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Aurelian (Latin: Lucius Domitius Aurelianus Augustus;[1][2] 9 September 214 or 215
– September or October 275), was Roman Emperor from 270 to 275. Born in humble
circumstances, he rose through the military ranks to become emperor. During his
reign, he defeated the Alamanni after a devastating war. He also defeated the Goths,
Vandals, Juthungi, Sarmatians, and Carpi. Aurelian restored the Empire's eastern
provinces after his conquest of the Palmyrene Empire in 273. The following year he
conquered the Gallic Empire in the west, reuniting the Empire in its entirety. He was
also responsible for the construction of the Aurelian Walls in Rome, and the
abandonment of the province of Dacia.
His successes were instrumental in ending the Roman Empire's Crisis of the Third
Century, earning him the title Restitutor Orbis or 'Restorer of the World'. Although
Domitian was the first emperor who had demanded to be officially hailed as dominus
et deus (master and god), these titles never occurred in written form on official
documents until the reign of Aurelian.
EARLY LIFE
Aurelian was born on 9 September, most likely in 214 AD, although 215 AD is also
possible.[4] The ancient sources are not agreed on his place of birth, although he was
generally accepted as being a native of Illyricum. Sirmium in Pannonia Inferior (now
Sremska Mitrovica, Serbia) is the preferred location,[5] which was created by Aurelian
as Emperor when he abandoned the old trans-Danubian territory of Dacia. The
academic consensus is that he was of humble birth and that his father was a
peasant-farmer who took his Roman nomen from his landlord, a senator of the clan
Aurelius.[6] Saunders suggests that his family might in fact have been of Roman
settler origin and of much higher social status. His reasons are discussed in the
following section. However, his suggestion has not been taken up by his more recent
academic colleagues such as Southern and Watson.
Using the evidence of the ancient sources, it was at one time suggested that
Aurelian's mother was a freedwoman of a member of the clan Aurelius and that she
herself was a priestess of the Sun-God (Sol Invictus) in her native village. These two
propositions together with the tradition that the clan Aurelius had been entrusted
with the maintenance of that deity's cult in Rome inspired the notion that this could
explain the devotion to the sun-god that Aurelian was to manifest as Emperor - see
below. However, it seems that this pleasant extrapolation of dubious facts is now
generally accepted as being no more than just that.
Military career
It is commonly accepted that Aurelian probably joined the army in 235 AD at around
age twenty.[6] It is also generally assumed that, as a member of the lowest rank of
society - albeit a citizen[8] - he would have enlisted in the ranks of the legions.
Idiosyncratically, Saunders suggests that his career is more easily understood if it is
assumed that his family was of Roman settler origins with a tradition of military
service and that he enlisted as an equestrian.[9] This would have opened up for him
the tres militia - the three steps of the equestrian military career - one of the routes
to higher equestrian office in the Imperial Service.[10] This could be a more
expeditious route to senior military and procuratorial offices than that pursued by exrankers, although not necessarily less laborious.[11] However, Saunders's conjecture
as to Aurelian's early career is not supported by any evidence other than his nomen
which could indicate Italian settler ancestry - although even this is contested - and
his rise to the highest ranks which is more easily understood if he did not have to
start from the bottom. His suggestion has not been taken up by other academic
authorities.
Whatever his origins, Aurelian certainly must have built up a very solid reputation for
military competence during the tumultuous mid-decades of the century. To be sure,
the exploits detailed in the Historia Augusta Uita Divi Aureliani, while not always
impossible, are not supported by any independent evidence and one at least is
demonstrably an invention typical of that author.[12] However, he was probably
associated with Gallienus's cavalry army and shone as an officer of that corps d'élite
because, when he finally emerged in a historically reliable context in the early part of
the reign of Claudius II, he seems to have been its commander.[13]
The Roman Empire of the 270s
Aurelian was a military commander, and during his reign he tried to keep legions'
fidelity; this coin celebrated the CONCORDIA MILITVM, "concord of the soldiers" – in
other words, "harmony between the emperor and the military".
In 248, Emperor Philip the Arab had celebrated the millennium of the city of Rome
with great and expensive ceremonies and games, and the Empire had given a
tremendous proof of self-confidence. In the following years, however, the Empire had
to face a huge pressure from external enemies, while, at the same time, dangerous
civil wars threatened the empire from within, with usurpers weakening the strength
of the state. Also, the economical substrate of the state, agriculture and commerce,
suffered from the disruption caused by the instability. On top of this an epidemic
swept through the Empire around 250, greatly diminishing manpower both for the
army and for agriculture.
The end result was that the Empire could not endure the blow of the capture of
Emperor Valerian in 260. The eastern provinces found their protectors in the rulers of
the city of Palmyra, in Syria, whose autonomy grew until the formation of the
Palmyrene Empire, which was more successful against the Persian threat. The
western provinces, those facing the limes of the Rhine, seceded to form a third,
autonomous state within the territories of the Roman Empire, which is now known as
the Gallic Empire.
In Rome, the Emperor was occupied with the internal menaces to his power and with
the defense of Italia and the Balkans. This was the situation faced by Gallienus and
Claudius, and the problems Aurelian had to deal with at the beginning of his rule.
ALCOHOLIC BEER
Beer is an alcoholic beverage produced by
the saccharification of starch and fermentation of the resulting sugar. The starch and
saccharification enzymes are often derived from malted cereal grains, most
commonly malted barley and malted wheat.[1] Most beer is also flavoured with hops,
which add bitterness and act as a natural preservative, though other flavourings such
as herbs or fruit may occasionally be included. The brewing process causes a natural
carbonation effect, although forced carbonation is also used.[2] The preparation of
beer is called brewing.
VODKA- (Polish: wódka [ˈvutka], Russian: водка [ˈvotkə]) is a
distilled beverage composed primarily of water and ethanol, sometimes with traces
of impurities and flavorings. Traditionally, vodka is made by the distillation of
fermented cereal grains or potatoes, though some modern brands use other
substances, such as fruits or sugar.
Brandy (from brandywine, derived from Dutch brandewijn,
"gebrande wijn" "burned wine"[1]) is a spirit produced by distilling wine. Brandy
generally contains 35–60% alcohol by volume (70–120 US proof) and is typically
taken as an after-dinner drink. Some brandies are aged in wooden casks, some are
coloured with caramel colouring to imitate the effect of aging, and some brandies are
produced using a combination of both aging and colouring.
NONALCOHOLIC
WATER
SODAS
SMOOTHIES
WINES
WHITE WINE (CHARDONNAY)
RED WINE ( GRAPE)
SPARKLING WINE (CHAMPAGNE)
– September or October 275), was Roman Emperor from 270 to 275. Born in humble
circumstances, he rose through the military ranks to become emperor. During his
reign, he defeated the Alamanni after a devastating war. He also defeated the Goths,
Vandals, Juthungi, Sarmatians, and Carpi. Aurelian restored the Empire's eastern
provinces after his conquest of the Palmyrene Empire in 273. The following year he
conquered the Gallic Empire in the west, reuniting the Empire in its entirety. He was
also responsible for the construction of the Aurelian Walls in Rome, and the
abandonment of the province of Dacia.
His successes were instrumental in ending the Roman Empire's Crisis of the Third
Century, earning him the title Restitutor Orbis or 'Restorer of the World'. Although
Domitian was the first emperor who had demanded to be officially hailed as dominus
et deus (master and god), these titles never occurred in written form on official
documents until the reign of Aurelian.
EARLY LIFE
Aurelian was born on 9 September, most likely in 214 AD, although 215 AD is also
possible.[4] The ancient sources are not agreed on his place of birth, although he was
generally accepted as being a native of Illyricum. Sirmium in Pannonia Inferior (now
Sremska Mitrovica, Serbia) is the preferred location,[5] which was created by Aurelian
as Emperor when he abandoned the old trans-Danubian territory of Dacia. The
academic consensus is that he was of humble birth and that his father was a
peasant-farmer who took his Roman nomen from his landlord, a senator of the clan
Aurelius.[6] Saunders suggests that his family might in fact have been of Roman
settler origin and of much higher social status. His reasons are discussed in the
following section. However, his suggestion has not been taken up by his more recent
academic colleagues such as Southern and Watson.
Using the evidence of the ancient sources, it was at one time suggested that
Aurelian's mother was a freedwoman of a member of the clan Aurelius and that she
herself was a priestess of the Sun-God (Sol Invictus) in her native village. These two
propositions together with the tradition that the clan Aurelius had been entrusted
with the maintenance of that deity's cult in Rome inspired the notion that this could
explain the devotion to the sun-god that Aurelian was to manifest as Emperor - see
below. However, it seems that this pleasant extrapolation of dubious facts is now
generally accepted as being no more than just that.
Military career
It is commonly accepted that Aurelian probably joined the army in 235 AD at around
age twenty.[6] It is also generally assumed that, as a member of the lowest rank of
society - albeit a citizen[8] - he would have enlisted in the ranks of the legions.
Idiosyncratically, Saunders suggests that his career is more easily understood if it is
assumed that his family was of Roman settler origins with a tradition of military
service and that he enlisted as an equestrian.[9] This would have opened up for him
the tres militia - the three steps of the equestrian military career - one of the routes
to higher equestrian office in the Imperial Service.[10] This could be a more
expeditious route to senior military and procuratorial offices than that pursued by exrankers, although not necessarily less laborious.[11] However, Saunders's conjecture
as to Aurelian's early career is not supported by any evidence other than his nomen
which could indicate Italian settler ancestry - although even this is contested - and
his rise to the highest ranks which is more easily understood if he did not have to
start from the bottom. His suggestion has not been taken up by other academic
authorities.
Whatever his origins, Aurelian certainly must have built up a very solid reputation for
military competence during the tumultuous mid-decades of the century. To be sure,
the exploits detailed in the Historia Augusta Uita Divi Aureliani, while not always
impossible, are not supported by any independent evidence and one at least is
demonstrably an invention typical of that author.[12] However, he was probably
associated with Gallienus's cavalry army and shone as an officer of that corps d'élite
because, when he finally emerged in a historically reliable context in the early part of
the reign of Claudius II, he seems to have been its commander.[13]
The Roman Empire of the 270s
Aurelian was a military commander, and during his reign he tried to keep legions'
fidelity; this coin celebrated the CONCORDIA MILITVM, "concord of the soldiers" – in
other words, "harmony between the emperor and the military".
In 248, Emperor Philip the Arab had celebrated the millennium of the city of Rome
with great and expensive ceremonies and games, and the Empire had given a
tremendous proof of self-confidence. In the following years, however, the Empire had
to face a huge pressure from external enemies, while, at the same time, dangerous
civil wars threatened the empire from within, with usurpers weakening the strength
of the state. Also, the economical substrate of the state, agriculture and commerce,
suffered from the disruption caused by the instability. On top of this an epidemic
swept through the Empire around 250, greatly diminishing manpower both for the
army and for agriculture.
The end result was that the Empire could not endure the blow of the capture of
Emperor Valerian in 260. The eastern provinces found their protectors in the rulers of
the city of Palmyra, in Syria, whose autonomy grew until the formation of the
Palmyrene Empire, which was more successful against the Persian threat. The
western provinces, those facing the limes of the Rhine, seceded to form a third,
autonomous state within the territories of the Roman Empire, which is now known as
the Gallic Empire.
In Rome, the Emperor was occupied with the internal menaces to his power and with
the defense of Italia and the Balkans. This was the situation faced by Gallienus and
Claudius, and the problems Aurelian had to deal with at the beginning of his rule.
ALCOHOLIC BEER
Beer is an alcoholic beverage produced by
the saccharification of starch and fermentation of the resulting sugar. The starch and
saccharification enzymes are often derived from malted cereal grains, most
commonly malted barley and malted wheat.[1] Most beer is also flavoured with hops,
which add bitterness and act as a natural preservative, though other flavourings such
as herbs or fruit may occasionally be included. The brewing process causes a natural
carbonation effect, although forced carbonation is also used.[2] The preparation of
beer is called brewing.
VODKA- (Polish: wódka [ˈvutka], Russian: водка [ˈvotkə]) is a
distilled beverage composed primarily of water and ethanol, sometimes with traces
of impurities and flavorings. Traditionally, vodka is made by the distillation of
fermented cereal grains or potatoes, though some modern brands use other
substances, such as fruits or sugar.
Brandy (from brandywine, derived from Dutch brandewijn,
"gebrande wijn" "burned wine"[1]) is a spirit produced by distilling wine. Brandy
generally contains 35–60% alcohol by volume (70–120 US proof) and is typically
taken as an after-dinner drink. Some brandies are aged in wooden casks, some are
coloured with caramel colouring to imitate the effect of aging, and some brandies are
produced using a combination of both aging and colouring.
NONALCOHOLIC
WATER
SODAS
SMOOTHIES
WINES
WHITE WINE (CHARDONNAY)
RED WINE ( GRAPE)
SPARKLING WINE (CHAMPAGNE)
