind Other (1) Res Com Ind Hours of Usage per Day Res Com Ind Other 2 2 N.A. N.A. N.A. 2 2 3 N.A. 3 N.A. 9 10 13 10 10 11 10 10 10 10 10 14 14 18 13 13 14 11 12 14 13 12 8 8 N.A. 7 7 N.A. 11 11 10 11 12

Incandescent Standard Halogen Fluorescent T5 T8 T12 CFL Miscellaneous HID Mercury Vapor Metal Halide HP Sodium LP Sodium
Note(s):

66 202 N.A. N.A. N.A. 17 41 179 N.A. 79 N.A.

88 102 8 32 51 19 18 331 472 260 104

115 447 10 30 66 27 34 409 438 394 90

115 167 N.A. 105 190 N.A. 83 239 23 216 180

37 0 N.A. N.A. N.A. 1 6 0 N.A. 0 N.A.

70 12 1 93 191 32 1 1 4 1 0

12 1 0 (2) 671 646 13 2 8 47 12 0

1) Other includes stationary aviation, billboard, and traffic and street lighting. 2) A value of zero indicates less than 0.5.

Source(s): BTS/Navigant Consulting, U.S. Lighting Market Characterization, Volume I: National Lighting Inventory and Energy Consumption Estimate, September 2002, pg. 32-39.

5.6.7

2003 Lighted Floorspace for the Stock of Commercial Buildings, by Type of Lamp (1) Lighted Floorspace (Billion SF) (2) 59.7 38.5 27.6 20.6 17.7 Percent of Lighted Floorspace 96% 62% 44% 33% 29% Total Lighted Floorspace: 62.06 Billion SF

Type of Lamp Standard Fluorescent Incandescent Compact Fluorescent High-Intensity Discharge Halogen
Note(s):

1) Mall buildings are no longer included in most CBECs tables; therefore, some data are not directly comparable to past CBECs. 2) The percentages of lighted floorspace total more than 100% since most floorspace is lighted by more than one type of lamp.

Source(s): EIA, 2003 Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey: Building Characteristics Tables, June 2006, Table B44, p. 220.

5-23

Buildings Energy Data Book: 5.6 Lighting
5.6.8 2003 Lighting Consumption and Energy Intensities, by Commercial Building Type Percent of Total Lighted Floorspace 14% 2% 2% 5% 3% 2% 7% 16% 6% 10% 18% 6% 2% 5% 6% 13% 2% 1% Total Annual Lighting Energy (billion KWh) 33.1 8.4% 13.5 3.4% 12.3 3.1% 30.8 7.8% 22.3 5.7% 8.2 2.1% 36.3 9.3% 90.3 23.0% 32.5 8.3% 57.7 14.7% 82.4 21.0% 7.9 2.0% 5.3 1.3% 5.0 1.3% 18.5 4.7% 38.7 9.9% 17.3 4.4% 1.2 0.3% 392.4 100% Annual Lighting End-Use Intensity (kWh/SF) 3.4 10.8 7.4 9.7 11.8 6.6 7.1 8.1 7.5 8.4 6.8 2.1 4.8 1.3 4.6 3.8 10.0 0.5

March 2011

Building Type Education Food Sales Food Service Health Care Inpatient Outpatient Lodging Mercantile Retail (Other Than Mall) Enclosed and Strip Malls Office Public Assembly Public Order and Safety Religious Worship Service Warehouse and Storage Other Vacant Total (1)

Source(s): EIA, 2003 Commericial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey Characteristics and End-Uses, Oct. 2006 and Sept. 2008, Table A1 and Table E1A.

5.6.9

Typical Efficacies and Lifetimes of Lamps (1) Efficacy (lumens/Watt) 10 - 19 14 - 20 25 - 55 35 - 87 35 - 92 40 - 70 25 - 50 50 - 115 50 - 124 18 - 180 20 - 100 Typical Rated Lifetime (hours) 750 - 2,500 2,000 - 3,500 6,000 - 7,500 7,500 - 20,000 7,500 - 20,000 10,000 29,000 3,000 - 20,000 29,000 18,000 15,000 - 50,000

Current Technology Incandescent Halogen Fluorescent - T5 Fluorescent - T8 Fluorescent - T12 Compact Fluorescent Mercury Vapor Metal Halide High-Pressure Sodium Low-Pressure Sodium Solid State Lighting
Note(s):

CRI (2) 97 99 52 - 75 52 - 90 50 - 92 82 15 - 50 65 - 70 22 0 33-97

1) Theoretical maximum luminous efficacy of white light is 220 lumens/Watt. 2) CRI = Color Rendition Index, which indicates a lamp's ability to show natural colors. 3) The DOE Solid State Lighting program has set an efficacy goal twice that of fluorescent lights (160 lumen per Watt). 4) Has not been determined.

Source(s): DOE, EERE, Building Technology Program/Navigant Consulting, U.S. Lighting Market Characterization, Volume I: National Lighting Inventory and Energy Consumption Estimate, Sept. 2002, Appendix A, p. 74; DOE/Navigant Consulting, Solid State Lighting Research and Development Portfolio, Mar. 2006, p 55; ENERGY STAR LED Light Bulb Program, Qualified Product List, Accessed 3/15/2011; LightingFacts.com Product List, Accessed 3/15/2011

5-24

Buildings Energy Data Book: 5.7 Appliances
5.7.1 Refrigeration System Shipments, by Type (Including Exports) 1990 (thousands) 7,317 1,328 359 178 171 253 229 2000 (thousands) 9,462 2,007 347 207 385 348 353 2006 (thousands) ##### 2,199 181 221 386 300 N.A.

March 2011

Appliance Type Refrigerator-Freezers (1) Freezers (chest and upright) Refrigerated Display Cases Unit Coolers (3) Ice-Making Machines Water Cooler Beverage Vending Machine
Note(s):

2008 2008 Value of Shipments (thousands) ($million) 9,310 (2) 5,891 2,098 N.A. N.A. N.A. 87 147 305 583 N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A.

1) Does not include commercial products value. 2) Standard sized refrigerator-freezers 6.5 cubic feet and over. 3) Excludes units rated from 4,001 to 18,000 Btu/hr.

Source(s): Appliance Magazine, U.S. Appliance Industry Statistical Review: 2000 to YTD 2010, July 2010 for 2008 refrigerator-freezer and freezer shipments; Appliance Magazine, 54th Annual Statistical Review, May 2007, p. S1-S4 for 2006 refrigerator, freezer, refrigerated display cases, water cooler, and beverage vending machines shipments; The Air Conditioning, Heating and Refrigeration News, Nov. 11, 1995, p. 19 for 1990 unit cooler and ice-making machine shipments; DOC, Current Industrial Reports: Refrigeration, Air Conditioning, and Warm Air Heating Equipment, MA333M(06)-1, July 2007, for 2006 refrigerator-freezer, unit cooler, and ice-making machine data; DOC, Current Industrial Reports: Refrigeration, Air Conditioning, and Warm Air Heating Equipment, MA333M(09)1, August 2010, for 2008 refrigerator-freezer, unit cooler, and ice-making machine data and value of shipments; DOC, Current Industrial Reports: Major Household Appliances, MA335F(09), May 2010, for 2008 refrigerator-freezers value of shipments; AHAM Factbook 2005: A Statistical Overview of the Home Appliance Industry, Table 7, p. 223; and DOC, Current Industrial Reports: Major Household Appliances, MA335f(06)-1, June 2007, Table 2 for 2005 refrigerator-freezer and water cooler data and value of shipments.

5-25

Buildings Energy Data Book: 5.7 Appliances
5.7.2 Other Major Appliance Shipments, by Type (Including Exports)

March 2011

Appliance Type Room Air Conditioners Ranges (total) Electric Ranges Gas Ranges Microwave Ovens/Ranges Clothes Washers Clothes Dryers (total) Electric Dryers Gas Dryers Water Heaters (total) Electric (1) Gas and Oil (1) Solar (2) Office Equipment Personal Computers (3) Copiers Printers Scanners
Note(s):

1990 (1000's) 3,799 5,873 3,350 2,354 7,693 5,591 4,160 3,190 970 7,252 3,246 4,005 N.A.

2000 (1000's) 6,496 8,202 5,026 3,176 12,644 7,495 6,575 5,095 1,480 9,329 4,299 5,006 24

2009 (1000's) 5,786 5,712 3,448 2,264 9,626 7,865 6,484 5,201 1,283 7,513 3,752 3,761 N.A.

2009 Value of Shipments (4) ($million) 206 3,188 2,062 1,126 N.A. 4,820 N.A. (5) N.A. N.A. 2,321 869 1,452 N.A.

N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A.

47,168 1,989 27,945 9,400

36,725 N.A. 18,542 N.A.

21,174 N.A. 2,900 N.A.

1) Includes residential and small commercial units. 2) Shipments and value of shipments of entire systems. 3) Includes workstations, laptops, and notebooks. 4) Value of shipments (except for office equipment and microwaves) are based on Census unit shipment data, which are about 588 thousand units lower than industry data shown. 5) Included in clothes washers value of shipments.

Source(s): AHAM, AHAM Fact Book 2000, 2000, Tables 7 and 8, for 1990 data except water heaters; AHAM, AHAM 2005 Fact Book, 2006, Table 7 for 2000 shipments and Table 6, p. 19 for value of shipments of ranges, microwave ovens, laundry equipment, and room air conditioners; GAMA, Statistical Highlights: Ten Year Summary, 1987-1996; GAMA, Statistical Highlights: Ten Year Summary, 1994- 2003 for water heater shipments; AHRI, Historical Statistical Data Residential Water Heaters, 2010 for 2009 water heater shipments; DOC, Current Industrial Reports: Major Household Appliances, MA335F(02)-1, July 2003, Table 2 for value of water heater shipments; EIA, 2000 Solar Thermal and Photovoltaic Collector Manufacturing Activities, July 2001, Table 17, p. 20 for solar water heater data; BTS/OBE, Market Disposition of High-Efficiency Water Heating Equipment, Nov. 1996, p. I-8 for HPWH note; DOC, Current Industrial Reports: Computers and Office and Accounting Machines, MA334R(05)-1, Aug. 2006, Table 2 for value of computer shipments; Appliance Magazine, 52nd Annual Statistical Review, May 2005, p. S1-S4 for office equipment shipments; DOC, Current Industrial Reports: Major Household Appliances, MA335f(09)1, May 2010, Table 2 for 2009 value of shipments except room air conditioners; DOC, Current Industrial Reports: Refrigeration, Air Conditioning, and WarmAri Heating Equipment, MA333M(09)-1, August 2010 for room air conditioner value of shipments; Appliance Magazine, U.S. Appliance Industry Statistical Review: 2000 to YTD 2010, p. 4 and p. 6 for appliance shipments; and Consumer Electronics Association, U.S. Consumer Electronics Sales & Forecasts 2006-2011, July 2010 for 2009 Office Equipment.

5-26

Buildings Energy Data Book: 5.7 Appliances
5.7.3 Major Appliance Ownership (Millions of Households and Percent of U.S. Households) 1990 Households 30.2 32% 91.2 98% 42.4 45% 58.4 63% 36.1 39% 77.2 83% 86.4 93% 56.1 60% 19.1 21% N.A. N.A. 94.0 1996 Households 30.4 31% 96.8 98% 41.9 42% 65.3 66% 38.3 39% 89.5 91% 94.3 95% 60.4 61% 21.1 21% 43.5 44% 98.9 2001 Households 26.9 26% 100.0 96% 42.8 41% 69.2 66% 39.4 38% 94.6 91% 96.9 93% 61.8 59% 19.8 19% N.A. N.A. 107.0 2005 Households 27.4 25% 104.7 96% 36.1 33% 71.0 65% 42.2 39% 97.2 89% 90.1 83% 67.6 62% 20.7 19% N.A. N.A. 108.8

March 2011

Appliance Type Room Air Conditioners Refrigerators Freezers Electric Ranges/Cooktops Gas Ranges/Cooktops Microwave Ovens Clothes Washers Electric Clothes Dryers Gas Clothes Dryers Personal Computers Number of U.S. Households

2008 Households 32.7 29% 111.6 99% 48.5 43% 68.8 61% 45.1 40% 102.6 91% 107.1 95% 69.9 62% 22.6 20% N.A. N.A. 112.8

Source(s): Appliance Magazine, U.S. Appliance Industry: Market Share, Life Expectancy & Replacement Market, and Saturation Levels, January 2010, p. 11; AHAM, AHAM 2005 Fact Book, 2006, Table 93, p. 28 for 1990, 2001 and 2005; AHAM, 2000 Major Home Appliance Industry Fact Book, Nov. 2000, Table 13, p. 21 for 1996; Consumer Electronic Manufacturers Association's Home Page, 1999 for 1997 personal computers; EIA, AEO 2011 Early Release, Table A4, p. 910 for 2008 households; EIA, AEO 1995, Jan. 1995, Table B4, p. 104 for 1990 households; EIA, AEO 2004, Jan. 2004, Table A4 for 2001 households.

5.7.4

2008 Refrigerator Manufacturer Market Shares (Percent of Products Produced) Market Share (%) 27% 23% 33% (1) 6% 1% 10% 100% Total Units Shipped: 9,310,000

Company GE Electrolux (Frigidaire) Whirlpool Maytag (Admiral) Haier W.C. Wood Others Total
Note(s):

1) Included in Whirpool shipments

Source(s): Appliance Magazine, U.S. Appliance Industry: Market Share, Life Expectancy & Replacement Market, and Saturation Levels, January 2010, p. 5.

5-27

Buildings Energy Data Book: 5.7 Appliances
5.7.5 Refrigerator-Freezer Sizes and Energy Factors (Shipment-Weighted Averages) Average Volume (cu. ft.) (1) 18.2 19.6 19.5 20.5 20.0 21.9 21.9 22.2 22.3 21.5 20.7 22.3 21.9 21.4 21.0 Consumption/Unit (kWh/yr) 1726 1278 1058 916 649 704 565 520 514 500 490 506 498 483 450 Best-Available (kWh/yr) N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. 555 523 438 428 428 402 417 464 459 N.A. 334

March 2011

1972 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 (2)
Note(s):

The average stock energy uses for refrigerator-freezers was 1,220 kWh/yr in 1990, 1,319 kWh/yr in 1997, and 1,462 kWh/yr in 2001. 1) Represents the average adjusted volume, which is defined as the fresh volume plus 1.63 times the freezer volume. 2) Based on refrigeratorfreezer units with adjusted volumes approximately equal to the average adjusted volume.

Source(s): AHAM, Efficiency and Consumption Trends 2009; AHAM, 2000 Major Home Appliance Industry Fact Book, 2000, Table 25, p. 30 for 1972-1985; AHAM, 2005 AHAM Fact Book, 2006, Table 17, p. 40 for 1990-2004; AHAM, 1991, 1993-1999 Directory of Certified Refrigerators and Freezers for 1993-1999 bestavailable data (at 19.6 or more cu. ft.); LBNL, Center for Building Science News, Summer 1995, p. 6 for 1990 portion of note; EIA, A Look at Residential Energy Consumption in 2001; Apr. 2004, Table CE5-1c for 2001 portion of note; EIA, A Look at Residential Energy Consumption in 1997, Nov. 1999, Table CE5-2c, p. 205 for 1997 portion of note; and ENERGY STAR certified products lists for 2001-2009 best available, http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?fuseaction=refrig.display_products_excel.

5.7.6

2008 Room Air Conditioner Manufacturer Market Shares (Percent of Products Produced) Market Share (%) 32% 12% 13% 13% 8% 5% 4% 4% 3% 2% 4% 100% Total Units Shipped: 9,085,500

Company LG Electronics (Goldstar) Fedders Electrolux (Frigidaire) Whirlpool Haier Samsung Sharp Friedrich UTC/Carrier Matsushita Others Total

Source(s): Appliance Magazine, U.S. Appliance Industry: Market Share, Life Expectancy & Replacement Market, and Saturation Levels, January 2010, p. 5.

5-28

Buildings Energy Data Book: 5.7 Appliances
5.7.7 Room Air Conditioner Capacities and Energy Efficiencies (Shipment-Weighted Averages) Average Capacity (Btu/hr) 10227 10,607 10,287 10,034 10,099 9,739 9,874 9,800 9,203 9,735 7,916 9,197 8,518 8,760 9,287 EER 5.98 7.02 7.70 8.73 9.03 9.30 9.63 9.75 9.75 9.71 9.95 10.02 9.81 9.93 10.05 Best-Available (EER) N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. 12.0 11.7 11.7 11.7 11.7 11.7 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0

March 2011

1972 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

Source(s): AHAM, Efficiency and Consumption Trends 2009; AHAM, 1997 Major Appliance Industry Fact Book, Oct. 1997, Table 27, p. 32 for 1972; AHAM, AHAM 2003 Fact Book, 2003, Table 25, p. 45 for 1980-1985 average capacity and EER; AHAM, AHAM 2005 Fact Book, 2006, Table 19, p. 42 for 1990-2004 average capacity and EER; AHAM, 1994-1999 Directory of Certified Room Air Conditioners, Mar. 2000 for 1994-2000 best available; and ENERGY STAR certified products lists for 2001-2009 best available, http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?fuseaction=roomac.display_products_excel.

5.7.8

2008 Clothes Washer Manufacturer Market Shares (Percent of Products Produced) Market Share (%) 64% (1) 16% 6% 6% 8% 100% Total Units Shipped: 8,292,000

Company Whirlpool Maytag GE Electrolux (Frigidaire) LG Electronics Others Total
Note(s):

1) Included in Whirpool shipments.

Source(s): Appliance Magazine, U.S. Appliance Industry: Market Share, Life Expectancy & Replacement Market, and Saturation Levels, January 2010, p. 6.

5.7.9

2008 Clothes Dryer Manufacturer Market Shares (Percent of Products Produced) Electric Market Share (%) 70% (1) 16% 8% 6% 100% Gas Market Share (%) 74% (1) 10% 5% 11% 100%

Company Whirlpool Maytag GE Electrolux (Frigidaire) Others Total
Note(s):

Total Electric Units Shipped: Total Gas Units Shipped:

5,620,000 1,353,000

1) Included in Whirpool shipments.

Source(s): Appliance Magazine, U.S. Appliance Industry: Market Share, Life Expectancy & Replacement Market, and Saturation Levels, January 2010, p. 6.

5-29

Buildings Energy Data Book: 5.7 Appliances
5.7.10 2008 Range Manufacturer Market Shares (Percent of Products Produced) Electric Market Share (%) 47% 29% 8% (1) 16% 100% Gas Market Share (%) 37% 25% 23% (1) 15% 100%

March 2011

Company GE Whirlpool Electrolux (Frigidaire) Maytag Others Total
Note(s):

Total Electric Units Shipped:

5,106,000

Total Gas Units Shipped:

2,842,400

1) Included in Whirpool shipments

Source(s): Appliance Magazine, U.S. Appliance Industry: Market Share, Life Expectancy & Replacement Market, and Saturation Levels, January 2010, p. 6.

5.7.11

2008 Microwave Oven Manufacturer Market Shares (Percent of Products Produced) Market Share (%) 33% 15% 15% 7% 10% 3% 9% 8% 100% Total Units Shipped: 11,340,000

Company LG Electronics (Goldstar) Sharp Samsung Daewoo Matsushita Whirlpool Sanyo Others Total

Source(s): Appliance Magazine, U.S. Appliance Industry: Market Share, Life Expectancy & Replacement Market, and Saturation Levels, January 2010, p. 6.

5.7.12

2007 Copier Machine Manufacturer Market Shares (Percent of Products Produced) Copier Market Share (%) 31% 21% 16% 10% 4% 4% 14% 100%

Canon Konica Minolta Ricoh Xerox Sharp Kyocera Mita Others Total
Note(s):

Total Copier Units Shipped:

247,763

Data has not been updated because market share for these products is no longer reported in Appliance Magazine.

Source(s): Appliance Magazine, A Portrait of the U.S. Appliance Industry, Sept. 2008, p. 41.

5-30

Buildings Energy Data Book: 5.7 Appliances
5.7.13 2007 Personal Computer Manufacturer Market Shares (Percent of Products Produced) Desktop Computer Market Share (%) 32% 24% 5% 4% 3% 1% 0% N/A N/A N/A N/A 30% 100% Portable Computer Market Share (%) 25% 26% 4% 9% N/A N/A N/A 12% 6% 5% 1% 13% 100%

March 2011

Company Dell Hewlett-Packard Gateway Apple Acer America IBM Micron Toshiba Levono (IBM) Sony Fujitsu Siemens Others Total
Note(s):

Total Desktop Computer Units Shipped: Total Portable Computer Units Shipped:

34,211,601 30,023,844

Data has not been updated because market share for these products is no longer reported in Appliance Magazine.

Source(s): Appliance Magazine, A Portrait of the U.S. Appliance Industry, Sept. 2008, p. 41.

5.7.14

2007 Printer Manufacturer Market Shares (Percent of Products Produced) Ink Jet Printer Market Share (%) 58% 16% 11% 15% 0% N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 0% 100% Laser Printer Market Share (%) 56% N/A N/A 10% 11% 6% 4% 3% 1% N/A N/A 9% 100% Dot Matrix Market Share (%) Total Ink Jet Units Shipped: N/A N/A Total Laser Units Shipped: 27% 11% Total Dot Matrix Units Shipped: N/A N/A N/A 46% N/A 6% 5% 6% 100%

Company Hewlett-Packard Canon Epson Lexmark Dell Samsung Brother Oki Data Konica Minolta Panasonic TallyGenicom Others Total
Note(s):

6,392,177 3,356,556 231,547

Data has not been updated because market share for these products is no longer reported in Appliance Magazine.

Source(s): Appliance Magazine, A Portrait of the U.S. Appliance Industry, Sept. 2008, p. 41.

5-31

Buildings Energy Data Book: 5.7 Appliances
5.7.15 Major Residential and Small Commercial Appliance Lifetimes, Ages, and Replacement Picture Typical Service Lifetime Range (years) 10 - 16 8 - 16 7 - 13 7 - 10 12 - 19 14 - 22 7 - 14 8 - 15 8 - 15 4 - 20 7 - 15 3-5 2-4 Average Lifetime (years) 12 11 9 9 16 17 11 12 12 13 11 4 3 2005 Average Stock Age (years) 7.8 11.3 6.5 N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. 8.1 8.1 N.A. N.A.

March 2011

Appliance Type Refrigerators (1) Freezers Room Air Conditioners Microwave Ovens Ranges(2) Electric Gas Clothes Washers Clothes Dryers Electric Gas Water Heaters Electric Gas Facsimile Machines Portable Computers
Note(s):

Units to be Replaced During 2010 (1,000s) 8,774 2,420 5,575 ##### 4,171 2,755 6,835 4,482 1,307 4,052 4,934 3,133 #####

Lifetimes based on use by the first owner of the product, and do not necessarily indicate that the product stops working after this period. A replaced unit may be discarded or used elsewhere. 1) Standard-size refrigerators only. 2)Ranges include free-standing, built-in, high-oven and cooktop/oven combination units.

Source(s): Appliance Magazine, U.S. Appliance Industry: Market Share, Life Expectancy & Replacement Market, and Saturation Levels, January 2010, p. 10 for service and average lifetimes and units to be replaced; EIA, 2005 Residential Energy Consumption Survey, Apr. 2008, Table HC 2.6, Table HC 2.8 and Table HC 2.9 for average stock ages.

5-32

Buildings Energy Data Book: 5.7 Appliances
5.7.16 Other Major Appliance Efficiencies 2003 Stock Efficiency 0.40 0.92 2008 Stock Efficiency 0.73 0.53

March 2011

Residential Appliance Type Dishwashers Clothes Washers (2)

Efficiency Parameter (1) EF MEF

2009 U.S. Average New Efficiency 0.68 1.85

2009 Best Available New Efficiency 1.43 3.35 2001 Best Available New Efficiency

Commercial Appliance Type Cooking Equipment: Electric Appliances Gas Appliances Laundry Equipment: Electric Drying Gas Drying Motors Office Equipment: Linear Power Supplies Switching Power Supplies Motors
Note(s):

Efficiency Parameter (1) EF EF

U.S. Average New Efficiency

EF/COP EF EF

0.98 0.36 0.65

(3) (3) (3)

EF EF EF

0.30 - 0.60 0.80 - 0.95 0.60 - 0.70

(3) (3) (3)

1) EF = Energy Factor. MEF = Modified Energy Factor.COP = Coefficient of Performance. 2) EF does not include remaining moisture content (RMC) of clothes. MEF includes RMC which shows how much the clothes dryer will be needed. 3) 1992.

Source(s): AHAM, Efficiency and Consumption Trends 2009; AHAM, AHAM 2005 Fact Book, 2006, Tables 21, p. 44 and Table 22, p. 45 for residential efficiencies; EPA, ENERGY STAR Appliances Qualified Porduct Lists, www.energystar.gov, March 2011 for best-available dishwashers and clothes washers; EIA/Navigant Consulting, EIA - Technology Forecast Updates - Residential and Commercial Building Technologies - Reference Case, Sept. 2004, p. 34-37 for residential stock; EIA, Supplement to the AEO 2010, May 2010, Table 32 for cooking equipment stock efficiency; and BTS/OBE, Characterization of Commercial Building Appliances, Aug. 1993 for commercial efficiencies.

5-33

Buildings Energy Data Book: 5.7 Appliances
5.7.17 Commercial Refrigeration - Annual Primary Energy Consumption Percent of Total 56% 12% 9% 8% 7% 4% 4% 1.23 Quad

March 2011

Equipment Type Supermarket Refrigeration Walk-Ins Reach-Ins Refrigerated Vending Machines Ice Machines Beverage Merchandisers Food Service Equipment Total

Source(s): DOE/EERE/Navigant Consulting, Energy Savings Potential and R&D Opportunities for Commercial Refrigeration, Sept. 2009, Figure 1-2, p. 17.

5.7.18

Commercial Refrigeration - Installed Base and Total Energy Consumption by Type Total Energy Consumption (TWh/yr) 214 373 50 51 148 55 106 45 84 100 1225

Installed Equipment Base (thousand) Supermarket Refrigeration Systems Display Cases 2,100 Compressor Racks 140 Condensers 140 Walk-Ins 245 Walk-In Coolers and Freezers (Non-Supermarket) 755 Food Preperation and Service Equipment 1,516 Reach-In Refrigerators and Freezers 2,712 Beverage Merchandisers 920 Ice Machines 1,491 Refrigerated Vending Machines 3,816 Total
Note(s):

Energy consumption values have been rounded to the nearest whole number, and therefore the total does not exactly equal the sum of the energy consumption values for each equipment type.

Source(s): DOE/EERE/Navigant Consulting, Energy Savings Potential and R&D Opportunities for Commercial Refrigeration, Sept. 2009, Table 3-1, p. 26.

5-34

Buildings Energy Data Book: 5.7 Appliances
5.7.19 Commercial Refrigeration - Unit Inventory and Energy Consumption Unit Energy Consumption (kWh/yr) 16,200 21,400 30,200 varies Total Energy Consumption (TWh/yr) 7.6 5.0 1.6 4.9

March 2011

Application Walk-In Coolers and Freezers Non-Supermarket, Cooler Non-Supermarket, Freezer Non-Supermarket, Combination Supermarket Beverage Merchandisers (1) One-Door Two-Door Three-Door

Estimated Inventory (thousand) 468 234 53 245

Primary Energy Consumption (Tbtu/yr) 78.9 52.1 16.6 51.0

460 414 46

3,076 6,080 8,960

1.4 2.5 0.4

14.7 26.2 4.3

Reach-In Refrigerators and Freezers (2) Freezers Refrigerators Ice Machine Beverage Vending Machine (3) Fully-cooled Zone-cooled
Note(s):

1,156 1,556 1,491

4,158 3,455 5,429

4.8 5.4 8.1

56.0 50.0 84.2

496 3,320

2,743 2,483

1.4 8.2

14.2 85.8

1) Beverage merchandisers are self-contained, upright, refrigerated cabinets that are designed to hold and/or display refrigerated beverage items for purchase without an automatic vending feature.Typically they have glass doors and bright lighting. These cases are commonly used in convenience stores, aisle locations in supermarkets, and some retail stores.Because the refrigeration system is self-contained, the heat is rejected to the building interior, and their energy use is not included in the supermarket refrigeration sections. 2) Commercial reachin cabinets are upright, self-contained refrigerated cases with solid or glass doors whose purpose is to hold frozen and/or refrigerated food products. These cases are commonly used in commercial and institutional food-service establishments.These are self-contained units, i.e., the entire refrigeration system is built into the reach-in unit and heat is rejected to the surrounding interior air. 3) In a fully cooled beverage vending machine, all beverages enclosed within the machine are visible to the customer and, therefore, the entire internal volume is refrigerated. The zone-cooled packaged beverage vending machine only cools the beverage that are soon-to-be-vended, meaning only a small portion, or zone, of the internal volume is refrigerated.

Source(s): DOE/EERE/Navigant Consulting, Energy Savings Potential and R&D Opportunities for Commercial Refrigeration, Sept. 2009, Table 3-5, p. 31 for walk-in coolers and freezers, Table 3-12, p. 37 for beverage merchandiser, Table 3-11, p. 35 for reach-in freezers and refrigerators, Table 3-15, p. 41 for ice machines, and Table 3-16, p. 44 for beverage vending machine.

5.7.20 Year 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

Commercial Refrigeration - Display Case Shipments Shipments 340,453 347,262 175,000 183,300 191,549 185,000 170,000 175,500 181,000 185,000

Source(s): DOE/EERE/Navigant Consulting, Energy Savings Potential and R&D Opportunities for Commercial Refrigeration, Sept. 2009, Table 3-3, p. 28.

5-35

Buildings Energy Data Book: 5.8 Active Solar Systems
5.8.1 Solar Collector Shipments, by Type and Market (Thousand SF, unless noted) (1)

March 2011

Type Solar Thermal Collectors (2) Residential Commercial Industrial Utility Other Photovoltaics (kW) (5)
Note(s):

1980 19,398 N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. (6) 6,897

1990 11,409 5,851 295 (3) 5,236 26 13,837

2000 8,354 7,473 810 57 5 10 88,221

2008 16,963 13,000 1,294 128 294 2,247 (4) 986,504

1) Shipments for 1980-2000 include imports and exports; 2008 shipments are domestic only. 2) Solar thermal collectors: receive solar radiation, convert it to thermal energy, and are typically used forspace heating, water heating, and heating swimming pools.3) Industrial is included in Other. 4) Other includes all exports. 5) Generate electricity by the conversionof solar radiation to electrical energy; shipments for all years include imports and exports. 6) 1982.

Source(s): EIA, Annual Energy Review 2009, August 2010, Table 10.6, p. 297 for total thermal collector shipments 1980-2008; EIA, Annual Energy Review 1991, June 1992, Table 111, p. 251 for 1990 collector sector data; EIA, Renewable Energy Annual 2001, Nov. 2002, Table 18, p. 19 for 2000 collector sector data; EIA, Renewable Energy Annual 2008, Aug. 2010, Table 2.13, p. 64 for 2008 collector sector data; EIA, Annual Energy Review 2004, Aug. 2005, Table 10.5, p. 291 for 1980-1990 PV shipments; and EIA, Renewable Energy Annual 2008, Aug. 2010, Table 3.1, p. 79 for 2000-2008 PV shipments.

5.8.2

Thermal Solar Collector Shipments, by End Use (Thousand SF) (1) 2000 7,863 367 99 0 2 20 3 8,354 2005 15,041 640 228 2 16 0 114 (2) 16,041 2006 15,362 1,136 330 3 66 0 3,847 20,744 2007 12,076 1,393 189 13 73 27 6 15,153 2008 11,973 1,978 186 18 148 50 361 16,963

Type Pool Heating Hot Water Space Heating Space Cooling Combined Space/Water Heating Process Heating Electricity Generation Total
Note(s):

1) Total shipments include imports and exports for all years.For 2007 and 2008, end-use values only include domestic shipments. 2) 2005 to 2006 increase in electricity generation due to shipment to the Nevada Solar One Project.

Source(s): EIA, Renewable Energy Annual 2008, Aug. 2010, Table 2.1, p. 50 for 2000-2008 total collector shipments, and Table 2.13, p. 64 for 2007-2008 end-use shipments; EIA, Renewable Energy Annual 2001, Nov. 2002, Table 18, p. 19 for 2000 end-use shipments; EIA, Renewable Energy Annual 2003, June 2005, Table 18, p. 10 for 2003 end-use shipments; EIA, Solar Thermal and Photovoltaic Collector Manufacturing Activities 2005, Aug. 2006, Table 38, p. 22 for 2004-2005 end-use shipments; and EIA, Solar Thermal and Photovoltaic Collector Manufacturing Activities 2006, Table 2.10, p. 21 for 2006 end-use shipments.

5-36

Buildings Energy Data Book: 5.8 Active Solar Systems
5.8.3 2008 Top Five Destinations of Thermal Solar Collector Shipments Percent of Domestic U.S. Shipments 35% 25% 6% 5% 3%
Domestic shipments equaled 14,716 in 2008, or 87% of total U.S. shipments.

March 2011

State Florida California Arizona Hawaii Oregon
Note(s):

Source(s): EIA, Renewable Energy Annual 2008, Aug. 2010, Table 2.4, p. 53.

5.8.4 -

Thermal Solar Collector Manufacturer Statistics Number of Manufacturers in 2008: Companies with 90% of their revenue coming from solar collector sales: Percentage of shipped solar collectors produced by top 5 manufacturers: 74 49 83%

Source(s): EIA, Renewable Energy Annual 2008, Aug. 2010, p. 43-45.

5.8.5

Shipments of Photovoltaic Cells and Modules, by Market (thousand Peak Kilowatts)(1) Residential 6.3 24.8 29.3 23.4 53.9 75.0 95.8 68.4 174.0 Commercial 8.1 13.7 20.6 32.6 74.5 89.5 180.9 140.4 253.9 Industrial 7.2 28.8 32.2 28.0 30.5 22.2 28.6 32.7 51.5 Transportation 2.4 5.5 12.9 11.1 1.4 1.6 2.5 3.6 9.1 Utility 3.8 6.3 7.6 8.5 3.2 0.1 4.0 35.3 35.8 Government 2.0 4.4 8.6 5.5 3.3 28.7 7.7 (2) (2) Other 1.3 4.7 0.8 0.3 14.3 9.8 17.9 0.0 0.0 Total 31.1 88.2 112.1 109.4 181.1 226.9 337.3 280.5 524.3

1995 2000 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

Note(s):

1) Includes imports and exports for 2000-2006. 2007-2008 only includes domestic shipments. 2) No reported shipments to the government

Source(s): EIA, Renewable Energy Annual 2008, Aug. 2010, Table 3.7, p. 85 for 2007-2008; EIA, Renewable Energy Annual 2006, Aug. 2008, Table 2.23 for 2006; EIA, Solar Thermal and Photovoltaic Collector Manufacturing Activities 2005, Aug. 2006, Table 51, p. 35 for 2004-2005; EIA, Solar Thermal and Photovoltaic Collector Manufacturing Activities 2004, Aug. 2006, Table 51, p. 35 for 2002-2003; EIA, Renewable Energy Annual 2001, Nov. 2002 , Table 30, p. 23 for

5.8.6

Annual Shipments of Photovoltaic Cells and Modules (Peak Kilowatts) Number of Companies 25 21 21 19 21 19 19 20 19 29 41 46 66

Year 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

Domestic 13,016 12,561 15,069 21,225 19,838 36,310 45,313 48,664 78,346 134,465 206,511 280,475 524,252

Exports 22,448 33,793 35,493 55,562 68,382 61,356 66,778 60,693 102,770 92,451 130,757 237,209 462,252

Total 35,464 46,354 50,562 76,787 88,220 97,666 112,091 109,357 181,116 226,916 337,268 517,684 986,504

Source(s): EIA, Solar Thermal and Photovoltaic Collector Manufacturing Activities 2006, October 2007, Table 2.17 and Table 2.19, p. 28 and p. 30; and EIA, Renewable Energy Annual 2008, August 2010 Table 3.1 and Table 3.2, p. 79-80.

5-37

Buildings Energy Data Book: 5.8 Active Solar Systems
5.8.7 2008 Top 10 Destinations of U.S. Photovoltaic Cell and Module Export Shipments, by Country Peak Kilowatts 198,230 105,555 49,830 31,196 17,819 12,297 10,763 8,108 4,418 4,155 462,252 Percent of U.S. Exports 43% 23% 11% 7% 4% 3% 2% 2% 1% 1% 100%

March 2011

Country Germany Spain Italy France Canada Singapore South Korea Australia China Austria Total U.S. Exports
Note(s):

Total U.S. exports of photovoltaic cells and modules increased by 95% from 2007 to 2008.

Source(s): EIA, Renewable Energy Annual 2008, August 2010, Table 3.14, p. 92-93.

5.8.8

Annual New Installations of Grid-Tied Photovoltaic Cells and Modules, by Market (MW) 2002 9.6 8.0 2.0 3.0 22.6 51.1 3,438 2003 13.3 25.4 3.0 1.7 43.4 94.5 4,217 2004 21.6 29.6 1.8 1.7 54.7 149.2 6,275 2005 21.5 42.1 0.6 3.2 67.4 216.6 6,339 2006 37.9 60.6 0.2 4.4 103.1 319.8 10,634 2007 53.3 85.7 8.7 2.4 150.1 469.9 13,287

Peak Capacity by Use Residential Non-Residential Utility Unknown Total New Capacity Cumulative Capacity Number of Installations

Source(s): Sherwood, Larry. Interstate Renewable Energy Council. Personal Communication. July, 2008.

5-38

Buildings Energy Data Book: 5.8 Active Solar Systems
5.8.9 Total Grid-Tied PV Capacity, by State

March 2011

State California New Jersey Arizona Nevada New York Colorado Massachusetts Hawaii Texas All Other States Total (3)
Note(s):

PV Capacity as of 2007 (MW) Total (1) Residential Non-Res. 328.8 118.3 193.7 43.6 14.5 27.6 18.9 3.2 13.1 18.8 1.2 17.6 15.4 9.7 5.2 14.6 4.8 9.6 4.6 1.5 3.2 4.5 1.3 2.4 3.2 1.6 1.7 8.3 9.4 22.6 475.0 164.4 283.5

Unknown 16.8 1.5 2.6 0.5 0.2 0.8 17.7 22.4

Net Metering Utility (2006) Utility Residential Non-Res. Participants (2) Customers Customers 19 24,160 1,972 5 1,789 203 4 185 3 2 213 23 5 1,088 119 17 380 25 5 454 104 4 184 23 9 375 56 180 2,495 617 232 31,323 3,146

1) Projections totals may not add due to rounding. 2) Includes entities with participants in more than one state. 3) Arizona does not have state-wide net metering provisions. 3) Estimated total grid-tied capacity differs from Table 6.3.10.

Source(s): Sherwood, Larry. Interstate Renewable Energy Council (IREC). Personal Communication July, 2008; EIA. Green Pricing and Net Metering Programs, 2006. July 2008. Table 4.2, p. 10.

5.8.10

Annual Installed Capacity of Photovoltaic Cells and Modules, Off-Grid and On-Grid(DC MW) On-Grid 1.4 1.8 2.6 3.7 11.1 22.5 43.4 54.7 67.4 103.2 150.1 469.9 Off-Grid 9.0 9.7 12.0 13.5 16.0 21.4 25.0 28.0 33.0 0.0 55.0 282.0 Total 10.4 11.5 14.6 17.2 27.1 43.9 68.4 82.7 100.4 103.2 205.1 751.9

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Cumulative (1)
Note(s):

1) Cumulative grid-tied capacity as of 2007 differs from total estimate in Table 6.3.9.

Source(s): Sherwood, Larry. Interstate Renewable Energy Council. Personal Communication. July, 2008.

5-39

Buildings Energy Data Book: 5.9 On-Site Power
5.9.1 United States Small Wind Units and Capacity On-Grid Units 453 1,292 2,984 Off-Grid Units 7,876 7,800 7,402 Capacity kW 2,100 3,100 3,200 4,878 3,285 8,565 9,737 17,374 20,300 On-Grid kW 4,522 5,720 13,610 Off-Grid kW 4,043 4,017 3,764 -

March 2011

Units 2001 (1) 2100 2002 (1) 3100 2003 (1) 3200 2004 4671 2005 4324 2006 8329 2007 9092 2008 10386 2009 9800

Sales ($ Million) 14.9 9.9 33.2 42.0 72.7 82.4

Remote Off-Grid(2) (< 1 kW) % 2008 Units 65% % 2008 Capacity 16%

Residential-Scale (1 - 10 kW) 34% 44%

Commericial Scale (11 - 100 kW) 2% 40%

Note(s): 1) Estimates. 2) Turbines under 1 kW are often used on marine vehicles to charge batteries and to pump water for irrigation or ranching. Source(s): American Wind Energy Association (AWEA), Stimmel, Ron, 2008 AWEA Small Wind Turbine Global Market Study, June 2008 for 2006 and 2007 detail; AWEA, Stimmel, Ron, 2009 AWEA Small Wind Turbine Global Market Study for 2008 detail; and AWEA, Stimmel, Ron, 2010 AWEA Small Wind Turbine Global Market Study for 2001-2009 units and capacities.

5.9.2

Average Combined Heat and Power Capacity as of 2009, Principal Building Type and Prime Mover (kW) Combustion Reciprocating Turbine Engine 241 15,786 2,117 260 4,146 1,308 3,450 646 10,304 1,251 4,100 1,602 180 4,735 1,117 11,170 259 326 3,700 252

Apartment Building Colleges/Univ Food Sales/Services Hospitals/Healthcare Hotels Justice/Public Order Mercantile Nursing Homes Office Public Assembly Schools K-12 Service

Fuel Cell 330 223 242 381 521

326 165 200 250

Microturbine 262 179 150 187 143 58 360 467 218 184 120 45

Source(s): Energy and Environmental Analysis Inc, The Combined Heat and Power Database, http://www.eea-inc.com/chpdata/index.html

5-40

Buildings Energy Data Book: 5.9 On-Site Power
5.9.3

March 2011

Installed Combined Heat and Power Capacity as of 2009, Principal Building Type and Prime Mover (MW) Combustion Turbine Reciprocating Engine 33 155 8 152 55 18 27 21 97 27 66 24 683

Apartment Building Colleges/Univ Food Sales/Services Hospitals/Healthcare Hotels Justice/Public Order Mercantile Nursing Homes Office Public Assembly Schools K-12 Service Total

821 129 17 52 4 52 34 11 1,119

Fuel Cell 0 3 1 3 3

3 1 1 0 15

Microturbine 3 2 0 1 2 0 0 3 3 2 4 0 21

Total 37 981 8 282 78 72 32 24 154 63 71 36 1,838

Source(s): Energy and Environmental Analysis Inc, The Combined Heat and Power Database, http://www.eea-inc.com/chpdata/index.html

5.9.4

Installed Combined Heat and Power Capacity as of 2009, Principal Building Type and Census Region (MW) Northeast 35 347 3 75 19 14 23 16 51 9 27 11 629 South 230 4 71 9 4 2 0 35 35 0 3 393 Midwest 238 0 72 0 2 5 3 26 9 24 1 379 West 2 166 1 64 50 52 1 5 43 11 20 21 436 Total 37 981 8 282 78 72 32 24 154 63 71 36 1,838

Apartment Building Colleges/Univ Food Sales/Services Hospitals/Healthcare Hotels Justice/Public Order Mercantile Nursing Homes Office Public Assembly Schools K-12 Service Total

Source(s): Energy and Environmental Analysis Inc, The Combined Heat and Power Database, http://www.eea-inc.com/chpdata/index.html

5-41

Buildings Energy Data Book: 5.9 On-Site Power
5.9.5 Installed Combined Heat and Power Capacity as of 2009, Prime Mover and Census Region (MW) Northeast 347 266 7 9 629 South 265 129 0 0 393 Midwest 258 119 1 1 379 West 249 170 8 10 436 Total 1,119 683 15 21 1,838

March 2011

Prime Mover Combustion Turbine Reciprocating Engine Fuel Cell Microturbine Total

Source(s): Energy and Environmental Analysis Inc, The Combined Heat and Power Database, http://www.eea-inc.com/chpdata/index.html

5.9.6

Characteristics of Commercial Distributed Generating Technologies, by Plant Type as of 2006 Efficiency (HHV) Electrical Electrical + Thermal 0.16 N.A. 0.36 0.72 0.32 0.77 0.31 0.82 0.23 0.66 0.30 0.63 Installed Capital Costs of Typical DG Technologies Price Size Cost ($2009 per kW) (kW) ($2009 thousand) 6,999 25 175 6,066 200 1,213 1,318 200 264 1,446 200 289 2,110 1000 2,110 1,890 200 378 Service Life (years) 30 20 20 20 20 20

New Plant Type Solar Photovoltaic Fuel Cell Natural Gas Engine Oil-Fired Engine Natural Gas Turbine Natural Gas Microturbine

Source(s): Discovery Insights, Final Report: Commercial and Industrial CHP Technology Cost and Performance Data Analysis for EIA's NEMS, Jan. 2006, Table 7, p. 12; and EIA, Annual Energy Review 2009, Aug. 2010, Appendix D, p. 383.

5-42

Buildings Energy Data Book: 6.1 Electric Utility Energy Consumption
6.1.1 Buildings Share of U.S. Electricity Consumption/Sales (Percent) Buildings Commercial 26.7% 29.7% 30.9% 31.6% 33.9% 34.8% 35.8% 36.0% 37.2% 38.4% 39.5% 40.9% 42.1%

March 2011

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2008 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035
Note(s):

Residential 34.3% 34.2% 34.1% 34.6% 34.9% 37.1% 37.0% 38.8% 35.4% 35.1% 35.3% 35.7% 36.1%

| | | | | | | | | | | | | |

Total 60.9% 63.8% 65.0% 66.2% 68.7% 72.0% 72.8% (1) 74.8% 72.6% 73.5% 74.9% 76.6% 78.2%

Industry 38.9% 36.0% 34.9% 33.6% 31.1% 27.8% 27.0% 25.0% 27.2% 26.3% 24.8% 23.1% 21.4%

Transportation 0.2% 0.2% 0.2% 0.2% 0.2% 0.2% 0.2% 0.2% 0.2% 0.2% 0.3% 0.4% 0.4%

Total 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%

| | | | | | | | | | | | |

Delivered Total (10^15 Btu) 7.15 7.93 9.26 10.28 11.67 12.49 12.73 12.79 12.97 13.54 14.11 14.70 15.27

1) Buildings accounted for 81% (or $294 billion) of total U.S. electricity expenditures.

Source(s): EIA, State Energy Data 2008: Consumption, Jun. 2010, Tables 8-12, p. 18-22 for 1980-2007; and EIA, Annual Energy Outlook 2011 Early Release, Dec. 2010, Table A2, p. 3-5 for 2008-2035 consumption, and Table A3, p. 6-8 expenditures.

6.1.2

U.S. Electricity Generation Input Fuel Shares (Percent) Renewables Hydro. Oth(2) Total 11.8% 0.5% 12.3% 11.3% 0.8% 12.1% 9.8% 2.2% 12.0% 9.4% 2.2% 11.6% 7.3% 2.1% 9.4% 6.7% 2.3% 9.0% 6.2% 2.9% 9.1% 5.9% 3.7% 9.6% 7.3% 5.6% 12.9% 7.2% 6.1% 13.3% 6.9% 6.5% 13.4% 6.8% 6.7% 13.5% 6.6% 7.2% 13.8%

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2008 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035
Note(s):

Natural Gas 15.6% 12.1% 10.9% 12.9% 13.9% 15.2% 17.0% 19.2% 17.5% 16.6% 15.6% 16.4% 17.3%

Petroleum 10.8% 4.2% 4.2% 2.3% 3.0% 3.1% 1.2% 1.1% 1.1% 1.1% 1.1% 1.0% 1.0%

Coal 50.0% 56.0% 53.0% 52.1% 53.0% 52.2% 51.0% 48.3% 45.6% 46.1% 47.9% 47.8% 47.4%

Nuclear 11.3% 15.6% 19.9% 21.1% 20.6% 20.5% 20.9% 20.9% 22.1% 22.3% 21.4% 20.7% 19.9%

Other (3) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) 0.8% 0.8% 0.8% 0.7% 0.6% 0.5% 0.5%

Total 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%

1) Electric imports included in renewables. 2) Includes geothermal, municipal solid waste, biomass, solar thermal, solar PV, and wind. 3)

Source(s): EIA, State Energy Data 2008: Consumption, Jun. 2010, Tables 8-12, p. 18-22 for 1980-2007; and EIA, Annual Energy Outlook 2011 Early Release, Dec. 2010, Table A2, p. 3-5 for 2008-2035 consumption and Table A17, p. 34-35 for renewables.

6-1

Buildings Energy Data Book: 6.1 Electric Utility Energy Consumption
6.1.3 U.S. Electricity Generation Input Fuel Consumption (Quadrillion Btu) Renewables Hydro. Oth(2) Total 2.87 0.11 2.98 2.94 0.21 3.15 3.01 0.67 3.69 3.15 0.74 3.89 2.77 0.81 3.58 2.67 0.90 3.57 2.49 1.17 3.67 2.37 1.48 3.85 2.88 2.22 5.11 2.97 2.53 5.49 2.99 2.79 5.78 3.04 3.00 6.04 3.06 3.31 6.38

March 2011

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2008 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035
Note(s):

Natural Gas 3.80 3.16 3.33 4.33 5.32 6.04 6.85 7.69 6.96 6.88 6.72 7.32 7.97

Petroleum 2.62 1.09 1.29 0.75 1.14 1.23 0.47 0.45 0.43 0.45 0.47 0.47 0.48

Coal 12.16 14.59 16.26 17.47 20.22 20.74 20.51 19.37 18.10 19.09 20.64 21.35 21.83

Nuclear 2.74 4.08 6.10 7.08 7.86 8.16 8.43 8.39 8.77 9.22 9.22 9.22 9.19

Other (3) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) 0.31 0.32 0.31 0.29 0.27 0.24 0.25

Total 24.30 26.06 30.67 33.51 38.12 39.74 40.24 40.07 39.68 41.43 43.10 44.64 46.09

Growth Rate 2008-Year -0.2% -0.2% 0.2% 0.4% 0.5% 0.5%

1) Electric imports included in renewables. 2) Includes geothermal, municipal solid waste, biomass, solar thermal, solar PV, and wind. 3)

Source(s): EIA, State Energy Data 2008: Consumption, Jun. 2010, Tables 8-12, p. 18-22 for 1980-2007; and EIA, Annual Energy Outlook 2011 Early Release, Dec. 2010, Table A2, p. 3-5 for 2008-2035 consumption, and Table A17, p. 34-35 for renewables.

6.1.4

U.S. Electricity Net Generation, by Plant Type (Billion kWh) Renewables Hydr(1) Oth(2) Total 276 6 282 281 11 292 290 35 324 305 39 345 271 45 316 267 53 320 268 79 347 289 81 371 297 199 496 298 227 525 298 244 542 299 255 554 299 271 569 Growth Rate 2008-year -0.1% 0.1% 0.4% 0.5% 0.5% 0.6%

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2008 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035
Note(s):

Natural Gas 346 292 265 317 399 553 683 785 703 700 688 790 903

Petroleum 246 100 118 62 98 111 39 39 38 40 41 41 42

Coal 1,162 1,402 1,560 1,658 1,911 1,956 1,932 1,805 1,753 1,849 1,990 2,052 2,092

Nuclear 251 384 577 673 754 782 806 803 839 882 882 882 879

CHP (3) N.A. N.A. 61 141 165 180 167 160 159 152 152 153 149

Tot.(4) 2,286 2,470 2,905 3,197 3,643 3,903 3,974 3,963 3,989 4,148 4,295 4,472 4,634

1) Electricity used for hydroelectric pumped storage is subtracted from this conventional hydroelectric generation. 2) Includes geothermal, municipal solid waste, wood, biomass, solar thermal, solar photovoltaic, and wind. 3) CHP = Combined heat and Power. Includes CHP plants whose primary business is to sell electricity and heat to the public. 4) Includes batteries, chemicals, hydrogen, pitch, purchased steam, sulfur, distributed generation, and other miscellaneous technologies that are not listed individually.

Source(s): EIA, Annual Energy Outlook 2011 Early Release, Dec. 2010, Table A8, p. 16-17 for 2008-2035; EIA, Annual Energy Review 2009, Aug. 2010, Table 8.2c, p. 230 for 1990-2007; and EIA, Annual Energy Review 2002, Oct. 2003, Table 8.2b, p. 149 for 1980.

6-2

Buildings Energy Data Book: 6.1 Electric Utility Energy Consumption
6.1.5 U.S. Electric Utility and Nonutility Net Summer Electricity Generation Capacity (GW) Coal Steam N.A. N.A. 302.3 306.0 310.2 309.0 304.4 313.5 312.8 314.2 314.2 314.2 314.5 Other Fossil N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. 114.6 113.2 100.4 90.6 90.1 90.1 88.1 Combine Cycle N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. 157.1 166.0 171.0 171.1 177.0 201.2 224.9 Combustion Turbine N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. 131.70 135.53 137.39 142.63 152.78 165.26 179.10 Nuclear 51.8 79.4 99.6 99.5 97.9 100.0 100.6 101.1 105.7 111.1 111.1 111.1 111.1 Pumped 0.0 0.0 19.5 21.4 19.5 21.3 21.8 21.8 21.8 21.8 21.8 21.8 21.8

March 2011

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2008 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035
Note(s):

Total 495.9 564.4 628.4 654.6 693.3 855.6 830.2 851.1 849.2 851.6 867.0 903.7 939.5

1) Nuclear capacity includes 3 GW of uprates from 2005 to 2030. New nuclear plants are expected to come online 2013-2019.

Source(s): EIA, Annual Energy Outlook 1994, Jan. 1994, Table A9, p. 66 and Table A16, p. 73 for 1990; EIA, Annual Energy Review 2009, Aug. 2010, Table 8.11b; and EIA, AEO 2011 Early Release, Dec. 2010, Table A9, p. 20-21 and Table A16, p. 32-33 for 2008-2035.

6.1.6

U.S. Renewable Electric Utility and Nonutility Net Summer Electricity Generation Capacity (GW) Conv. Hydropower 81.7 88.9 73.3 77.4 78.2 76.9 76.9 76.9 77.4 77.6 78.2 79.1 79.7 Geothermal 0.9 1.6 2.7 3.0 2.8 2.3 2.4 2.4 2.6 3.1 3.8 4.7 5.8 Municipal Solid WasteBiomass 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.2 2.1 1.2 3.0 1.8 3.3 1.7 3.0 1.6 3.4 2.2 3.4 2.2 3.4 2.2 3.4 2.2 3.4 2.2 3.4 2.2 3.4 2.2 Solar Thermal N.A. 0.0 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.6 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.4 Solar PV N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.6 Wind N.A. 0.0 1.8 1.7 2.4 8.7 24.9 37.5 51.8 51.9 54.2 55.3 56.4 Total 82.7 90.8 81.4 87.3 88.8 92.9 110.3 123.0 138.7 139.7 143.3 146.5 149.4

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2008 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035

Source(s): EIA, Annual Energy Review 2009, Aug. 2010, Table 8.11b for 1980-2007; and EIA, Annual Energy Outlook 2011 Early Release, Dec. 2010, Table A9, p. 2021 and Table A16, p. 32-33 for 2008-2035.

6-3

Buildings Energy Data Book: 6.1 Electric Utility Energy Consumption
6.1.7

March 2011

U.S. Electric Power Sector Cumulative Power Plant Additions Needed to Meet Future Electricity Demand (1) Number of New Power Plants to Meet Demand 2015 2020 2025 19 23 23 17 18 32 37 75 138 1 5 5 27 38 67 3 13 27 7 7 8 24 37 55 535 537 581 674 757 944

Typical New Electric Generator Plant Capacity (MW) Coal Steam 600 Combined Cycle 400 Combustion Turbine/Diesel 160 Nuclear Power 1,350 Pumped Storage 145 (2) Fuel Cells 10 Conventional Hydropower 20 (2) Geothermal 50 Municipal Solid Waste 30 Wood and Other Biomass 80 Solar Thermal 100 Solar Photovoltaic 5 Wind 50 Total Distributed Generation
Note(s):

2010 9 2 8 1 7 252 280

2030 23 93 216 5 117 47 8 76 604 1,202

160 (3)

1) Cumulative additions after Dec. 31, 2009. 2) Based on current stock average capacity. 3) Combustion turbine/diesel data used.

Source(s): EIA, Annual Energy Outlook (AEO) 2011 Early Release, Dec. 2010, Table A9, p. 20-21 and Table A16, p. 32-33; EIA, Assumption to the AEO 2010, May 2010, Table 8.2, p. 91; and EIA, Electric Power Annual 2006, Sept. 2007, Table 2.2, p. 19 for pumped storage plant capacity and Table 2.6, p. 21 for hydroelectric plant capacity.

6-4

Buildings Energy Data Book: 6.2 Electricity Generation, Transmission, and Distribution
6.2.1 2009 Existing Capacity, by Energy Source (GW) Number of Generators 1,436 3,757 5,470 98 104 4,005 620 110 353 222 1,502 151 48 17,876 Generator Nameplate Capacity 339 63 460 2 107 78 35 1 8 3 5 21 1 1,122 Net Summer Capacity 314 57 401 2 101 79 34 1 7 2 4 22 1 1,025 Net Winter Capacity 316 61 432 2 102 78 34 1 7 3 4 22 1 1,064

March 2011

Plant Fuel Type Coal Petroleum Natural Gas Other Gases Nuclear Hydroelectric Conventional Wind Solar Thermal and Photovoltaic Wood and Wood Derived Fuels Geothermal Other Biomass Pumped Storage Other Total

Source(s): EIA, Electric Power Annual 2009, Jan. 2011, Table 1.2, p. 17.

6.2.2

Net Internal Demand, Capacity Resources, and Capacity Margins in the Contiguous United States (GW) Net Internal Demand (1) 589.9 602.4 618.4 638.1 653.9 680.9 674.8 696.4 696.8 692.9 746.5 776.5 766.8 744.2 713.1 Capacity Resources (2) 727.5 730.4 737.9 744.7 765.7 808.1 789.0 833.4 856.1 875.9 882.1 891.2 914.4 909.5 916.4 Capacity Margin (3) 18.90% 17.50% 16.20% 14.30% 14.60% 15.70% 14.50% 16.40% 18.60% 20.90% 15.40% 12.90% 16.10% 18.20% 22.20%

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Note(s):

1) Net internal demand represents the system demand that is planned for by the electric power industry`s reliability authority and is equal to internal demand less direct control load management and interruptible demand. Direct control load management: Customer demand that can be interrupted at the time of the seasonal peak by direct control of the system operator by interrupting power supply to individual appliances or equipment on customer premises. This type of control usually reduces the demand of residential customers. Interruptible demand: Customer demand that can be interrupted (through contractual agreement) during peak loads by direct control of the system operator or by the customer at direct request of the system operator. This type of control usually reduces the demand of large-volume commercial and industrial consumers. 2) Capacity Resources: Utility- and IPP-owned generating capacity that is existing or in various stages of planning or construction, less inoperable capacity, plus planned capacity purchases from other resources, less planned capacity sales. 3) Capacity Margin is the amount of unused available capability of an electric power system at peak load as a percentage of capacity resources.
2009.

Source(s): EIA, Electric Power Annual 2006, Oct. 2007, Table 3.2, p. 34 for 1995-1997; and EIA, Electric Power Annual 2009, Nov. 2010, Table 4.2, p. 41 for 1998-

6-5

Buildings Energy Data Book: 6.2 Electricity Generation, Transmission, and Distribution
6.2.3 Electric Capacity Factors, by Year and Fuel Type (1) Conventional Hydroelectric 45% 45% 40% 31% 38% 40% 39% 40% 42% 36% 37% 40%

March 2011

1990 1995 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 (2)
Note(s):
Source(s)

Coal 58.9% 61.8% 70.3% 68.2% 69.0% 70.9% 71.0% 72.2% 71.4% 72.5% 71.2% 63.2%

Petroleum 17% 11% 18% 20% 16% 21% 22% 22% 11% 12% 8% 6%

Natural Gas 23% 22% 22% 21% 18% 14% 16% 17% 19% 21% 20% 21%

Nuclear 66% 77% 88% 89% 90% 88% 90% 89% 90% 92% 91% 90%

Solar/PV 13% 17% 15% 16% 16% 15% 17% 15% 14% 14% 18% 15%

Wind 18% 21% 27% 20% 27% 21% 25% 23% 27% 24% 26% 24%

Total 46% 47% 51% 48% 46% 44% 45% 45% 45% 46% 45% 42%

1) EIA defines capacity factor to be "the ratio of the electrical energy produced by a generating unit for the period of time considered to the electrical energy that could have been produced at continuous full power operation during the same period. 2) Preliminary.
EIA, Annual Energy Review 2009, Aug. 2010, 8.2c, p. 232 and Table 8.11b, p. 265.

6.2.4

Electric Conversion Factors and Transmission and Distribution (T&D) Losses Average Utility Delivery Efficiency (1, 2) 29.3% 30.2% 30.1% 30.5% 30.5% 31.3% 31.6% 31.9% 32.7% 32.7% 32.7% 32.9% 33.1% Average Utility Delivery Ratio (Btu/kWh) (2, 3) 11,645 11,281 10,834 10,637 10,658 10,467 10,303 10,688 10,436 10,440 10,423 10,362 10,302 Growth Rate (2008-year) -1.9% -0.2% -0.1% -0.1% 0.0% 0.0%

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2008 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035

Transmission and Distribution (T&D) losses as a: Percent of Electric Generator Fuel Input Percent of Net Electricity Generated (4)

2.6% 7.4%

Note(s):

1) Use these values to convert primary energy of electric generator fuel input to delivered energy. 2) Accounts for fuel conversion losses, plant use of electricity, and T&D losses. 3) Use these values to convert delivered electric energy to primary energy. 4) After fuel conversion losses and plant use of electricity.

Source(s): EIA, Annual Energy Outlook 2011 Early Release, Dec. 2010, Table A2, p. 3-5 for generator consumption and Table A8, p. 18-19 for electricity sales; EIA, Annual Energy Review 2009, Aug. 2010, Figure 8.0, p. 225 for T&D losses; EIA, State Energy Data Report 2008, Jun. 2010 Tables 8-12 for Electricity Consumption and Generator Fuel Consumption.

6-6

Buildings Energy Data Book: 6.2 Electricity Generation, Transmission, and Distribution
6.2.5 2008 Impacts of Saving an Electric Quad (1) Utility Fuel Input Shares (%) 51% 1% 17% 21% 9% 100% Average-Sized Utility Unit (MW) in 2006 236 17 84 1,029 127 Aggregate Number of Units to Provide the Fuel's Share of the Electric Quad (2) 36 94 136 3 182 450

March 2011

Plant Fuel Type Coal Petroleum Natural Gas Nuclear Renewable (3) Total
Note(s):

1) This table displays the breakdown of electric power plants that could be eliminated by saving an electric quad, in exact proportion to the actual primary fuel shares for electricity produced nationwide in 2008. Use this table to estimate the avoided capacity implied by saving one electric quad. 2) Based on typical U.S. power plants operating less than full load throughout the year. 3) Includes pumped storage.

Source(s): EIA, Electric Power Annual 2009, Jan. 2011, Table 1.2, p. 17; and EIA, Annual Energy Outlook 2011 Early Release, Dec. 2010, Table A2, p. 3-5 for consumption and Table A8, p. 18-19 for electricity supply.

6.2.6

Cost of an Electric Quad Used in the Buildings Sector ($2009 Billion) Residential 10.58 11.69 10.53 10.14 9.13 9.53 11.52 11.77 11.48 11.28 11.22 11.27 Commercial 10.82 11.49 9.72 9.17 8.14 8.75 10.59 9.98 9.69 9.55 9.59 9.61 Buildings Sector 10.69 11.60 10.15 9.67 8.64 9.15 11.06 10.91 10.57 10.37 10.36 10.39

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2008 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030
Note(s):

This table provides the consumer cost of an electric quad. Use this table to estimate the savings to consumers when a primary quad is saved in the form of delivered electricity.

Source(s): EIA, Annual Energy Outlook 2011 Early Release, Dec. 2010, Table A2, p. 3-5 and Table A3, p. 6-8; EIA, State Energy Data 2008: Consumption, Jun. 2010, Tables 8-12, p. 18-22 for 1980-2005; EIA, State Energy Data 2008: Prices and Expenditures, Jun. 2010, Tables 2-3, p. 24-25 for 1980-2005 and prices; and EIA, Annual Energy Review 2009, Aug. 2010, Appendix D, Gross Domestic Product and Implicit Price Deflators, p. 383.

6-7

Buildings Energy Data Book: 6.2 Electricity Generation, Transmission, and Distribution
6.2.7 Characteristics of New and Stock Generating Capacities, by Plant Type Heatrate (1) in 2009 (Btu/kWh) 9,200 8,765 10,781 7,196 6,752 10,788 9,289 7,930 10,488 13,648 9,884 9,884

March 2011

New Plant Type Scrubbed Coal Integrated Coal-Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC) IGCC w/Carbon Sequestration Conv. Gas/Oil Combined Cycle Adv. Gas/Oil Combined Cycle Conv. Combustion Turbine Adv. Combustion Turbine Fuel Cell Advanced Nuclear Municipal Solid Waste Conventional Hydropower (3) Wind

Size Overnight Costs (2) (MW) (2008 $/kW) 600 2223 550 380 250 400 160 230 10 1350 30 500 50 2569 3776 984 968 685 948 5478 3820 2599 2291 1966

Total Capital Costs of Typical New Plant ($2008 million) 1334 1413 1435 246 387 110 218 55 5157 78 1146 98

Stock Plant Type Fossil Fuel Steam Heat Rate (Btu/kWh) Nuclear Energy Heat Rate (Btu/kWh)
Note(s):

2008 9,893 10,453

2010 9,872 10,453

2015 9,619 10,453

2020 9,653 10,453

2025 9,706 10,453

2030 9,609 10,453

1) Plant use of electricity is included in heat rate calculations; however, transmission and distribution losses of the electric grid are excluded. 2) Overnight costs represent the capital costs of new projects initiated in 2009. Includes contingency factors and exlcudes interest charges. 3) Hydro costs and performance characteristics are site-specific. This table provides the cost of the least expensive plant that could be built in the Northwest Power Pool region, where most proposed sites are located.

Source(s): EIA, Assumptions to the AEO 2010, Apr. 2010, Table 8.2. p. 91 for 2009 plant characteristics; EIA, Annual Energy Outlook 2008, Mar. 2008, Table A2, p. 117-119, and Table A8, p. 131-132 for estimated stock plant heat rates.

6-8

Buildings Energy Data Book: 6.2 Electricity Generation, Transmission, and Distribution
6.2.8 NERC Regions Map

March 2011

Source(s): EIA, Form EIA-411, Coordinated Bulk Power Supply Program Report, Feb. 2007

6-9

Buildings Energy Data Book: 6.2 Electricity Generation, Transmission, and Distribution
6.2.9 Peak Hour Demand and Capacity Margin, Summer and Winter by NERC Region (MW) Summer 2006 (1) Peak Hour Demand 62,339 45,751 47,892 63,241 28,130 35,111 191,920 198,831 41,976 27,620 19,313 47,535 62,608 42,556 142,096 30,111 62,324 38,753 10,908 776,193 Capacity Margin (3) 12% 10% 4% 13% 10% 16% 11% 11% 8% 17% 12% 15% 7% 12% 11% 14% 9% 27% 12% 13% Winter 2005/2006 (2) Peak Hour Demand 47,948 43,413 39,045 46,828 21,768 25,060 153,600 158,984 34,640 21,442 14,511 38,466 50,804 31,764 107,493 17,130 40,537 40,298 9,528 609,564

March 2011

Region Sub-region ERCOT FRCC MRO NPCC NPCC New England NPCC New York RFC SERC SERC Central SERC Delta SERC Gateway SERC Southeastern SERC VACAR SPP WECC WECC AZ-NM-SNV WECC CA-MX US WECC NWPP WECC RMPA U.S. TOTAL

Month August August July August August August August August August August July August August July July July July July July July

Month December February February December December December December February February December December February February December December December December December December December

Capacity Margin (3) 21% 19% 16% 38% 34% 42% 33% 30% 27% 42% 43% 31% 29% 33% 29% 47% 25% 29% 24% 31%

Note(s):

Source(s):

1) Summer Demand includes the months of June, July, August, and September. 2) Winter Demand includes December of the previous year and January-March of the current year. 3) Capacity Margin is the amount of unused available capability of an electric power system at peak load as a percentage of net capacity resources. Net Capacity Resources: Utility- and IPP-owned generating capacity that is existing or in various stages of planning or construction, less inoperable capacity, plus planned capacity purchases from other resources, less planned capacity sales. NERC, Electricity Supply and Demand Database 2007, Novemeber 2007, Tables used: Capacity and Demand 1990-2007 and Monthly Demand and Energy
1997-2007.

6.2.10

Top 10 U.S. States by Existing Wind Power Capacities Existing Capacity (MW) (%) 9,727 27% 3,670 10% 2,739 7% 2,095 6% 1,964 5% 1,848 5% 1,818 5% 1,274 3% 1,248 3% 1,238 3% 36,698 Capacity Under Construction (MW) 350 0 443 201 735 587 677 95 552 99 6,925

State Texas Iowa California Oregon Washington Illinois Minnesota New York Colorado Indiana U.S. Total
Note(s):

Estimates of existing capacity and capacity under construction are current as of September 2010. Does not include small wind projects, i.e. those with capacities of 100 kW or less. Data provided by AWEA member companies and updated quarterly.

Source(s): American Wind Energy Association (AWEA), U.S. Projects Database, accessed February 2011 at <http://archive.awea.org/projects/default.aspx>.

6-10

Buildings Energy Data Book: 6.3 Natural Gas Production and Distribution
6.3.1 Natural Gas Overview (Trillion Cubic Feet) Supplemental Gas 0.15 0.12 0.09 0.06 0.07 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 Net Import 0.94 1.45 3.54 2.98 2.76 2.78 2.13 1.30 0.97 0.32 Storage Withdrawal 0.02 -0.51 0.83 0.03 -0.51 -0.14 -0.12 -0.10 -0.07 -0.05 Balancing Item (1) -0.64 0.31 -0.31 -0.13 0.26 0.07 0.06 0.05 0.04 0.02

March 2011

1980 1990 2000 2008 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035
Note(s):

Production 19.40 17.81 19.18 20.29 21.32 22.10 23.02 23.64 24.71 26.10

Consumption (2) 19.88 19.17 23.33 23.23 23.89 24.87 25.15 24.96 25.70 26.45

1) Quantities lost an imbalances in data due to differences among data sources. Excludes intransit shipments that cross the U.S.-Canada border. 2) Natural gas consumption statistics are compiled from surveys of natural gas production, transmission, and distribution companies and from surveys of electric power generation. Consumption by sector from these surveys is compiled on a national and individual State basis and then balanced with national and individual State supply data.

Source(s): EIA, Annual Energy Review 2009, Aug. 2010, Table 6.1, p. 187 for 1980-2008; and EIA, Annual Energy Outlook 2011 Early Release, Dec. 2010, Table A13, p. 27-28 for 2009-2035.

6.3.2

Natural Gas in Underground Storage (Billion Cubic Feet) Underground Storage Capacity 7,434 85% 7,794 89% 8,241 74% 8,415 86% 8,207 82% 8,206 84% 8,255 84% 8,268 83% 8,330 87% 8,402 85% 8,499 83%

1980 1990 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

Base Gas 3,642 3,868 4,352 4,301 4,340 4,303 4,201 4,200 4,211 4,234 4,232

Working Gas 2,655 3,068 1,719 2,904 2,375 2,563 2,696 2,635 3,070 2,879 2,840

Total 6,297 6,936 6,071 7,204 6,715 6,866 6,897 6,835 7,281 7,113 7,073

Source(s): EIA, Annual Energy Review 2009, August 2010, Table 6.6, p. 197.

6-11

Buildings Energy Data Book: 6.3 Natural Gas Production and Distribution
6.3.3 Natural Gas Well Productivity Gross Withdrawals from Wells (billion cubic feet) 17,573 16,054 17,726 18,129 17,795 17,882 17,885 17,472 17,996 17,065 18,011 18,881

March 2011

1980 1990 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

Producing Wells (thousand) 182 269 276 373 388 393 406 426 441 453 479 496

Average Productivity (thousand cubic feet per day) 96,550 59,657 57,964 48,565 45,890 45,463 44,036 41,025 40,851 37,676 37,636 38,089

Source(s): EIA, Annual Energy Review 2009, August 2010, Table 6.4, p. 193.

6.3.4

Natural Gas End-Use Deliveries by Type of Distributor for 1996, 2000, and 2006 2000 Volume Delivered (Tcf) (Percent) 14.2 67% 13.2 0.8 0.2 0.0 2.5 12% 4.3 20% 0.2 1% 21.2 100% 2006 Volume Delivered (Tcf) (Percent) 11.1 56% 0.8 0.2 0.0 12.0 3.5 17% 4.3 21% 0.2 1% 19.9 100%

1996 Volume Delivered Type of Distributor (Tcf) (Percent) Local Distribution Comp. 14.3 72% Investor-Owned 13.3 Municipal 0.8 Privately-Owned 0.2 Cooperative 0.0 Interstate Pipeline 1.6 8% Intrastate Pipeline 3.8 19% Other 0.3 1% Total 20.0 100%

Customers (millions) 58.7 54.0 4.0 0.7 0.1 0.0 1.4 0.0 60.2

Customers (millions) 57.8 4.3 0.5 0.1 62.8 0.0 1.4 0.0 64.2

Customers (millions) 61.4 4.9 0.8 0.1 67.2 0.0 2.7 0.0 69.9

Source(s): EIA, Distribution of Natural Gas: The Final Step in the Transmission Process, June 2008, Table 1, p. 6.

6-12

Buildings Energy Data Book: 6.3 Natural Gas Production and Distribution
6.3.5 Natural Gas Consumption, by Sector (Trillion Cubic Feet) Residential 4.75 4.39 5.00 4.87 4.77 4.80 4.84 4.83 4.82 4.77 Commercial 2.61 2.62 3.18 3.13 3.10 3.35 3.48 3.55 3.66 3.80 Industrial 8.20 8.25 9.29 7.88 7.84 9.25 9.42 9.30 9.31 9.31 Transportation 0.63 0.66 0.65 0.67 0.68 0.68 0.70 0.73 0.77 0.81 Electric Power 3.68 3.24 5.21 6.67 7.50 6.79 6.72 6.56 7.14 7.78 Total 19.88 19.17 23.33 23.22 23.89 24.87 25.15 24.96 25.70 26.45

March 2011

1980 1990 2000 2008 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035

Source(s): EIA, Annual Energy Review 2009, December 2010, Table 6.5, p. 195 for 1980-2000; and EIA, Annual Energy Outlook 2011 Early Release, Dec. 2010, Table A13, p. 26-27 for 2008-2035

6.3.6

Top 10 Natural Gas Producing States, 2009 (1) Marketed Production (2) (billion cubic feet) 6,819 2,335 1,858 1,549 1,499 1,383 680 444 397 354

State Texas Wyoming Oklahoma Louisiana Colorado New Mexico Arkansas Utah Alaska Kansas

Share of U.S. Production 32% 11% 9% 7% 7% 6% 3% 2% 2% 2% 80%

Total U.S. Production
Note(s):

21,604

1) State production includes offshore production in state waters, where applicatble. Offshore production from federal waters in the Gulf of Mexico totaled 2,429 billion cubic feet, or 11% of U.S. Production, in 2009. 2) Marketed production equals gross withdrawals less gas used for repressuring, quantitites vented and flared, and nonhydrocarbon gases removed in treating or processing operations. Includes all quanitities of gas used in field and processing plant operations.

Source(s): EIA, Natural Gas Annual 2009, Dec. 2010, Table 2, p. 4 for values and p. 183 for definitions.

6-13

Buildings Energy Data Book: 6.4 Electric and Generic Quad Carbon Emissions
6.4.1 1990 1995 2000 2005 2008 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 Emissions of Carbon Dioxide from Electric Utilities (Million Metric Tons) 1,980 1,955 2,301 2,397 2,357 2,298 2,139 2,218 2,359 2,459

March 2011

Source(s): EIA, Emissions of Green House Gases in the United States 2006, p. 16, November 2007; EIA, Annual Energy Outlook 2011 Early Release, Dec. 2010, Table A18, p. 36.

6.4.2

Electric Quad Average Carbon Dioxide Emissions with Average Utility Fuel Mix (Million Metric Tons) (1) Petroleum 1.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Natural Gas 9.05 0.29 1.15 0.55 0.00 0.20 0.00 0.18 0.02 0.10 0.21 0.24 0.07 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.05 0.26 0.37 0.59 1.01 1.18 1.34 0.00 0.00 Coal 48.50 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.28 0.70 1.03 1.21 1.57 1.80 2.46 2.55 2.76 0.00 0.00 Nuclear 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Renewable 0.30 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Total 58.84 0.29 1.15 0.55 0.00 0.20 0.00 0.18 0.02 0.10 0.21 0.24 0.07 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.28 0.70 1.08 1.47 1.94 2.38 3.47 3.73 4.10 0.00 0.00

2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 2031 2032 2033 2034 2035
Note(s):

1) This table provides estimates of the carbon emissions resulting from consumption of a primary quad at electric utilities. Projected (20092035) new marginal capacity emissions will result from natural gas- and coal-fired power plants. Electric generation capacity is projected to increase for biomass, wind, and nuclear power. Biomass and wind power electric generation will increase 2009-2010. Nuclear electric generation capacity will increase 2016-2019. Electricity imports from utility consumption were ignored since this energy was produced outside of the U.S. "Average" means the weighted average of different fuels (e.g., petroleum is the average of residual and distillate fuel oils). The combustion of fossil fuels produces carbon in the form of carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide; however, carbon monoxide emissions oxidize in a relatively short time to form carbon dioxide. 2) Emissions from renewable energy include emissions released from geothermal power and non-biogenic emissions from municipal solid waste.

Source(s): EIA, Annual Energy Outlook 2011 Early Release, Dec. 2010, Table A2, p. 3-5 and Table A18, p. 36.

6-14

Buildings Energy Data Book: 6.5 Public Benefit Funds/System Benefit Funds
6.5.1 2009 Spending by Ratepayer-Funded Electric and Gas Efficiency Programs

March 2011

Region (1) New England Mid-Atlantic Midwest South Central South Atlantic Pacific NW Pacific West Southwest Additional (4) United States

C&I (2) 203 338 224 50 37 132 540 84 8 1,615

Total Program Expenditures in 2009 by Customer Class ($millions) Efficiency Programs Residential Low Income Other (3) Total Load Mgmt. 135 49 12 399 8 139 139 24 640 13 186 83 89 581 102 66 42 13 171 70 131 7 30 205 277 118 18 78 345 19 277 210 106 1,133 257 143 15 13 255 48 22 22 7 58 0 1,217 583 371 3,786 793

Grand Total 406 653 683 241 481 364 1,390 302 58 4,579

Region (1) New England Mid-Atlantic Midwest South Central South Atlantic Pacific NW Pacific West Southwest United States

C&I (2) 186 305 190 50 36 122 476 82 1,445

Electric Program Expenditures in 2009 by Customer Class ($millions) Efficiency Programs Residential Low Income Other (3) Total Load Mgmt. 99 37 12 333 8 82 69 24 479 13 125 26 64 404 102 64 42 13 168 70 122 5 30 192 277 100 15 76 312 19 239 106 84 904 257 91 9 9 191 48 921 308 311 2,983 793

Grand Total 341 491 505 238 469 331 1,161 239 3,776

Region (1) New England Mid-Atlantic Midwest South Central South Atlantic Pacific NW Pacific West Southwest Additional (4) United States

C&I (2) 17 34 34 1 1 10 64 2 8 170

Gas Program Expenditures in 2009 by Customer Class ($millions) Efficiency Programs Residential Low Income Other (3) Total 37 12 0 66 57 71 0 162 61 57 25 177 2 0 0 3 9 2 1 12 19 3 2 33 38 104 22 228 52 6 4 63 22 22 7 58 296 276 61 803

Note(s):

(1) Regions match Census divisions and Census regions except for "Pacific NW" (ID, MT, OR, WA), "Pacific West" (AK, CA, HI), and "Southwest" (AZ, CO, NV, NM, UT, WY). (2) Commercial and Industrial. (3) In cases in which EM&V is not allocated by customer class, it is included in "other." (4) Total of gas budgets from respondents that did not grant permission to release their data at the state level. This total includes data from CO, ID, IL, KY, MI, NY, OH, PA, TX, and WA.

Source(s): Consortium for Energy Efficiency, "State of the Efficiency Program Industry: 2009 Expenditures, Impacts & 2010 Budgets," Dec. 10, 2010. Tables 3, 5, and 8.

6-15

Buildings Energy Data Book: 6.5 Public Benefit Funds/System Benefit Funds
6.5.2 Funding for States with Active Public Benefit Efficiency Programs as of 2003 (Nominal Dollars) Reporting Year 2002 2003 2002 2003 2002 2003 2002 2002 2002-2003 2002 2002 2003 2002 2002 2002 2002 2002 FY2003 Program Budget 2.0 240.0 87.1 2.0 138.0 2.9 7.8 14.3 5.2 99.6 129.0 11.2 14.3 19.1 16.4 69.0 16.8 49.7 924.4 Percent of Utility Revenues 0.1% 1.5% 3.1% 0.0% 3.0% 0.3% 0.1% 2.0% 0.5% 1.5% 1.3% 0.5% 0.1% 0.9% 2.7% 0.4% 3.3% 1.4%

March 2011

Arizona California Connecticut Illinois Massachusetts Maine Michigan Montana New Hampshire(1) New Jersey New York Nevada Ohio Oregon(2) Rhode Island Texas Vermont Wisconsin Total
Note(s):

1) Due to a start-up date of June 1, 2002 and counted til March 2003; remainder of year estimated 2) Partial year; program began March 1,

Source(s): American Council for an Energy Efficient Economy, Kushle, York, Wittie, Five Years In: An Examination of the First Half Decade of Public Benefit Energy Effciency Policies, April 2004, Table 3, p. 27

6.5.3

Demand-Side Management Funds Collected for Energy Effciency Programs in 2000 (1) Total Expenditures ($2009 million) 82.2 122.8 17.3 137.8 7.8 15.6 60.9 13.6 201.6 355.0 1,356 Per Capita Spendings ($2009/person) 24.12 19.32 16.51 16.34 12.76 12.23 11.34 11.23 10.62 10.44 4.81

Connecticut Massachusetts Rhode Island New Jersey Vermont Maine Wisconsin Hawaii New York California National (2)
Note(s):

1) This table shows demand side management funds(including Public Benefit Funds) collected in 2000 that were spent of energy efficiency programs. 2) The top ten states in spending per capita represent 74.8% of total U.S. funds collected for energy effciency programs.

Source(s): American Council for an Energy Efficient Economy, Kushle, York, Wittie, Five Years In: An Examination of the First Half Decade of Public Benefit Energy Effciency Policies, April 2004, Table 3, p. 27; and EIA, Annual Energy Review 2009, August 2010, Appendix D, p. 383 for price inflators.

6-16

Buildings Energy Data Book: 7.1 National Legislation
7.1.1 Buildings-Related Funding in the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009

March 2011

Department of Education -- $8.8 billion is provided to fund renovation, repair, and modernization of education facilites through the State Fiscal Stabilization Fund. These measures are to follow the guidelines of one of four recognized green building rating systems. Department of Housing and Urban Development --$3 billion to the Public Housing Capital Fund, awarded based on the existing formula to public housing agencies to improve or build new affordable housing. --$1 billion to the Public Housing Capital Fund "for priority investments, including investments that leverage private sector funding or financing for renovations and energy conservation retrofit investments." This funding is awarded competitively. --$2.25 billion for the HOME Investment Partnership Program to provide state grants to buy, renovate, and create affordable housing. --$250 million in grants and loans available to HUD-assisted housing owners for energy retrofits and "green" investments. General Services Administration (GSA) --$4.5 billion to convert GSA facilities to high performance green buildings as defined in the Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007. By 2015, existing buildings must use 30% less fossil energy compared to 2005 levels. New buildings and major renovations must use 55% less fossil energy than 2003 levels by 2010, and use no fossil energy by 2030. Department of Defense --$3.69 billion for "energy efficiency projects and to repair and modernize" facililites. Department of Interior --$884 million to be used for construction activities and energy retrofits at the U.S. National Park Service, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, and the Bureau of Land Management.
Source(s): American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009. February 17, 2009. Public Law 111-5; Congressional Research Service, American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009, Public Law 111-5, February 2009; ACEEE, Summary of Energy Efficiency Provisions in ARRA 2009, October 2009.

7.1.2

Buildings-Related DOE Funding in the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009

Innovative Technology Loan Guarantee Program --$6.0 billion to provide loans to the commercial sector for renewable energy and transmission projects. This program was originally created under the Energy Policy Act of 2005 Weatherization Assistance Program --$5.0 billion for grants that are distributed to states and territories. Funding is used to improve the energy efficiency of homes owned by households earning less than 200% of the federal poverty level. Fiscal year 2008 funding was $227.2 million. Electricity Delivery and Energy Reliability --$4.5 billion provided to the Office of Electricity Delivery and Energy Reliability to modernize the electric grid, including deployment of smart meters and electricity storage systems. Energy Efficiency and Conservation Block Grants --$3.2 billion to be distributed to local governments for energy efficiency programs. Program was established under the Energy Independence and Security Act (EISA) and $2.8 billion will be allocated based on the formula provided in EISA. $400 million is to be allocated on a competitive basis. State Energy Program --$3.1 billion is available to states that put in place utility rate decoupling and improved building codes. Appliance Rebate Program --$300 million for consumer rebates to replace of old appliances with ENERGY STAR-qualified appliances.
Source(s): American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009. February 17, 2009. Public Law 111-5; Congressional Research Service, American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009, Public Law 111-5, February 2009; ACEEE, Summary of Energy Efficiency Provisions in ARRA 2009, October 2009.

7-1

Buildings Energy Data Book: 7.1 National Legislation
7.1.3 State Energy Efficient Appliance Rebate Program Planned Program Total Number of Average Rebates 214,317 51 10,912 579,412 112 64,996 229,865 94 21,603 43,580 95 4,142 558,773 137 76,583 38,800 350 7,128 13,311 800 79,051 4,754 4,361 35,317 3,376 24,030 5,629 73,448 37,183 375 4,420 1,080 5,710 4,847 380 1,970,297 298 100 356 316 300 305 236 432 340 387 256 165 114 217 150 47 300 242 459 750 135 11,543 35 2,534 4,205 240 24,141 1,122 1,885 12,010 1,306 6,144 927 8,372 8,085 56 208 324 1,380 2,223 285 265,262

March 2011

Home Appliances Air Conditioners (Room) Clothes Washers Dishwashers Freezers Refrigerators HVAC Air Conditioners (Central) Boiler Reset Controls Boilers (Gas) Boilers (Oil) Boilers (Propane) Furnaces (Gas) Furnaces (Oil) Furnaces (Propane) Heat Pumps (Air Source) Heat Pumps (Ground Source) Water Heaters Electric Heat Pump Gas Condensing Gas Storage Gas Tankless Indirect Propane Storage Propane Tankless Solar, Electric Backup Solar, Gas Backup Solar, Indirect Backup All Products
Note(s):

Program to Date (Dec. 31, 2010) Number of Average Rebates 28,089 65 1,814 480,202 110 52,832 244,910 91 22,203 21,682 94 2,029 487,599 133 64,798 30,654 158 2,785 2,161 43 61,103 406 1,022 33,199 1,675 3,099 0 14,974 9,029 262 126 119 293 94 28 1,423,712 403 100 632 425 214 396 379 314 487 912 278 0 123 263 150 151 192 735 1,267 1,107 145 12,365 16 1,759 919 9 24,212 154 321 16,160 1,528 861 0 1,842 2,375 39 19 23 215 119 31 206,641

Source(s):

Planned program totals based on state plans submitted to the U.S. Department of Energy. Actual results based on state reporting to the U.S. Department of Energy through 12/31/2010. This program was created under the Energy Policy Act of 2005 and received $300 million in funding through the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009. Under this program, eligible consumers may obtain rebates on the purchase of new energy-efficient appliances when they replace used appliances. Additional information at http://www.energysavers.gov/financial/70020.html. U.S. Department of Energy

7-2

Buildings Energy Data Book: 7.1 National Legislation
7.1.4 Energy Independence and Security Act 2007, High Performance Commercial Buildings

March 2011

Create the Office of Commercial High Performance Green Buildings The Office of Commercial High Performance Green Buildings with The Office of Federal High Performance Green Buildings will establish a High Performance Green Buildings Clearinghouse to disseminate research through outreach, education, and technical assistance Zero Net Energy Initiative for Commercial Buildings was also included establishing specific goals: -- Net zero energy use in all new commercial buildings constructed by 2030 -- Net zero energy use in 50% of the United State commercial building stock by 2040 -- Net zero energy use in the entire United States commercial building stock by 2050
Source(s): The 110th Congress of the United States, The Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007, January 2007, Section 422.

7.1.5

Daylight Savings Time from the Energy Policy Act of 2005 (1)

-- Daylight saving time starts second Sunday of March and now begins 3 weeks earlier in the spring. -- Daylight saving time ends the first Sunday of November, one week later in the fall. -- New schedule starts in 2007. The last time daylight saving time schedule was last adjusted in 1986. -- Congress retains the right to revert the daylight saving time back to the 2005 time schedule. -- Secretary of Energy to report to Congress the impact of extending daylight saving time.
Source(s): U.S. Government, Energy Policy Act of 2005, August 2005, Section 110.

7.1.6

Phase Out Schedule of Halocarbons in the U.S. (1) Montreal Protocol Reduction % By 75% 1994 100% 1996 (4) 100% 1994 (4) U.S. Clean Air Act Reduction % By 75% 1994 100% 1996 100% 1994

Gas Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) Bromofluorocarbons (Halons) Hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs)

Manufacturing Base Level (2) 1986

Manufacturing Freeze (3) 1989

1986

1992

1989 HCFC consumption + 2.8 % of 1989 CFC consumption N.A.

1996

35.0% 75.0% 90.0% 99.5% 100% N.A.

2004 2010 2015 2020 2030 (4) N.A.

35% 75% 90% 99.5% 100% N.A.

2003 2010 2015 2020 2030 N.A.

Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs)
Note(s):

N.A.

1) The phase out of halocarbons is consistent with Title VI of the Clean Air Act and is in accordance with the Montreal Protocol and Amendments. 2) The amount of gas produced and consumed in this year is established and defined as the base level. To meet basic domestic needs, levels of production are allowed to exceed the base level by up to 10%. 3) After this year, levels of production are no longer permitted to exceed the base year level. 4) With possible essential use exemptions.

Source(s): Federal Register, Vol. 72, No. 123, June 2007, p. 35230, http://www.epa.gov/ozone/title6/phaseout; United Nations Ozone Environmental Programme, Ozone Secretariat, 2005, http://www.unep.ch/ozone/index.shtml; and Title VI, The Clean Air Act of 1990, S.1630, 101st Congress., 2nd Session.

7-3

Buildings Energy Data Book: 7.1 National Legislation
7.1.7 Energy Policy Act of 1992, Building Energy Codes

March 2011

--Each State must certify to the Secretary of Energy whether its energy efficiency standards with respect to residential and commercial building codes meet or exceed those of the Council of American Building Officials (CABO) Model Energy Code, 1992, and of the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers, respectively. --Requires DOE to provide technical assistance and incentive funding to the States to promote increased use of energy efficiency codes for buildings. --Directs the Secretary to: (1) establish standards that require energy efficiency measures that are technologically feasible and economically justified in new Federal buildings; and (2) review them every five years. Mandates Federal agency compliance with such standards. --Prescribes guidelines under which DOE shall support the upgrading of voluntary building energy codes for new residential and commercial buildings. --The Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) and Agriculture are to jointly establish energy efficiency standards for residential housing. Amends Federal law regarding veterans' readjustment benefits to condition a loan for new residential housing upon compliance with such standards. --DOE is to: (1) issue voluntary building energy code guidelines for use by the private and public sectors to encourage the assignment of energy efficiency ratings for new residential buildings; (2) establish a technical assistance program for State and local organizations to encourage the use of residential energy efficiency rating systems consistent with such guidelines; (3) provide matching grants for the establishment of regional building energy efficiency centers in each of the regions served by a DOE regional support office; and (4) establish an advisory task force to evaluate grant activities. --HUD is to: (1) assess the energy performance of manufactured housing and make recommendations to the National Commission on Manufactured Housing regarding thermal insulation and energy efficiency improvements; and (2) test the performance and determine the cost effectiveness of manufactured housing constructed in compliance with certain statutory standards. Authorizes the States to establish thermal insulation and energy efficiency standards for manufactured housing if the Secretary of HUD has not issued final regulations by October 1993. --HUD is to promulgate a uniform affordable housing plan using energy efficient mortgages (mortgages that provide financing incentives either for the purchase of energy efficient homes, or for incorporating the cost of such improvements into the mortgage). --DOE is to provide financial assistance to support a voluntary national window rating program that will develop energy ratings and labels for windows and window systems. Requires the National Fenestration Rating Council to develop such rating program according to specified procedures. Requires the Secretary to develop specified alternative rating systems if a national voluntary window rating program consistent with this Act has not been developed.
Source(s): U.S. Government, Energy Policy Act of 1992 Conference Report, Oct. 1992.

7.1.8

Energy Policy Act of 1992, Appliance and Equipment Efficiency Standards

--DOE is to: (1) detail energy conservation and labeling requirements for specified commercial and industrial equipment (including lamps and plumbing products); and (2) delineate standards for heating and air-conditioning equipment, electric motors, high intensity discharge lamps, and distribution transformers. --DOE is to provide financial and technical assistance to support a voluntary national testing and information program for widely used commercial office equipment and luminaries with potential for significant energy savings. --Requires DOE to report to the Congress on: (1) the potential for the development and commercialization of appliances which are substantially more efficient than required by Federal or State law; and (2) the energy savings and environmental benefits of early appliance replacement programs.
Source(s): U.S. Government, Energy Policy Act of 1992 Conference Report, Oct. 1992.

7-4

Buildings Energy Data Book: 7.1 National Legislation
7.1.9 The Clean Air Act

March 2011

1970 Amendments - Established the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) for stationary sources and placed limits on mobile sources. - Established the New Source Performance Standards (NSPS) which mandated a strict limit on emissions from new pollution sources. - Expanded on the State Implemenation Plans (SIPs) to carry out mandates. 1977 Amendments - Categorized regions into attinment and non-attainment regions. - Non-attainment designation occurred if region emitted in excess of any federal standard. - If a region complied with federal standards, it was designated as a PSD, which stands for "prevention of significant deterioration." - Lengthened federal deadlines for meeting pollution reduction, particularly with regards to mobile emissions sources. 1990 Amendments - Established a sulfur dioxide (Sox) and a nitrous oxide (Nox) cap and trade program. Under this program, an emissions cap is set and permits are issued. An emitter of Sox or Nox must have a permit for each unit of pollutant they release These emissions permits may be trade (bought and sold) amongst polluting parties to minimize cost. - Mandated the control of 189 hazardous pollutants. - Updated and expanded provisions of the NAAQS.
Source(s): The United States Congress, Public Law 108-201, The Clean Air Act as amended through February 24, 2004; EPA, The History of the Clean Air Act, accessed February 2011 at <http://www.epa.gov/air/caa/caa_history.html>

7-5

Buildings Energy Data Book: 7.2 Federal Tax Incentives
7.2.1

March 2011

Tax Incentives of the Tax Relief, Unemployment Insurance Reauthorization, and Job Creation Act of 2010

Energy Efficient Appliance Credit (modified and extended through 2011) --$25-75 for efficient dishwashers. --$175-225 for efficient clothes washers --$150-200 for efficient refrigerators. Credit for Efficiency Improvements to Existing Homes (modified and extended through 2011) --Tax credit equal to 10% of the amount paid or incurred by the taxpayer for a qualifying energy efficiency improvement, up to a maximum of $500. --This includes up to $50 for any advanced main air circulating fan, $150 for qualifying natural gas, propane, or oil furnaces or hot water boilers, and $300 for "any item of energy-efficient building property." Efficient New Homes --Extends the tax credit for new energy efficient homes through 2011.
Source(s): Tax Relief, Unemployment Insurance Reauthorization, and Job Creation Act of 2010. December 17, 2010. Public Law 111-312; and The United States Senate Committee on Finance, Summary of the Reid-McConnell Tax Relief, Unemployment Insurance Reauthorization and Job Creation Act of 2010. December 10, 2010.

7.2.2

Tax Incentive of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009

Envelope Improvements to Existing Homes (1) --Increases existing tax credit to 30% of costs up to $1,500 to upgrade building envelope to be compliant with codes for new construction. Upgrades to building shell, HVAC system, and windows and doors may qualify. Improvements must be installed between January 1, 2008 and December 31, 2010. Renewable Energy Production Tax Credits --Tax credit to 30% of costs for installation of on-site renewable energy equipment, with no caps on total investment. Tax credits for wind energy are available through 2012, while other renewables can receive a tax credit if placed into service through 2013. Renewable Energy Investment Tax Credits --Provides the option to take an investment tax credit in lieu of the production tax credit. This allows the full credit to be provided once a system is placed into service, rather than over the production period of the system. The goal of this option is to make financing a project less difficult. Clean Renewable Energy Bonds --$1.6 billion to finance renewable energy generation. Funds are to be available in equal proportion to state/local/tribal governments, municipal utilities, and electric cooperatives. Energy Conservation Bonds --$2.4 billion issued to states based on population. Bonds can be used to finance a variety of projects that reduce energy use.
Note(s):
Source(s):

1) Based on tax credit from Energy Policy Act of 2005. See the table "Tax Incentive of the Energy Policy Act of 2005."
American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009. February 17, 2009. Public Law 111-5; Sissine, et al. "American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009. February 17, 2009. Public Law 111-5." Congressional Research Service. 2009; McDermott Will & Emory. "Energy Tax Provisions Included in American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009." 2009.

7-6

Buildings Energy Data Book: 7.2 Federal Tax Incentives
7.2.3 Tax Incentives of the Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008 (1)

March 2011

New Homes --Extends tax credits for efficient new homes to December 31, 2009. Envelope Improvements to Existing Homes --Reinstates 10% tax credit for building shell, HVAC and windows to include installations during 2009. Commercial Buildings --Extends tax deductions for efficiency upgrades in commercial buildings to December 31, 2013.
Note(s): 1) Tax incentives detailed are extensions to incentives found in the Energy Policy Act of 2005. See the table "Tax Incentive of the Energy Policy Act of 2005" for details.

Source(s): Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008, Public Law 110-343, October 2008.

7.2.4

Tax Incentives of the Energy Policy Act of 2005

Appliance Manufacturers --Refrigerator manufactures receive a $75 credit for each unit sold that uses 15-19.9% less energy than required by the 2001 Federal minimum efficiency; $125 for 20-24.9% less; and $175 for at least 25% less. --Clothes washer manufacturers receive a $100 credit for each unit sold that meeting the 2007 ENERGY STAR criteria. --Dishwasher manufacturers receive a $3 credit per percentage of energy savings greater than the current ENERGY STAR criteria for each unit sold. For example, a dishwasher is 15% more efficient than the current ENERGY STAR criteria, the credit is $3 X 15 = $45. --Credits are only available for products manufactured in the U.S. --Each manufacturer is capped at $75 million for available credits. Stationary Fuel Cells and Microturbines --Tax credit of 30%, up to $1000 per kW for fuel cells that at 500 kW or greater and have an efficiency of at least 30%. Residential applications do not have a capacity or efficiency requirement. Units must be put in place between January 1, 2006 and December 31, 2007. --Tax credit of 10%, up to $200 per kW for microturbines that are less than 2,000 kW and have an efficiency of at least 26%. Units must be put in place between January 1, 2006 and December 31, 2007.
Source(s): ACEEE, The Federal Energy Policy Act of 2005 and its Implications for Energy Efficiency Program Efforts, Sept. 2005, p. 1-7.

7.2.5

Tax Incentives of the Energy Policy Act of 2005

New Homes --Builders who build homes that use 50% less energy for space heating and cooling than the IECC 2003 are eligible for a $2,000 tax credit per home. --Manufactured housing builder that either uses 30% less energy than this reference code or that meet the then-current ENERGY STAR criteria are eligible for $1,000 tax credit per home. At least 10% of energy savings must be obtained through building envelope improvements. Envelope Improvements to Existing Homes --10% tax credit up to $500 for upgrading building envelope to be compliant with codes for new construction. Window replacement is capped at $200. $500 is the cap for all for envelope and HVAC improvements. Improvements must be installed between January 1, 2006 and December 31, 2007. Commercial Buildings --Tax deduction up to $1.80/SF for new commercial buildings which are 50% more efficient than the requirements of ASHRAE 90.1-19XX. --Tax deduction up to $0.60/SF for existing commercial buildings which upgrade the envelope, lighting, or HVAC building systems to 50% more efficient than ASHRAE 90.1-19XX. The deduction can be combined when improvements are made to two building components. --Deductions apply to new buildings placed in service and improvements to existing buildings completed between August X, 2005 and December 31, 2007.
Source(s): ACEEE, The Federal Energy Policy Act of 2005 and its Implications for Energy Efficiency Program Efforts, Sept. 2005, p. 1-7.

7-7

Buildings Energy Data Book: 7.2 Federal Tax Incentives
7.2.6 HVAC Tax Incentives of the Energy Policy Act of 2005 Qualifying Efficiency 15 SEER and 12.5 EER 15 SEER, 9 HSPF, and 13 EER 14.1 EER and 3.3 COP 16.2 EER and 3.6 COP 15.0 EER and 3.5 COP 95% AFUE Electricity use <2% of total furnace site energy consumption 2.0 EF 0.80 EF Credit 300 300 300 300 300 150 50 300 300

March 2011

Equipment Type Central air conditioner Central air-source heat pump Ground-source heat pump Closed loop Open loop Direct expansion (DX) Gas, oil, or propane furnace or boiler Furnace Blower Electric heat pump water heater Gas, oil, or propane water heater

Source(s): ACEEE, The Federal Energy Policy Act of 2005 and its Implications for Energy Efficiency Program Efforts, Sept. 2005, Table 1, p. 6.

7.2.7

Federal Energy Efficiency Tax Credits for Individuals, Number and Average Value of Credits Claimed 2006 Number of Average Tax Returns Value ($) 1,460,348 1,706 1,871,128 1,557 1,418,741 1,303 69,920 4,634 3,353,701 2,260 3,352,062 226 676,289 291 1,080,293 149 234,435 50 1,674,696 220 4,314,054 222 25,854 25,551 24,357 24,357 1,519 1,006 N/A N/A N/A N/A 49,460 44,616 4,344,189 11,026 1,239 4,399 859 2,048 729 N/A N/A N/A N/A 1,078 963 230 2007 Number of Average Tax Returns Value ($) 1,353,994 1,681 1,690,107 2,426 1,404,330 1,293 98,777 5,157 3,273,733 2,154 3,273,732 215 989,831 291 874,188 149 216,929 49 1,722,322 249 4,292,496 219 33,822 33,822 26,211 26,211 1,344 1,344 N/A N/A N/A N/A 67,281 61,302 4,325,767 11,207 1,134 4,108 1,055 2,166 650 N/A N/A N/A N/A 1,183 1,132 233 2008 Number of Average Tax Returns Value ($) N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 92,052 92,052 61,339 61,339 8,845 8,841 5,104 5,101 58,502 58,502 220,211 201,389 201,389 5,206 841 3,607 911 1,961 584 42,179 1,526 8,276 1,330 1,118 1,048 1,048

Insulation material (QE) Exterior windows including skylights (QE) Exterior doors (QE) Metal roof with coatings (QE) Subtot. energy efficiency improvements (QE) Subtot. energy efficiency improvements (C) Energy-efficient building property (C) (1) Furnace or hot water boiler (C) Advanced main air circulating fan (C) Subtotal residential energy property (C) Total nonbusiness energy property (2) Solar electric property (QE) Solar electric property (C) Solar water heating property (QE) Solar water heating property (C) Fuel cell property (QE) Fuel cell property (C) Small wind energy property (QE) Small wind energy property (C) Geothermal heat pump property (QE) Geothermal heat pump property (C) Total residential energy-efficient property (QE) Total residential energy-efficient property (2) Grand total residential energy credits (2)
Note(s):

N/A = Credit not available. (QE) Qualifying expense. (C) Credit. (1) Includes certain high-efficiency heat pumps; central air conditioners; heat pump, natural gas, propane, and oil water heaters; and biomass stoves. (2) After adjustments for other credits, etc. Estimated Data Line Counts Individual Income Tax Returns" (August 2009), and "2008 Estimated Data Line Counts Individual Income Tax Returns" (August 2010).

Source(s): Dept. of the Treasury, Internal Revenue Service, "2006 Estimated Data Line Counts Individual Income Tax Returns" (August 2008), "2007

7-8

Buildings Energy Data Book: 7.3 Efficiency Standards for Residential HVAC
7.3.1 Efficiency Standards for Residential Central Air Conditioners and Heat Pumps (1) SEER (3) 13.0 13.0 13.0 13.0 10.9 10.6 13.0 12.0 12.0 HSPF (4) -7.7 -7.7 7.1 7.0 7.7 -7.4

March 2011

Type Split System Air Conditioners Split System Heat Pumps Single Package Air Conditioners Single Package Heat Pumps Through-the-Wall Air Conditioners and Heat Pumps: -Split System (2) -Single Package (2) Small Duct, High Velocity Systems Space Constrained Products -Air Conditioners -Heat Pumps

Note(s):

1) Effective for products manufactured on or after January 23, 2006. 2) Applies to products manufactured prior to January 23, 2010. 3) Seasonal Energy Efficiency Ratio. 4) Heating Seasonal Performance Factor.

Source(s): Title 10, Code of Federal Regulations, Part 430 - Energy Conservation Program for Consumer Products, Subpart C - Energy and Water Conservation Standards and Their Effective Dates. January 1, 2010.

7.3.2

Efficiency Standards for Residential Furnaces

Effective for products manufactured before November 19, 2015 AFUE (%) (2) Furnaces (excluding classes noted below) 78 Mobile Home Furnaces 75 Small Furnaces with input rate < 45,000 Btu/hr (1) - Weatherized (outdoor) 78 - Non-Weatherized (indoor) 78

Effective for products manufactured on or after November 19, 2015 AFUE (%) (2) Non-Weatherized Gas Furnaces 80 Weatherized Gas Furnaces 81 Mobile Home Oil-Fired Furnaces 75 Mobile home Gas Furnaces 80 Non-Weatherized Oil-Fired Furnaces 82 Weatherized Oil-Fired Furnaces 78

Note(s): 1) Excludes those intended solely for installation in mobile homes. 2) Annual Fuel Utilization Efficiency. Source(s): Title 10, Code of Federal Regulations, Part 430 - Energy Conservation Program for Consumer Products, Subpart C - Energy and Water Conservation
Standards and Their Effective Dates. January 1, 2010.

7-9

Buildings Energy Data Book: 7.3 Efficiency Standards for Residential HVAC
7.3.3 Efficiency Standards for Residential Boilers

March 2011

Effective for products manufactured before September 1, 2012 AFUE(%) (1) 80 75

Boilers (excluding gas steam) Gas Steam Boilers

Effective for products manufactured on or after September 1, 2012 (2) AFUE (%) (1) Design Requirements No Constant Burning Pilot Gas Hot Water 82 Automatic Means for Adjusting Water Temperature Gas Steam Oil Hot Water Oil Steam Electric Hot water Electric Steam
Note(s):

80 84 82 None None

No Constant Burning Pilot Automatic Means for Adjusting Water Temperature None Automatic Means for Adjusting Water Temperature None

1) Annual Fuel Utilization Efficiency. 2) Boilers manufactured to operate without any need for electricity, an electric connection, electric gauges, electric pumps, electric wires, or electric devices are not required to comply with the revised standards that take effect September 1, 2012. These must, however, meet the standards that were effective prior to September 1, 2012.
Standards and Their Effective Dates. January 1, 2010.

Source(s): Title 10, Code of Federal Regulations, Part 430 - Energy Conservation Program for Consumer Products, Subpart C - Energy and Water Conservation

7-10

Buildings Energy Data Book: 7.3 Efficiency Standards for Residential HVAC
7.3.4 Efficiency Standards for Residential Direct Heating Equipment, Including Pool Heaters

March 2011

Effective for products manufactured January 1, 1990 through April 15, 2013 Standard Level (1) Direct Heating Equipment Type (AFUE %) Gas wall fan type up to 42,000 Btu/hr 73 Gas wall fan type over 42,000 Btu/hr 74 Gas wall gravity type up to 10,000 Btu/hr 59 Gas wall gravity type over 10,000 Btu/hr up to 12,000 Btu/hr 60 Gas wall gravity type over 12,000 Btu/hr up to 15,000 Btu/hr 61 Gas wall gravity type over 15,000 Btu/hr up to 19,000 Btu/hr 62 Gas wall gravity type over 19,000 Btu/hr up to 27,000 Btu/hr 63 Gas wall gravity type over 27,000 Btu/hr up to 46,000 Btu/hr 64 Gas wall gravity type over 46,000 Btu/hr 65 Gas floor up to 37,000 Btu/hr 56 Gas floor over 37,000 Btu/hr 57 Gas room up to 18,000 Btu/hr 57 Gas room over 18,000 Btu/hr up to 20,000 Btu/hr 58 Gas room over 20,000 Btu/hr up to 27,000 Btu/hr 63 Gas room over 27,000 Btu/hr up to 46,000 Btu/hr 64 Gas room over 46,000 Btu/hr 65 Gas-fired pool heater Thermal Efficiency = 78%

Effective for products manufactured on or after April 16, 2013 Standard Level (1) Direct Heating Equipment Type (AFUE %) Gas wall fan type up to 42,000 Btu/hr 75 Gas wall fan type over 42,000 Btu/hr 76 Gas wall gravity type up to 27,000 Btu/hr 65 Gas wall gravity type over 27,000 Btu/hr up to 46,000 Btu/hr 66 Gas wall gravity type over 46,000 Btu/hr 67 Gas floor up to 37,000 Btu/hr 57 Gas floor over 37,000 Btu/hr 58 Gas room up to 20,000 Btu/hr 61 Gas room over 20,000 Btu/hr up to 27,000 Btu/hr 66 Gas room over 27,000 Btu/hr up to 46,000 Btu/hr 67 Gas room over 46,000 Btu/hr 68 Gas hearth up to 20,000 Btu/hr 61 Gas hearth over 20,000 Btu/hr up to 27,000 Btu/hr 66 Gas hearth over 27,000 Btu/hr up to 46,000 Btu/hr 67 Gas hearth over 46,000 Btu/hr 68 Gas-fired pool heater Thermal Efficiency = 82%
Note(s): 1) Annual Fuel Utilitization Efficiency. Source(s): Title 10, Code of Federal Regulations, Part 430 - Energy Conservation Program for Consumer Products, Subpart C - Energy and Water Conservation
Standards and Their Effective Dates. January 1, 2010; Energy Conservation Standards for Residential Water Heaters, Direct Heating Equipment, and Pool Heaters: Final Rule, Federal Register, 75 FR 20112, April 16, 2010.

7-11

Buildings Energy Data Book: 7.3 Efficiency Standards for Residential HVAC
7.3.5 Efficiency Standards for Residential Dehumidifiers

March 2011

Effective for products manufactured between October 1, 2007 and November 30, 2012 Product Capacity (pints/day) 25.00 or less 25.01-35.00 35.01-54.00 54.01-74.99 75.00 or more Minimum Energy Factor (liters/kWh) 1.00 1.20 1.30 1.50 2.25

Effective for products manufactured on or after October 1, 2012 Product Capacity (pints/day) 35.00 or less 35.01-45.00 45.01-54.00 54.01-75.00 75.00 or more Minimum Energy Factor (liters/kWh) 1.35 1.50 1.60 1.70 2.50

Source(s): Title 10, Code of Federal Regulations, Part 430 - Energy Conservation Program for Consumer Products, Subpart C - Energy and Water Conservation Standards and Their Effective Dates. January 1, 2010.

7-12

Buildings Energy Data Book: 7.4 Efficiency Standards for Commercial HVAC
7.4.1 Efficiency Standards for Commercial Warm Air Furnaces

March 2011

Effective for products manufactured on or after January 1, 1994 Thermal Efficiency (1) Not less than 80% Not less than 81%

Note(s):

1) Measured at the maximum rated capacity.

Source(s): Title 10, Code of Federal Regulations, Part 431 - Energy Efficiency Program for Certain Commercial and Industrial Equipment, Subpart D - Commercial Warm Air Furnaces. January 1, 2010.

7.4.2

Efficiency Standards for Commercial Packaged Boilers

Effective for products manufactured between January 1, 1994 and March 1, 2012 Combustion Efficiency (1) Not less than 80% Not less than 83%

Effective for products manufactured on or after March 2, 2012 Size (Btu/hr) Gas-fired, hot water Gas-fired, hot water Oil-fired, hot water Oil-fired, hot water Gas-fired except natural draft, steam Gas-fired except natural draft, steam Gas-fired-natural draft, steam Gas-fired-natural draft, steam Oil-fired, steam Oil-fired, steam Effective March 2, 2022 Gas-fired natural draft, steam Gas-fired natural draft, steam >2,500,000 >2,500,000 >2,500,000 >2,500,000 >2,500,000 Size (Btu/hr) >2,500,000 Efficiency Level (1) 80% thermal efficiency 82% combustion efficiency 82% thermal efficiency 84% combustion efficiency 79% thermal efficiency 79% thermal efficiency 77% thermal efficiency 77% thermal efficiency 81% thermal efficiency 81% thermal efficiency Thermal Efficiency (1) 79% 79%

Note(s):

1) Measured at the maximum rated capacity.

Source(s): Title 10, Code of Federal Regulations, Part 431 - Energy Efficiency Program for Certain Commercial and Industrial Equipment, Subpart E - Commercial Packaged Boilers. January 1, 2010.

7-13

Buildings Energy Data Book: 7.4 Efficiency Standards for Commercial HVAC
7.4.3 Efficiency Standards for Commercial Air Conditioners and Heat Pumps (1) Cooling Capacity (Btu/hr) <65,000 Category (2) AC HP AC HP AC HP AC HP AC HP Large commercial package air-conditioning and heating equipment (air-cooled) AC HP Very large commercial package airconditioning and heating equipment (air-cooled) Small commercial package air-conditioning heat pump Large commercial package air-conditioning heat pump Very large commercial package airconditioning heat pump
Note(s):

March 2011

Type Small commercial package air conditioning and heating equipment (air-cooled, three-phase) Single package vertical air conditioners and single package vertical heat pumps, single-phase and three phase Single package vertical air conditioners and single package vertical heat pumps Single package vertical air conditioners and single package vertical heat pumps Small commercial package air-conditioning and heating equipment (air-cooled)

Efficiency Level SEER = 13.0 SEER = 13.0 EER = 9.0 EER = 9.0, COP = 3.0 EER = 8.9 EER = 8.9, COP = 3.0 EER = 8.6 EER = 8.6, COP = 2.9 EER = 11.2 (3) EER = 11.0 (4) EER = 11.0 (3) EER = 10.8 (4) EER = 11.0 (3) EER = 10.8 (4) EER = 10.6 (3) EER = 10.4 (4) EER = 10.0 (3) EER = 9.8 (4) EER = 9.5 (3) EER = 9.3 (4) COP = 3.3 COP = 3.2 COP = 3.2

<65,000

AC HP HP HP HP

EER = Energy Efficiency Ratio, COP = Coefficient of Performance. 1) Effective for products manufactured on or after January 1, 2010, excpet for air-cooled, three-phase small commercial package air-conditioning and heating equipment <65,000 Btu/hr for which standards are effective for products manufactured on or after June 16, 2008. 2) AC = Air Conditioner, HP = Heat Pump. 3) Applies to equipment with electric resistance heating or no heating. 4) Applies to equipment with all other integrated heating-system types.

Source(s): Title 10, Code of Federal Regulations, Part 431 - Energy Efficiency Program for Certain Commercial and Industrial Equipment, Subpart F - Commercial Air Conditioners and Heat Pumps. January 1, 2010.

7-14

Buildings Energy Data Book: 7.4 Efficiency Standards for Commercial HVAC
7.4.4 Type PTAC Efficiency Standards for Commercial PTACs and PTHPs (1) Size Standard Cooling Capacity (Btu/hr) <7,000 7,000-15,000 >15,000 <7,000 7,000-15,000 >15,000 <7,000 7,000-15,000 >15,000 Non-Standard <7,000 7,000-15,000 >15,000 Efficiency Level (2) EER = 11.7 EER = 13.8 - (0.300 x Cap) EER = 9.3 EER = 9.4 EER = 10.9 - (0.213 x Cap) EER = 7.7 EER = 11.9 COP = 3.3 EER = 14.0 - (0.300 x Cap) COP = 3.7 - (0.052 x Cap) EER = 9.5 COP = 2.9 EER = 9.3 COP = 2.7 EER = 10.8 - (0.213 x Cap) COP = 2.9 - (0.026 x Cap) EER = 7.6 COP = 2.5

March 2011

Non-Standard

PTHP

Standard

Effeciency standards for water-cooled and evaporatively-cooled commercial package air conditioning and heating equipment

Note(s):

1) PTAC = Packaged Terminal Air Conditioner. PTHP = Packaged Terminal Heat Pump. Effective for non-standard sized units manufactured on or after September 30, 2010 and for standard sized units manufactured on or after September 30, 2012. 2) EER = Energy Efficiency Ratio, COP = Coefficient of Performance. "Cap" means cooling capacity in thousand Btu/hr at 95 degree F outdoor dry-bulb temperature.

Source(s): Title 10, Code of Federal Regulations, Part 431 - Energy Efficiency Program for Certain Commercial and Industrial Equipment, Subpart F - Commercial Air Conditioners and Heat Pumps. January 1, 2010.

7.4.5

Efficiency Standards for Commercial Unit Heaters

Unit heaters manufactured on or after August 8, 2008 must: -Be equipped with an intermittent ignition device and -Have power venting or an automatic flue damper. -For unit heaters where combustion air is drawn from conditioned space, an automatic vent damper may be used as an alternative to an automatic flue damper.
Source(s): Title 10, Code of Federal Regulations, Part 431 - Energy Efficiency Program for Certain Commercial and Industrial Equipment, Subpart N - Unit Heaters. January 1, 2010.

7-15

Buildings Energy Data Book: 7.5 Efficiency Standards for Residential Appliances
7.5.1 Efficiency Standards for Residential Room Air Conditioners (1)

March 2011

Without Reverse Cycle, With Louvered Sides Capacity (Btu/hr): <6,000 6,000-7,999 8,000-13,999 14,000-19,999 20,000+ EER (2) 9.7 9.7 9.8 9.7 8.5

Without Reverse Cycle, Without Louvered Sides Capacity (Btu/hr): <6,000 6,000-7,999 8,000-13,999 14,000-19,999 20,000+ EER (2) 9.0 9.0 8.5 8.5 8.5

With Reverse Cycle, With Louvered Sides Capacity (Btu/hr): <20,000 20,000+ EER (2) 9.0 8.5

With Reverse Cycle, Without Louvered Sides Capacity (Btu/hr): <14,000 14,000+ EER (2) 8.5 8.0

Casement Models Type: Casement-Only Casement-Slider EER (2) 8.7 9.5

Note(s):

1) Effective for products manufactured on or after October 1, 2000. 2) EER = Energy Efficiency Ratio.

Source(s): Title 10, Code of Federal Regulations, Part 430 - Energy Conservation Program for Consumer Products, Subpart C - Energy and Water Conservation Standards and Their Effective Dates. January 1, 2010.

7-16

Buildings Energy Data Book: 7.5 Efficiency Standards for Residential Appliances
7.5.2 Efficiency Standards for Residential Refrigerators and Freezers (1) Product Class 1) Refrigerators and refrigerator-freezers with manual defrost 2) Refrigerator-freezers, partial automatic defrost 3) Refrigerator-freezers, automatic defrost with top-mounted freezer without throughthe-door ice service and all refrigerators, automatic defrost 4) Refrigerator-freezers, automatic defrost with side-mounted freezer without throughthe-door ice service 5) Refrigerator-freezers, automatic defrost with bottom-mounted freezer without through-the-door ice service 6) Refrigerator freezers, automatic defrost with top-mounted freezer with through-the-door ice service 7) Refrigerator-freezers, automatic defrost with side-mounted freezer with through-thedoor ice service 8) Upright freezers with manual defrost 9) Upright freezers with automatic defrost 10) Chest freezers and all other freezers except compact freezers 11) Compact refrigerators and refrigeratorFreezers with manual defrost 12) Compact refrigerator-freezers, partial automatic defrost 13) Compact refrigerator-freezers, automatic defrost with top-mounted freezer and all 14) Compact refrigerator-freezers, automatic defrost with side-mounted freezer 15) Compact refrigerator-freezers, automatic defrost with bottom-mounted freezer 16) Compact upright freezers with manual defrost 17) Compact upright freezers wth automatic defrost 18) Compact chest freezers Maximum Energy Use (kWh) (2) 8.82AV + 248.4 8.82AV + 248.4 9.80AV + 276.0

March 2011

4.91AV + 507.5

4.60AV + 459.0

10.20AV + 356.0

10.10AV + 406.0

7.55AV + 258.3 12.43AV + 326.1 9.88AV + 143.7 10.70AV + 299.0 7.00AV + 398.0 12.70AV + 355.0 7.60AV + 501.0 13.10AV + 367.0 9.78AV + 250.8 11.40AV + 391.0 10.45AV + 152.0

Note(s):

1) Effective for products manufactured on or after July 1, 2001. Standards do not apply to refrigerators and refrigerator-freezers with total refrigerated volume exceeding 39 cubic feet or freezers with total refrigerated volume exceeding 30 cubic feet. AV = total adjusted volume (ft^3).

Source(s): Title 10, Code of Federal Regulations, Part 430 - Energy Conservation Program for Consumer Products, Subpart C - Energy and Water Conservation Standards and Their Effective Dates. January 1, 2010.

7-17

Buildings Energy Data Book: 7.5 Efficiency Standards for Residential Appliances
7.5.3 Efficiency Standards for Residential Water Heaters (1)

March 2011

Effective for products manufactured from January 20, 2004 through April 15, 2015 Gas-Fired Storage Water Heaters EF = 0.67 - (0.0019 x Rated Storage Volume in gallons) Instantaneous Gas-Fired Water Heaters EF = 0.62 - (0.0019 x Rated Storage Volume in gallons) Electric Storage Water Heaters EF = 0.97 - (0.00132 x Rated Storage Volume in gallons) Oil-Fired Water Heaters EF = 0.59 - (0.0019 x Rated Storage Volume in gallons) Instantaneous Electric and Table Top Water Heaters EF = 0.93 - (0.00132 x Rated Storage Volume in gallons)

Effective for products manufactured on or after April 16, 2015 Gas-Fired Storage Water Heaters Rated Storage Volume > 55 gallons Electric Storage Water Heaters Rated Storage Volume > 55 gallons Instantaneous Water Heaters Gas-Fired Electric EF = 0.960 - (0.0003 x Rated Storage Volume in gallons) EF = 2.057 - (0.00113 x Rated Storage Volume in gallons) EF = 0.675 - (0.0015 x Rated Storage Volume in gallons) EF = 0.8012 - (0.00078 x Rated Storage Volume in gallons)

EF = 0.82 - (0.0019 x Rated Storage Volume in gallons) EF = 0.93 - (0.00132 x Rated Storage Volume in gallons) Table Top Water Heaters EF = 0.93 - (0.00132 x Rated Storage Volume in gallons)

Oil-Fired Storage Water Heaters EF = 0.68 - (0.0019 x Rated Storage Volume in gallons)

Note(s): 1) EF stands for "Energy Factor," while the Rated Storage Volume is a measure of capacity specified by the manufacturer. Source(s): Title 10, Code of Federal Regulations, Part 430 - Energy Conservation Program for Consumer Products, Subpart C - Energy and Water Conservation
Standards and Their Effective Dates. January 1, 2010; Energy Conservation standards for Residential Water Heaters, Direct Heating Equipment, and Pool Heaters: Final Rule, Federal Register, 75 FR 20112, April 16, 2010.

7-18

Buildings Energy Data Book: 7.5 Efficiency Standards for Residential Appliances
7.5.4 Efficiency Standards for Wet Cleaning Equipment

March 2011

Clothes Washers: Effective from products manufactured from January 1, 2007 through December 31, 2011 Modified Energy Factor (ft^3/kWh/cycle) 0.65 1.26 (ft^3/kWh/cycle) --Water Factor (gallons/ft^3) -----

Top-Loading, Compact (Capacity < 1.6 ft^3) Front-Loading, Compact (Capacity < 1.6 ft^3) Top-Loading, Semi-Automatic (1) Suds-Saving (1)

Effective for products manufactured on or after January 1, 2011 Modified Energy Factor (ft^3/kWh/cycle) 1.26 (ft^3/kWh/cycle) 1.26 (ft^3/kWh/cycle) Water Factor (gallons/ft^3) 9.50 9.50

Clothes Dryers: Effective for products manufactured on or after May 14, 1994 Energy Factor (lbs/kWh) 3.01 3.13 2.90 2.67

Electric, Compact 120v (Capacity < 4.4 ft^3) Electric, Compact 240v (Capacity < 4.4 ft^3) Gas

Dishwashers: Effective for products manufactured on or after January 1, 2010 (2) Maximum Energy Consumption (kWh/yr) 355 260
1) Must have an unheated rinse water option. 2) Size is to be determined by ANSI/AHAM DW-1.

Standard Compact
Note(s):

Maximum Gallons per Cycle 6.5 4.5

Source(s): Title 10, Code of Federal Regulations, Part 430 - Energy Conservation Program for Consumer Products, Subpart C - Energy and Water Conservation Standards and Their Effective Dates. January 1, 2010.

7-19

Buildings Energy Data Book: 7.6 Efficiency Standards for Commercial Appliances
7.6.1 Efficiency Standards for Remote Commercial Refrigerators, Freezers, and Refrigerator-Freezers (1)

March 2011

Models with a self-contained condensing unit and without doors, models with a remote condensing unit, and commercial ice-cream freezers Equipment Class Designation VOP.RC.M VOP.RC.L SVO.RC.M SVO.RC.L HZO.RC.M HZO.RC.L VCT.RC.M VCT.RC.L HCT.RC.M HCT.RC.L VCS.RC.M VCS.RC.L HCS.RC.M HCS.RC.L SOC.RC.M SOC.RC.L VOP.RC.I SVO.RC.I HZO.RC.I VCT.RC.I HCT.RC.I VCS.RC.I HCS.RC.I SOC.RC.I Maximum Daily Energy Consumption (kWh/day) 0.82 x TDA + 4.07 2.27 x TDA + 6.85 0.83 x TDA + 3.18 2.27 x TDA + 6.85 0.35 x TDA + 2.88 0.57 x TDA + 6.88 0.22 x TDA + 1.95 0.56 x TDA + 2.61 0.16 x TDA + 0.13 0.34 x TDA + 0.26 0.11 x V + 0.26 0.23 x V + 0.54 0.11 x V + 0.26 0.23 x V + 0.54 0.51 x TDA + 0.11 1.08 x TDA + 0.22 2.89 x TDA + 8.7 2.89 x TDA + 8.7 0.72 x TDA + 8.74 0.66 x TDA + 3.05 0.4 x TDA + 0.31 0.27 x V + 0.63 0.27 x V + 0.63 1.26 x TDA + 0.26

Category Remote Condensing Commercial Refrigerators and Commercial Freezers

Key: Equipment Family: VOP = Vertical Open SVO = Semivertical Open HZO - Horizontal Open VCT = Vertical Closed Transparent HCT = Horizontal Closed Transparent VCS = Vertical Closed Solid HCS = Horizontal Closed Solid SOC = Service Over Counter Condensing Unit Configuration: RC = Remote SC = Self-Contained Rating Temp (Operating Temp) - (Deg, F): L = 0 (<32)

Commercial Ice-Cream Freezers

Note(s):

1) AV means the adjusted volume (ft^3). V means the chilled or frozen compartment volume (ft^3). TDA means the total display area (ft^2) of the case. Effective for products manufactured on or after January 1, 2012.

Source(s): Title 10, Code of Federal Regulations, Part 431 - Energy Efficiency Program for Certain Commercial and Industrial Equipment, Subpart C - Commercial Refrigerators, Freezers and Refrigerator-Freezers. January 1, 2010.

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Buildings Energy Data Book: 7.6 Efficiency Standards for Commercial Appliances
7.6.2

March 2011

Efficiency Standards for Self-Contained Commercial Refrigerators, Freezers, and Refrigerator-Freezers (1)

Models designed for holding temperature applications (2) Maximum Daily Energy Consumption (kWh/day) 0.10V + 2.04 0.12V + 3.34 0.40V + 1.38 0.75V + 4.10 the greater of 0.27AV - 0.71 or 0.70

Category Refrigerators with Solid Doors Refrigerators with Transparent Doors Freezers with Solid doors Freezers with Transparent Doors Refrigerator/Freezers with Solid Doors

Models with a self-contained condensing unit and without doors, models with a remote condensing unit, and commercial ice-cream freezers (3) Equipment Class Designation VOP.SC.M VOP.SC.L SVO.SC.M SVO.SC.L HZO.SC.M HZO.SC.L VOP.SC.I SVO.SC.I HZO.SC.I VCT.SC.I HCT.SC.I VCS.SC.I HCS.SC.I SOC.SC.I Maximum Daily Energy Consumption (kWh/day) 1.74 x TDA + 4.71 4.37 x TDA + 11.82 1.73 x TDA + 4.59 4.34 x TDA + 11.51 0.77 x TDA + 5.55 1.92 x TDA + 7.08 5.55 x TDA + 15.02 5.55 x TDA + 14.63 2.44 x TDA + 9 0.67 x TDA + 3.29 0.56 x TDA + 0.43 0.38 x V + 0.88 0.38 x V + 0.88 1.76 x TDA + 0.36

Category Self-Contained Commercial Refrigerators and Commercial Freezers without Doors.

Commercial Ice-Cream Freezers

Key: Equipment Family: VOP = Vertical Open SVO = Semivertical Open HZO - Horizontal Open VCT = Vertical Closed Transparent HCT = Horizontal Closed Transparent VCS = Vertical Closed Solid HCS = Horizontal Closed Solid SOC = Service Over Counter Condensing Unit Configuration: RC = Remote SC = Self-Contained Rating Temp (Operating Temp) - (Deg. F): L = 0 (<32)

Other Commercial refrigerators with a self contained condensing unit designed for pull-down temperature applications and transparent doors shall have a daily energy consumption (kWh/day) of not more than 0.126V + 3.51 (2)
1) AV means the adjusted volume (ft^3). V means the chilled or frozen compartment volume (ft^3). TDA means the total display area (ft^2) of the case. 2) Effective for products manufactured on or after January 1, 2010. 3) Effective for products manufactured on or after January 1, 2012. Source(s): Title 10, Code of Federal Regulations, Part 431 - Energy Efficiency Program for Certain Commercial and Industrial Equipment, Subpart C - Commercial Note(s):
Refrigerators, Freezers and Refrigerator-Freezers. January 1, 2010.

7-21

Buildings Energy Data Book: 7.6 Efficiency Standards for Commercial Appliances
7.6.3 Efficiency Standards for Automatic Commercial Ice Makers (1)

March 2011

Equipment Type Ice Making Head Ice Making Head Ice Making Head Ice Making Head Ice Making Head Remote Condensing (not remote compressor) Remote Condensing and Remote Compressor Self Contained Self Contained Self Contained Self Contained

Type of Cooling Water Water Water Air Air Air Air Air Air Water Water Air Air

Harvest Rate (lbs ice/24 hrs) <500

Maximum Energy Use (2) (kWh/100 lbs Ice) 7.80 - 0.0055H 5.58 - 0.0011H 4.00 10.26 - 0.0086H 6.89 - 0.0011H 8.85 - 0.0038H 5.10 8.85 - 0.0038H 5.30 11.40 - 0.019H 7.60 18.0 - 0.0469H 9.80

Maximum Condenser Water Use (3) (gal/100 lbs Ice) 200 - 0.022H 200 - 0.022H 200 - 0.022H N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 191 - 0.315H 191 - 0.315H N/A N/A

<450

<1000

<934

<200

<175

Note(s):

1) Effective for products manufactured on or after January 1, 2010, for commercial ice makers that produce cube type ice, with capacities between 50 and 2500 pounds per 24-hour period. 2) H = Harvest rate in pounds per 24 hours. 3) Water use is for the condenser only and does not include potable water used to make ice.

Source(s): Title 10, Code of Federal Regulations, Part 431 - Energy Efficiency Program for Certain Commercial and Industrial Equipment, Subpart H - Automatic Commercial Ice Makers. January 1, 2010.

7.6.4

Efficiency Standards for Refrigerated Beverage Vending Machines (1) Consumption Maximum (kWh/day) (2) MDEC = 0.055 x V + 2.56 MDEC = 0.073 x V + 3.16 Reserved

Equipment Class Class A (3) Class B (4) Combination Vending Machines
Note(s):

1) Effective for products manufactured on or after August 8, 2012. 2) MDEC = Maximum Daily Energy Consumption. 3) Refrigerated bottled or canned beverage vending machines that are fully cooled. 4) Refrigerated bottled or canned beverage vending machines not considered to be Class A.

Source(s): Title 10, Code of Federal Regulations, Part 431 - Energy Efficiency Program for Certain Commercial and Industrial Equipment, Subpart Q - Refrigerated Bottled or Canned Beverage Vending Machines. January 1, 2010.

7-22

Buildings Energy Data Book: 7.6 Efficiency Standards for Commercial Appliances
7.6.5 Efficiency Standards for Walk-in Coolers and Walk-in Freezers (1)

March 2011

Doors Units must have automatic door closers that firmly close all walk-in doors with widths at or under 3 ft, 9 in and heights at or under 7 ft that have been closed to within 1 inch of full closure. Units must have strip doors, spring hinged doors, or another method of minimizing infiltration when doors are open. Insulation (2) Coolers must have wall, ceiling, and door insulation of at least R-25. Freezers must have wall, ceiling, and door insulation of at least R-32. Freezer floor insulation must be at least R-28 Motors Elevator Fan Motors less than 1 horsepower and less than 460 volts: -Must be Electronically commutated motors (brushless direct current motors) or 3-phase motors. Condenser fan motors under 1 horsepower: -Must be electronically commutated motors (brushless direct current motors) or -permanent split capacitor-type motors or -3-phase motors. Interior Lights All interior lights should use light sources of 40 lumens/watt or more, including any ballast losses, however: -Light sources with an efficacy of 40 lumens per watt or less, including ballast losses (if any), may be used in conjunction with a timer or device that turns off the lights less than 15 minutes after people have exited the walk-in cooler or freezer. Transparent Reach-in Doors and Windows in Doors Freezers: -shall be of triple-pane glass with either heat-reflective treated glass or gas fill. Coolers: -shall be of double-pane glass or triple-pane glass with either heat-reflective treated glass or gas fill. Antisweat Heat Controls Units with an antisweat heater without antisweat heat controls: -must have a total door rail, glass, and frame heater power draw of not more than 7.1 watts per square foot of door opening (freezers) and 3.0 watts/square foot of door opening (coolers). If the unit has an antisweat heater and antisweat heat controls, and the frame heater power draw is greater than the amount specified above: -the antisweat heat controls shall reduce the energy use of the antisweat heater in a quantity corresponding to the relative humidity in the air outside the door or to the condensation on the inner glass pane.

Note(s):

1) Effective for products manufactured on or after January 1, 2009. 2) Wall, ceiling, and door insulation requirements do not apply to glazed portions of doors or structural members.

Source(s): Title 10, Code of Federal Regulations, Part 431 - Energy Efficiency Program for Certain Commercial and Industrial Equipment, Subpart R - Walk-in Coolers and Walk-in Freezers. January 1, 2010.

7-23

Buildings Energy Data Book: 7.6 Efficiency Standards for Commercial Appliances
7.6.6 Efficiency Standards for Commercial Water Heaters (1) Min. Thermal Efficiency (%) N/A 80% 80% 78% 78% 80% 80% 80% 78% Max. Standby Loss (2) (Btu/hr, unless otherwise noted) 0.30 + 27/Vm (%/hr) Q/800 + 110(Vr)^(1/2) Q/800 + 110(Vr)^(1/2) Q/800 + 110(Vr)^(1/2) Q/800 + 110(Vr)^(1/2) N/A Q/800 + 110(Vr)^(1/2) N/A Q/800 + 110(Vr)^(1/2)

March 2011

Type Electric storage water heaters Gas-fired storage water heaters

Size All

>155,000 Btu/hr Oil-fired storage water heaters >155,000 Btu/hr Gas-fired instantaneous water heaters and hot water supply boilers Oil-fired instantaneous water heaters and hot water supply boilers

>10 gal

>10 gal

Note(s):

1) Effective for products manufactured on or after October 29, 2003, except for hot water supply boilers with a capacity less than 10 gallons for which standards are effective for products manufactured on or after October 21, 2005. 2) Vm = measured storage volume in gallons. Vr = rated volume in gallons. Q = nameplate input rate in Btu/hr.

Source(s): Title 10, Code of Federal Regulations, Part 431 - Energy Efficiency Program for Certain Commercial and Industrial Equipment, Subpart G - Commercial Water Heaters, Hot Water Supply Boilers, and Unfired Hot Water Storage Tanks. January 1, 2010.

7.6.7

Efficiency Standards for Commercial Clothes Washers (1)

All commercial clothes washers manufactured on or after January 1, 2007 must have: --A modified energy factor of at least 1.26 --A water consumption factor of not more than 9.5

Effective for all commercial clothes washers manufactured on or after January 8, 2013 Modified Energy Factor (ft^3/kWh/cycle): 1.60 2.00 Water Factor (gal/ft^3/cycle) 8.50 5.50

Equipment Class Top-Loading Front-Loading

Source(s):

Title 10, Code of Federal Regulations, Part 431 - Energy Efficiency Program for Certain Commercial and Industrial Equipment, Subpart I - Commercial Clothes Washers. January 1, 2010; and Energy Conservation Standards for Certain Consumer Products (Dishwashers, Dehumidifiers, Microwave Ovens, and Electric and Gas Kitchen Ranges and Ovens) and for Certain Commerical and Industrial Equipment (Commercial Clothes Washers); Final Rule, Federal Register, 75 FR 1122, January 8, 2003.

7-24

Buildings Energy Data Book: 7.7 Efficiency Standards for Lighting
7.7.1 Efficiency Standards for Fluorescent Lamp Ballasts (1) Ballast Total Nominal Input Voltage Lamp Watts 120/277 34 120/277 68 120/277 120 120/277 190 Ballast Efficiency Factor 2.61 1.35 0.77 0.42

March 2011

Application for Operation of: One F34T12 Lamp Two F34T12 Lamps Two F96T12/ES Lamps Two F96T12HO/ES Lamps

Standards do not apply to: -A Ballast designed for dimming up to 50% or less of its maximum output. -A Ballast designed for use with two F96T12HO lamps at ambient temperatures of -20 deg. F or less and as an outdoor sign. -A Ballast with a power factor of less than 0.90, designed and labeled for use only in residential building applications.
Note(s): 1) Effective for products manufactured or sold by the manufacturer on or after July 1, 2009, or incorporated into a luminaire by a luminaire manufacturer on or after July 1, 2010. Applies to products designed to operate at nominal input voltages of 120 or 277 volts and input current frequencies of 60 Hertz. Includes replacement ballasts manufactured on or after July 1, 2010 or sold by the manufacturer on or after October 1, 2010.

Source(s): Title 10, Code of Federal Regulations, Part 430 - Energy Conservation Program for Consumer Products, Subpart C - Energy and Water Conservation Standards and Their Effective Dates. January 1, 2010.

7-25

Buildings Energy Data Book: 7.7 Efficiency Standards for Lighting
7.7.2 Efficiency Standards for General Service Fluorescent Lamps

March 2011

Effective for products manufactured before July 14, 2012 Minimum Average Lamp Efficacy (lm/W) 75.0 75.0 68.0 64.0 80.0 80.0 80.0 80.0

Lamp Type (1) 4-Foot Medium Bipin 4-Foot Medium Bipin 2-Foot U-Shaped 2-Foot U-Shaped 8-Foot Slimline 8-Foot Slimline 8-Foot High Output 8-Foot High Output

Nominal Lamp Wattage (W) Minimum CRI >35 69 45 >35 69 45 >65 69 45 >100 69 45

Effective Date November 1, 1995 November 1, 1995 November 1, 1995 November 1, 1995 May 1, 1994 May 1, 1994 May 1, 1994 May 1, 1994

Effective for products manufactured on or after July 14, 2012 Correlated Color Temperature (K) Minimum Average Lamp Efficacy (lm/W) 89 88 84 81 97 93 92 88 86 81 76 72

Lamp Type 4-Foot Medium Bipin 4-Foot Medium Bipin 2-Foot U-Shaped 2-Foot U-Shaped 8-Foot Slimline 8-Foot Slimline 8-Foot High Output 8-Foot High Output 4-Foot Miniature Bipin, Standard Output 4-Foot Miniature Bipin, Standard Output 4-Foot Miniature Bipin, High Output 4-Foot Miniature Bipin, High Output

Note(s):
Source(s):

1) Do not apply to 4-foot medium bipin lamps or 2-foot U-shaped lamps with rated wattages less than 28W; 8-foot high outputt lamps not defined in ANSI C78.81 or related supplements, or not 0.800 nominal amperes; or 8-foot slimline lamps not defined in ANSI 78.3.
Title 10, Code of Federal Regulations, Part 430 - Energy Conservation Program for Consumer Products, Subpart C - Energy Conservation Standards and Their Effective Dates. January 1, 2010; and Energy Conservation Standards and Test Procedures for General Service Fluorescent Lamps and Incandescent Reflector Lamps; Final Rule, Federal Register, 74 FR 34080, July 14, 2009.

7-26

Buildings Energy Data Book: 7.7 Efficiency Standards for Lighting
7.7.3 Efficiency Standards for Incandescent Reflector Lamps (1)

March 2011

Effective for lamps manufactured after November 1, 1995 and before July 14, 2012 Minimum Nominal Average Lamp Lamp Wattage Efficacy (lm/W) 40-50 10.5 51-66 11.0 67-85 12.5 86-115 14.0 116-155 14.5 156-205 15.0

Effective for lamps manufactured on or after July 14, 2012 Rated Lamp Wattage 40-205 40-205 40-205 40-205 40-205 40-205 40-205 40-205
Note(s):

Lamp Spectrum Standard Spectrum Standard Spectrum Standard Spectrum Standard Spectrum Modified Spectrum Modified Spectrum Modified Spectrum Modified Spectrum

Lamp Diameter (in) >2.5 >2.5

Rated Voltage (V) <125 <125

>2.5 >2.5

<125 <125

Minimum Average Lamp Efficacy (lm/W) (2) 6.8*P^0.27 5.9*P^0.27 5.7*P^0.27 5.0*P^0.27 5.8*P^0.27 5.0*P^0.27 4.9*P^0.27 4.2*P^0.27

1) Subject to exclusions, these specified standards apply to ER, BR, and BPAR incandescent refrlector lamps and similar bulb shapes on and after January 1, 2008. Subject to exclusions, these standards apply to incandescent reflector lamps with diameters between 2.25 and 2.75 inches on and after June 15, 2008. These standards do not apply to ER30, BR30, BR40, or ER40 lamps rated at 50W or less, These standards do not apply to BR30, BR40, or ER40 lamps rate at 65W. These standards do not apply to R20 incandescent reflector lamps rated 45W or less. 2) P = rated lamp wattage, in watts.

Source(s): Title 10, Code of Federal Regulations, Part 430 - Energy Conservation Program for Consumer Products, Subpart C - Energy and Water Conservation Standards and Their Effective Dates. January 1, 2010.

7.7.4

Efficiency Standards for Ceiling Fans, Ceiling Fan Light Kits, and Torchieres (1)

All ceiling fans must have: -Fan speed controls separate from lighting controls; -Adjustable speed controls; and -The capability of reversible fan action, except for industrial and outdoor fans, and those for which a safety standard would be violated. All ceiling fan light kits with medium screw base sockets must: -Meet the ENERGY STAR Program requirements for Compact fluorescent Lamps (CFLs), version 3; and -Use light sources other than CFLs that have lumens per watt performance at least equivalent to comparable configured CFLs meeting the above criteria. All fan light kits with pin-based sockets for fluorescent lamps must: -Meet the ENERGY STAR program grequirements for residential light fixtures version 4.0. All ceiling fan light kits with socket types other than those covered above must: -Not be capable of operating with lamps that total more than 190 watts; and -Be packaged to include lamps that meet the requirements for ceiling fan light kits. Torchieres: -Must consume not more than 190 watts of power; and -must not be capable of operating with lamps that total more than 190 watts.
Note(s): 1) Effective for ceiling fans and ceiling fan light kits manufactured on or after January 1, 2007. Effective torchieres manufactured on or after January 1, 2006.

Source(s): Title 10, Code of Federal Regulations, Part 430 - Energy Conservation Program for Consumer Products, Subpart C - Energy and Water Conservation Standards and Their Effective Dates. January 1, 2010.

7-27

Buildings Energy Data Book: 7.7 Efficiency Standards for Lighting
7.7.5 Factor Lamp Power (W) & Configuration Bare Lamp: Lamp Power < 15 Covered Lamp (no reflector): Lamp Power < 15 Efficiency Standards for Medium Base Compact Fluorescent Lamps (1) Requirements Minimum Efficacy: lumens/watt (based upon initial lumen data) 45.0 60.0 40.0 48.0 50.0 55.0

March 2011

1,000-hour Lumen Maintenance

The average of at least 5 lamps must be a minimum 90.0% of initial (100-hour) lumen outputt @ 1,000 hours of rated life. 80.0% of initial (100-hour) rating at 40 percent of rated life (per ANSI C78.5 Clause 4.10). Per ANSI 78.5 and IESNA LM-65 (clauses 2, 3, 5, and 6). Exception:Cycle times must be 5 minutes on, 5 minutes off. Lamp will be cycled once for every two hours of rated life. At least 5 lamps must meet or exceed the minimum number of cycles.

Lumen Maintenance\ Rapid Cycle Stress Test

Average Rated Lamp Life statistical methods may be used to confirm lifetime claims based on sampling
Note(s): 1) Effective for products manufactured on or after January 1, 2006.

Source(s): Title 10, Code of Federal Regulations, Part 430 - Energy Conservation Program for Consumer Products, Subpart C - Energy and Water Conservation Standards and Their Effective Dates. January 1, 2010.

7.7.6

Lighting Standards for General Service Incandescent Lamps Prescribed by EISA 2007

General Service Incandescent Effective Date Maximum Wattage 2012 72 2013 53 2014 43 2015 29

Rated Lumen Range 1,490-2,600 1,050-1,498 750-1,049 310-749

Minimum Life 1000 hrs. 1000 hrs. 1000 hrs. 1000 hrs.

Modified Spectrum General Service Incandescent Effective Date Maximum Wattage Rated Lumen Range 2012 72 1,118-1,950 2013 53 788-1,117 2014 43 563-787 2015 29 232-563

Minimum Life 1000 hrs. 1000 hrs. 1000 hrs. 1000 hrs.

By 2020, the minimum efficacy for general service incandescent will be 45 lm/W unless the Secretary of Energy has implemented another standard which saves as much or more energy than a 45 lm/W standard.
Source(s): U. S. Government, Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007, January 2007, Section 321.

7-28

Buildings Energy Data Book: 7.7 Efficiency Standards for Lighting
7.7.7 Efficiency Standards for Commercial Lighting Products

March 2011

Illuminated Exit Signs (1) Exit signs must have an input power demand of 5 watts or less per face. Mercury Vapor Lamps (2) Mercury Vapor lamps shall not be manufactured or imported. Metal Halide Lamp Ballasts (3) Metal halid lamp fixutres design to be operated with lamps rated greater or equal to 150 watts but less than 500 watts: -must have a pulse-start metal halide ballast with a minimum efficiency of 88%, -must have a magnetic probe-start ballast with a minimum ballast efficiency of 94%, or -must have a nonpulse-start electronic ballast with either a minimum efficiency of 92% if greater than 250 watts or 90% if less than or equal to 250 watts. These standards do not appply to: -metal halide lamp fixtures with regulated lab ballasts, -metal halide lamp fixtures that use electronic ballasts that operate at 240 volts, or -metal halide lamp fixtures that are rated only for 150 watt lamps, rated for use in wet locations, or contain a ballast rated to operate at ambient air temperatures above 50 Degrees C.

Note(s):

1) Effective for illuminated exit signs manufactured on or after January 1, 2006. 2) Effective January 1, 2008. 3) Effective for metal halide lamp ballasts January 1, 2009.

Source(s): Title 10, Code of Federal Regulations, Part 431 - Energy Efficiency Program for Certain Commercial and Industrial Equipment, Subpart L for Illuminated Exit Signs, Subpart P for Mercury Vapor Lamps, and Subpart S for Metal Halide Lamp Ballasts. January 1, 2010.

7-29

Buildings Energy Data Book: 7.8 Water Use Standards
7.8.1 Water Use Standards for Faucets, Showerheads, and Prerinse Spray Valves (1) Maximum Flow Rate 2.2 gpm 2.2 gpm 2.2 gpm 2.2 gpm 0.25 gal/cycle 2.5 gpm 1.6 gpm

March 2011

Faucet Type (2) Kitchen Faucets (3) Lavatory Replacement Aerators Kitchen Faucets Kitchen Replacement Aerators Metering Faucets (4) Showerheads (5) Commercial Prerinse Spray Valves (6)

Note(s): 1) Effective for products manufactured on or after January 1, 1994. 2) When measured at a flowing water pressure of 60 psi (414 kilopascals). 3) For sprayheads with independently-controlled orifices and manual controls, the maximum flow rate of each manual on/off orifice shall not exceed the maximum flow rate for a lavatory faucet. For those with collectively controlled orifices and manual controls, the maximum flow rate of each manual on/off sprayhead shall be the product of the maximum flow rate for a lavatory faucet and the number of component lavatories. 4) For sprayheads with independently controlled orifices and metered controls, the maximum flow rate of each orifice that delivers a pre-set volume of water before gradually shutting itself off shall not exceed the maximum flow rate for a metering faucet. For sprayheads with collectively-controlled orifices and metered controls, the maximum flow rate of a sprayhead that delivers a pre-set volume of water before gradually shutting itself off shall be the product of the maximum flow rate for a metering faucet and the number of component lavatories. 5) When measured at a flowing water pressure of 80 psi (552 kilopascals). Shall also meet the requirements of ASME/ANSI Standard A112.18.1M-1996, 7.4.4(a). 6) Effective for products manufactured on or after January 1, 2006.
Source(s): Title 10, Code of Federal Regulations, Part 430 - Energy Conservation Program for Consumer Products, Subpart C - Energy and Water Conservation Standards and Their Effective Dates. January 1, 2010; and Title 10, Code of Federal Regulations, Part 431 - Energy Efficiency Program for Certain Commercial and Industrial Equipment, Subpart O - Commercial Prerinse Spray Valves. January 1, 2010.

7.8.2

Water Use Standards for Water Closets (1) Maximum Flush Rate (gpf) 1.6 1.6 1.6 3.5 1.6 1.0

Water Closet Type Gravity Tank-Type Toilets Flushometer Tank Toilets Electromechanical Hydraulic Toilets Blowout Toilets Flushometer Valve Toilets (2) Urinals (3)
Note(s):

1) Effective for products manufactured on or after January 1, 1994, unless otherwise noted. 2) Does not include blowout toilets. Effective for products manufactured on or after January 1, 1997. 3) Except for trough-type urinals. The maximum water use for trough-type urinals should be the product of the maximum flow rate and the length of the urinal in inches divided by 16 inches.

Source(s): Title 10, Code of Federal Regulations, Part 430 - Energy Conservation Program for Consumer Products, Subpart C - Energy and Water Conservation Standards and Their Effective Dates. January 1, 2010.

7-30

Buildings Energy Data Book: 7.9 State Building Energy Codes
7.9.1 Status of State Energy Codes: Residential Sector (1)

March 2011

Note(s): 1) These are the current residential codes as of February 2011. Source(s): DOE/EERE, The Status of State Energy Codes, www.energycodes.gov/states/.

7-31

Buildings Energy Data Book: 7.9 State Building Energy Codes
7.9.2 Status of State Energy Codes: Commercial Sector(1)

March 2011

Note(s): 1) These are the current Commercial codes as of February 2011. Source(s): DOE/EERE, The Status of State Energy Codes, http://www.energycodes.gov/states/.

7-32

Buildings Energy Data Book: 7.9 State Building Energy Codes
7.9.3 Building Energy Rating and Disclosure Policies in the United States

March 2011

Commercial Buildings Existing Policy Austin, TX California District of Columbia New York, NY San Francisco, CA Seattle, WA Washington

Commercial Buildings Policy Being Considered Connecticut Colorado Illinois Maine Maryland Massachusetts New Mexico Oregon Portland, OR Tennessee Vermont

Public Buildings Rating Requirement Arlington County, VA Denver, CO Hawaii Michigan Minnesota Ohio West Chester, PA

Homes Disclosure Requirement Alaska Austin, TX Kansas Montgomery County, MD Nevada New York Santa Fe, NM South Dakota

Note(s):

Map depicts the policy landscape as of March 17, 2011. More information available at www.BuildingRating.org.

Source(s): Institute for Market Transformation, "Rating Policy Map and Timeline."

7-33

Buildings Energy Data Book: 8.1 Buildings Sector Water Consumption
8.1.1 Total Use of Water by Buildings (Million Gallons per Day) (1) % of Total Water Use 7.8% 8.2% 8.9% 9.4% 9.7% % of Total Water Use 6.1% 6.2% 6.5% 6.9% 7.2%

March 2011

Year 1985 1990 1995 2000 (2) 2005 (3)
Note(s):

All Buildings 31,260 33,580 35,670 38,342 39,601

Residential 24,320 25,290 26,090 28,028 29,430

Commercial 6,940 8,290 9,580 10,314 10,171

% of Total Water Use 1.7% 2.0% 2.4% 2.5% 2.5%

1) Includes water from the public supply and self-supplied sources (e.g., wells) for residential and commercial sectors. 2) USGS did not estimate water use in the commercial and residential sectors for 2000. Estimates are based on available data and 1995 splits between domestic and commercial use. 3) USGS did not estimate commercial sector use for 2005. Estimated based on available data and commercial percentage in 1995. Source(s): U.S. Geological Survey, Estimated Use of Water in the U.S. in 1985, U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1004, 1988; U.S. Geological Survey, Estimated Use of
Water in the U.S. in 1990, U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1081, 1993; U.S. Geological Survey, Estimated Use of Water in the U.S. in 1995, U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1200, 1998; U.S. Geological Survey, Estimated Use of Water in the U.S. in 2000, U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1268, 2004; and U.S. Geological Survey, Estimated Use of Water in the U.S. in 2005, U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1344, 2009.

8.1.2

Average Energy Intensity of Public Water Supplies by Location (kWh per Million Gallons) Sourcing 836 2,230 2,117 2,117 9,727 9,727 2390 1,500 Treatment (1) 627 65 111 111 (5) 111 111 (6) (6) Distribution 437 (6) 1,272 1,272 1,272 1,272 380 (6) – – – – Wastewater 1,363 1,649 1,911 0 1,911 0 1,570 1,750 not included not included not included not included Total 3,263 2,295 5,411 3,500 13,021 11,110 4,340 3,250 1,510 1,850 1,890 1,601

Location United States (2) United States (3) Northern California Indoor Northern California Outdoor Southern California Indoor Southern California Outdoor Iowa Massachusetts Wisconsin Class AB (4) Wisconsin Class C (4) Wisconsin Class D (4) Wisconsin Total (4)
Note(s):

1) Treatment before delivery to customer. 2) Source: Electric Policy Research Institute (EPRI) 2009. Wastewater estimated based on EPRI 2002. 3) Source: TIAX 2006. 4) Based on water treatment facility size: Class AB >4000 customers, Class C: 1000 to 4000, Class D <1000. Median energy use value reported. 5) Southern California sourcing energy is high because of energy used to pump water from Northern California. 6) Included with Sourcing.

Source(s): Electric Power Research Institute, Program on Technology Innovation: Electric Efficiency Through Water Supply Technologies A Roadmap, Publication DOE/TIAX LLC, Commercial and Residential Sector Miscellaneous Electricity Consumption: Y2005 and Projections to 2030, 2006; California Energy Commission/Navigant Consulting, Refining Estimates of Water Related Energy Use in California, Public Interest Energy Research Program, CEC-500-2006118; Iowa Association of Municipal Utilities/Iowa Energy Center, Energy Consumption and Costs to Treat Water and Wastewater in Iowa Part II: Survey Results Tables and Charts, 2002; EPA, Ensuring a Sustainable Future: An Energy Management Guidebook for Wastewater and Water Utilities, 2008; and Energy Center of Wisconsin, Energy Use at Wisconsin's Drinking Water Utilities, 2003.

8-1

Buildings Energy Data Book: 8.1 Buildings Sector Water Consumption
8.1.3

March 2011

Energy Use of Wastewater Treatment Plants by Capacity and Treatment Level (kWh per Million Gallons) Level Of Treatment Secondary Tertiary Advanced with Nitrification 2,951 1,926 1,791 1,676 1,588 1,558

Treatment Capacity (Million Gallons per Day) 1 5 10 20 50 100
Note(s):

Less than Secondary -

Trickling Filter 1,811 978 852 750 687 673

Activated Sludge 2,236 1,369 1,203 1,114 1,051 1,028

Advanced 2,596 1,573 1,408 1,303 1,216 1,188

The level of treatment indicates the amount of processing involved before water is released from the treatment facility. Primary treatment removes solids and oils from wastewater. Secondary treatment uses biological processes to remove organic material from the water. Tertiary treatment includes additional processes to further refine the water. Nitrification is a process to remove nitrogen from water.
2002.

Source(s):

8.1.4

Municipal Wastewater Treatment Facilities by Treatment Level and Population Served (Millions) (1) Less than Secondary Facilities Pop. 176 17.2 47 6.4 40 3.3

1996 2000 2004
Note(s):

Secondary Facilities Pop. 9388 81.9 9156 88.2 9221 96.5

Tertiary Facilities Pop. 4428 82.9 4892 100.9 4916 108.5

No Discharge Facilities Pop. 2032 7.7 1938 12.3 2188 14.6

Partial Treatment Facilities Pop. 0 222 218 -

Source(s):

1) The level of treatment indicates the amount of processing involved before water is released from the treatment facility. Primary treatment removes solids and oils from wastewater. Secondary treatment uses biological processes to remove organic material from the water. Tertiary treatment includes additional processes to further refine the water. No Discharge refers to facilities that do not discharge effluent to surface waters (e.g. groundwater discharge). Partial Treatment facilities perform some treatment before transferring water to another facility for further Watersheds EPA, Clean treatment. Needs Survey 2004 Report to Congress, 2008.

8-2

Buildings Energy Data Book: 8.2 Residential Sector Water Consumption
8.2.1 Year 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Note(s):

March 2011

Residential Water Use by Source (Million Gallons per Day) Total Residential Water Use 25,400 24,320 25,290 26,090 28,028 (3) 29,430 Public Supply (1) 22,000 21,000 21,900 22,700 24,438 (3) 25,600 Self-Supply (2) 3,400 3,320 3,390 3,390 3,590 3,830

1) Public supply water use: water withdrawn by public and private water suppliers that furnish water to at least 25 people or have a minimum of 15 connections. 2) Self-supply water use: Water withdrawn from a groundwater or surface-water source by a user rather than being obtained from a public supply. 3) USGS did not provide estimates of residential use from public supplies in 2000. This value was estimated based on the residential portion of public supply in 1995 and applied to the total public supply water use in 2000.

Source(s): U.S. Geological Survey, Estimated Use of Water in the U.S. in 1985, U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1004, 1988; U.S. Geological Survey, Estimated Use of Water in the U.S. in 1990, U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1081, 1993; U.S. Geological Survey, Estimated Use of Water in the U.S. in 1995, U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1200, 1998; U.S. Geological Survey, Estimated Use of Water in the U.S. in 2000, U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1268, 2004; and U.S. Geological Survey, Estimated Use of Water in the U.S. in 2005, U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1344, 2009.

8.2.2

1999 Single-Family Home Daily Water Consumption by End Use (Gallons per Capita) (1) Average gallons per capita per day 18.5 15 11.6 10.9 1.6 1.2 1 9.5 31.7 101 Total Use Percent 18.3% 14.9% 11.5% 10.8% 1.6% 1.2% 1.0% 9.4% 31.4% 100%

Fixture/End Use Toilet Clothes Washer Shower Faucet Other Domestic Bath Dishwasher Leaks Outdoor Use (2) Total (2)
Note(s):

1) Based analysis of 1,188 single-family homes at 12 study locations. 2) Total Water use derived from USGS. Outdoor use is the difference between total and indoor uses.
U.S. in 2000, U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1268, 2004, Table 6, p. 17; and Vickers, Amy, Handbook of Water Use and Conservation, June 2002, p. 15.

Source(s): American Water Works Association Research Foundation, Residential End Uses of Water, 1999; U.S. Geological Survey, Estimated Use of Water in the

8.2.3

2004 Water Use in Multi-Family Housing Units, In-Rent and Submetered Billing (Gallons per Unit per Day) Estimated Savings Estimated Potential Range of Savings from Submetering from Submetering -15.3% 6% - 24.6%

Indoor Water Use
Note(s):

In-Rent 143

Submetering 121

Based on a regression analysis on a sample of 7,942 properties at 13 sample locations. Results are significant at the 95th percentile.

Source(s): Aquacraft, Inc./East Bay Municipal Utility District W, National Multiple Family Submetering and Allocation Billing Program Study, 2004.

8-3

Buildings Energy Data Book: 8.2 Residential Sector Water Consumption
8.2.4 Per Capita Use of Hot Water in Single Family Homes by End Use (Gallons per Capita per Day) (1) Average gallons per capita per day 0.0 3.9 6.3 8.6 0.0 4.2 0.9 1.2 25.1 Household Use gallons per day 0.0 10.1 16.4 22.4 0.0 10.9 2.3 3.1 65.2 Percent of Total Hot Water Use 0.0% 15.5% 25.1% 34.2% 0.0% 16.7% 3.6% 4.8% 100% Percent of End Use that is Hot Water 0.0% 27.8% 73.1% 72.7% 35.1% 78.2% 100% 26.8% 39.6%

March 2011

Fixture/End Use Toilet Clothes Washer Shower Faucet Other Bath Dishwasher Leaks Total
Note(s):

1) Based analysis of 10 single-family homes in Seattle, WA. Average number of residents per home: 2.6.

Source(s): Aquacraft, Inc. Residential End Uses of Hot Water in Single-Family Homes from Flow-Trace Analysis, 2000.

8.2.5

2009 Community Water Systems by Size and Type Population Served (Millions) 4.8 19.8 28.4 106.9 134.5 294.3

System Size (1) Less than 500 501 - 3,300 3,301 - 10,000 10,001 - 100,000 More than 100,000 Total
Note(s):

Facilities 28,804 13,820 4,871 3,746 410 51,651

1) Population served by each system. 2) Community water systems provide water to the same population year-round.

Source(s): EPA, Factoids: U.S. Drinking Water and Groundwater Statistics for 2009, EPA 816-K-09-004, November 2009.

8.2.6

Residential Water Billing Rate Structures for Community Water Systems Population Served by System (1) 10,001 More than 100,000 100,000 56.6% 55.6% 34.5% 24.5% 18.3% 27.5% 1.3% 9.6% 26.8% 25.3% 5.2% 2.0% 1.9% 3.7%

Rate Structure Uniform Rates Declining Block Rate Increasing Block Rate Peak Period or Seasonal Rate Separate Flat Fee Combined Flat Fee Other Rate Structures
Note(s):

1) Systems serving more than 10,000 users provide service to 82% of the population served by community water systems. Columns do not sum to 100% because some systems use more than one rate structure. 2) Uniform rates charge a set price for each unit of water. Block rates charge a different price for each additional increment of usage. The prices for each increment is higher for increasing block rates and lower for decreasing block rates. Peak rates and seasonal rates charge higher prices when demand is highest. Flat fees charge a set price for water delivery, with no restrictions on use. Combined flat fees charge one fee for water and other charges, such as rental fees. Separate flat fees bill water and other charges separately.

Source(s): EPA, Community Water System Survey 2000 Volume 1: Overview, EPA 815-R-02-005A, December 2002.

8-4

Buildings Energy Data Book: 8.3 Commercial Sector Water Consumption
8.3.1 Year 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 (3) 2005 (3)
Note(s):

March 2011

Commercial Water Use by Source (Million Gallons per Day) Total Commercial Water Use 6,940 8,290 9,580 10,314 10,171 Public Supply (1) 5,710 5,900 6,690 7,202 7,102 Self-Supply (2) 1,230 2,390 2,890 3,111 3,068

1) Public supply water use: water withdrawn by public and private water suppliers that furnish water to at least 25 people or have a minimum of 15 connections. 2) Self-supply water use: Water withdrawn from a groundwater or surface-water source by a user rather than being obtained from a public supply. 3) USGS did not estimate commercial water use in this year. Estimates are based on available data and percentage breakdown of commercial use in the 1995 survey.

Source(s): U.S. Geological Survey, Estimated Use of Water in the U.S. in 1985, U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1004, 1988; U.S. Geological Survey, Estimated Use of Water in the U.S. in 1990, U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1081, 1993; U.S. Geological Survey, Estimated Use of Water in the U.S. in 1995, U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1200, 1998; U.S. Geological Survey, Estimated Use of Water in the U.S. in 2000, U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1268, 2004; and U.S. Geological Survey, Estimated Use of Water in the U.S. in 2005, U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1344, 2009.

8.3.2

Average Water Use of Commercial and Institutional Establishments (Gallons per Establishment per Day) Variation In Use (1) 5.41 8.85 3.12 8.73 12.13 78.5 6.29 7.69 16.29 7.96 6.42 % Total CI Use 5.8% 4.0% 0.8% 28.5% 8.8% 3.9% 10.2% 8.8% 2.9% 2.0% 2.0% 77.6% % of CI Customers 1.9% 1.4% 0.4% 30.2% 4.8% 4.2% 11.7% 11.2% 5.2% 6.7% 5.6% 83.3% % Seasonal Use (2) 23.1% 13.4% 14.2% 86.9% 58.0% 23.2% 29.0% 16.1% 19.4% 27.2% 46.2%

Average Daily Use Hotels and Motels 7,113 Laundries/Laundromats 3,290 Car Washes 3,031 Urban Irrigation 2,596 Schools and Colleges 2,117 Hospitals/Medical Offices 1,236 Office Buildings 1,204 Restaurants 906 Food Stores 729 Auto Shops (3) 687 Membership Organizations (4) 629 23,538 Total
Note(s):

Estimated from 24 months of water utility billing data in five Western locations: four locations in Southern California and one in Arizona. 1) Ratio of standard deviation of daily use to average of daily use. 2) Percent seasonal use is the difference between the average monthly use and the lowest monthly use over the average monthly use. 3) Includes auto repair shops, dealers, and service stations. 4) Includes religious organizations and other membership-based organizations.

Source(s): American Water Works Association Research Foundation, Commercial and Institutional End Uses of Water, 2000.

8-5

Buildings Energy Data Book: 8.3 Commercial Sector Water Consumption
8.3.3 Normalized Annual End Uses of Water in Select Restaurants in Western United States (1) Range of Water Use (gal/SF) 68.9 - 250 54.4 - 183.3 25.6 - 75 7.8 - 44.6 163.3 - 563.3 (3) 1200 - 9800 Logged average daily use (thousand gal) 1.5 - 9.7 Benchmarking Values for Restaurants (6) Gal./SF/year Gal./meal Gal./seat/day Gal./employee/day
Note(s):

March 2011

Fixture/End Use (2) Faucets Dishwashing Toilets/Urinals Ice Making Total Indoor Use Building Size (SF)

Range of Water Use (gal/seat) 1225 - 4630 970 - 3000 455 - 1230 140 - 1440 2910 - 15350 (4) Seats: 73 - 253

Range of Water Use (gal/meal/day) 1.1 - 2.6 0.9 - 1.4 0.4 - 0.5 0.1 - 0.9 2.7 - 16.2 Meals: 190 - 800 (4)

Indoor peak instantaneous demand, gpm (5) 21.1 - 59.6 N 90 90 90 90 25th Percentile of Users 130 - 331 6-9 20 - 31 86 - 122

Familiy-style dine-in establishments. Four restaurants in southern California, one in Phoenix, AZ. 1) Water use data for the buildings was collected over a few days. Estimates of annual use were created by accounting for seasonal use and other variables, billing data, and interviews with building managers. 2) Based on three restaurants. 3) Based on four restaurants. 4) Based on five restaurants. 5) gpm = gallons per minute. 6) The study derived efficiency benchmarks by analyzing measured data and audit data. The benchmark was set at the lower 25th percentile of users. Source(s): American Water Works Association Research Foundation, Commercial and Institutional End Uses of Water, 2000.

8.3.4

Normalized Annual End Uses of Water in Select Supermarkets in Western United States (1) Range of Water Use (gal/SF) 190 - 320 895 - 1,405 2,190 - 3,390 3,560 - 5,075 3,8000 - 66,000 Indoor peak instantaneous demand (gpm) 29.7 - 58.8 N 38 38 25th Percentile of Users 52 - 64 9 - 16

Fixture/End Use Toilets/Urinals Other/Misc. Indoor (2) Cooling Total Building Size (SF) Logged average daily use (thousand gal) 9.71 - 14.33

Benchmarking Values for Supermarkets (3) Indoor Use with Cooling, gal./SF/year Indoor Use with Cooling, gal./SF/daily transaction
Note(s):

1) Water use data for the buildings was collected over a few days. Estimates of annual use were created by accounting for seasonal use and other variables, billing data, and interviews with building managers. 2) Includes water for sinks, spraying vegetables, cleaning, etc. 3) The study derived efficiency benchmarks by analyzing measured data and audit data. The benchmark was set at the lower 25th percentile of users. Source(s): American Water Works Association Research Foundation, Commercial and Institutional End Uses of Water, 2000.

8-6

Buildings Energy Data Book: 8.3 Commercial Sector Water Consumption
8.3.5

March 2011

Normalized Annual End Uses of Water in Select Hotels in Western United States (Gallons per Room per Year) (1) Budget Hotels Range of Water Use (gal/room) 986 (2) 2,196 - 2,683 10,203 - 13,724 9,493 - 11,986 439 - 8,007 6047 - 12,027 811 - 1,568 (3) 946 - 9,953 37,703 - 50,696 140 - 209 18.6 - 29.3 40.5 - 106.9 N 98 97 Luxury Hotel Range of Water Use (gal/room) 2,331 6,297 32,453 28,047 5,351 74,480 0 0 82,770 297 59.3 130.7 25th Percentile of Users 60 - 115 7,400 - 41,600

Fixture/End Use Bathtub Faucets Showers Toilets Leaks Laundry Ice making Other/misc. indoor Total Indoor Use Number of Rooms Logged average daily use, kgal: Peak instantaneous demand, gpm:

Benchmarking Values for Hotels Indoor Use, gal./day/occupied room Cooling Use, gal./year/occupied room
Note(s):

Based on four budget hotels and one luxury hotel. Three budget hotels in Southern California, one in Phoenix, AZ. Luxury hotel in Los Angeles, CA. 1) Water use data for the buildings was collected over a few days. Estimates of annual use were created by accounting for seasonal use and other variables, billing data, and interviews with building managers. 2) Based on one hotel. 3) Based on three hotels. 5) The study derived efficiency benchmarks by analyzing measured data and audit data. The benchmark was set at the lower 25th percentile of users. Source(s): American Water Works Association Research Foundation, Commercial and Institutional End Uses of Water, 2000.

8.3.6

Normalized Annual End Uses of Water in Two California High Schools Range of Water Use (gal/room) 2.9 - 3.2 1.2 - 2.6 1.0 - 2.3 0.5 - 0.7 0.7 - 1.0 0.9 1.6 - 3.6 0.4 - 0.9 11.1 - 12.3 Average Building Size (SF) 222326 Range of Water Use (gal/person) 206 - 271 106 - 186 87 - 165 44 - 47 58 - 58 68 112 31 883 Logged average daily use (thousand gal) 9.1 - 16.4 N 142 141 35 25th Percentile of Users 8 - 16 3 - 15 8 - 20 Indoor peak instantaneous demand (gpm) 41 - 60

Fixture/End Use Toilet Urinal Faucet Shower Kitchen Misc. uses (2) Cooling Leaks Swimming Pool Total Use

Benchmarking Values for Schools (3) Indoor Use, Gal./sq. ft./year Indoor Use, Gal./school day/student Cooling Use, Gal./sq. ft./year
Note(s):

1) Water use data for the buildings was collected over a few days. Estimates of annual use were created by accounting for seasonal use and other variables, billing data, and interviews with building managers. 2) One high school. 3) The study derived efficiency benchmarks by analyzing measured data and audit data. The benchmark was set at the lower 25th percentile of users.

Source(s): American Water Works Association Research Foundation, Commercial and Institutional End Uses of Water, 2000.

8-7

Buildings Energy Data Book: 8.4 WaterSense
8.4.1 WaterSense List of Covered Products and Efficiency Specifications Specification Effective Date October 2007 January 2007 October 2009 March 2010 In Progress In Progress WaterSense Criteria 1.5 gpm 1.28 gpf 0.5 gpf 1.5 -2.0 gpm 1.25 gpm Under development Federal Standard Level 2.2 gpm 1.6 gpf 1.0 gpf 2.5 gpm 1.6 gpm –

March 2011

Covered Product Lavatory Faucets Toilets Urinals Shower Heads Pre-Rinse Spray Valves Irrigation Control Equipment

(1) (2)

(3) (3)

WaterSense Landscape Irrigation Partners as of 3/15/2011: 1,798 (4)
Note(s): 1) GPM = gallons per minute. 2) GPF = gallons per flush. 3) Final criteria for these categories have not been set. These are criteria levels that WaterSense is considering. 4) WaterSense qualifies individuals as partners via private programs certified by WaterSense.

Source(s): EPA, High-Efficiency Lavatory Faucet Specification, October 2007; EPA, Tank-Type High-Efficiency Toilet Specification, January 2007; EPA, Showerheads Specification, March 2010; EPA, High-Efficiency Urinals Specification, October 2009; and EPA, Find a WaterSense Irrigation Partner List as of 3/15/2011, http://www.epa.gov/watersense/pp/lists/irr_partners.htm.

8-8

Buildings Energy Data Book: 9.1 ENERGY STAR
9.1.1 2009 ENERGY STAR Qualified New Single-Family Homes, by Selected State ENERGY STAR Qualified New Homes 85 2,743 2,090 3,342 28,646 686 1,950 2,353 317 2,337 3,490 3,931 1,287 584 2,091 205 1,637 2,315 974 558 >100,000 New Single-Family Housing Permits 150 5,643 4,496 7,210 66,340 1,644 5,019 6,245 887 7,182 10,478 12,687 4,226 1,980 7,132 697 5,913 9,551 4,503 2,647 441,100 Market Penetration 57% 49% 46% 46% 43% 42% 39% 38% 36% 33% 33% 31% 30% 29% 29% 29% 28% 24% 22% 21% >20%

March 2011

District of Columbia Iowa Nevada Oklahoma Texas New Hampshire Massachusetts Utah Vermont Colorado Ohio Arizona Kansas Hawaii New Jersey Rhode Island Kentucky New York Nebraska Delaware United States

Note(s): The States listed are the top 20 by ENERGY STAR market penetration. Source(s): EPA, "2009 ENERGY STAR Qualified New Homes Market Indices for States" for top states, accessed November 2010
(http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?fuseaction=qhmi.showHomesMarketIndex); DOC/Census Bureau, "New Privately Owned Housing Units Authorized by Building Permits in Permit-Issuing Places" for housing permits (http://www.census.gov/const/bpann.pdf).

9.1.2 Rank 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Home Performance with ENERGY STAR, Completed Jobs Program Sponsor NY State Energy R&D Authority National Grid Austin Energy Wisconsin Energy Conservation Corp. Energy Trust of Oregon Calif. Bldg. Perf. Contractors Assoc. (1)(2) Missouri Dept. of Natural Resources (2) New Jersey Board of Public Utilities Long Island Power Authority Efficiency Vermont All Other Program Sponsors Total (3) State NY MA TX WI OR CA MO NJ NY VT 2002-2005 2006 4,235 4,852 1,700 1,600 12 3 71 119 57 12,649 2007 4,301 2,536 1,950 840 560 338 37 17 43 122 903 11,647 2008 5,206 2,351 2,223 1,012 1,040 417 56 163 138 295 648 13,549 2009 6,343 6,259 2,773 1,944 932 1,194 1,364 1,138 703 324 1,844 24,818

15,650

Note(s):

1) Includes only homes in Northern California; homes in Southern California are included in All Other Program Sponsors. 2) The number of jobs completed in 2006 was not reported. 3) At least 23,690 jobs were completed in the first 9 months of 2010 for a total of more than 102,000 jobs completed since the program began in 2002.

Source(s): Personal communication, Chandler Von Schrader, U.S. EPA, December 2010.

9-1

Buildings Energy Data Book: 9.1 ENERGY STAR
9.1.3 ENERGY STAR Commercial and Institutional Buildings and Industrial Plants Qualified Buildings 87 424 213 348 385 657 590 821 1,012 2,468 2,894 2,303 12,202 Floorspace Million SF 33 68 55 88 84 83 84 106 227 466 439 309 2,043 Floorspace Million SF 1,261.5 347.3 93.4 81.9 81.7 66.9 48.3 23.2 23.1 7.3 4.9 2.3 0.7 0.3 N/A 2,043

March 2011

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Total

(1) (1)

Building Type Office K-12 School Retail Supermarket/Grocery Hospital Hotel Bank/Financial Institution Courthouse Warehouse (Unrefrigerated) Medical Office Residence Hall/Dormitory Warehouse (Refrigerated) Data Center House of Worship Industrial Plants Total

% of Total 61.8% 17.0% 4.6% 4.0% 4.0% 3.3% 2.4% 1.1% 1.1% 0.4% 0.2% 0.1% 0.0% 0.0% N/A 100%

Buildings 4,551 3,687 1,104 1,711 115 427 199 86 89 74 59 6 6 11 77 12,202

Note(s):

1) Data as of November 19, 2010. Additional buildings may qualify after applications are reviewed.

Source(s): EPA, Database of ENERGY STAR Labeled Buildings and Plants, accessed November 2010 (http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?fuseaction=labeled_buildings.locator).

9.1.4

Market Premiums for ENERGY STAR-Labeled Commercial Buildings in Six Studies (1) Rental Rate Premium 16% 12% 3% 5% 5% 8% Sale Price Premium 6% 1% 16% 31% 9% N/A (3) Occupancy Premium (2) 3% N/A (3) 6% 3% 1% N/A (3)

CoStar Group/USD CB Richard Ellis/USD Eichholtz/Kok/Quigley Fuerst/McCallister Pivo/Fisher Wiley/Johnson

Note(s):

1) All studies were conducted in 2008 and 2009 and compared ENERGY STAR-labeled buildings in the United States with similar nonlabeled buildings. More information at http://www.imt.org/rating-value. 2) Lower vacancy rates. 3) Not reported.

Source(s): Institute for Market Tranformation, "Rating and Disclosing the Energy Performance of Buildings: A Market-Based Solution to Unlock Commercial Energy Efficiency Opportunities" (undated).

9-2

Buildings Energy Data Book: 9.1 ENERGY STAR
9.1.5 Specification Dates for ENERGY STAR-Labeled Consumer Electronics and Office Equipment Dates of updated specification 1995, 1999, 2000, 2007, 2009 1995, 1998, 1999, 2005, 2006, 2009 1995, 2000, 2001, 2007, 2009 1995, 2000, 2001, 2007, 2009 1997, 1999, 2007, 2009 2007, 2009 1999, 2007, 2009 2002, 2004, 2005, 2008, 2010, 2012 2002, 2004, 2005 2003, 2009, 2010, 2012 2004, 2010 2009 2004, 2006, 2008 2008 2011, 2012 -

March 2011

Labeled (Covered) Product Inception - End Date Computers 1992 Displays 1992 Printers (1) 1993 Fax Machines (1) 1995 Copiers (1) 1995 Scanners (1) 1997 Multi-Function Devices (1) 1997 Televisions 1998 VCRs 1998-2008 Consumer A/V Equipment 1999 Bottled Water Coolers 2000 Set-Top Boxes 2001-2005, 2009 (2) Cordless Phones 2002 External Power Adapters 2005-2010 Battery Charging Systems 2006 Digital-to-Analog Converter Boxes 2007-2010

Note(s): 1) Treated together with other products as "Imaging Equipment." 2) Program relaunched in 2009. Source(s): LBNL, Calendar Year 2007 Program Benefits for ENERGY STAR Labeled Products, October 2008; EPA, Revisions to Existing Standards, energystar.gov, October 2009; EPA, Program Requirements for each product listed, energystar.gov, November 2010.

9-3

Buildings Energy Data Book: 9.1 ENERGY STAR
9.1.6 Specification Dates for ENERGY STAR-Labeled HVAC and Residential Appliances Inception - End Date 1995 1995 1995 1995 1995-2009 1996 1996 1995-2000 2001 2001 2001 2002 Dates of updated specification 2002, 2006, 2009 2002, 2006, 2009 2006, 2008 2006, 2008 2002 2002 2009, 2011, 2012 2003 2003, 2006 2004, 2010

March 2011

Heating and Cooling Equipment Central AC Air-Source Heat Pumps Oil Furnaces Gas Furnaces Programable Thermostats Gas Boilers Oil Boilers Gas-Fired Heat Pumps Geothermal Heat Pumps Ventilating Fans Ceiling Fans Light Commercial HVAC Residential Appliances Dishwashers Room AC Refrigerators Clothes Washers Dehumidifiers Freezers Air Cleaners Water Heaters Other Products Insulation Residential Light Fixtures Windows, Doors, Skylights Roof Products Screw base CFLs Decorative Light Strings Residential LED Lighting LED Light Bulbs

1996 1996 1996 1997 2001 2004 2004 2009

2001, 2007, 2009, 2011 2000, 2003, 2005 2001, 2003, 2004, 2008 2001, 2004, 2007, 2009, 2011 2006, 2008 2010

1996-2002 1997 1997 1999 1999 2008 2008 2010

2001, 2002, 2003, 2005, 2007, 2008, 2011 2003, 2005, 2010 2005, 2007, 2009 2001, 2004, 2008 2009, 2011 -

Source(s): LBNL, Calendar Year 2007 Program Benefits for ENERGY STAR Labeled Products, October 2008; EPA, Revisions to Existing Standards, energystar.gov, October 2009; EPA, Program Requirements for each product listed, energystar.gov, November 2010.

9-4

Buildings Energy Data Book: 9.1 ENERGY STAR
9.1.7 Specification Dates for ENERGY STAR-Labeled Commercial and Miscellaneous Products Dates of updated specification 2009/2010 2011 2006, 2007 2009, 2011 2011 2010

March 2011

Commercial Products Inception - End Date Commercial Refrigerators and Freezers 2001 Hot Food Holding Cabinets 2003 Commercial Steam Cookers 2003 Commercial Fryers 2003 Cold Beverage Vending Machines 2004 Solid State Lighting 2008 Commercial Dishwashers 2007 Commercial Icemakers 2008 Commercial Griddles 2009 Commercial Ovens 2009 Enterprise Servers 2009 Other Products Transformers Exit Signs Traffic Signals

1995-2007 1996-2008 2000-2007

1999, 2004 2003

Source(s): LBNL, Calendar Year 2007 Program Benefits for ENERGY STAR Labeled Products, October 2008; EPA, Revisions to Existing Standards, energystar.gov, October 2009; EPA, Program Requirements for each product listed, energystar.gov, November 2010.

9.1.8

Total Appliance Shipments (Millions) and ENERGY STAR Market Share Dishwashers 5.1 6% 5.1 19% 5.7 12% 5.8 11% 5.6 20% 6.2 36% 6.4 57% 7.1 78% 7.4 82% 7.3 92% 7.0 77% 6.0 67% 5.4 68% Room AC 4.1 12% 4.4 13% 6.1 13% 6.5 19% 5.6 12% 6.2 36% 8.2 29% 8.8 35% 8.0 52% 10.1 36% 9.5 50% 9.1 43% 5.8 36% Refrigerators 9.0 25% 8.8 19% 9.1 24% 9.2 27% 9.3 17% 9.7 20% 10.0 26% 10.9 33% 11.1 33% 11.1 31% 10.4 30% 9.3 31% 8.4 35% Clothes Washers 7.4 4% 7.0 6% 7.5 9% 7.5 9% 7.4 10% 7.7 16% 8.1 23% 8.8 27% 9.2 36% 9.5 38% 8.8 42% 8.3 24% 7.9 48% Dehumidifiers N/A N/A N/A 1.0 N/A 0.8 19% 0.8 39% 1.3 74% 1.7 76% 2.0 92% 1.5 82% 2.0 57% 1.6 75% 1.6 82% Air Cleaners N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 1.6 5% 1.6 13% 2.0 17% 2.5 14% 2.6 15% 2.6 19%

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Note(s):

N/A = Not Applicable. ENERGY STAR specification did not exist.

Source(s): Appliance Magazine, "U.S. Appliance Industry Statistical Review: 2000 to YTD 2010" (July 2010) and "ENERGY STAR Qualified Appliance Retail Sales Data" (2007, 2008, and 2009) for dishwashers, room AC, refrigerators, and clothes washers; LBNL, Climate Change Action Plan spreadsheet (2009) and EPA, ENERGY STAR Unit Shipment and Market Penetration Report Calendar Year 2009 Summary (2010) for air cleaners and dehumidifiers.

9-5

Buildings Energy Data Book: 9.1 ENERGY STAR
9.1.9 Total Lighting Shipments (Millions) and ENERGY STAR Market Share Medium ScrewBase Lamps N/A 1,328 0% 1,026 1% 1,088 5% 1,076 4% 1,161 5% 1,389 6% 1,343 7% 1,302 11% 1,518 21% 1,230 22% 1,681 15%

March 2011

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Note(s):

Light Fixtures 221.5 1% 213.2 1% 210.8 2% 196.7 2% 220.5 1% 225.0 3% 237.8 2% 247.4 3% 248.6 4% 217.9 6% 194.6 10% 190.8 8%

N/A = Not Applicable. ENERGY STAR specification did not exist.

Source(s): LBNL, Climate Change Action Plan spreadsheet, 2009; EPA, ENERGY STAR Unit Shipment and Market Penetration Report Calendar Year 2009 Summary.

9.1.10

Total Cooling Equipment Shipments (Thousands) and ENERGY STAR Market Share Air-Source Heat Pumps 850 27% 1,125 30% 1,110 29% 1,236 31% 1,267 30% 1,310 29% 1,442 29% 1,484 14% 1,626 19% 1,886 22% 2,137 27% 2,118 23% 1,900 20% 1,865 22% 1,622 32% Geothermal Heat Pumps 32 N/A 31 N/A 37 N/A 38 N/A 42 N/A 36 N/A 36 40% 37 29% 36 37% 44 58% 48 68% 64 79% 86 100% 130 58% 125 59%

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Note(s):

Central AC 3,300 15% 4,251 16% 4,024 18% 4,681 18% 5,011 20% 5,003 19% 4,839 22% 5,263 14% 5,181 17% 5,515 19% 6,471 19% 4,951 21% 4,500 23% 3,968 19% 3,612 17%

Exhaust Fans N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 5,835 N/A 5,909 2% 5,975 3% 6,036 6% 6,102 11% 6,199 13% 6,285 12% 6,354 13% 6,432 11% 6,511 17%

Ceiling Fans N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 19,500 N/A 17,680 18% 19,500 8% 18,500 17% 19,700 14% 19,800 18% 20,800 15% 19,830 14% 19,972 13% 20,896 7%

N/A = Not Applicable. ENERGY STAR specification did not exist.

Source(s): LBNL, Climate Change Action Plan spreadsheet, 2009; EPA, ENERGY STAR Unit Shipment and Market Penetration Report Calendar Year 2009 Summary.

9-6

Buildings Energy Data Book: 9.1 ENERGY STAR
9.1.11 Total Heating Equipment Shipments (Thousands) and ENERGY STAR Market Share Gas Furnaces 2,592 22% 2,871 24% 2,779 27% 2,977 29% 3,126 31% 3,104 35% 3,063 39% 3,202 40% 3,266 42% 3,519 47% 3,512 37% 3,197 37% 2,782 37% 2,300 43% 2,190 50% Gas Boilers 109 N/A 198 4% 206 6% 185 8% 201 10% 224 15% 221 17% 214 21% 235 21% 237 41% 224 25% 196 38% 201 38% 192 57% 192 46% Oil Boilers 156 N/A 161 48% 160 55% 148 67% 149 74% 144 85% 149 89% 148 98% 167 54% 162 71% 146 57% 121 90% 123 80% 122 62% 123 62% Oil Furnaces 146 1% 152 1% 124 1% 128 1% 125 1% 121 3% 122 4% 117 6% 127 7% 130 7% 111 7% 100 6% 84 13% 59 12% 54 24%

March 2011

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Note(s):

N/A = Not Applicable. ENERGY STAR specification did not exist.

Source(s): LBNL, Climate Change Action Plan spreadsheet, 2009; EPA, ENERGY STAR Unit Shipment and Market Penetration Report Calendar Year 2009 Summary.

9.1.12

Total Commercial Product Shipments (Thousands) and ENERGY STAR Market Share Commercial Refrigeration N/A N/A N/A N/A 200 N/A 220 14% 226 12% 232 17% 238 30% 244 43% 248 49% 251 59% 292 66% 292 53% Hot Food Holding Cabinets N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 13 8% 20 62% 31 34% 31 59% 31 64% 30 79% 29 75% Commercial Fryers 72 2% 74 10% 77 7% 82 11% 85 7% 90 7% 91 12% Comm. Steam Cookers N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 35 10% 35 11% 35 12% 24 14% 23 22% 23 23% 21 28% Cold Beverage Vending Machines N/A N/A N/A N/A 251 N/A 249 N/A 246 N/A 246 N/A 255 26% 246 28% 246 31% 246 26% 246 32% 246 18% Bottled Water Coolers N/A N/A N/A N/A 822 1% 822 1% 885 1% 948 38% 1,012 56% 1,075 68% 1,138 44% 1,201 52% 1,264 41% 1,328 43%

1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

Exit Signs 1,847 10% 2,170 13% 2,493 20% 2,816 27% 3,140 34% 3,463 41% 3,786 44% 3,831 91% 3,877 63% 3,924 50% 3,971 89% 4,019 0% 4,067 0% N/A Commercial Dishwashers N/A N/A N/A N/A 25 0% 28 83% 37 78%

2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Note(s):

Ice Machines N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 138 40% 142 42%

N/A = Not Applicable. ENERGY STAR specification did not exist.

Source(s): LBNL, Climate Change Action Plan spreadsheet, 2009; EPA, ENERGY STAR Unit Shipment and Market Penetration Report Calendar Year 2009 Summary.

9-7

Buildings Energy Data Book: 9.1 ENERGY STAR
9.1.13 Total Consumer Electronics Shipments (Millions) and ENERGY STAR Market Share TV 28.2 N/A 25.1 39% 25.4 46% 22.8 45% 23.2 45% 25.6 47% 23.1 83% 26.3 39% 32.3 54% 31.7 53% 32.7 79% (1) (1) External Power Supplies N/A N/A N/A N/A 77.8 N/A 79.7 N/A 268.7 N/A 457.7 3% 505.7 30% 554.7 56% 565.7 47% 668.5 59% Telephony N/A N/A 40.9 N/A 48.8 N/A 49.7 52% 52.0 59% 54.3 34% 56.0 26% 50.3 29% 39.6 25% 34.8 50% 28.6 74% Battery Charging Systems N/A N/A N/A N/A 39.4 N/A 39.6 N/A 40.0 N/A 40.4 N/A 40.8 0% 41.3 16% 41.7 15% 42.1 27% TV-DVD/VCR 3.1 17% 4.1 71% 5.0 76% 4.6 77% 5.7 82% 4.4 78% 7.2 64% 6.7 55% 3.2 4% 2.4 34% 1.7 67% (1) (1) Audio/Video 13.3 N/A 18.3 17% 23.9 24% 27.6 38% 29.5 53% 25.4 59% 24.7 29% 24.2 26% 29.7 12% 31.6 33% 32.9 35% 35.2 73%

March 2011

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Note(s):

N/A = Not Applicable. ENERGY STAR specification did not exist. (1) Not available.

Source(s): LBNL, Climate Change Action Plan spreadsheet, 2009; EPA, ENERGY STAR Unit Shipment and Market Penetration Report Calendar Year 2009 Summary.

9.1.14

Total Office Equipment Shipments (Millions) and ENERGY STAR Market Share Multi-Function Devices N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 0.1 30% 0.4 30% 1.3 91% 1.7 92% 2.2 92% 7.6 98% 13.2 98% 14.9 98% 17.1 98% 18.7 98% 21.2 28% 19.9 49% 19.0 47%

1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Note(s):

Computers N/A 12.1 41% 14.8 50% 18.4 73% 20.5 79% 25.9 86% 32.4 92% 44.5 47% 49.7 86% 52.9 85% 52.9 83% 58.2 83% 64.1 83% 70.2 83% 71.6 81% 93.0 67% 94.9 21% 66.5 55%

Monitors N/A 12.0 19% 14.6 50% 18.2 93% 20.3 95% 24.6 95% 30.2 95% 33.9 48% 33.4 95% 35.9 95% 36.7 95% 35.1 95% 36.6 95% 38.2 65% 42.0 78% 42.8 92% 32.8 84% 29.4 90%

Printers N/A 6.9 80% 9.4 98% 11.3 98% 13.2 100% 15.1 100% 18.3 100% 23.0 100% 22.6 100% 28.8 85% 19.7 95% 16.4 98% 16.4 100% 17.5 100% 13.9 100% 10.9 21% 8.8 43% 6.7 67%

Fascimile N/A N/A N/A 1.3 14% 2.1 57% 3.4 74% 5.6 91% 6.5 99% 7.0 99% 7.2 99% 6.0 99% 4.5 99% 4.2 99% 3.8 99% 3.1 99% 3.9 2% 3.8 4% 3.7 7%

Copiers N/A N/A N/A 1.6 24% 1.6 35% 1.7 45% 1.6 65% 1.1 87% 0.9 94% 0.6 90% 0.3 90% 1.4 90% 1.4 90% 1.4 90% 1.4 90% 0.3 27% 0.2 91% 0.2 78%

Scanners N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 4.2 30% 5.4 30% 4.9 40% 4.4 50% 3.9 50% 3.4 60% 2.9 70% 2.4 75% 1.9 80% 1.6 85% 1.0 43% 0.6 87% 0.4 97%

N/A = Not Applicable. ENERGY STAR specification did not exist.

Source(s): LBNL, Climate Change Action Plan spreadsheet, 2009; EPA, ENERGY STAR Unit Shipment and Market Penetration Report Calendar Year 2009 Summary.

9-8

Buildings Energy Data Book: 9.2 LEED
9.2.1 LEED for New Construction, by Selected States Certified 93 52 46 35 47 37 77 38 21 32 414 892 Bronze 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 2 3 Silver 127 79 76 67 65 62 50 62 31 52 600 1,271 Gold 204 65 64 77 66 69 39 43 72 45 655 1,399 Platinum 29 5 4 4 3 9 1 4 17 10 102 188 Total 453 201 191 183 181 177 168 147 142 139 1,774 3,756

March 2011

California Texas Pennsylvania Washington Florida Ilinois Michigan Virginia Oregon New York All Other States National Totals
Note(s):

Totals include three buildings (one each in Pennsylvania, Michigan, and Massachusetts) whose certification level was not given. Pilots are

Source(s): United States Green Building Council, http://www.usgbc.org/LEED/Project/CertifiedProjectList.aspx, November 2010

9.2.2

LEED for New Construction, by Version v1.0 3 2 1 3 0 9 v2.0 13 81 82 0 104 282 v2.1 66 384 461 0 410 1,322 v2.2 104 930 725 0 375 2,134 v3 (2009) 2 2 2 0 3 9 Total 188 1,399 1,271 3 892 3,756

Platinum Gold Silver Bronze Certified Total
Note(s):

Includes only buildings in the United States. Totals include three buildings whose certification level was not given (two at NC 2.0 and one at

Source(s): United States Green Building Council, http://www.usgbc.org/LEED/Project/CertifiedProjectList.aspx, November 2010.

9.2.3

LEED for Core and Shell, by Version v2.0 25 227 176 44 472 v3 (2009) 1 0 1 0 2 Total 26 227 177 44 474

Platinum Gold Silver Certified Total
Note(s):

Includes only buildings in the United States. Pilots are not included.

Source(s): United States Green Building Council, http://www.usgbc.org/LEED/Project/CertifiedProjectList.aspx, November 2010.

9-9

Buildings Energy Data Book: 9.2 LEED
9.2.4 LEED for Commercial Interiors, by Version v2.0 75 500 419 255 1,249 v3 (2009) 5 21 24 7 57 Total 80 521 443 262 1,306

March 2011

Platinum Gold Silver Certified Total
Note(s):

Includes only buildings in the United States. Pilots are not included.

Source(s): United States Green Building Council, http://www.usgbc.org/LEED/Project/CertifiedProjectList.aspx, November 2010.

9.2.5

LEED for Existing Buildings, by Version EB v2.0 19 65 78 100 262 EB O&M 15 213 162 69 460 EB O&M v2009 6 24 23 11 64

Platinum Gold Silver Certified Total
Note(s):

Includes only buildings in the United States. Total for EB O&M includes one building whose certification level was not given. Pilots are not

Source(s): United States Green Building Council, http://www.usgbc.org/LEED/Project/CertifiedProjectList.aspx, November 2010.

9.2.6

LEED Certified Projects, by Ownership Category and Certification Level Platinum 148 46 88 6 18 28 6 340 Gold 1,271 433 399 68 94 189 56 2,510 Silver 1,131 406 299 96 69 155 36 2,192 Bronze 0 2 0 1 0 0 0 3 Certified 701 271 206 60 45 101 21 1,405 Unknown 1 1 2 0 0 2 0 6 Total 3,252 1,159 994 231 226 475 119 6,456

For-Profit Organization State or Local Government Not-for-Profit Organization Federal Government Individual Other Multiple Owner Types Total
Note(s):

Includes only buildings in the United States. Pilots and homes are not included.

Source(s): United States Green Building Council, http://www.usgbc.org/LEED/Project/CertifiedProjectList.aspx, November 2010.

9-10

Buildings Energy Data Book: 9.3 Certification Programs
9.3.1 North American Technician Excellence Program (1) 25,756 91,386 Installation 19,812 1,758 14,116 10,149 842 632 257 299 140 Percent of 40% 26% 19% 14% 1% Service (2) 18,129 1,429 13,337 8,592 785 535 238 227 109

March 2011

Individuals Certified: Number of Certificates: Certifications Air Conditioning Air Distribution Heat Pump (3) Gas Furnace Oil Furnace Hydronics Gas Hydronics Oil Light Commercial Refrigeration Commercial Refrigeration Census Region South Midwest West Northeast Canada
Note(s):

1)Third party certification program for heating and cooling professionals to ensure knowledge of proper installation and servicing of HVAC/R equipment. 2) All service specialties include their installation counterparts for free. 3) Heat Pump specialties include their Air Conditioning counterparts for free.

Source(s): North American Technician Excellence Program, http://www.natex.org; Anthony Spagnoli, NATE, Personal Correspondence, November 2010.

9-11

Buildings Energy Data Book: 9.3 Certification Programs
9.3.2 Building Performance Institute (BPI) Certifications, by State Thousand Residents per Cert. (2) 102 6 14 68 37 13 7 12 12 129 40 1,360 38 31 20 169 34 24 108 6 13 13 26 43 330 16 55

March 2011

State Certifications (1) Alabama 47 Alaska 118 Arizona 465 Arkansas 43 California 1,014 Colorado 399 Connecticut 531 Delaware 72 D.C. 51 Florida 146 Georgia 240 Hawaii 1 Idaho 41 Illinois 409 Indiana 319 Iowa 18 Kansas 85 Kentucky 179 Louisiana 42 Maine 237 Maryland 454 Massachusetts 510 Michigan 376 Minnesota 123 Mississippi 9 Missouri 363 Montana 18

State Certifications (1) Nebraska 10 Nevada 183 New Hampshire 246 New Jersey 1,550 New Mexico 70 New York 3,793 North Carolina 604 North Dakota 1 Ohio 414 Oklahoma 27 Oregon 561 Pennsylvania 888 Rhode Island 121 South Carolina 243 South Dakota 9 Tennessee 115 Texas 604 Utah 54 Vermont 319 Virginia 312 Washington 467 West Virginia 46 Wisconsin 105 Wyoming 25 United States Outside U.S. Total 17,077 18 17,095

Thousand Residents per Cert. (2) 183 15 5 6 29 5 16 673 28 139 7 14 9 19 90 55 42 51 2 26 14 40 54 23 18 N/A N/A

Note(s):

1) Counts total active certifications in each state as of December 8, 2010. An individual may hold multiple certifications. 2) Based on preliminary 2010 Census counts of resident population as of April 1, 2010.

Source(s): Personal Communication, Mathew Anderson, Building Performance Institute, December 2010.

9-12

Buildings Energy Data Book: 9.3 Certification Programs
9.3.3 Association of Energy Engineers Energy Auditor Certifications, by State Thousand Residents per Auditor (2) 87 47 256 972 373 152 119 449 60 258 202 272 N/A 367 249 277 357 362 412 89 199 96 247 143 371 171 989 Certified Energy Auditors (1) 4 7 13 60 9 96 32 4 58 14 12 76 6 16 1 16 109 8 4 55 12 2 16 0 1,365 112 1,477

March 2011

Certified Energy State Auditors (1) Alabama 55 Alaska 15 Arizona 25 Arkansas 3 California 100 Colorado 33 Connecticut 30 Delaware 2 D.C. 10 Florida 73 Georgia 48 Hawaii 5 Idaho 0 Illinois 35 Indiana 26 Iowa 11 Kansas 8 Kentucky 12 Louisiana 11 Maine 15 Maryland 29 Massachusetts 68 Michigan 40 Minnesota 37 Mississippi 8 Missouri 35 Montana 1

State Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Total U.S. Outside U.S. Grand Total

Thousand Residents per Auditor (2) 457 386 101 147 229 202 298 168 199 268 319 167 175 289 814 397 231 345 156 145 560 926 355 N/A 226 N/A N/A

Note(s):

1) Counts total active certifications in each state as of January 18, 2011. 2) Based on preliminary 2010 Census counts of resident population as of April 1, 2010.

Source(s): Personal Communication, Jennifer Vendola, Association of Energy Engineers, January 2011.

9-13

Buildings Energy Data Book: 9.4 High Performance Buildings
9.4.1

March 2011

Case Study, The Adam Joseph Lewis Center for Environmental Studies, Oberlin College, Oberlin, Ohio (Education)

Building Design Floor Area: 13,600 SF

Floors:

2

Footprint:

140 ft. x 45 ft. with attached 100-seat auditorium

3 Classrooms (1) 1 Conference Room Auditorium, 100 seats 6 Small Offices Wastewater Treatment Facility Shell Windows

1 Adminstration Office Atrium

Material:

North South East West Overall Wall/Roof Wall : Roof: HVAC Offices/Classrooms: Atrium: Auditorium:

Green Tint Triple Pane Argon Fill Insulating Glass Grey Tint Double Pane Argon Fill Insulating Glass Fenestration(square feet) Window Wall (2) window/wall l Atrium, Triple Pane (3) 1,675 4,372 38% l U-Factor 0.34 2,553 4,498 58% l SHGC 0.26 1,084 2,371 46% l 350 2,512 14% l 6,063 14,153 43% l

Building, Double Pane U-Factor 0.46 SHGC 0.46

Main Material Face Brink Steel/Stone Ballast

R-Value 19 30

Individual GSHPs (5) 1 Large GSHP for ventilation Radiant Flooring Hydronic Heating System 1 Standard Range Water Heat Pump

COP(4) 3.9-4.6 3.8 4.2

Lighting Power Densities (W/SF) Offices: 0.88 Classroom/Lecture Halls: 1.18

Corridors/Others: Atrium:

0.45 0.93

Total Building:

0.79

Energy/Power PV System: Net Annual Energy Usage (thousand Btu/SF*year):
Note(s):

60 kW grid-tie roof system 16.4

1) Two classrooms seat 36 and one seats 18. 2) Wall total area includes window area. 3) Atrium has only south, north, and east facing windows. 4) Coefficient of performance ranges due to various sizes; GSHPs have the greatest COP 5) GSHP is Ground water Source Heat Pump. Source(s): NREL, Energy Performance Evaluation of an Educational Facility: The Adam Joseph Lewis Center for Environmental Studies, Oberlin College, Oberlin,
Ohio, November 2004, Table 4.1 p. 10 Table 4.2 p.12 and Table 6.5 p. 94; NREL, Lessons Learned from Case Studies of Six High-Performance Buildings, June 2006, p. 5 Table A-2 p. 130

9-14

Buildings Energy Data Book: 9.4 High Performance Buildings
9.4.2

March 2011

Case Study, The Cambria Department of Environmental Protection Office Building, Ebensburg, Pennsylvania (Office)

Building Design Floor Area: 34,500 SF Open office space (1) Break room

Floors:

2 Two small labratories Two mechanical rooms Conference rooms Telecom room

File storage area Storage areas

Shell Windows Material: Triple Pane, low-e with Aluminum Frames and Wood Frames Triple Pane Aluminum Frames U-Factor 0.24 Wall/Roof Primary Material Wall : Insulating Concrete Forms Roof: Decking and Insulation HVAC 12 Ground Source Heat Pumps 12 Auxiliary Electric Resistance Heaters Lighting Power Densities(W/SF) Open Office Area: 0.75 Office Area Task Lighting(4): 0.5 Energy/Power PV System: Net Annual Energy Usage (thousand Btu/SF*year): Total Capacities(thousand Btu/hr) 644 (2) 382 (3) R-Value 27.0 33.0 Triple Pane Wood Frames U-Factor

0.26

18.2 kW grid-tie system (5) 36.0

Note(s):

1) Office space is for 100 people. This accounts for approximately 20,000 SF of the total building floorspace. 2) Cooling capacity 3) Auxiliary heating capacity. 4) Task lighting is in addition to the open office area LPD and is only in select cubicals and offices. 5) Includes 17.2 kW of roof PV array and two 0.5 KW ground level single axis tracking PV arrays.

Source(s): NREL, Analysis of the Design and Energy Performance of the Pennsylvania Department of Enverionmental Proctection Cambria Office Building, March 2005, p. ; NREL, Lessons Learned from Case Studies of Six High-Performance Buildings, June 2006, p. 5 Table A-2 p. 130.

9-15

Buildings Energy Data Book: 9.4 High Performance Buildings
9.4.3 Case Study, The Visitor Center at Zion National Park, Utah (Service/Retail/Office)

March 2011

Building Design Vistors Center (1): Shell Windows South/East Glass North/West Glass Window/Wall Ratio: Wall/Roof Trombe Walls: Vistor Center Walls: Comfort Station Walls: Roof: HVAC

8,800 SF

Comfort Station (2):

2,756 SF

Fee Station:

170 SF

Type U-Factor Double Pane Insulating Glass, Low-e, Aluminum Frames, Thermally Broken 0.44 Double Pane Insulating Glass, Heat Mirror, Aluminum Frames, Thermally Broken 0.37 28%

SHGC (3) 0.44 0.37

Materials Low-iron Patterned Trombe Wall, CMU (4) Wood Siding, Rigid Insulation Board, Gypsum Wood Siding, Rigid Insulation Board, CMU (4) Wood Shingles; Sheathing; Insulated Roof Panels

Effective R-Value 2.3 16.5 6.6 30.9

Heating Trombe Walls Electric Radiant Ceiling Panels Lighting Power Densities(W/SF) Main Area: (5) Offices: 1.0 Bookstore: 0.9

Cooling Operable Windows 3 Cooling Towers

Energy/Power: PV System: Net Annual Energy Usage (thousand Btu/SF*year):

7.2 kW grid-tie system 27.0

Note(s):

1) Includes office, bookstore, and service areas. 2) Restroom complex. 3) Solar heat gain coefficient. 4) Concrete masonry unit. 5) The main vistors center area is handled almost entirely with daylighting. Auxiliary fluorescent lighting is used only occasionally to supplement.

Source(s): NREL, Evaluation of the Low-Energy Design and Energy Performance of the Zion National Park Visitors Center, Feb. 2005, p. 23-37; NREL, Lessons Learned from Case Studies of Six High-Performance Buildings, June 2006, p. 5 Table A-2 p. 130.

9-16

Buildings Energy Data Book: 9.4 High Performance Buildings
9.4.4 Case Study, The Philip Merrill Environmental Center, Annapolis, Maryland (Office)

March 2011

Building Design Floor Area: 31,000 SF 2 Floors of open office space Attached pavalion containing: Shell Windows Type:

Floors:

2

Footprint:

220 ft. x (1)

Meeting space

Kitchen

Staff dining

Conference room

Double Pane, Low-e, Argon Filled Insulating Glass

U-Factor 0.244

SHGC (2) 0.41

Wall/Roof Interior Wall Exterior Wall Roof Material plywood, gypsum, SIP foam, and sheathing gypsum and insulated metal framing plywood, gypsum, SIP foam, and sheathing Effective R-Value 28.0 9.3 38.0

HVAC 18 ground source heat pumps fin and tube radiators connected to a propane boiler 1 air condtioning unit Lighting Power Densities (W/SF) First Floor: 1.2 Second Floor: 1.6 Conference Room: 1.4 Energy/Power PV System: Net Annual Energy Usage (thousand Btu/SF*year):
Note(s):
Source(s): Learned from Case Studies of Six High-Performance Buildings, June 2006, p. 5 Table A-2 p. 130.

4.2 kW thin-film system 39.9

1) Width varies from about 74 ft. to 59 ft. along different sections of the length. 2) Solar heat gain coefficient.

9-17

Buildings Energy Data Book: 9.4 High Performance Buildings
9.4.5 Case Study, The Thermal Test Facility, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado (Office/Laboratory)

March 2011

Building Design Floor Area: 10,000 SF Offices Laboratories Shell Windows Viewing Windows: Clerestory Windows:

Floors(1): 2 Conference Room

Aspect Ratio: 1.75 Mechanical Level

Material Double Pane, Grey Tint, Low-e Double Pane, Clear, Low-e Window Area(SF) 38 1,134 56 56

U-factor 0.42 0.45

SHGC(2) 0.44 0.65

North South(3) East West Wall/Roof North Wall South/East/West Roof:

Material Concrete Slab/Rigid Polystyrene Steel Studs/Batt Insulation/Concrete Built-up/Polyisocianurate Covering/Steel Supports

Effective R-Value 5.0 23.0 23.0

HVAC VAV air handling unit Hot water supply paralell VAV boxes Direct and Indirect evaporative cooling system Single zone roof top unit(4) Hot Water Coil(4) Lighting Power Densities(W/SF) Interior Overhead: 0.73 Emergency: 0.02 Energy/Power Net Annual Energy Usage (kBtu/SF*year):
Note(s):

Exterior: Building:

0.05 0.80

23.02

1) That second floor is actually and mechanical mezzaine level. 2) Solar heat gain coefficient 3) Includes 492 SF of viewing windows and 642 SF of clerestory windows. 4) Only used to handle the conference room.

Source(s): NREL, Evaluation of the Energy Performance and Design Process of the Thermal Test Facility at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory, February 2005, p. 29-54; NREL, Lessons Learned from Case Studies of Six High-Performance Buildings, June 2006, p. 5 Table A-2 p. 130.

9-18

Buildings Energy Data Book: 9.4 High Performance Buildings
9.4.6 Case Study, The Solaire, New York, New York (Apartments/Multi-Family)

March 2011

Building Design Floor Area: 357,000 SF Floors: 27 Black-Water Treatment Facility (2)

Units: Site Size:

293 0.38 Acres

Maximum Occupancy: Typical Occupancy(1):

700 578

Shell Windows Material: Double Glazed, Low-e, Thermal Breaks with Insulated Spacers Operable Windows 0.68 0.35 0.47 Fixed Windows 0.68 0.35 0.41

Visual Transminttance Solar Heat Gain Coefficient U-Factor Wall/Roof Exterior Walls: Roof:

Material Insulated brick and concrete block Roof top garden(green roof)

R-Value 8.4 22.7

HVAC Two direct-fired natural gas absorption chillers 4-Pipe fan-coil units in individual aparments Power/Energy(3) PV System(4): 1,300 SF (76 custom panels) of west facing PV rated for 11 kW . These panels are integrated into the building facade. 151 SF PV located in the entrance canopy. Rated for 662 W. 286 standard PV modules mounted on the south and west walls. Rated for 21 kW. Unit Average Electricity Consumption(5): Building Natural Gas Consumption(6): 15,681 kBtu/year 104.1 kBtu/SF*year

Predicted End-Use Consumption(kBtu/SF*year) Heating 60.8 Plug Loads and Equipment 6.7 Cooling 20.7 Domestic Hot Water 7.9 Lighting 7.4 Cooking, Vertical Transportation, and Other 6.8 Fans/Pumps 11.4 Total 121.7
Note(s): 1) 84 hours per person weekly, 89 visitors weekly, 8 hours per visitor weekly. 2)30,000 gallon storage tank. Water is used for toilets and cooling tower. 3) Appliances in units are ENERGY STAR qualified. (4) PV system designed to handle 5% of building peak non-residential electrical load (i.e. corridor lighting). 5) Includes only electric that was submetered to each apartment. 6) 2007 building consumption.

Source(s): ASHRAE, High Peformance Buildings, NYC's Living Lesson, p. 56-65, Summer 2008; USGBC, LEED Case Studies, The Solaire, http://leedcasestudies.usgbc.org/overview.cfm?ProjectID=273.

9-19

Thermal Conversion Factors
Fuel Coal Production Consumption Coke Plants Industrial Residential and Commercial Electric Power Sector Imports Exports Coal Coke Crude Oil Production Imports Petroleum Products Consumption Motor Gasoline Jet Fuel Distillate Fuel Oil Diesel Fuel Residual Fuel Oil Liquefied Petroleum Gases Kerosene Petrochemical Feedstocks Unfinished Oils Imports Exports Ethanol Biodiesel Natural Gas Plant Liquids Production Natural Gas Production, Dry Consumption End-Use Sectors Electric Power Sector Imports Exports Electricity Consumption
Note(s):
Source(s):

Units

Approximate Heat Content

million Btu per short ton million Btu per short ton million Btu per short ton million Btu per short ton million Btu per short ton million Btu per short ton million Btu per short ton million Btu per short ton million Btu per short ton

20.213 19.989 26.280 22.360 21.359 19.726 25.116 25.393 24.800

million Btu per barrel million Btu per barrel

5.800 5.990

million Btu per barrel million Btu per barrel million Btu per barrel million Btu per barrel million Btu per barrel million Btu per barrel million Btu per barrel million Btu per barrel million Btu per barrel million Btu per barrel million Btu per barrel million Btu per barrel million Btu per barrel million Btu per barrel

5.301 5.128 5.670 5.775 5.766 6.287 3.600 5.670 5.565 6.118 5.542 5.840 3.539 5.376

million Btu per barrel

3,948

Btu per cubic foot Btu per cubic foot Btu per cubic foot Btu per cubic foot Btu per cubic foot Btu per cubic foot Btu per kilowatt hour

1,028 1,028 1,029 1,027 1,025 1,009 3,412

Conversion factors vary from year to year.
DOE, EIA, Annual Energy Outlook 2010, Apr. 2008, Table G1, p. 221.